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Gemini Mercury Experience Applied
Gemini Mercury Experience Applied
INTRODUCTION
I n t e g r a t i o n of Man I n t o System
d The f i r s t example of applying Mercury experience t o Gemini i s
t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of man i n t o t h e f l i g h t system. Since t h e Mercury
program was America's f i r s t manned space venture, i t s design con-
s t r a i n t s were i n some ways more r e s t r i c t i v e than those of t h e Gemini
program. F i r s t , s i n c e w e had never before put man i n t o space, it
was necessary t o develop a vehicle t h a t could and would operate
through a l l phases of f l i g h t completely independently of man. This
requirement has been successfully met w i t h t h e Mercury spacecraft.
To achieve such a vehicle f o r Gemini, with i t s added systems for f u l -
f i l l i n g t h e more ambitious mission o b j e c t i v e s and within t h e time
framework a l l o t t e d , would have been an almost impossible t a s k . The
design concept behind Gemini, t h e r e f o r e , i s d i f f e r e n t than it was f o r
Mercury. Actually it i s Mercury experience i t s e l f t h a t makes t h i s
possible. Man a s a p o s i t i v e f a c t o r contributing t o mission success i n
space environment has proven himself during t h e course of P r o j e c t
Mercury. A l l of t h e manned Mercury f l i g h t s have been w e l l documented
(see Bibliography). Two examples of man's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o mission
success w i l l be c i t e d here. During t h e MA-6 f l i g h t (John Glenn's
mission), malfunctions i n t h e automatic c o n t r o l system prompted t h e
a s t r o n a u t t o assume manual control. Had t h i s f l i g h t continued in the
automatic c o n t r o l mode, t h e r e would have been i n s u f f i c i e n t f u e l t o
comp1.ete t h e t h r e e - o r b i t mission. During MA-8 ( S c h i r r a ' s f l i g h t ) a
change i n flow c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a valve i n t h e environmental con-
t r o l system caused p r e s s u r e - s u i t temperatures t o reach un'comforkable
l e v e l s , b u t systematic and e f f e c t i v e adjustment of t h e c o n t r o l valve
by the p i l o t corrected t h e overtemperature. Had t h e p i l o t been
unable t o e x e r c i s e t h i s control, t h e f l i g h t would have been terminated
much e a r l i e r than was planned. Other examples could b e c i t e d b u t
t h e s e should be s u f f i c i e n t t o make t h e point.
Design
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contamination, t h e r e f o r e , i s an ever-present problem. Furthermore,
design considerations d i c t a t e d t h e use of f l a r e d tubing. The use of
f l a r e d tubing has posed a constant leakage t h r e a t .
Checkout
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Needless t o say, removal and replacement of malfunctioning equipment
coupled with r e v a l i d a t i o n of many systems which were d i s r u p t e d t o g e t
a t t h e d e f e c t i v e equipment were a t times excruciating. P r e f l i g h t
checkout of t h e Gemini spacecraft i s expected t o b e n e f i t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
from t h e lessons learned a s a r e s u l t of t h i s Mercury experience.
REFERENCES
3. QUALITY CONTROL