Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 36

 ]

 –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

‘ˆy~"ƔOK‘K#_5u"4X#“X|“}E6
ƒ"P”"‘"P.’=…XK#_5u"

O’}WÄ ‘L‹‚ P5wK‰L…W”ˆ†

‰L“ÇB
‘ˆžy~" Ɣ Q" ‰K#p5žX" #ž. "O ‘K#_5žu" €‹ž‚ ‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ P. ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X P“:'6 Š~#t‚ „”" OK
ƒ#žÇ‚" LžF #ž6 ‘K#_5žu" ‘ˆy~" #6 €”"‰L“\ˆw €”"‰KPw ’XOP. ƒ"P”" ‘"P. ƒ—w ’=…XK#_5u"
„ž”" Q" |¼#žF <”#5† ŠW”#t‚ ƒ#ǂ" #6 KQ#X VÇł "O ŠÃXˆ6 {#F OK ‘#ŒOˆ[w ’‚ˆÄ 4“Ãa‡
„”" ‘#ŒŠ5q#” €“Ã6 ‡ Š5\"K Kˆ>‡ ŠÃXˆ6 {#F OK ‘#ŒK#_5u" P”#X Q" ’.P=6 ‘#‹“XOP. #. ŠÃ~#d‚
#p”" Š†#“‚O‡#J OK #‚ Oˆ[w Šw ’‹‚ Zt† Š. Š>ˆ6 #. ƒ"P”" ‘K#_5u" 3–ˆE6 L\#. PW“‚ ZŒ‡T2
‡ ˆw!"
‘K#_5u" ‘#‹”O#ǁŒ ƒ#‚Q#X ƒ"O"Ny†#“…. Q" ’Ç” ƒ"ˆ…Ä Š. Štd…‚ OK ƒ$ ‰#y”#> L…w’‚
Š>ˆ6 |.#u o}5I‚ ‘#‹Œ#zL”K Q" Æ2‡"
4p† ‰L……wOK#¼ ‘#ŒOˆ[w ƒ#‚Q#X ’}¼" ‘#`Ä" Q" R“†
O"Q#. OK {K#Ã6 3"KO"‡ ‘"P. #a#t6 L“~ˆ6 ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX nP_‚ O#5qO ŠÃ~#d‚ „”"P.#…. 4X"
K#_5u" +ˆBO#B OK #‹…6 Š† ƒ" P”" OK ‘K#_5u" €‹‚ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ P. ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 ‘#‹5X#“X P“:'6 ‡ {ˆ2
Q" ‘"ŠÄˆ=‚ KO‡$ P. „a Š~#t‚ „”" OK KO"K 4“Œ" R“† ’}}~"„“. ‡ ‘"Štd…‚ DdX OK ŠÇ}. ’}‚
Q" 4X" P”N2#†O#dž" ‘K#_5u" ‘#‹5X#“X Š“¼ˆ6 ‡ |“}E6 OK #‹†$ 4“Œ" Šw ƒ—w K#_5u" ‘#ŒP5‚"O#2
OK 3L‚‰#6ˆw {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡ OK ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X P“:'6 |“}E6 ‘"P. ‰L\ KO‡$ P. ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~"
nLŒ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ P. ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X O"R." ’-W† P:" €”"‰KPw ‰K#p5X" ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" +ˆBO#B Ɣ
KOˆ‚ ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X O"R." ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. Z[w ‘#‹-”Pa ŠW”#t‚ s”Pe Q" R“† ‘K#_5u" #h† OK
4X" Š5qPz O"Pu ŠW”#t‚

Š>Kˆ.‡ Š‚#†P.ƒ#‚Q#X ƒ—w K#_5u"P5qK|wP”L‚ O


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

Š‚Lt‚ 
‘Ph†+ˆBO#B ƔOK #6 4X" ‰L\ KO‡$P.‡ CPeƒ—w ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" Ɣ Š~#t‚ „”" OK
‘#‹[Iž. Pž. ‘K#_5žu" 4X#“žX ‘O"NzP“ž:'6‘#Œ"P=‚ ŠÃXˆ6 {#F OK ‘#ŒK#_5u" #. ,X#…5‚
‘ˆžy~" LžŒK O"Pžu ’XOP.KOˆ‚ "O #ŒP:" „”" ‰L……w€“h…6 ‘#ŒP5‚"O#2 ‡ ‘K#_5u" #h† o}5I‚
‡ ‰L\ |”LÃ6 4~#F 4X" ‰L\ ‰K#p5X" ‘K#_5u" |“}E6 ‘"P. ƒ$Q" Š~#t‚ „”" OK Šw ƒ—w K#_5u"
‘K#_5u" {L‚ |”LÃ6 4X" P”N2n#dÆ"‘#‹5“u #. x…“}q  {L†#‚ ‰L\ Š5J#…\ {L‚ ‘#”ˆ2
Kˆ\ ‰L†#=…z ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK ŠÃXˆ6{#F OK ‘#ŒK#_5u" ’}¼" 3#_I[‚ #6 LŒK’‚ ‰Q#>"
O#h5†" KOˆ‚QO" GP†‡ 4“u DdX ½Pq#. {L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‘#‹-”PaKO‡$P.Q" V2
‘#‹“…E…ž‚ ;"PI5žX" s”PžeQ" "O ‘K#_5žu" {Lž‚ 3L‚‰#6ˆžw {K#Þ6 4“Ãa‡‰L…”$‰O‡K ‘"P.
ŠW”#t‚OK ’~ˆ2 4X#“X P“:'6‰L\K#” ‘#‹“…E…‚ ’-W†,“\ €“ŒK’‚ O"Pu 8E. KOˆ‚ ,6/0%3
‘#‹-”PaƒKO‡$4XK Š. #. R“† ‘LÃ. ZI. OK LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† "O QO" GP† R“† ‡ ’~#‚ 4X#“X #.
P:" OK ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" nLŒ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ 3"P““l6ƒ"R“‚ QO" GP† ‡ ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X Z”"Rq"
4X" ‰L\ Š-X#E‚ ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚ Q" Ɣ PŒ OK ’…“ P““l6

ƒ—w K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" 


4X" ‘O"L.#WF K#E6"  ‡ ‘O#5qO Š~K#  |‚#\ Š~#t‚ „”" OK 8E. KOˆ‚ ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~"
|.#u L‚$OK ½"Pt5X" Š…”RŒ’Ãu"‡ GP† Šw L…w’‚ ½Pq ‡ 4X" nO#Ã5‚ nP_‚ ¿.#6 ^“I[6
4“žŒ" Šž. Š>ˆž6 #ž. KO"Nz’ž‚ P:" ‘O#> O‡K nP_‚ P. |-u ‰O‡K ’Ãu"‡ nP_‚ ‡ nP_6
‰‡—Ä ’¼ˆ_JZI.Š”#‚PX|“Ç[6OK’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä"€=F R“†‡ ’‚ˆÄZI.‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX
¿.#6 OK R“† P“l5‚ ‡K „”" Š”#‚PX 4\#-†" ^~#J ‡ ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK ½"Pt5X" Š…”RŒ’Ãu"‡ GP† P.
#ŒŠ“aPq„”" L†"ˆ6’‚ ’=…XK#_5u" ‘#‹\‡OKP.O#w4X" ‰L\ ‰L†#=…z ’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX
‘O"K’… OˆeŠ. "O ’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" €=F ‡ ’5~‡K ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PXŠw "O
Šw Kˆ\’‚ L“~ˆ6 ‘K#_5u" #h† OK ’Ĉ† ‘–#w Ɣ Šw 4X" ‰L\ ½Pq L”#‚Q#“. L…w’‚ P:'5‚
KO"K Kˆ>‡ ’6"KO"‡ ‘–#w Ɣ „“…AŒ Kˆ\ OK#¼ ;O#J Š. #” ‰L\ nP_‚|J"K OK L†"ˆ6’‚
OK Kˆ\’ž‚ ½Pq ‰L\‰K"K ’}J"K ƒ#zL……wKO"‡ ‘"P. ’}}~"„“. O"Q#. OK ’6"KO"‡ ‘–#w 4“u
€=F ŠÇ…”" Š. Š>ˆ6#. 4X" ‰L\ Š5qPzPh†OK O#_E†" Q" ‘"Š>OK ’6"OK#¼ ‘–#w ‘"P. Šw ’~#F
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

‘#‹5“žu Šž. ’}žJ"K ‘#‹5“žu 4-žW† ‡ L‚$OK P. ‰‡—Ä ŠÃXˆ6 {#F OK ‘#ŒOˆ[w OK 3"KO"‡
4-W†
QO" ƒKˆ.UP5XKOK Q" ’_J#\ L\#. R“†Oˆ[w‘QO" P”#JMP“:'64E6 L†"ˆ6’‚ ’>O#J
ŠaPÄ¿.#6 4X" ‰L\ KO"‡ 3"KO"‡ ¿.#6 OK R“† ’†#‚Q ‰O‡KƔ#. 3"KO"‡ YQO"Š. ‘QO" P”#JM
‡ O#w |‚"ˆÄ Q" ’Ã.#6 ‰O‡K PŒ OK |w ‰L†#5X Šw L…w’‚ ½Pq ‡ 4X" ƓX—wˆš†¿.#6 Ɣ |w!
4X" ‘O#> ‰O‡K OK ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX‡ Špu‡ ‰O‡K Ɣ #.
Š”#‚PX
4X" ‰L\ Oˆh…‚ ŠÃXˆ6{#F OK ‘#ŒK#_5u" ’}¼" ‘#‹“zT”‡Q" ’JP. {L‚ ’~#‚ ZI. OK
‡ Š”#‚PX vPE6 P. ’XO {P5…w Kˆ>‡ ŠaPu r"O‡" Š5q#” ŠÃXˆ6O"Q#. Kˆ-† |‚#\ #‹“zT”‡„”"
‘ˆžy~" OK |ž“~K „“žŒ Šž. 4X" ’dž#. #h† 3"L‹Ã6 ‡ #‹“”"O"K ‘"P. ’XO KˆX GP† „““Ã6
‰P‹.GP† ’dJ ,“wP6Q" ƒ‡Qˆ‚„“y†#“‚ 3Oˆ¼ Š. ’~ˆ2 O"Q#. OK ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP† ’=…XK#_5u"
Ph†OK ’}}~"„“. ‰P‹.GP†‡ KO"K Kˆ>‡‘K#_5u" #h† OKŠ”#‚PXvPE6Kˆ-†4~#F OK Šw!
Š”#X
‡Š”#X‰P‹.GP†Q" ’…“y†#“‚3Oˆ¼Š.‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK’~K#Ã6‰P‹.GP†„““Ã64X" ‰L\Š5qPz!
KO‡$P. R“† ’}}~"„“. Š”#‚PX O"Q#. P. K#_5u" ƒKˆ. Q#. Š>OK #6 LŒK’‚ ‰Q#>" ’}}~"„“. ‰P‹.GP†
’Ãu"‡ GP† Š. 4-W† ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX ‡ ’qP_‚ O#5qO 4“X#WF „““Ã6„“…AŒ jˆaˆ‚ „”" Kˆ\
‡ sF ƒ#J ‡ QKO"‡K"Š. L“…w ‰#y†
L…w’‚ P”N1†#ǂ"‘K#_5u" #h† OK "O½"Pt5X"Š…”RŒ
  » ƒ"Py”K
4X" ‰L\ ‰K"K P”Q‘#‹~‡L> OK ƒ$‘#ŒP“l5‚ o”PÃ6‡ ‘K#_5u" {L‚ ‘#ŒŠ~K#Â

ƒ—w K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ‘O#5J#X ‘#ŒŠ~K#  {‡L>


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

 {‡L> Š‚"K"
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ’†‡OK‘#ŒP“l5‚  {‡L>


’Ãu"‡ |w ‘#a#t6  $G
4.#: 4“u Š. ’}J"K +N>  'D
4.#: 4“u Š. ’¼ˆ_JnP_‚ &
4.#: 4“u Š. ’¼ˆ_JnP_6|.#u L‚$OK  <G
4.#: 4“u Š. ’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX 3L
4.#: 4“u Š. |w ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX 7L
4.#: 4“u Š. 3"OK#¼  ;
4.#: 4“u Š. 3"KO"‡  =
4.#: 4“u Š. |w L“~ˆ6  <
4.#: 4“u Š. 4~‡K ;O#I‚ |w  *
4.#: 4“u Š. ’5~‡K L‚$OK |w  7
4.#: 4“u Š. €“t5W‚ 3#“~#‚ L‚$OK  'WD[
4.#: 4“u Š. €“t5W‚P“m3#“~#‚ L‚$OK  ,QGWD[
‘O#> 4“u Š. ;O#J Q" |‚"ˆÄ L‚$OK ^~#J  1IW
‘O#> 4“u Š. #‹5J"KP2Q"P6Š†Q"ˆ‚ ‘O#> +#WF  &D
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. ‘O#> 4“u Š. ‘K#_5u" #h† ’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K ‘L”#Ä  )DH
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. ‘O#> 4“u Š. #‹5J"KP2Q"P6Š†Q"ˆ‚  %RS
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. ‘RwP‚Ɔ#. ‘QO" P”#JM  )U
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. ’¼ˆ_JZI.’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K  )S
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. ’‚ˆÄ ZI.’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K  )J
{ˆ2 Š-\ {ˆ2  0 ‰KP5Wzo”PÃ6
{ˆ2 ŠaPÄ 0
‘O#> ‘#‹5“u Š. ’dž#. #h† 3"O#-5Ä" |w  'F
‘O#> 4“u Š. ’‚ˆÄ ZI.Š. ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" €=F  'FJ
‘O#> 4“u Š. ’¼ˆ_JZI.Š. ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" €=F  'FS
’~ˆ2 O"Q#. OK {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡ {ˆ2 ’Ãu"‡ €=F  03
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

 {‡L> Š‚"K"
3L‚L…}. OK {ˆ2 ‘"P. ’Ãu"‡ ‘#a#t6  03 LG
3L‚‰#6ˆw OK {ˆ2 ŠaPÄK"Q#‚ Š†Q"ˆ‚  (PE
Š”#‚PXvPE6LÄ OK {ˆ2 €=F
Š”#X {ˆ2 ŠaPÄ 0
½"Pt5X" Š…”RŒ’Ãu"‡ GP†  U
Š”#‚PXvPE6LÄ OK ’X" ‰P‹.GP†
Š”#X ½"Pt5X" Š…”RŒ’X" GP†  L
’~K#Ã6 ’X" ‰P‹.GP†  L
‘O#> ‰O‡K OK ‰L…”$‰O‡K ‘"P. O#h5†" KOˆ‚ 4“u DdX  (3 W 

‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK"Qƒ‡P.‘#ŒP“l5‚  {‡L>


4.#: 4“u Š. 4~‡K ’qP_‚;O#I‚  *F
4.#: 4“u Š. 4~‡K ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX;O#I‚  *L
€“t5W‚ 3#“~#‚ GP†  GWD[U
€“t5W‚P“m3#“~#‚ GP†  LQGWD[U
4.#: 4“u Š. 4p† L‚$OK  2LOU
#ǔP‚$O–K ,WFP. 4~‡K ’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K 3"P““l6^~#J  ')J
’‚ˆÄ ZI.Š. ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" 3"P““l6^~#J  ''FJ
’¼ˆ_JZI.Š. ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" 3"P““l6^~#J  ''FS
’~ˆ2 3#‚#t‚ cXˆ6 ‰L\ „““Ã6QO" GP†  H
 {#X 4.#: ‘#‹5“u Š.
‘K’X‘"‡" ‘#ŒOˆ[w ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK  <
’}}~"„“. 4“u ^J#\  3
ƒL…~ O"Q#. ŠŒ#‚ ŠX
’}}~"„“. ’~ˆ2 O"Q#. ‰P‹.GP†  L
’~ˆ2 3#‚#t‚ cXˆ6 ‰L\ „““Ã6’dž#. KˆX GP†  LE
|m#\ O#w ‘‡P“† /
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

’=…XK#_5u"‘ˆy~" ‘O#5qO‘#ŒŠ~K# #‹…64X" Q–  {‡L> ‘O#5J#X ‘#ŒŠ~K# „“.Q"


’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX¿.#6 
’¼ˆ_JnP_‚¿.#6 Q" L…6O#-Ä #ŒŠ~K# „”"€“…w KO‡$P."O

|w ŠaPÄ¿.#6 
3"KO"‡ ‘"P.#a#t6 ¿.#6 
3"OK#¼ ‘"P. ’>O#J
#a#t6 ¿.#6 

 
{ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 ¿.#6 ‡

’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" KO‡$P. Y‡O 


O"Pu Š>ˆ6KOˆ‚ "O Š}šW‚ ‡K Šw 4X" Q– KPw KO‡$P."O {L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K# ƒ"ˆ5.ŠÇ†$‘"P.
3"O#h5†" ‡K ‡ ‰L[† ‰LŒ#[‚ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ {‡" €“ŒK

‰L[† ‰LŒ#[‚ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ 


Š…”RŒ’Ãu"‡GP† Š=“5†OK ‡ L ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP†‘"P.‘K#5Ä" |.#u ’†#‚Q ‘PX‘O#‚$‘#Œ‰K"K
‰P‹.GP†‘"P.{ˆ-u |.#u ,”Pt6ƔKO"L† Kˆ>‡ŠÃXˆ6{#F OK ‘#ŒOˆ[wP9w!"OK U ½"Pt5X"
‘"P.’†#‚Q ‘PXO#‚$˜ˆÃ‚4X#ŒOˆ[w„”" OK {ˆ2 ’XOP“mO"Q#. OK ’X" ‰P‹.GP† ’~K#Ã6
‘#‹JP† ŠÃXˆ6{#F OK ‘#ŒOˆ[wP5[“.L…†#Œ #‚ Oˆ[wOK Kˆ\’† YO"Rz ‘"‰P‹.GP†ƒ#…B
KˆX GP†‡ +—t†" Q" Z“2‘#‹~#X ‘"P. KL=‚ |”R…6‰P‹.GP†
’dž#. #h† cXˆ6‰L\ —Ä" ‰P‹.
O"Pt5X" #.O ƒ‡L. ‘O"Ldž#. #h† Šw LÃ. Š.  ‘#‹~#X ‘"P. ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX‘#Œ‰KP1X ’dž#.
’žXO ‰P‹.‘#‹JP† „”" L†ˆ\ Š5qPz Ph† OK ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP† ƒ"ˆ…Ä Š. L…†"ˆ6’† 4X" Š5\"K
Š=“5† OK ‡ ‰L\ Š5\"K Šy† 4.#: ‘K#5‚ ‘#‹~#X K#_5u" OK –#. Oˆ6 ‘#‹JP† €mO Š. ˜ˆÃ‚
¿.#ž6 ‘O#5žqO ‘#ŒŠ~K# „”"P.#…. L…ŒK’† ƒ#[† ‘K#_5u" #h† OK "O ½"Pt5X" ’”#‹† Š…”RŒ
L†"‰L‚$ {‡L> OKŠw ’6Oˆ¼Š."O 
{ˆ2 ‘"P.#a#t6 ‡ 
‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX¿.#6 
nP_‚
¿.#6 OK 
Šd."O ’…”Ry”#>s”PeQ" #ŒŠ~K# „”" Q" LW ‡ U W nNF ‘"P.KPwKO‡$P.ƒ"ˆ6’†
‰L‚$ 4XK Š. Šd."O Q" V1X ‡ 
Šd."O OK LW ‘"P. ’…”Ry”#>R“† ‡ 
{ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6
Oˆ.R‚¿."ˆ6 Q" "O P“l5‚‡K „”" 
’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX‡ 
nP_‚‘#ŒŠ~K# OK U W ‘"P.
L”$’‚OK P”Q|Ç\ Š. ƒ—w K#_5u" {L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K# €“…w’‚ nNF
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

{L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‰L\ KO‡$P.|Ç\  {‡L>


  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

 {‡L> Š‚"K"

3"O#h5†" 
OK 3"O#h5ž†" |“Ç[6 L…”"Pq €”Q"KP1. ƒ$Š. {L‚ KO‡$P. Q" Z“2 4X" Q– Šw ’Ĉaˆ‚„“‚‡K
|“žÇ[6 OK Šžw L…w’ž‚ +#=ž”" Py†‰L…ž”$|ž‚"ˆžÄ ƒKˆ. ’td…‚ ½Pq 4X" ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~"
‘K#_5u" |‚"ˆÄ ’…“.Z“2 „”"P.#…. L……w ‰K#p5X" Kˆ>ˆ‚ 3#ėe" #6 Q" #‹5“u Q" ƒ#[6"O#h5†"
Py”K3O#-Ä Š. L\#. ‰#-5\" €h…‚ Oˆe Š. L†"ˆ6’†

 3 W  (3 W   PW 

c
 3 W   (3 W  PW  #”
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

‘"P. 4X" 4.#: V†#”O"‡ ‡ Pp¼ ’a#”O L“‚" #. {—5J" |‚"ˆÄ O"KP. PW  3O#-Ä ƒ$ OK Šw!
‰Lž\ ‰LŒ#[‚
’Ãu"‡ O"Lt‚ 4X" Q– (3 W  ‘"P. ’-X#…‚ ,”Pt6’=…XK#_5u" {L‚ KO‡$P.
‘#‹~Lž‚ KO‡$Pž. OK ‰ˆ“\ ‡K ’}w Oˆe Š. 4W†"K (3 W  ‘"P. ’-X#…‚ ,”Pt6ƒ"ˆ6’‚ "O 3 W 
Y‡O Ɣ KO"K Kˆ>‡ L…5WŒ ’6$‰O‡K ‘#‹5“u Q" 3"O#h5†" 3"O#-Ä ‘‡#F Šw ’=…XK#_5u"
Q" ‰K#p5X" ‡ (3 W 
Š5qO O#h5†" P”K#t‚ ‘#> Š. 3 W 
‰L\ ‰LŒ#[‚ P”K#t‚ ’…”Ry”#>|‚#\
’…“.Z“2Q" ‘O"R." ‘#ŒP“l5‚ Y‡O „”" OK 4X" {L‚ KO‡$P. ‘"P. ,X#…‚ ‘O"R." ‘#ŒP“l5‚
ŠÄˆ=ž‚ Q" ‰Lž\ +#I5ž†" ‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ Q" ’W”P6#ž‚P. ‰L\ ‰LŒ#[‚ P”K#t‚ ƒˆ“XPzOQ" |¼#F
#† Š. Šw Py”K‰ˆ“\   ˆ~#w Ƃ
L”$’‚4XK Š. K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ‘"P. Kˆ>ˆ‚ 3#ėe"
’E”P¼3O#-ăKO‡$4XK Š. R}5W‚  R…Ç”‡
4X" ‰L\ ‰L“‚#† #ŒP“l5‚OK #dJ Y‡O
O"Ltž‚ ‘#> Š. ‰L\ ‰LŒ#[‚ P”K#t‚ ’…”Ry”#> ‘K#_5u" {L‚ ƒ‡OK Q" Š5qO O#h5†" P“l5‚ ‘"P.
O#h5†" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‘"P. ‰L‚$4XK Š. ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‰"PŒ Š. {L‚ KO‡$P. ‡ ’6$‰O‡K OK Š5qO O#h5†"
4X" Š5qO

{L‚ KO‡$P. <”#5† 


P9w!" 4X" ‰L\ ‰K#p5X" 6/6 Y‡OQ" ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ‘O#5J#X ‘#ŒP5‚"O#2 KO‡$P.‘"P.
Šž. bˆ.Pž‚ ‘#‹-”PaP”K#t‚ {#F „”" #. L†"‰L\ KO‡$P. )“t5W‚ {L‚ ‘O#5qO ¿."ˆ6 ‘#‹-”Pa
„“…AžŒ 4X" ‰Lž\ KO‡$Pž. {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 Š. bˆ.P‚ ‘#ŒŠ~K# Q" ‰K#p5X" #. ‰P‹.‘#‹JP†
‘#a#t6 #. {ˆ2 ŠaPÄs“-d6,”PaR“†‡ I
Š”#‚PXvPE6Š. K#_5u" ƒKˆ. Q#. ^J#\ P”K#t‚
4XK Š. {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 ‰L\ Ph†L”L=6¿.#6 ‘#‹-”PaKO‡$P. Q" R“† O
3L‚L…}. OK ƒ$’Ãu"‡
{ˆ2 ’}}~"„“. r‡L…¼ ,)6 Š”P[†Q" ŠÃ~#d‚ „”" OK ‰K#p5X" KOˆ‚ ’†#‚Q ‘PX O#‚$ 4X" ‰L‚$
{Lž‚ ‘O#5žqO ¿ž."ˆž6 KO‡$Pž. <”#5ž† 4X" ‰Kˆž. |‚#ž\ "O  ‰O‡K ‡ ‰Lž\ Š5qPžz!
4X" ‰L\ Š¼—J P”Q{‡L> OK ’=…XK#_5u"

 (UURUV LQ 9DULDEOHV 0HWKRG


  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

6/6 Y‡O #. {L‚ ‘O#5J#X ‘#‹-”Pa KO‡$P. {‡L>


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

 {‡L> Š‚"K"

4XK Šž.  ‰O‡K OK ƒ"Pž”" K#_5žu" Q" ’~ˆ-žu |.#žu ,”Pt6‰L\ KO‡$P. ‘ˆy~"
’>O#J
‘#a#t6 ¿.#6 ‘#…95X" Š. KO"ˆ‚ ŠŒ OK ‰L\ KO‡$P. ‘#ŒŠ~K# YQ"P. Š>OK LŒK’‚
’¼ˆ_JnP_‚;O#I‚ Šw L”$’‚4XK Š. <”#5† „”" U#X"P.4X" L¼OK Q" Z“. 3"OK#¼
P“ž:'64X" ‰Kˆ. Š5W."‡ ’¼ˆ_J nP_6 |.#u L‚$OK 3"P““l6Š. )6LÄ ‰O‡K „”" OK ƒ"P”" OK
,”PžaO"Ltž‚ ‡ ‰Kˆ-ž† O"K’…Þ‚ ‘O#ž‚$ Phž† Q" ’¼ˆ_žJ nP_‚ P. ½"Pt5X" ’Ãu"‡ Š…”RŒ
 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK nP_‚‘L‚$OK Z[w,”Pa4X" ’\ˆ1[B|.#u ‡ ÆBˆwR“†‰L\KO‡$P.
{#Œ ^“I[6nP_‚¿.#6 KO‡$P. Q" #‚ <”#5† 4X" ‰L\ KO‡$P. L¼OK  3L‚L…}. OK ‡ L¼OK
L…w’‚ KO ƒ"P”"K#_5u" Q" ‰O‡K „”" OK "O ’”"K L‚$OK Š”Ph†P. ’…5-‚ nP_‚¿.#6 Q" 

Lž‚$OK Lž\O P“:'64E6 ‘O"K’… Oˆe Š. ’¼ˆ_J ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX {L‚ KO‡$P. <”#5† U#X"P.
ƒ#[†„“…AŒ ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX¿.#6 Q" #‚ KO‡$P.4X" ‰Kˆ.Oˆ[wOK Š”#‚PX‰P“JM^~#J ‡ ’Ãu"‡
{#žÄ" ’¼ˆ_žJ‘O"Nžz!Š”#‚PX P. ‘P“y[B P:" ƒ"P”" OK ’5~‡K ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX Šw LŒK’‚
L¼OK  "O ’¼ˆ_J ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX ’5~‡K ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX L\O L¼OK » Šw ‘OˆeŠ. L…w’‚
‘O"K’…Þ‚ Oˆže Šž. ’¼ˆ_žJ ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX P. ’Ãu"‡ ‰P‹.GP† Šw ’~#F OK LŒK’‚ Z”"Rq"
Šw ’~#F OK 4X" U#WF #‹5“u 4-W† Š. 3"OK#¼ ’>O#J
‘#a#t6 4W“† Pp¼ Q" 3‡#p5‚
‰O‡KOK Oˆ[w3"KO"‡ 4“Œ#‚ Š. Š>ˆ6#. Š=“5†„”" 4X" Z[w’.™‚#w 3"KO"‡ ’5“u ‘#a#t6
Q" O‡K 4X" ‰Kˆ.‘O‡Pa’qP_‚‡ ‘"ŠdX"‡ ‡ ‘"Š”#‚PX‘#Œ–#w |‚#\ )6LÄŠw ŠÃ~#d‚ KOˆ‚
L¼OK » Šw ‘Oˆe Š. 4X" Z[w#. ™‚#w Py”K ‘ˆX Q" 3"KO"‡ ‘"P. #a#t6 4W“† O#h5†"

 3HUPDQHQW ,QFRPH +\SRWKHVLV


  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

¿.#ž6 KO‡$Pž. Š=“5ž† LŒK’ž‚ Z”"Rq" L¼OK » Q" Z“. "O 3"KO"‡ ‘"P. #a#t6 ‘K#_5u" L\O
P.Šw 4X" ’”#ŒP“l5‚Š}> Q" ‘RwP‚Ɔ#. ‘QO" P”#JMDdX Šw LŒK’‚ ƒ#[†„“…AŒ3"KO"‡
rL¼ƒ"P”"K#_5u" OK P†P~ {#\O#‚ bP\ <”#5† „”" s-eKO"Nz’‚ P“:'6Oˆ[wOK –#w 3"KO"‡
Q" V2 ’}}ž~"„“ž. O#ÃX" |.#t‚ OK {#”O ‘P."P. GP† ’Ãu"‡ ZŒ#w bP\ „”" U#X"P. L…w’‚
Šw L”$’‚4XK Š. |w ŠaPÄ¿.#6 KO‡$P. Q" LŒK’‚ Kˆ-‹."O #‹5J"KP2Š†Q"ˆ‚ {#X Ɣ 4\Nz!
‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX4X" Š5\"K |w ‰L†#5X DdX P.‘P“y[BP“:'6‡K PŒO#w ‘‡P“†‡ Š”#‚PX‰P“JM
Z”"Rq" L¼OK» Šw ‘OˆeŠ. 4X" Š5\"K |w ŠaPÄDdX P.‘"‰L……w„““Ã6P:"R“†‘O#> ‰O‡KOK
‰O‡KOK ŠÇ…”"Š. Š>ˆ6#. LŒK’‚ Z”"Rq" L¼OK "O |w ‰L†#5X ‘O#> ‰O‡K‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX|w OK
‡ Q#žz ‡ 4pž† ‘#‹[Iž. #. ’5ż Š“† K#_5u" Ɣ Š. ’5…X K#_5u" Ɣ Q" Oˆ[w ŠÃ~#d‚ KOˆ‚
ƒ#”Pž> Pž:" 4X" ‰Lž\ |”L-ž6 Š5q#ž” ŠÃXˆž6 ’qP_ž‚ ¿”#…ž¼ ‡ „“y…žX ¿”#…ž¼ ‡ ’“\‡P52
¿.#6 LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† "O Oˆ[w OK |w L“~ˆ6 DdX P. ‘Sˆ~ˆ…Ç6{#t5†" P“:'6¿u"‡ OK ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX
Šž. {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 ¿.#6 OK LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† "O U#“t‚ Š. 4.#: ’ŒKQ#. c”"P\ ‰L\ KO‡$P. L“~ˆ6
Z[w L†"Š5\"K {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 DdX P. ‘P“y[B P:" #ŒP“l5‚ P”#X ‰P‹.GP† P“l5‚ ‘#…95X"
GP† ,”PaL”$’‚4XK Š.  3L‚L…}. OK ‡ » 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 ‘L‚$OK
<”#5† „”" 4X" O"K’…‘O#‚$f#E~ Q" L¼OK  DdX OK ‡ ’p…‚ {ˆ2 ‘"P.#a#t6 ¿.#6 OK Oˆ6
Q" 4¼PqŠ…”RŒƒ"ˆ…ÄŠ. ‰P‹.GP†Š† ‡ Oˆ6GP† ŠÃ~#d‚ KOˆ‚ ‰O‡KOK ƒ"P”"OK Šw LŒK’‚ ƒ#[†
^J#\ Q" LŒK’‚ ‰Q#>" ‰L\ M#I6" Y‡O4X" ‰L\’‚ ’t}6 {ˆ2 ‘O"L‹y† KOˆ‚ OK Š5qO 4XK
‰O‡K OK Šw L…w’‚ ƒ#[† Pe#J I» KO‡$P. €”O‡$4XK Š. ‘KO‡$P. R“† I
Š”#‚PXvPE6
Š”#‚PX Py”K „IX Š. 4X" Š5\"K Kˆ>‡ ’†ˆ†#u ‘#‹5”K‡LE‚ €mO Š. Š”#‚PX vPE6 Oˆ.R‚
Oˆ[wŠ. 4[zQ#.#”
;‡PJ‘"P.’Œ"O ‡ ‰KQO‡K"O ‘O"K" ¿†"ˆ‚ 4X" ‰Kˆ. OK#u ’¼ˆ_JZI.
L…w "L“2
vPEž6 Kˆž>‡ {#9‚ ‘"P. L†O"K 4~–K ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X OK ’”#ŒKP-Œ"O Š. ŠÃ~#d‚ <”#5†
"O ’}}ž~"„“ž. {ˆ2 LF"‡ |.#t‚ OK {#”O ‘P."P. GP† „5\"K Šy† –#. ‘Q#X3#-:’. P:" Š”#‚PX
QO" 4[zQ#ž. ‰LÄ ¿†"ˆ‚ Q" ’Ç” ’~K#Ã6 ‘#‹JP† Q" P6„“”#2QO" GP† „““Ã6 "P”Q L…w’‚ L”L[6
{#t5†" ƒ#ǂ" 4X" Oˆ[w Q" ;O#J OK ƒ$‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX rˆ[‚ ‡ ’5p†P“m3"OK#¼ Q" |¼#F

 7KH 0DUVKDOO/HUQHU &RQGLWLRQ


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

s”ˆ[6nLŒ #. ’dž#. KˆX GP† „5\"K Šy† „“”#2 4X#“X ƒKˆ. Š=“5†’.Š. „“…AŒ ’~#‚ Š”#‚PX
"Pž”Q L…w’ž‚ ‰O#ž\" ’dž#ž. #hž† Q" ½"Pt5žX" Š…”RŒ„5\"KŠy† „“”#2 s”PeQ" ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX
‡ QO" Š. KˆJ ‘#‹“”"O"K |”L-6 #. #6 L…w’‚ s”ˆ[6"O ’¼ˆ_J ZI. ’dž#. KˆX GP† ƒKˆ.„“”#2
Pž:" Š. Š>ˆ6 #. {#F PŒ Š. L†ˆ\ O"KOˆJP. ‘P6–#. ’Ãu"‡ ‰P‹.‘#‹JP† Q" ;O#J Š. ƒ${#t5†"
ƒKPw ƒ‡P5Xƒ#ǂ" Šw ’d”"P\OK #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX P.#=†$Q" ‡ {ˆ2 €=F P.QO" GP†|”LÃ6
Š†Q"ˆ‚ 4X" Q– KO"L† Kˆ>‡Q#. O"Q#. 3#“}Ä ’~ˆ2 4X#“X s”PeQ" #‹5J"KP2Š†Q"ˆ‚ ‘#‹†#Xˆ†
OK #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX Z”"Rq" |.#t‚ OK ‘K#_5u" ŠÃXˆ6‡ ’>O#J 3O#=6 L\O 3L‚ƒ#“‚ P:"
4X#“X Š5\ˆ† „”" ‘LÃ. ZI. OK KP“z O"Pu Š>ˆ6 KOˆ‚ QO" GP† „““Ã64X#“X OK 3L‚‰#6ˆw!
4X" ‰L\ |“}E6 ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" +ˆBO#B Ɣ OK ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2

’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK ,6/0%3 ‘#‹“…E…‚ 


<”#5† s.#d6Z”#†Š. ’y5W. ‘K#”Q K‡LF#6 ’.P=63#Ã~#d‚ OK ’=…XK#_5u" ‘#Œˆy~" O#-5Ä"
|“}E6 ‘"P.’-X#…‚ ‘Ph†+ˆBO#B ,6/0%3 ‘#‹“…E…‚KO"K ‘K#_5u" Š”Ph†#. ’.P=6ŠÃ~#d‚
KO‡$P. Šw 4W“† „”" OK ‘L”KP6 L…w’‚ €Œ"Pq 3L‚‰#6ˆw {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X
ˆE† Š. "O ‘K#_5u" #h† OK ’~ˆ2 ‡ ’~#‚ ‘#‹5X#“X ’[I.P:" OK #‚ ’Œ#z!$Oˆ.R‚‘#‹“…E…‚ ,“\
P”N2Z[w,6 ’…E…‚ ‡ K#”Q ,“\ #. /0 ’…E…‚ ,“wP6 {#9‚ ‘"P. LŒK’‚ Z”"Rq" ‘P“y[B
Šw ’~#F OK 4X" ’~#‚ 4X#“X #. ŠW”#t‚ OK ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK L\O P.’~ˆ2 4X#“X ‘ˆu P“:'6Ž†#[†
o“Þa P“ž:'6‡ P:‚ ’~#‚ 4X#“X P. 4~–K Z[w ƒ‡L. ,6 ’…E…‚ #. P”N2Z[w/0 ’…E…‚
O"Q#. ‡ –#w O"Q#. {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" |F #. ZI.„”" OK KO"K ’~ˆ2 4X#“X
,6/0%3 ‘#‹“…E…ž‚ Q" ‰K#p5X" #. ‘P_5I‚ ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" |“}E6 ’>O#J ZI. ‡ ’~ˆ2
€“…w’‚ Š›"O" "O ‰L\ KO‡$P. ‘ˆy~"

,6 ’…E…‚ 

’¼ˆ_žJ ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX & W nP_‚ ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‘"P. {L‚ OK ,6 ’…E…‚ ;"PI5X" Oˆh…‚ Š.

 6WHULOL]DWLRQ
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

’…Ô
‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK –#w O"Q#. {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡ OK "O = W 3"KO"‡ ‡ ; W 3"OK#¼ 3L W
’5”O#y~  ’dJ 3Oˆ¼ Š. ‰L\K#” ‘O#5qO ¿."ˆ6 ŠŒ Šw #=†$ Q" €“…w’‚ „”Ry”#> $G W < W

"L5." „”"P.#….Kˆ\ Š5\ˆ†|Ç\ „“Œ Š. R“†–#w O"Q#. {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡Šw 4X" Q– L†"‰L\ Š5\ˆ†
Š†ˆ†„“y†#“‚ {ˆF ƒ$,”Pt6#. "O < W $G W &W  3LW  * W  ; W  H W  3 W 3 W = W K#E6"
‘#ŒŠ~K# V1X ‡ » ƒ"Py”K ‡ sF ‡  ˆp~‡L…z Š. L“…w ‰#y†
‰KPw ’dJ ‘O#‚$
‘ˆžy~" ‘–#žw O"Q#ž. {K#Þ6 4“Þa‡‰L\ ’dJ Šd."O OK "O ‰L\K#” ‘O#5qO ¿."ˆ6 ‰L\ KO‡$P.
4\"K €“Œ"ˆJ #‹6O#-ăKPw,6P‚Q" V2 €“…w’‚ „”Ry”#>‘K#_5u"



€“Œ"ˆJ 3 < ‘#`q OK ’p…‚ ,“\ #. ’…E…‚ Ɣ 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK #ŒP“l5‚ #6 3#-: ½Pq #.
4X" P”Q3Oˆ¼Š. |w ‘#a#t6 Š~K# Šw €“…“.’‚ 4\"K


 3 W S LW  (3 W   * W  7 W  3 W 

!!
!!!!
! 
!!
!

LW
’X" ‰P‹.GP†Q" ’Ã.#6’}J"K 4“uDdX ƒ$OKŠw LŒK’‚ 4XKŠ."O’qO#Ã5‚ ,6 ’…E…‚Šw!
3#“~#‚ * W
’‚ˆÄ ZI.;O#I‚ |9‚ "R†‡P.‘#ŒP“l5‚‡ ’6$‰O‡K OK 4“u Š5qO O#h5†" DdX
‡ L\#. 3L‚ ‰#6ˆw {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK –#w O"Q#. ŠÇ…”" ½Pq#. 4X" ‰L\ „““Ã6‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ 7 W

Š. ‰P‹.GP†‡ L‚$OK #. L\#. ˆ} ’6$‰O‡KOK Š5qO O#h5†" ‘#‹5“u DdX ‡ ‰Kˆ. 4.#:#‹5“u DdX
€“Œ"ˆJ €“…w ,6P‚ LW
,WFP. "O 
Šd."O ŠA†#…B ‘K#_5u" #h† ’}¼" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ƒ"ˆ…Ä
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

4\"K



LŒK’‚ 4XK Š. ‘L…6 )5-W†,“\ #. ,6 ’…E…‚ Ɣ Šw!


‰P‹.GP†ZŒ#w s”PeQ" Šw "O R…“wP:"4X" „ǁ‚ ‰P‹.GP†Š. 4-W† ,6 ’…E…‚ ƒKˆ.Z[w’.
‘OˆeŠ. L…w ’9…J#” o“Ã`6KO"Nz’‚ P“:'6’¼ˆ_J;O#I‚ P.{ˆ2 ’Ãu"‡€=F Z”"Rq" Q" ’\#†
P“l5‚ƒ"ˆ…ÄŠ. "O 3‡P:Pz!" {#F PŒŠ. L…dž 4”#pw’Ãu"‡L‚$OK L\O‘"P.|w ‘#a#t6 P““l6Šw!
;O#Iž‚ P. {ˆ2 €=F Z”"Rq" P:" #” ˆy“2 P:" €”P“y. Ph† OK ’¼ˆ_J ;O#I‚ ‰L……w„““Ã6€‹‚
{K#Ã6 Š. |w ‘#a#t6 OK ZŒ#w 3Oˆ¼OK "O ‘K#_5u" #h† Šw L…w’‚ K#=”" "O ‘L…”"Pq’¼ˆ_J
’…E…‚ ‘ˆX Ɣ Q" Šw 4X" ƒ$#‚ ’XOP.KOˆ‚ ‘K#_5u" #h† Š. 8E. „”" b#-6O" L†"KPz’‚ Q#.
Z[w’.Š. ’y…”Lt†Š}6 ƒ#ǂ" „5qPzPh†OK #. Šw 4X" ‘L…6)5-W†,“\‘"O"K ‰L‚$4XK Š. ,6
ƒ"Pžy”K ‡ „W†ˆ“5žX"
L…w’‚ 4~–K ˆy“2 P:" +#“m OK 4“u 3"P““l6Š. 4-W† ;O#I‚ ƒKˆ.
€=F P:" P. {"K ‘LŒ"ˆ\ {L‚ OK ’¼ˆ_JnP_‚¿.#6 KO‡$P. OK Py”K ‘ˆX Q" #‚"  
Kˆ>‡ƒ"ˆ…ÄŠ. L†"ˆ6’‚ Š5q#” „”"  ’}WÄ
Kˆ\’‚ŠhF—‚ ’¼ˆ_JnP_‚P.’y…”Lt†
Pz!" „”"P.#….  ƒ"Py”K‡ #“[”Oˆ‚Š. L“…w‰#y†
Kˆ\ P“Wp6‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OKˆy“2P:"
#. {#F PŒ Š. KO"K ‘K#”Q )5-W†,“\ ‰L\ KO‡$P.‘ˆy~" Q" ‰L\ ;"PI5X" |w ‘#a#t6 ’…E…‚ ŠB
4-W†‘KˆÃ¼|w ŠaPĒ…E…‚½Pq#. Šw 4qPzŠ=“5†ƒ"ˆ6’‚‰L\ KO‡$P.nP_‚¿.#6 Š. Š>ˆ6
4[z LŒ"ˆJ Q#. ’~K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡Š. K#_5u" 4“u Š.

/0 ’…E…‚ 

Š”#žX ‰P‹ž.GP† Š~K# ‡  Š~K#Â


Š”#X {ˆ2 Š~K# Q" #‚ /0 ’…E…‚ ƒKO‡$4XK Š. ‘"P.
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

‰P“JM K#E6" OK #‹5J"KP2Q"P6 Š†Q"ˆ‚ %RS ’…”Ry”#>€”P“z’‚ ‰P‹. {‡L> Q"  Š~K#Â

„“y†#“‚ {ˆF Šd."O ƒKPw’dJ ‡ Š”#X {ˆ2 Š~K# OK ‰L‚$4XK Š. Šd."O ’…”Ry”#>‡ )U ‘QO"
LŒK’‚ 4XK Š. "O P”QŠd."O ‘O#‚$Š†ˆ†



„”" nNF ‘"P. 4X#‹5J"KP2Š†Q"ˆ‚ ‘O#> +#WF &D W P“l5‚ Š~K# „”" OK ’†‡OKP“l5‚#‹…6
 ’džJ Šdž."O Ɣ Šžw &D W ‘O#ž> +#žWF Š~K# ’dJ ,”Pt6Q" V2 rˆq Šd."O Q" P“l5‚
Š. /RJ)S W ‡ /RJ)J W /RJ)U W /RJ HW /RJ3 W /RJ= W /RJ; W ,WFP. ’5”O#y~
‡ /RJ= W 3"KO"‡ ‘"Pž. #a#tž6 ¿.#ž6 ‘"Pž. ‰L\ KO‡$P. ‘#‹6O#-Ä ’…”Ry”#>Q" LŒK’‚ 4XK
‘"Pž. P”QŠ~K# 
Š~K# OK |¼#F Šd."O ’…”Ry”#>‡ 3"OK#¼ ‘"P. ’>O#J
‘#a#t6
L”$’‚4XK Š. Š”#X {ˆ2 €=F



0
Šd."O OK –#. Šd."O Q" /RJ BBBW ‘"P. ’…”Ry”#> L Š”#X ‰P‹.GP† ‘"P. 
Šd."O Š. Š>ˆ6 #.
3W
ƒKPw,6P‚‡ {ˆ2 ‘"P.#a#t6 ¿.#6 ‘O#5J#X ‘#‹-”Pa‰L\ KO‡$P.P”K#t‚„5qPzPh†OK ‡ 

L”$’‚4XK Š. Š”#X ‰P‹.GP† ‘"P. P”QŠd."O #‹6O#-Ä



OK {K#Ã6 ‡ ŠaPÄ{K#Ã6 Š”#‚PX’}}~"„“. vPE6Kˆ-† 4~#F OK Šw!


Š”#X ‰P‹.GP† 
Šd."O
‡ ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" €=F QO" GP† #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX Q" ’Ã.#6 "O KO‡$’‚L”L2 "O ’~ˆ2 O"Q#.
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

'F W ‘O#-5Ä" 4X#“X Š. ‘K#_5u" #h† OK Š”#X ‰P‹.GP† „”"P.#…. LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK
’…”Ry”#>KO"K ’y5W. #‹5“u DdX 3"P““l6‡ ')J ’‚ˆÄ ZI. ’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K 3"P““l6
(H W   H W
LW I LW  BBBBBBBBB
H
   I LW
O"Q#. ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP†Š~K# OK rˆq Šd."O Q" LW ‘"P.
W
LŒK’‚ 4XK Š. "O P”QŠd."O



P”#žX ‡ ’dž#ž. 3"O#-5žÄ" ’}žJ"K ‘#‹5“žu DdX Q" ’Ã.#6 "O O"Q#. ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP† –#. Žd."O
4X" ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK /0 ’…E…‚ L…”#† ‡ ‰K"K ƒ#[† ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚


 LW L 3 W  'F W  LW  (H W 

!! 
!!! 
!!

LŒK’‚ 4XK Š."O ’[[w’.)5-W† /0 ’…E…‚rˆqŽd."O 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK4“u DdX 3#-: ½Pq#.
‘#5W”" |“}E6 OK L†"ˆ6’‚ ‘O#‚$ Š†ˆ† „“y†#“‚ Šdt† {ˆF ’…E…‚ ’dJ ,”Pt6Š. Š>ˆ6 #. Šw!
KP“z O"Pu ‰K#p5X" KOˆ‚ ‘"ŠW”#t‚
/0 ‡ ,6 ‘#‹“…E…‚ ,“\ Š. |w ‘#a#t6 OK ’~ˆ2 4X#“X ’-W† P“:'6 ,6/0 +ˆBO#B OK

‘#‹5~#F Q" "Lw @“Œ #‚ Šw 4X" 4“Ãu"‡„”"Py†#“. {L‚ OK ,6/0 ‘#‹“…E…‚|Ç\ KO"K ’y5W.
{L‚ OK ,6/0 ‘#‹“…E…‚ |Ç\ €”O"L† KˆJ ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK "O ƓX—wˆš†‡ ‘R…“w‘LF
b#W-†" Šw ’~#F OK KO"L† ‘P“y[B P“:'6’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK L\O OK ’~ˆ2 b#W-†" Šw LŒK’‚ ƒ#[†
#. |‚#w r#-d†" OK Š5q#” „”" Šw LXO’‚ Ph†Š. 4X" P:‚‘K#_5u" L\O OK 4~‡K ;O#I‚
’~#‚
4X" Oˆ[w‘K#_5u" 3–ˆE6OK P“J" ‘#‹~#X Š.P=6‡ ƒ"P”" K#_5u" ’zT”‡

%3 ’…E…‚
{L‚OK ’>O#J {K#Ã6 
ZIž. |‚#ž\ ‘K#_5žu" ‘ˆy~" P”N2n#dÆ"‘#‹5“u #. x…“}q  {L†#‚ {L‚ Ɣ ƒ"ˆ…Ä Š.
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

Ph†OK %3 ’…E…‚ƒKPws5[‚‘"P."O ’>O#J ZI.{K#Ã6 4~#F ZI.„”" OK #‚ ‡ 4X" ’>O#J


‘"P. ’…”Ry”#>‡ %RS Š~K#Â
{L‚ OK #‹5J"KP2Š†Q"ˆ‚ P“l5‚Šd."O „5qPz Ph† OK #. €”P“z’‚
L”$’‚4XK Š. Šd."O „”" OK &D W 1IW W  3 W  < W  'D W K#E6" Q" &D W ‘O#> +#WF


 ')U W 
BB 1IW W  3 W < W  'D W  ')S W  ')J W
HW

ŠaPÄK#E6" OK |¼#F Šd."O ‡ )U W )U W  ')U W Žd."O OK ')U W ‘"P.–#. Šd."O Q" ’…”Ry”#>#.

€”O"K 0 W 'F W  H W  )U W ’…Ô{ˆ2


 0 W 'F W  H W  )U W  1IW W  3 W  < W  'D W  HW  ')S W  ')J W

OK P”Q’5”O#y~  ’dJ |Ç\ Š. 


Šd."O #6 €“…w’‚ ,”Pt6„“y†#“‚ Šdt† {ˆF "O Šd."O „”"
L”$



0
‡ {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 ¿.#6 ‰L\ KO‡$P. Šd."O OK 
Žd."O Q" /RJ BBBW ‘"P. ’…”Ry”#>Q" V2
3W
4\"K €“Œ"ˆJ #‹6O#-ăKPw,6P‚



Š~K#žÃž‚ ƞ” 
Šždž."O OK 'D W ‡ 1IW W ’žž†‡OK ‘#ŒPžž“l5‚ ‘"Pž. ,X#ž…‚ ‘#‹…”Ržy”#>#.
L”$’‚4XK Š. P”QCP\Š. ')S W P“l5‚‘"P. Š5q#” |“}t6 Šž-\

 6HPL5HGXFHG )RUP
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 



’Ã.#6 ’XOP.KOˆ‚‘K#_5u" #h† OK ’¼ˆ_JZI.’>O#J ‘#‹“”"O"K 3"P““l6LŒK’‚ ƒ#[†Šw!


4X" 'F W ‘O#-5Ä" 4X#“X ‡ 3 W #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX LW ’~ˆ2 O"Q#. OK ’~K#Ã6 ‰P‹.GP† Q"


 ')S W ) L W  3 W  'F W  H W

!!! 
!!!!
!! 
!!!!!

Ɣ )X#X" Šd."O „”" L…w’‚ ‘P“z!‰Q"L†" "O ;O#J Š. ’¼ˆ_J’~#‚ Š”#‚PXƒ#”P> 


Š~K#Â
Q" ’Ã.#6 ƒ"ˆ…Ä Š. "O ;O#J Š. ’¼ˆ_JŠ”#‚PX ƒ#”P> ƒ"R“‚ Šw 4X" |Ã~"VÇÄ 4X#“X ¿.#6
O"Pžu P“:'64E6 "O ’~#‚ Š”#‚PX O"Q#. ƒKˆ. Š5W. Ž>OK Šw ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ ‘O#-5Ä" 4X#“X
OK ')S W ƒKˆž. 4.#ž: ½Pžq #ž.   ƒ"Py”K ‡ sF Š. L“…w ‰#y†
LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† L…ŒK’‚
4\"K €“Œ"ˆJ LW P“l5‚‘"P.  Šd."O ƒKPw,6P‚‡ 3L‚‰#6ˆw!



4-W†‘P5[“.,“\ ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK %3 ’…E…‚ 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK #‹5“u 3#-: ½Pq #. „”"P.#….


KO"K /0 ’…E…‚ Š.
‘K#_5u" #h† OK ’~#‚ Š”#‚PX ’}}~"„“. vPE6 Kˆ>‡ Q" ’X#ÇÆ" %3 ’…E…‚ 4-9‚ ,“\
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

Šž. ’.#“5žXK x…“}žq  {L†#ž‚ {L‚ +ˆBO#B Ɣ OK Šw 4X#=†$Q" Š5dž „”" 4“Œ" 4X"
’}}~"„“. vPE6 4“X#WF Š. ’y5W. ‘K#”Q K‡LF #6 ‘K#_5u" #h† ’>O#J ‡ ’}J"K ‘#‹qLŒ
OK ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X ‘#‹5~–K Š. P_5I‚Oˆe Š. ‘LÃ. ZI. OK KO"K ‰P‹.GP† Š. ’~#‚ Š”#‚PX
€”Q"KP2’‚{L‚ ,6/0%3 ‘#‹“…E…‚ +ˆBO#B

’~ˆ2  ’~#‚ 4X#“X ,“wP6‡ ’>O#J‡ ’}J"K Š†Q"ˆ‚ #‹5“u n#dÆ" 
ƒL“žXO ‘"P. ’}F ‰"O Šw 4X" ƒ$x…“}q  {L†#‚ {L‚ ‘L“}w Š=“5† €“†"K’‚ Šw Oˆe ƒ#Œ
Q" ’-X#…‚ ,“wP6 ‘P“zO#w Š. #. )qP¼ ‘K#_5u" #h† OK
’>O#J ‡ ’}J"K {K#Ã6 Š. ƒ#‚RŒ
Q#ž. K#_5u" Ɣ Q" ’~L‚ #‚ ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" Šw #=†$ Q" L…w’‚ Š›"O" ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X
4“u Z”"Rq" KO"Nz’‚ P“:'6,6 ‡ /0 ‘#‹“…E…‚ P. ’>O#J Š. ’}J"K 4“u 4-W†P““l6 4X"
4X Š. "O ,6 ’…E…‚ ‰K"K ZŒ#w "O 3"OK#¼ ^~#J Š=“5† OK ‡ K#_5u" ‘P”N24.#uO’}J"K
Šw 4X" ‘O#> +#WF ‘PWw„“-‚ ’}J"K ‘#‹5“u Z”"Rq" Py”K‘ˆX Q" LŒK’‚ {#t5†" 0B
3O‡Pa’>O#J ’~#‚ Š”#‚PX +N> ‘"P. ‰P‹.GP† Z”"Rq" #‹5J"KP2 Š†Q"ˆ‚ OK ƒ$ƒ"P-> ‘"P.
LŒK’‚ {#t5†" 0B 4X Š. "O %3 ’…E…‚ Š=“5† OK Šw 4\"K LŒ"ˆJ
’~ˆ2 3#‚#t‚ Pz!" #‹5“u ‘P”N2n#dÆ" 4“Ãa‡OK ,6/0 ‘#‹“…E…‚ +ˆBO#B ½Pq #.
Š. "O /0 ’…E…‚ ‡ LŒK’‚ Z”"Rq" "O {ˆ2 ’X" €=F 4X#“X „”" L……w M#I6" ’e#W-†" ’5X#“X
"O ’Þu"‡ {ˆž2 €=žF #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX Z”"Rq" Py”K ‘ˆX Q" L…w’‚ |t5…‚ 4X"O 4X
Š. "O /0 ’…E…‚ #‹5“u DdX Z”"Rq" ‡ {ˆ2 ’X" €=F Z”"Rq" Š=“5† ^~#J LŒK’‚ ZŒ#w!
Z”"Rq" L…w’‚ |t5…‚ 4q#”’† Z”"Rq" 4“u Šw ’Ãuˆ‚ Q" P5w ’†"R“‚ Š. ’~‡
4X"O 4X
3 W
 BBB
Š=“5† OK ‡ LŒK’‚ {R…6 "O K#_5u" 4.#uO 3OLu ‡ LŒK’‚ ZŒ#w "O HW
3O#-Ä #‹5“u
3W
bˆtžX Š=“5ž† OK €Œ %3 ’…E…‚ Py”K ‘ˆX Q" ‡ L\ LŒ"ˆJ |t5…‚ 0B 4X Š. ,6 ’…E…‚
3 W
Pž:" Š. ’y5W. ‡ 4W“† ^I[‚ ’>O#J ‘PWw ‰Q"L†" Kˆ\’‚ |t5…‚ 0B 4X Š. HW  BBB 3W

KO"K ‘K#_5u" #h† 3#‚LJ ‡ #Œ–#w 3"OK#¼ ^~#J P. ’-W†‘#‹5“u


"Lu" KˆJŠ>Kˆ.‘PWw„“‚'6Oˆh…‚Š. 4~‡K ½PqŠ. ƒ"P”"ƒ—wK#_5u" +ˆBO#B OK {#F
½Pq#. Kˆ\’‚ |t5…‚  |Ç\ OK /0  Š. /0 ’…E…‚ 4X#“X „”" Š=“5†OK L…w ’~ˆ2 b#W-†" Š.
Š. ,“6P6Š. ,6 ‡ %3 ‘#‹“…E…‚ Šw L.#”’‚ ZŒ#w K#_5u" 4.#uO 3OLu #‹5“u ‘P”N2n#dÆ"
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

Š.  |Ç\ ‡K ZI.OK $' |w ‘#a#t6 ˆy“2 P:" „5qPzPh†OK #. Kˆ\’‚ |t5…‚ ,6 ‡ %3 
ŠaPÄ{R…6‡ 3"KO"‡ ZŒ#w ,>ˆ‚ ’>O#J 3O#=6‘PWwŠw ’~#F OK L…w’‚ "L“2 {#t5†" $' 
,6 ’…E…ž‚ ƒ$OK Šžw 8E. KOˆ‚ ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK L…”"Pq „”" |_F#‚ Kˆ\’‚ $6 Š. |w!
DdX ‡ 3 !3  P6–#.4“u DdX 4X" P5[“. /0 ’…E…‚ ,“\ Q" %3 ’…E…‚ ,“\ ‡ Z[w’.
#J 4p†  Oˆ[w‰LÄ 3"OK#¼ ŠÇ…”" Š. Š>ˆ6#. L…B PŒ
< <  4X" ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK P6„“”#2
Š. ’5p†P“m3"OK#¼ ZŒ#w Šw ‘LF ƒ#Œ OK rˆq |“}E6 ’~‡ 4W“†’}J"K ‘#‹5“u P“:'64E6
 Kˆ. LŒ"ˆJ D“E¼ Kˆ\ P=…‚ #‹5J"KP2Q"P6Š†Q"ˆ‚ ‘PWw!

#‹5“u ‘P”N2n#dÆ" 4~#F OK’~ˆ2 b#W-†"  |Ç\

sž†‡OK#=ž”" Oˆh…ž‚ Šž. ‡ Lž”$Pž. ‘K#_5u" KˆwO ;—Ä KL¼ OK 4~‡K Šw €“…w ½Pq {#F
PŒ Š.  L.#” Z”"Rq" ’‚ˆÄ ZI. ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX ™9‚
LŒK Z”"Rq" "O KˆJ ;O#I‚ ‘K#_5u"

 3LJRX (IIHFW
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

„“‚'6ŠÇ…”" Š. Š>ˆ6#. L…w ’~#‚ „“‚'6‘ˆE† Š. "O KˆJ ;O#I‚ Z”"Rq" 4X" P”Rz!#†4~‡K {#F
4ÃX‡‡ Št.#X ƒ"P”"K#_5u" OK 4wO#[‚r"O‡" Y‡Pqs”PeQ" ’‚ˆÄZI.Q#“† KOˆ‚¿.#…‚ ’~#‚
Q" ½"Pt5X"#” #‹6#“~#‚ Z”"Rq" s”PeQ" #” ’‚ˆÄ ZI.Q#“†KOˆ‚’~#‚ ¿.#…‚ 4X" Š5\"L† ‘K#”Q
OK ’6#“~#‚ ‘#ŒL‚$OK Z”"Rq" Šw #=†$Q" 4X" „ǁ‚ ’>O#J ¿.#…‚ Q" ½"Pt5X" #” ‡ ’dž#. #h†
R“† ‡ L‚#=…“. ‘P5t“ÄKˆwO Š. L†"ˆ6’‚ L\#. P”N1†#ǂ" ™Ä Pz!" ’5F ‘K#_5u" KˆwO 4~#F
’~#‚ „“‚'6‘"P.’dž#. #h† Q" ½"Pt5X"Q" P”Rz!#†4~‡K ;O#J Q" ½"Pt5X"„5qPzPh†OK ƒ‡L.
Kˆ. LŒ"ˆJ KˆJ ;O#I‚ Z”"Rq"
‡ Kˆ\’‚ #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX „5qOP6–#.8Ä#. ˆX Ɣ Q" {ˆ2 €=F Z”"Rq" 4~#F „”" OK
Py”K‘ˆX Q" LŒK’‚ ZŒ#w €Œ Q#. "O HW QO" GP†ƒKˆ.4.#: ½Pq#.
‘K#_5u" 4.#uO 3OLu
Q"P6‘PWw‡ LŒK’‚ Z”"Rq" "O 3"KO"‡ ‘"P.#a#t6 ’‚ˆÄ ZI.‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX;O#I‚ Z”"Rq"
’~ˆž2 ’e#W-ž†" 4X#“žX |“~K Š. #‹5J"KP2 Q"P6 ‘PWw {#F „”" #. L…w’‚ P5[“."O #‹5J"KP2
‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X ,“wP6 4~#F „”" OK Šw Kˆ\’‚ ŠhF—‚ L\ LŒ"ˆI† {ˆ2 €=F ZŒ#w ,>ˆ‚
Šw Oˆeƒ#Œ 3Oˆ¼ „”" OK 4W“†ƒ#‚RŒ OˆeŠ. ’>O#J ‡ ’}J"K {K#Ã6 „“‚'6Š. OK#u ’~#‚
Š5qPzO#w Š. ’}J"K {K#Ã6 Š. |“† ‘"P.’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2‘#‹5X#“X Pz!" 4X" ‰KPw‰O#\" 
L“‚
ƒ"Pž”" K#_5žu" +ˆžBO#B OK 4X" Q– ’>O#J {K#Ã6 Š. |“† ‘"P. ‘Py”K 4X#“X O"R." L\
‘#‹“…E…‚ {#t5†" Š. ’dž#. #h† Š. ’‚ˆÄ ZI.‘#‹“ŒL. Z”"Rq" s”PeQ" 4~‡K ;O#I‚ Z”"Rq"
‡ ’}žJ"K {K#Ã6 ‰KPw 4wPF 0B 4X Š. %3 ’…E…‚ ’~‡ Kˆ\’‚ 4X"O 4X Š. ,6 ‡ /0
‘PWw Z”"Rq" Q" ‘P“zˆ}> ‘"P. 4~‡K €“t5W‚ 4~#JK L.#”’† stE6 ƒ#‚RŒ Oˆe Š. ’>O#J
4E6 "O |w ŠaPÄ
$6 ’…E…‚ KˆJ Š.ˆ† Š. €Œ ƒ$Šw LŒK’‚ ZŒ#w "O 3"KO"‡ ’>O#J ZI.
ˆX Ɣ Q" LŒK Z”"Rq" €Œ "O QO" GP† ƒ#‚RŒ Oˆe Š. 4~‡K ŠA†#…B {#F LŒK’‚ O"Pu P“:'6
3
‡ 4X"O 4X Š. %3 ’…E…‚ Š=“5†OK ‡ K‡O’‚–#. HW  BBB
3
W

Z”"Rq" #. ‘K#_5u" 4.#uO3OLu
W
DdX Z”"Rq" Š. P=…‚ Šw L…w’‚ "L“2 Z”"Rq" {ˆ2 €=F Py”K ‘ˆX Q" ’~‡ Kˆ\’‚ |t5…‚ „“”#2
OK LXP.{K#Ã6 Š. 
|Ç\ OK $ Šdt† OK K#_5u" 4X" „ǁ‚ ’5~#F „“…BOK Kˆ\’‚ #‹5“u
3 !3  ‡ < !<  L†O"K O"PuP6–#.’EdXOK ‡K PŒ#‹5“u’‚ˆÄDdX ‡ ’Ãu"‡L‚$OK Šw ’~#F
ƒ$ KO"K Kˆ>‡ƒ"P”"K#_5u" OK ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ24X#“X ’~#t5†" L…”"Pq Q" |“}E6 „”" OK Šw ’‹‚Š5dž
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

‘#‹†#Xˆ† ƒKPw’9…JƓX—wO"R."Šw  Q#. O"Q#. 3#“}Ä ’~ˆ24X#“X O"R."Šw ’†#‚Q #6 Šw 4X"


Š5qPz O#w Š. D“E¼ ‡ |‚#w Oˆe Š. 4X" #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX ‡ {ˆ2 €=F P. #‹5J"KP2 Š†Q"ˆ‚
ZŒ#w €mO Š.
#‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX ‡ {ˆ2 €=F Z”"Rq" Q" ’†"Py† ,-X Š. QO" GP†|”LÃ6 Kˆ[†
{K#Þ6 K#_5u" 4.#uO 3OLu ZŒ#w Š=“5† OK ‡ ‰Kˆ. |Ç[‚ ‰O"ˆŒ {#”O ‘P."P. GP† ’Ãu"‡
LžŒ"ˆžJ ‰L……žÇ\ 4~#žF „”P5‹ž.OK ‡ „ǁ‚P“m"O K#_5u" ’>O#J ‡ ’}J"K ‘#‹[I. ƒ#‚RŒ
cXˆ6 4wO#[‚r"O‡" Y‡Pq‡ L”PJ‡ Q#. O"Q#. 3#“}Ä O"R." ‘P“zO#wŠ. 3Oˆ¼PŒ OK 4J#X
4”P”L‚ ’}w Oˆe Š. ‡ ’dž#. KˆX GP† „““Ã6OKP5[“.‘P”N2n#dÆ";#5E‚ 4~‡K ‘O"KŠ†"RJ
4X" Oˆ[w’dž#. ‡ ’~ˆ2 #h† OK P6L‚$O#w O#“W.

’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. ‘#‹-”Pa ‡ ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" |“}E6 


O#5J#X |“}E6 ‘"P. ‰L\ KO‡$P.{L‚ Q" ‰K#p5X" ’=…XK#_5u" 3#Ã~#d‚ ’}¼" ‘#Œ‰R“y†" Q" ’Ç”
|.#u ,”Pt6 L\ KO‡$P. ‡ CPe Š~#t‚ „”" ’}-u ‘#‹[I. OK Šw ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" 4X" ‘K#_5u"
’†‡OK‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‘O#5J#X 4~#F OK ˆy~" ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‰#y5XK 4X" ƒ"P”"ƒ—wK#_5u" Q" ’~ˆ-u
4~#F OK #‚" LŒK’‚ Z”#† {L‚ ’†‡P“.‡ ’†‡OK ‘#ŒP“l5‚ P”#X Q" ’Ã.#6 3Oˆ¼ Š. "O {L‚
‰L\ „““Ã6‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚ Q" ’Ã.#6 3Oˆ¼Š. {L‚ ’†‡OK‘#ŒP“l5‚ Š5q#” |“}t6
 ‘#Œ‰L…ž”"Ržq €žŒ Š. Š5q#” |“}t6 ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‘#‹-”Pa ‘K#_5u" ‘#‹…5‚ OK L†ˆ\’‚ Š5\ˆ†

3"P““lž6Pž:" OK ‘K#_5u" {L‚ ’†‡OK ‘#ŒP“l5‚ HX#2 ‡ L†ˆ\’‚ ‰L“‚#† ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 4X#“X
Š~#t‚ „”" 4Xˆ“2 OK L……w’‚ ‘P“z!‰Q"L†" 3L‚‰#6ˆw OK "O ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚
‰L\ ’qPŠ¼—JOˆeŠ. ‘K#_5u" ‘#Œˆy~" OK ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. ‘#‹-”Pa;"PI5X" ’a#”OY‡O
4X"

‘QO" P”#JM‡ L‚$OK 4“u DdX nLŒ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ P.’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2 ‘#‹5X#“X P:"
LžÄ Šž. Š>ˆž6 #. "L5." €”O‡$4XK Š. /RJ3 W P“l5‚ ‘"P. "O {L‚ Š5q#” |“}t6 4~#F ŠÇ†$‘"P.
OK ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" OK ‰P‹.GP† Š. 4-W†’qP_‚;O#I‚ ‡ ‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX;O#I‚ 4“X#WF

 2SHQ 0DUNHW 2SHUDWLRQ  5HGXFHG )RUP


 ,PSDFW 0XOWLSOLHUV
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

Š~K# „”" V1X€“…w’‚ |F /RJ3 W ‘"P."O Š~K# ‰K"K O"PuPp¼‘‡#W‚ "O LW P“l5‚ »
Š~K#Â
"O /RJ3 W Š5q#” |“}t6 Š~K# ƒKPw,6P‚Q" V2‡ ‰KPw„”Ry”#> 
Š~K# OK /RJ< W ‘"P."O
€”O‡$’‚4XK Š. ‰L\ „““Ã6Z“2Q" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ "Qƒ‡P.‘#ŒP“l5‚ ,WFP.

Š~K# OK 
Š~K# Q" /RJ3 W P“l5‚‘"P.’…”Ry”#>#. /RJ< W ‘"P.Š5q#” |“}t6 Š~K#Â
„“…AŒL”$’‚4XK Š. /RJ< W P“l5‚‘"P.Š~K# ƒKPw,6P‚‡ Š~K# „”" OK LW ƒK"K O"PuPp¼‡
K#Ež6" Q" ‰K#p5žX" #žž. "L5žž." /RJ)U W Š~K#ޞ‚ Š5q#žž” |“}tžž6 4~#žžF ƒKO‡$4XK Šžž. ‘"Pžž.
Q" Š~K# ƒKPw’dJ ‡ %RS BB  &D  ')J  ')S K#E6" R“†‡ )U )U  %RS
W W W W W W  W
HW
Z“ž2 Q" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ,WFP. /RJ)U W ‘"P. ‘"Šd."O ‘O#‚$ Š†ˆ† „“y†#“‚ {ˆF ƒ$,”Pt6s”Pe
4XK Š. /RJ3 W ‡ /RJ< W ‘#ŒP“l5‚‡ /RJ'F W /RJ3 W /RJ HW ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚R“†‡ ‰L\ „““Ã6
#ŒŠ~K# „”" Š5q#” |“}t6 ‘#ŒŠ~K# Q" /RJ3 W ‡ /RJ< W ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‘"P. ’…”Ry”#>#. €”O‡$’‚
Š5q#ž” |“}t6 ‘#ŒŠ~K# ƒK"K O"Pu #. L”$’‚4XK Š. R“† /RJ)U W Š5q#” |“}t6 Š~K# 4”#‹† OK
Š.ƒ"ˆ6’‚"O‘K#_5u" #h† nLŒ ‘#ŒP“l5‚O"KP. €Œ O#…w OK /RJ)U W ‡ /RJ< W /RJ3 W ‘#ŒP“l5‚
‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ ‘O"Ny5X#“X ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‰L\ „““Ã6 Z“2 Q" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‘#ŒO"KP. Q" ’Ã.#6 3Oˆ¼
K"K ƒ#[† P”Q3Oˆ¼Š. ,X#…‚ K#Ã." ‘"O"K ‘#‹-”PaV”P6#‚#. ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ’†‡P“.



P“l5‚Æ” P“:'6ƒ"R“‚ 
Žd."O ‘#‹-”PaV”P6#‚P_…ÄPŒ Kˆ\’‚ ŠhF—‚ Šw Oˆeƒ#Œ
‘ˆy~" nLŒ P“l5‚ŠX Q" ’Ç”P."O {L‚ ’†‡P“.P“l5‚#” ‡ ‘O"Ny5X#“X P“l5‚ Z“2Q" ‰L\ „““Ã6
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

3"O#-5žÄ" OK P““l6,WFP. #‹5“u DdX OK ’-W† P““l6 {#9‚ ƒ"ˆ…Ä Š. LŒK’‚ ƒ#[† ‘K#_5u"
š/RJ3 W
BBBBBBBB
š/RJ'F W
» Pžy”K 3O#-žÄ Šž. Kˆž. LŒ"ˆJ L¼OK  {K# L¼OK » ƒ"R“‚ Š. ’dž#.
4X" Lž¼OK  {K#ނ |-žu ‰O‡K OK ’ž>O#žJ ‘QO" P”#JM OK P““l6L¼OK » ,WFP. ‡
š/RJ3
» ,WFP. ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK P““l6ƒ"R“‚ Š5q#” |“}t6 c."‡O „“Œ U#X"P.  BBBBBBBBB
š/RJ)U
W
»
W 
š/RJ< W
» ,WFP.Šw ’~#F OK BBBBBBB
š/RJ* W
» ’…Ô 4X" L¼OK 4~‡K;O#I‚ OKZ”" Rq" L¼OK
š/RJ<
 BBBBBBBBB
W
š/RJ. W
» ’…Ô Kˆ.LŒ"ˆJ L¼OK |-u ‰O‡KOKŠ”#‚PX4“qPiOKZ”"Rq" L¼OK
3"O#-5žÄ" DdžX OK Z”"Rq" L¼OK » Šw €“…w’‚ ŠhF—‚ „“…AŒ 
Šd."O Š. Š>ˆ6 #.
š/RJ<
» R“† ‡ BBBBBBBB
š/RJ'F
W
»» Kˆ\’‚ ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK DdX OK ZŒ#w L¼OK » Š. P=…‚ ’dž#.
W
Oˆe Š. ‡ L¼OK  ƒ"R“‚ Š. #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX Z”"Rq" ,>ˆ‚ QO" ‘P."P. GP† Z”"Rq" L¼OK
š/RJ)U š/RJ3
BBBBBBB
š/RJH
W
» ‡ BBBBBB
š/RJH
W
» Kˆ\’‚L¼OK ƒ"R“‚Š.‘QO"P”#JMZ”"Rq" ƒ#‚RŒ
W W
Z[w ,”Pa ¿u"‡ OK ‘K#_5u" {L‚ ‘#‹-”PaV”P6#‚Q" P_…Ä PŒ 
Žd."O OK „”"P.#….
#ž” ‡ "R†‡Pž. ‘O"Ny5X#“žX ‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ ,WFPž. ‘K#_5žu" ‘ˆžy~" nLžŒ ‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ 3"P““l6
4X" ‰L\ „““Ã6Z“2Q" ‘#ŒP“l5‚
€žŒ Šž. „ž”" Šw 4X" ƒ$ ‰L\ Š-X#E‚ Z[w ,”Pa|Ç\ Š. Šw ’”#Œ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. 4”R‚
Š. ‡ ‰K"K ƒ#[† |t5W‚ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ 3"P““l6L¼OK ,WFP. "O Š5W."‡ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ 3"P““l6#Œ‰L…”"Rq
Q" "O s}dž‚ 4~#žF OK ‘#Œ‰L…ž”"Ržq €žŒ Š. ƒ"ˆ6’‚ Š5-~" L†O"L† ’y5W. #ŒP“l5‚ s}d‚ P”K#t‚
4~‡K ;O#I‚ ,WFP.L‚$OK ‰L…”"Rq€Œ Š. {#9‚ ƒ"ˆ…ÄŠ. KO‡$4XK Š. ’-W†‘#Œ‰L…”"Rq€Œ Š.
€”O"K "P”Q 4X" ;"PI5X" |.#u ƒ$’-W†‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. Q" s}d‚ 4~#F OK

š< < W BBBBBBB


š/RJ< W <

 BBBB
š*
W BBB 
* W š/RJ* W
 »
BBB
*
W
W W

š< <
4-W†Pz!" {#9‚ ‘"P.KO‡$4XK Š. R“†"O BBBB
š*
W
‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. ƒ"ˆ6’‚ BBB
*
W
4-W†Š-X#E‚ #. {#F
W W
š<
Šw‘"‰O‡KOKLŒK’‚ ƒ#[†Šw BBBB
š*
W
 »

 » €”O"K L\#.  4~‡K;O#I‚ Š.L‚$OK
W
Lž‚$OK LF"‡  ’5~‡K ;O#I‚ Z”"Rq" L¼OK » 4X" ‰Kˆ.  4~‡K ;O#I‚ Š. L‚$OK 4-W†
{#X Š. {#X L†"ˆ6’‚P“J"‰K#X |Ç\ OK #Œ‰L…”"Rq€Œ Š. Šw 4X" „\‡OLŒK’‚ Z”"Rq" "O ’Ãu"‡
< <
Š. ‘#Œ‰L…”"Rq€Œ Š. €”P“y.Ph†OK "O BBB
'F
W
‡ BBB
*
W
‘#ŒP“l5‚’Ãu"‡‘#‹5-W†ŠA†#…B ™9‚ L…w P““l6
W W
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

‰O‡K ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. #. L\#. ‰L\ Š-X#E‚ Oˆ.R‚‘#‹5-W†‘"P. Šw ’†#‚Q ‰O‡K PŒ ‘"P. ‰L‚$4XK
‘#Œ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. P”Q{‡L> OK Kˆ. LŒ"ˆJ 3‡#p5‚ ‰L\K#” ‘#‹5-W†3"P““l6Š. Š>ˆ6#. Py”K
 ‘#‹~#X ‰O‡K P”Q ‘"P. 4~‡K ;O#I‚ ‡ ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" ,WFP. ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK
„“Œ ‘"P.R“†4~‡K ;O#I‚ ‡ ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" 4X#“X „“.’…”Ry”#>’”#‹†GP†4X" ‰L\ ‰K"K
4X" ‰L\ Š-X#E‚ #Œ‰O‡K P”Q

’ž5~‡K;O#Iž‚ ‡ ’dž#ž. 3"O#-5Ä" „“. ’…”Ry”#> ’”#‹† GP† ‡ #Œ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š.  {‡L>


L‚$OK‡ #‹5“u DdX P.
š< Wš 'F W3 W
BBBBBBBBBBBB š< W
BBBB <W
BBB š< W
BBBBBBBB <W
BBBBBBB
š< Wš* W š* W *W š 'F W3 W 'F W3 W
‰O‡K

»   »  


» »  »  
» »  »  
» »  »  
» »  »  

‡ L†O"K 3‡#p5‚ P”K#t‚ o}5I‚ ‘#Œ‰O‡K OK #Œ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. ˜‡" Kˆ\’‚ ŠhF—‚Šw Oˆeƒ#Œ
š< W
BBBBBBBB
» Q" š 'F W3 W
’dž#. ’Ãu"‡ 3"O#-5Ä" €=F ,WFP. ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š. P“:'6)“†#:
Pž:"Šw ’ž~#F OK 4žX" Šž5q#” ZžŒ#w » ‰O‡K OK » Šž.  ‰O‡KOK
‰O‡KPJ"‡" OK ‰O#.‡K »
‰O‡KcX"‡" OK ZŒ#w Q" V2’5~‡K ;O#I‚ ‰L…”"Rq €Œ Š.
4X" Q– rˆq ‰L…”"Rq€Œ Š. ‡K ŠW”#t‚OK {#F PŒ OK 4X" Š5\"Nz Z”"Rq" Š. ‡O »
;O#I‚ P“l5‚ Šw ’~#F OK 4X" DdX P“l5‚ Ɣ 'F W ’dž#. 3"O#-5Ä" €=F P“l5‚ Šw Kˆ\ 4uK
4X" ƒ#”P>P“l5‚Æ” * W 4~‡K

‘P“z!Š=“5† ‡ Š¼—J 
K#_5u" Q" ’~ˆtÂ,”Pt6‰L\ KO‡$P.{L‚ L\ Š›"O" ƒ"P”"‘"P.’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" Š~#t‚ „”" OK
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

{L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‘#‹-”PaU#X"P. LŒK’‚ 4XK Š.  ‰O‡K OK ƒ"P”" ƒ—w!
‘K#_5u" ‘#‹“zT”‡Q" ’JP. €“ŒK #=†" ‰O‡K „”" OK ‘K#_5u" |‚"ˆÄ O#5qO Q" ’}“}E6 €“5W†"ˆ6
GP†Š. 4-W†’¼ˆ_J‘O"Nz!Š”#‚PX‡ ’qP_‚;O#I‚ ƒKˆ.Z[w€w ‡ ’~#‚ Š”#‚PXvPE6|9‚
P“l5‚„”" P. ‰P‹.GP† ’\ˆ1[B|.#u P“:'6|.#t‚ OK {ˆ2 ‘"P. #a#t6 OK Oˆ6 €‹‚ P“:'6‡ ‰P‹.
Šw K"K ‰Q#>" R“† ,6/0%3 ‘#‹“…E…‚ ,“\ ,”Pt6L†O"K ‘K#_5u" 4X#“X P. ’‹‚ ‘#‹5~–K
€“ŒK 4XK Š. ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" Q" 3L‚‰#6ˆw {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" |“}E6 Ɣ
b#W-†" #” ’~#‚ b#W-†" P“:'64E6Šw ‘K#_5u" L\OƔ8E.KOˆ‚‘K#_5u" #h† OKŠw L\ ˆ}Â
ZIž. OK {K#Ã6 LÄ #” #‹5J"KP2Q"P6 ‘PWw Š. P=…‚ Š}¼#q—. L†"ˆ6’‚ L\#. ‰L\ |¼#F ’~ˆ2
’‚Oˆ6 P:" 4W†"ˆ6’‚Šw Q#. O"Q#. 3#“}Ä 4X#“X Kˆ-† |“~K Š. ’qPe Q" Kˆ\ K#_5u" ’>O#J
Q" L†"ˆ6’‚QO" ’X" GP†4“-96#. ’~ˆ2’e#W-†" 4X#“XŠw L\ ˆ} L…w ’9…J"OQO" GP†|”LÃ6
DdžX #ž. P6„“”#ž2’Þu"‡ L‚$OK DdX OK "O ‘K#_5u" #h† K#_5u" ‘P”N24.#uOZŒ#w s”Pe
OˆeŠ. QO"GP†|”LÃ6#. ‰"PŒ’~#‚ ‡ ’~ˆ2’e#W-†" 4X#“XŠw ’~#F OK LŒK O"PuP6–#.‘#‹5“u
OK L\ LŒ"ˆJ ’Ãu"‡ L‚$OK Z”"Rq" {#F „“ÄOK ‡ #‹5“u ’‚ˆÄ DdX Z”"Rq" Š. P=…‚ ƒ#‚RŒ
’-žW† P“ž:'6 ‘K#_5žu" 4X#“žX ‰L…ž”"Rq €Œ Š. ,”"Pa ƒKO‡$4XK Š. #. „“…AŒ Š~#t‚ „”"
‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ ’}žw Oˆže Šž. €”L“=…X "O ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" Š5W."‡ ‘#ŒP“l5‚ P. |t5W‚ ‘#ŒP“l5‚
ƒ#ž[† ‘P5[“.’-W† P:" #‹5“u DdX P. ’~ˆ2 ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ K#_5u" ’Ãu"‡ ZI. P. ’~#‚ 4X#“X
Q" 4W”#.’‚"O #‹5“u DdX P.QO" GP†€‹‚ P“:'6‡ 3#“~#‚ P“l5‚o“ÃaZt†Šw ’~#F OK LŒK’‚
4W†"K ‰O‡K „”" OK ƒ"P”" ƒ—w K#_5u" ‘#‹“zT”‡
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹
 ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" |“}E6 Y‡O 4Xˆ“2

’~K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK ‘K#_5u" {L‚ 3"P““l6ƒ$s”PeQ" Šw 4X" ’\‡O ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" |“}E6
‘#5W”" |“}E6 ‘P->Ph†Q" KP“z’‚O"Pu8E.KOˆ‚‘O"Ny5X#“X ‘#ŒP“l5‚3"P““l6P“:'64E6
‘#ŒP“l5‚ 3"P““l6,WFP. {L‚ ’†‡OK ‘#ŒP“l5‚ Q" "Lw PŒ ’›R> ‘#‹t5[‚ „““Ã6 ‘"ŠW”#t‚
‘#5W”" |“}E6 ƒ—w K#_5u" Š. bˆ.P‚‘#‹…5‚ OK 4X" ‘K#_5u" #h† {K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK ’†‡P“.
OK KP“z’‚ O"Pu ‰K#p5X" KOˆ‚ ‘K#_5u" „”Ry”#>‘#‹5X#“X ’[I. P:" |“}E6 ‘"P. ‘"ŠW”#t‚
P“l5ž‚ P ‡ ’†‡OK P“l5‚ Q #. ‘O#5J#X Š~K# Q |‚#\ ƒ—w K#_5u" {L‚ Ɣ ’‚ˆÄ 4~#F
4\"K €“Œ"ˆJ „”"P.#…. 4X" ’†‡P“.
IL <  < <Q  ;  ; ;P » L Q

O"KP. Ɣ ‘"P. 4X" ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚ ; M ‡ ’†‡OK ‘#ŒP“l5‚ <  ƒ$OK Šw!
’†‡OK ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ’~K#Ã6 O"KP. ’~K#Ã6 4“Ãa‡OK #ŒŠ~K# |F ; ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚ ½‡Pp‚
#ž” ’dJ |Ç\ Š. ˜ˆÃ‚ ’=…XK#_5u" ‘ˆy~" ‘O#5J#X ‘#ŒŠ~K# LŒK’‚ 4XK Š. "O {L‚
„5qPžzPhž† OK #ž. Lž†O"K ‘P“zs5ž[‚4“}.#u #ŒŠ~K# „”" „”"P.#…. 4X" ’5”O#y~  ’dJ
P”Q„“.ˆw!"S V”P6#‚ƒ#…“‚P6KŠw 4q#”OK ƒ"ˆ6’‚8E. KOˆ‚ ‘K#_5u" {L‚ ‘O#5qO ‘#ŒŠ~K#Â
Kˆ. LŒ"ˆJ Pp¼P“m



 &RPSDUDWLYH 6WDWLFV
Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

Š. #=…”" OK "OD”P¼P“m¿.#6 Š“`uLŒK’‚ ‰Q#>" ‘K#_5u" ‘ˆy~" „“.ˆw!"S V”P6#‚ƒKˆ.Pp¼P“m


‘#ŒP“l5ž‚ Q" ’Ã.#ž6 3Oˆž¼ Šž. ƒ"ˆ6’ž‚ "O {Lž‚ ’†‡OK P“l5‚ PŒ Š“`u „”" U#X"P. KP. O#w!
PŒ ƒ$OK Šw ’”#ŒŠ~K# ‰#y5XK K"K ƒ#[† ‰L\„““Ã6Z“2Q" ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ‡ ’†‡P“. ‘O"Ny5X#“X
‰L\ „““Ã6‘#ŒP“l5‚‡ ‘O"Ny5X#“X ‘#ŒP“l5‚ ’†‡P“.‘#ŒP“l5‚Q" ’Ã.#63Oˆ¼Š.’†‡OKP“l5‚
Kˆ. LŒ"ˆJ P”Q|Ç\ Š. L\#. ‰L\ ‰K"K ƒ#[†


3Oˆž¼ „ž”"OK 4X" n‡Pނ#ŒŠ~K#ނ €5W“X Š5q#” |“}t6 |Ç\ Š. –#. ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‰#y5XK
V”P6#ž‚Š-X#E‚ #. "O ‘"ŠW”#t‚ ‘#5W”" <”#5† )“t5W‚ –#. ‘#ŒŠ~K# ‰#y5XK |F #. ƒ"ˆ6’‚
4X" P”Q3Oˆ¼Š. ’}w Oˆe Š. Šw KO‡$4XK Š. {L‚ Š5q#” |“}t6 4~#F ’›R>‘#‹t5[‚



  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

¿.#…‚
$P X]HJDU 6   Iranian Econom y Under T he Islam ic Republic. ,%7 DX ULV &R

/WG

$VVDOL 0    A M acroeconom ic M odel for a Developing Country. 8 QSX EOLVKHG

7KHVLV

%DOG ZLQ *    Planning and Developm ent in I ran. %DOWLP RUH  -RKQ + RS NLQV

8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

%DQN 0DUND]L ,UDQ   Annual Reports. 7HKUDQ

%DUUR 5 -   5 DWLRQDO ( [SHFWDWLRQ DQG WKH 5 ROH RI 0 RQHWDU\ 3ROLF\ Journal of

Monetary Economics. 9RO  SS 

%HKGDG 6   ) RUHLJQ ( [FKDQJH * DS 6WUXFWX UDO &RQVWUDLQWV DQG WKH 3 ROLWLFDO

( FRQRP \ RI ( [FKDQJH 5 DWH ' HWHU P LQDWLRQ LQ ,UDQ Journal of the M iddle E ast

Studies, 9RO  SS 

%ODQFKDUG 2  - DQG .KDQ & 0    7 KH 6ROX WLRQ RI /LQHDU ' LIIHUHQFH 0 RGHOV

8QGHU 5DWLRQDO ([SHFWDWLRQV Econometrica. 9RO  SS 

&K KLE EH U $ 0  ' DLODP L DQG 1  6K DILN   5 HYLYLQ J 3 U LYD WH , QYH VWP HQW ,Q

'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV Empirical Studies and Policy Lessons. 1RUWK +ROODQG

&KRZ * &   7HVWV RI (TXDOLW\ %HWZHHQ 6XEVHWV RI &RHIILFLHQWV RI 7ZR /LQHDU

5HJUHVVLRQ 0RGHOV Econometrica, SS 

&X WKEH UWVR Q . 6 + DOO DQG 0  7 D\ORU   A pplied E conom etric T echn iques.

/RQGRQ +DUYHVWHU:KHDWVKHDI

&XWKEHUWVRQ . DQG 0 7D\ORU   Macroeconomic Systems. 2[IRUG %DVLO %ODFNZHOO

' DGKNDK 0  DQG ) = DKHGL   Sim ultaneous Estim ation of Production Function

and Capital Stock in Developing Countries. SS 

( YDQ V - /   7 K H ' \Q D P LF % H K D YLR X U R I $ OW H U QD W LYH 3 U LFH $G MX VW P H Q W

0HFKDQLVP The Manchester School. 9RO  SS 


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

) D U]LQ  <  +    ) RU HLJQ ( [FK DQ JH 5 H IR UP LQ , UDQ  %D GO\ ' HVLJQHG % DG O\

0DQDJHG World Development. 9RO  1R  SS 

)LVKHU 3 * 6 +ROO\ DQG $ - +XJKHV +DOOHWW   (IILFLHQW 6ROXWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV

IR U ' \QDP LF 1 RQ OLQHDU 5 D WLR QDO ( [SHFW DWLRQV 0 R GHOV Journal of E conom ic

Dynamic and Control. 9RO  SS 

)ULHGP DQ 0    7KH 5 ROH RI 0RQHWDU\ 3ROLF\ A m erican E conom ic R eview. 9RO

 SS 

* DQ GROIR  *    M athem atical M etho ds and M odels in E co nom ic D ynam ics.

$PVWHUGDP 1RUWK+ROODQG

* RRGKDUW &$(    Money Inform ation and Uncertainty. 0DF 0 LOODQ ( GX FDWLRQ

/WG

+DOO 5   6WRFKDVWLF ,PSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH /LIH&\FOH 3HUPDQHQW ,QFRPH +\SRWKHVLV

7KHRU\ DQG (YLGHQFH Journal of Political Economy. 9RO  SS 

+ DOO 6 *  DQG 6* % + HQU\   Macroeconom ic Modelling. $P VWHUGDP 1 RUWK

+ROODQG

+DTXH 1   Fiscal Policy and Private Saving Behaviour in Developing Economies.

,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO  SS 

+DTXH 1 . /DKLUL DQG 3 0RQWHLO   A Macroeconometric Model For Developing

Countries. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO  SS 

+ DTX H 1  DQG 3  0 RQWLHO   &RQVX P SWLRQ LQ ' HYHORSLQJ &RX QWULHV 7 HVWLQJ

/LTX LGLW\ &RQVWUDLQWV DQG ) LQLWH + RUL]RQ R eview of E conom ics and Statistics. 9RO

 SS 

+ DTXH 1  . /DKLUL DQG 3  0 RQWLHO   ( VWLP DWLRQ RI D 0 DFURHFRQRP LF 0RGHO

:LWK 5DWLRQDO ([SHFWDWLRQ DQG &DSLWDO &RQWURO )RU 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQWULHV Journal

of Development Economics. 9RO  SS 

+RQRKDQ 3   ,QIODWLRQ DQG 'HPDQG )RU 0RQH\ LQ 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV World
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

Development. 9RO  SS 

,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0RQHWDU\ )XQG   International Financial Statistics. :DVKLQJWRQ

'&

.DUVKHQDV 0    O il, State and Industrialisation in Iran. &DP EULGJH 8 QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV

.DUVKHQDV 0 DQG 0 + 3HVDUDQ   (FRQRPLF 5HIRUP DQG WKH 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI

WKH ,UDQLDQ (FRQRP\ Middle-East Journal. SS 

.KDQ 0   M onetary Shock s and T he Dynam ics of Inflation. ,0) 6WDII 3 DSHUV

9RO  SS 

.KD Q 0    I m port and E xpo rt Dem and In Developing Cou ntries. ,0 ) 6W DII

3DSHUV 9RO  SS 

.K D Q 0  D Q G 3  0 R QW LH O   G ro wth -O rien ted A d ju stm ent: A C o n ceptu al

Framework. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHU 9RO  SS 

.KDQ 0  DQG 0  .QLJKW   Stabilisation Program m e in Developing Countries:

Formal Framework. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO  SS 

.KDQ 0  DQG 0  .QLJKW   8 QDQWLFLSDWHG 0 RQHWDU\ * URZWK DQG ,QIODWLRQDU\

)LQDQFH Journal of Money Credit and Banking. 9RO  SS 

.KDQ 0 DQG 0 .QLJKW   Stabilisation Programme in Developing Countries With a

Parallel Market for Foreign Exchange. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHU 9RO  SS 

.KDQ 0  DQG - 2 VWU\   5 HVSRQVH RI WKH ( TX LOLEULX P 5 HDO ( [FKDQJH 5 DWH WR

5 H DO ' LVWX UE DQFHV LQ ' HYHOR SLQ J & RX Q WULH V W orld Develo pm en t. 9 RO S S



.KDQ 0  DQG 5  5  5 HLQKDUW   3 ULYDWH ,QYHVWP HQW DQG ( FRQRP LF * URZWK LQ

'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV World Development. 9RO 

.KDQ 0  DQG 0  .QLJKW   ,P SR UW &RP SUHVVLR Q DQG ( [S RUW 3 HUIRUP DQ FH LQ

'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV The Review of Economics and Statistics. SS 


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

.LDQL . +    7 KH ( VW LP DWLRQ R I $JJUHJD WH &RQVX P S WLRQ ) X QFWLRQ LQ ,UDQ

Eghtesad (Economics). 9RO  SS 

.OHLQ / HW DO   Com parative Perform ance of U.S. Econom etric M odels. 2 [IRUG

8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

.OHLQ /   8VH RI 0DLQVWUHDP 0DFURHFRQRPHWULF 0RGHOV IRU 3ROLF\ )RUPDWLRQ LQ

Macroeconomic Modelling and Policy Implications Honkaponhja. 6 DQG 0 ,QJEHUJ

HGV  $PHVWHUGDP 1RUWK+ROODQG

.UXJPDQ 3   ,QFRPH (ODVWLFLWLHV DQG 5HDO ([FKDQJH 5DWHV European Economic

Review. 9RO  SS 

.UXJPDQ 3   (QGRJHQRXV ,QQRYDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7UDGH DQG *URZWK &K ,,

LQ Rethinking International Trade. &DPEULGJH 0$ 0,7 SUHVV

/DLGOHU '    7 K H %X IIHU 6WR FN 1 R WLRQ LQ 0 RQH WDU\ ( FRQRP LFV Conference

Proceedings. 6XSSOHPHQW WR WKH (FRQRPLF -RXUQDO 9RO  SS 

/DLGOHU '    7KH ' HP DQG )RU 0RQH\ 7KHRULHV ( YLGHQFH DQG 3UREOHPV HG 

/RQGRQ +DUSHU &ROOLQV &ROOHJH 3XEOLVKHU

/RRQH\ 5    Econom ic O rigins of Iranian R evolution. 1 HZ < RUN 3 HUJP DQJQ

3UHVV

/XFDV 5 (    ( FRQRP LF 3 ROLF\ ( YDOXDWLRQ $ &ULWLTXH LQ $ %UXQQHU DQG $+ 

0HOW]HU HGV  Supplement to Journal of Money and Finance.

/XFDV 5 ( -U   6RPH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ( YLGHQFH RQ 2 X WSXW,QIODWLRQ 7 UDGHRIIV

American Economic Review. 9RO  SS 

0 DF' RQDOG 5  DQG 0  3  7 D\ORU   7 KH 7 HUP 6WUX FWX UH RI ) RUZDUG ) RUHLJQ

( [FKDQJH 3UHPLD 7 KH ,QWHU:DU ( [SHULHQFH T he Manchester School. 9RO  SS



0DGGDOD *  6   Introduction to E conom etrics. 1 HZ <RUN 0 DFPLOODQ 3X EOLVKHU

&RPSDQ\
  –O#Š\ “>K‘.  “‹#P. “†=‹

0 DNLQ -+    Effects of Inflation Control Program m e on Expected Real Interest

Rate. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO  

0FFDOOXP % 7   5DWLRQDO ([SHFWDWLRQV DQG 7KH 1DWXUDO 5DWH +\SRWKHVLV 6RPH

&RQVLVWHQW (VWLPDWHV Econometrica. 9RO  SS 

0 FNLQQRQ 5  ,   M oney and Capital in E conom ic Developm ent. : DVKLQJWRQ

'& 7KH %URRNLQJV ,QVWLWXWH

0RQWLHO 3   The Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in Less Developed

Countries. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO  SS 

0 RULVKLP D 0  <  0X UDWD 7  1 LVVH DQG 0  6DLWR   T he W orking of Econom etic

Models. &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV

0 RWDP HQ +    E xpenditure of O il R evenue: An Optim al Control Approach W ith

Application to Iranian Economy. 1HZ <RUN 6W 0DUWLQ


V 3UHVV

0XQGHOO 5   ,QIODWLRQ DQG 5HDO ,QWHUHVW Journal of Political Economy. 9RO 

SS 

0XVFDWHOOL 9$ 7* 6ULQLYDVDQ DQG ' 9LQHV   7KH (PSLULFDO 0RGHOOLQJ RI 1,(

( [SRUWV $Q ( YDOX DWLRQ RI ' LIIHUHQW $SSURDFKHV Journal of Developm ent Studies.

9RO  SS 

1 D\ORU 7  +    Com puter Sim ulation E xperim en ts with M odels of E conom ic

System. -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV ,QF

3DWLQNLQ '   Money, Interest and Prices. 1HZ <RUN +DUSHU DQG 5RZ

3HVDUDQ 0 +   7KH ,UDQLDQ )RUHLJQ ([FKDQJH 3ROLF\ DQG WKH %ODFN 0DUNHW IRU

'ROODUV ,Q Journal of the Middle East Studies. 9RO  SS 

3 HVDUDQ 0  +    0 DFURHFRQRP LF 3 ROLF\ LQ DQ 2 LO ( [SRUWLQJ ( FRQRP \ : LWK

)RUHLJQ ([FKDQJH &RQWUROV Economica. 9RO  SS 

3 LQG \FN 5  6 DQ G '  / 5 X ELQIHOG   E co no m etric M o dels an d E con om ic

Forecasts. 0F*UDZ+LOO %RRN &RPSDQ\


Œ"P" š"P. ›=ŽXK#_5{" š‘‚‡" ϝ OK šK#_5{" 4X#œX …œ†E6 

3 XJK5 REHUWV DVVRFLDWHV   Professional Dynam o Plus: Introductory G uide and

Tutorial. &DPEULGJH 0$

5DR & 5   Advanced Statistic Methods in Biometric Research. 1HZ <RUN :LOH\

5 DR 0  - 0    Filtering and Control of M acroeconom ic System s: A Control

S ystem I n co rpo ratin g the Kalm an Filter fo r I n dian E co n o m y. $ P VW H U G D P 

1RUWK+ROODQG

6DU JHQW 7  D QG 1  : D OODFH   5 DWLRQ DO ( [SH FWDWLR QV WKH 2 SWLP D O 0 RQHW DU\

,QVWUXPHQWV DQG WKH 2SWLPDO 0RQHWDU\ 5XOH Journal of Political Economy. 9RO 

SS 

6KDILN 1   3ULYDWH ,QYHVWPHQW DQG 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ 7KH (J\SWLDQ &DVH LQ Reviving

Private Investment in Developing Countries. &KKLEEHU $ 0 'DLODPL DQG 1 6KDILN

HG  1RUWK+ROODQG

6KDILTXO ,VODP   'HYDOXDWLRQ 6WDELOLVDWLRQ 3ROLFLHV DQG WKH 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV

Journal of Development Economics. 9RO  SS 

6KDZ (  6   Financial Deepening in E conom ic Developm ent. 2 [IRUG 8 QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV

6WHYHQVRQ $ 9  0 X VFDWHOOL DQG 0  * UHJRU\   M acroeconom ic T heory and

Stabilisation Policy. 3KLOLS $OODQ

:LFNHQV 0 5   7KH (IILFLHQW (VWLPDWLRQ RI (FRQRPHWULF 0RGHOV :LWK 5DWLRQDO

([SHFWDWLRQV Review of Economics and Statistics. 9RO  SS 

:LOVRQ 5   (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW LQ WKH 0LGGOH(DVW /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH

: RQJ &   Dem and For M oney in Developing Countries: Som e T heoretical and

Empirical Results. ,0) 6WDII 3DSHUV 9RO SS 

:RUOG %DQN   World Development Report. :DVKLQJWRQ '&

You might also like