Neuroprosthetics Seminar Report

Semester : VII Branch : ELECTRONICS AND
Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
1. INTRODUCTION
Neuroprosthetics (also called Neural Prosthetics) is a discipline related to

neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural
prostheses, artificial implantable devices to replace or improve the function of an
impaired nervous system.
Neuroprosthetics are the set of physical devices that interact with the brain or
other neural tissue to augment, restore, or otherwise impact function.
Neuroprosthetics are electrical stimulation technologies that replace or assist

damaged or malfunctioning neuromuscular organ systems and attempt to restore
normal body processes, create or improve function, and/or reduce pain. These
systems are either implanted or worn externally on the body. Such assistive
devices range from intramuscular stimulation systems designed to limit limb
atrophy in paralysis, to implanted bladder voiding systems and more complex
implanted neuromuscular control.
The process of transitioning this technology into a clinically useful device will
require two parallel paths of research.
In the first path, experimental paradigms involving microelectrode array recordings

in behaving animals will be developed in conjunction with signal processing
techniques for studying the unknown aspects of neural coding and functional
neurophysiology. These signal processing techniques will then be implemented in
portable, low-power, wireless hardware.
Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 1

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Seminar Title :
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NEUROPROSTHETICS
The second path, high-density array ECoG recordings in humans, provides a less
invasive technique for neural interfaces however it still remains unknown how to
extract BMI control signatures that are sufficiently spatially and temporally
resolved.
Neuroprosthetics is an area of intense scientific and clinical interest and rapid

progress. The word‟ prosthesis‟ is derived from the Greek word for „addition‟. A
breakdown of the word includes „pros‟ meaning „to‟, and „thesis‟, meaning „a
placing‟.
Neuroprosthetic are in their infancy just now, but they offer two things that are truly
wonderful:
1. Bypassing the body, and letting the mind interface directly with VR, for the
ultimate immersive experience – the virtual body becomes as the normal
functioning body
2. Augmented body parts will be able to be fitted to the body, and controlled by the
brain as if you were born with them – after a little training, without conscious
thought.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
2. HISTORY
The first cochlear implant dates back to 1957. Other landmarks include the first
motor prosthesis for foot drop in hemiplegic in 1961, the first auditory brainstem
implant in 1977 and a peripheral nerve bridge implanted into spinal cord of adult
rat in 1981.
Paraplegics were helped in standing with a lumbar anterior root implant (1988)
and in walking with Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). Regarding the
development of electrodes implanted in the brain, an early difficulty was reliably
locating the electrodes, originally done by inserting the electrodes with needles
and breaking off the needles at the desired depth. Recent systems utilize more
advanced probes, such as those used in deep brain stimulation to alleviate the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Over the past four decades, research in Neuroprosthetic has generated a handful
of clinical successes and has gained lasting acceptance in the scientific
community noteworthy advances have been made.
Fig 1. Electrode

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COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
BMI is currently growing with exponential speed, with real successes in linking
human brains to computers, and the control of virtual, and physical prosthetic
limbs via pure thought control as in fig 2
Fig 2-Block diagram
Neuroprosthetics, brain emulation and mind uploading are together perhaps the
most extreme end of the trend towards virtual reality. All three are BMI, or Brain-
Machine Interface. BMI is an old field, stretching back over six decades,
concerned with direct-connecting the human brain to machines, in order to
improve the function of both.
A BMI uses a computer to implement brain models that translate signals from
individual neurons into artificial limb commands. Discovery of the knowledge

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
needed to uncover the unknown aspects of systems-based neural encoding and

decoding for complex tasks needs highly demanding computational modeling. The
architecture consists of multiple forward-inverse pairs of dynamic models for
movement planning and control. The movement commands are the combined
outputs of selected pairs of models on the basis of real-time feedback signals
The research aims to (1) identify the types, numbers and combinations of models
for complex movement control and (2) deploy the cyber infrastructures for both
BMI implementation and research. It uses closed loop experiments where a
computer processes brain signals from rats to control robotic movements

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
4. TODAYS NEED OF NEUROPROSTHETICS
Whether caused by disease, an accident, or a necessary surgery, damage to

major nerves extends be-yond the cellular level. Without speech, completely
immobile individuals can be cut off from friends and family. Loss of limb function to
paralysis may trans-late into a loss of independence and good health. And the
deaf or blind may be severed from their work in addition to the sights and sounds
of everyday life.
Scientists are hotly pursuing a means to repair nerves, in particular by using stem
cells to replace or support function of injured neurons. However, this field is in its
early stages, and learning how to manipulate therapeutic cells will likely take
several years.
Neural prostheses can be engineered to take on the role of impaired neural cells,
relaying electrical signals between parts of the body or between the body and a
specialized machine. Such devices have already enabled the immobile to operate
computers by thought alone, the partially paralyzed to walk and groom
themselves, the deaf to hear, and the blind to see.
Today‟s prostheses demonstrate varying degrees of success and, even at their
best, cannot match the performance of natural tissues. Certainly, we are far from
the times of Luke Skywalker, when replacement robotic parts can be installed
upon the night of an injury. Nevertheless, application of this technology has
realized initial steps toward this dream and offered new hope to many patients.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
5. TYPES OF NEUROPROSTHETICS
There are three main types of neuroprosthetics –

1. Sensory prosthetics.
2. Motor prosthetics.
3. Cognitive prosthetics.
1) SENSORY PROSTHETICS:
Sensory prosthetics get information into sensory areas like hearing and sight.
5.1 Visual prosthetics
A Visual prosthetics or bionic eye is a form of neutral prostheses intended to
partially restored lost vision or amplified existing vision. It usually takes the form of
an externally worn camera that is attached to a stimulator on the retina, optical
nerve, or in the visual cortex, in order to produce perceptions in the visual cortex
Research has produced visual prostheses that give patients fuzzy vision with a
pixel resolution of about 20 x 20, but these are just experimental and not ready for
mass use.
Other visual prostheses place the implant elsewhere, including the sub-retinal
space at the back of the eye, the optic nerve, and the visual cortex. Placed close
to its target cells, the sub-retinal implant requires relatively low energy output to
stimulate neuronal signaling one drawback is that its necessarily small size limits
its capacity to generate power. A solar cell-based prosthetic, stimulated and
powered by light, may resolve this concern and is undergoing clinical trials.
5.2 Auditory prosthetics:

Cochlear implant and auditory brainstem implant

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Cochlear implant and auditory brainstem implant. A cochlear implant (or "bionic
ear") is a surgically implanted device that can help provide a sense of sound to a
person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing. Unlike hearing aids,
the cochlear implant does not amplify sound, but works by directly stimulating any
functioning auditory nerves inside the cochlea with electrical impulses. External
components of the cochlear implant include a microphone, speech processor and
transmitter.
Cochlear implant includes:

Ear clip -Microphone -Speech processor -Transmitter coil -Receiver coil -Lead
wires –Cochlea (hearing organ) –Auditory nerve.
Fig 3.Cochlear implant
5.3 Prosthetics for pain relief
Biphasic, charge balanced stimulation does not produce tissue damage if each
phase is below 0.3 micro Coulombs.
The human DBS system is biphasic, charge balanced. The cathodal pulse is
short and high amplitude while the anodal pulse is shallow and of longer
duration. Rebase current is the smallest current still capable of exciting a neural
element regardless of the pulse width.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
The brain is of profound importance. It is the place that houses our sense of self,
our mind. It contains all of whom and what we are. As technologies advance,
Brain-Machine interfaces will become more and more sophisticated, and our
understanding of the brain's functions will become ever-greater.
Spinal cord stimulators were developed based on the Gate Control Theory of
pain transmission. Spinal cord stimulators provide a constant light sensory
stimulus and help keep the Gate closed.
Acupuncture is thought to work by stimulating A-fibers and thus closing the Gate.
The Spinal Cord Stimulator or (Dorsal Column Stimulator) is used to treat
chronic neurological pain. It is implanted near the dorsal surface of the spinal
cord and an electric impulse generated by the device provides a "tingling"
sensation that alters the perception of pain by the patient. A pulse generator or
RF receiver is implanted in the abdomen or buttocks. A wire harness connects
the lead to the pulse generator.
Deep Brain Stimulator:
V = IR
The resistance of the brain/electrode system will varies depending on the tissue
stimulated. White matter is 1200 ohms transversely and 200 ohms long. Gray
matter is about 300 ohms. Typical impedance for human DBS is 1000 ohms.
Current density = current/area
Area of one DBS contact = 6mm2
Charge density = current density * pulse width
Axons and neurons have different thresholds for activation
Large axons have a lower threshold than small axons and thus will be activated
first.
The threshold for Activation is described as:

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
K = current/distance2.
Biphasic, charge balanced stimulation does not produce tissue damage if each
phase is below 0.3 micro Coulombs.
The human DBS system is biphasic, charge balanced. The cathodal pulse is
short and high amplitude while the anodal pulse is shallow and of longer
duration. Rebase current is the smallest current still capable of exciting a neural
element regardless of the pulse width.
Fig 4 Electrode surface

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
6. MOTOR NEUROPROSTHETICS
A Motor prosthetics device, or brain computer interface, is a machine that can

take some type of signal from the brain and convert that information into overt
device control such that it reflects the intentions of the user's brain.
In essence, these constructs can decode the electrophysiological signals
representing motor intent. With the parallel evolution of neuroscience,
engineering, and rapid computing, the era of clinical neuroprosthetics is
approaching as a practical reality for people with severe motor impairment.
In the somatic nervous system attempts to aid conscious control of movement
includes Functional electrical stimulation and the lumbar anterior root stimulator.
The Brain Gate system is a neuromotor prosthetic device consisting of an array
of one hundred silicon microelectrodes; each electrode is 1mm long and thinner
than a human hair.
The electrodes are arranged less than half a millimeter apart on the array, which
is attached to a 13cm-long cable ribbon cable connecting it to a computer. This
experimental paradigm opens many new questions about optimal neural
decoding, techniques for neuronal sampling.
Sacral anterior root stimulator:

Where a spinal cord lesion leads to paraplegia, patients have difficulty emptying
their bladders and this can cause infection. From 1969 onwards Brindley
developed the sacral anterior root stimulator, with successful human trials from
the early 1980s onwards.
This device is implanted over the sacral anterior root ganglia of the spinal cord;
controlled by an external transmitter, it delivers intermittent stimulation which

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
improves bladder emptying. It also assists in defecation and enables male

patients to have a sustained full erection.
Motor prosthetics for conscious control of movement

Brain-computer interface:
Researchers are attempting to build motor neuroprosthetics that will help restore
movement and the ability to communicate with the outside world to persons with
motor disabilities such as tetraplegia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
To capture electrical signals from the brain, scientists have developed
microelectrode arrays smaller than a square centimeter that can be implanted in
the skull to record electrical activity, transducing recorded information through a
thin cable.
The technology behind motor neuroprostheses is still in its infancy. Investigators
and study participants continue to experiment with different ways of using the
prostheses. Having a patient think about clenching a fist, for example, produces
a different result than having him or her think about tapping a finger. The filters
used in the prostheses are also being fine-tuned, and in the future, doctors hope
to create an implant capable of transmitting signals from inside the skull
wirelessly, as opposed to through a cable.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Fig 5: brain implantation
Sensory/Motor prosthetics
In 2002 an implant was interfaced directly into the median nerve fibers of the
scientist Kevin Warwick. The electrode array inserted contained 100 electrodes, of
which 25 could be accessed at any one time. The signals produced were detailed
enough that a robot arm developed by Warwick's colleague, Peter Kyberd, was
able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm and provide a form of touch
feedback via the implant.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
7. COGNITIVE NEUROPROSTHETICS
Sensory and motor prostheses deliver input to and output from the nervous
system respectively. Theodore Berger at the University of Southern California
defines a third class of prostheses[8] aimed at restoring cognitive function by
replacing circuits within the brain damaged by stroke, trauma or disease. Work
has begun on a proof-of-concept device a hippocampal prosthesis which can
mimic the function of a region of the hippocampus a part of the brain responsible
for the formation of memories.
HOW TO IMPLEMENT
A Neuroprosthetic device (arrow) translates brain signals into actions on a
computer screen, allowing a paralyzed man to draw, check e-mail, and play
games. The below fig shows it
Fig6: BMI

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Fig 7: BMI implanting on RAT.

games.
Fig 8: HAND SIMULATION

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Fig 9 NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICE

games.
To realize this, an electrode array (arrowhead) implanted into the brain records the
firing b, of individual neurons as a paralyzed man (Figure 1) imagines actions
(such as opening and closing a hand). A device (arrow) converting this information
into original signals that can be used to manipulate a robotic hand or generate
movements on a computer screen.
The brain-computer interface has the potential to surpass the shortcomings and
enhance both communication and motor functionality. In a concerted effort with
Massachusetts General Hospital, Brown University, and CY-be kinetics (Figure
10).
An implant of 96 electrodes into the primary motor cortex of the brain read the
changing voltage of neurons that control voluntary movement (Figure 2A). The
signals are digitally filtered and interpreted in an external device (Figure 2B), then
sent to a machine to trigger actions
Signaling at some electrodes was lost in one patient, possibly due to a short circuit
in the array several months after the device‟s insertion
Electroencephalography (EEG) interfaces, which take readings of brain activity
from the scalp. These systems do not support the high control conferred by the

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
electrode array, which can monitor many individual neurons; EEG interfaces also
require weeks to calibrate to a given user whereas Brain Gate requires only a
matter of minutes (3). As implants mediate increasingly complex functions and
become more durable, they may become the preferred long-term medium. Non-
invasive devices, on the other hand, may be better suited to fulfill short-term
needs.
Fig 10. Signals in brain
Moving On After Paralysis

An alternative strategy for gaining mobility and functionality is available to
amputees and partially paralyzed patients. Peripheral-machine inter-faces do not
read motor signals from the brain. Rather, in what is called functional electrical
stimulation (FES), they generate and feed signals to nerves. An external
transmitter sends radio waves to an implanted receiver-stimulator. This in turn
relays signals to electrodes placed in bundles of muscle fibers, which can then
execute movements (Figure 11). In this case, the transmitter discharges signals
derived from the movement of a functional region, like a shoulder or wrist

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Figure 11 EAR STIMULATION
Bionic sight and sound.

Figure (12.a), the most successful neuroprostheses, the cochlear implant has
allowed over 100,000 people to hear again. Sound detected from a microphone is
coded into signals, sent from a transmitter to an implant that stimulates electrodes
in the cochlea, and processed in the brain‟s auditory cortex.
Figure (12.b), In common forms of blindness, information-gathering cells called
photoreceptors die. Retinal prostheses make sure their targets, retinal ganglion
cells, are stimulated by electrodes on the retina‟s surface (epiretinal) or under it
(sub retinal). Input received by the visual cortex may originate from a
camera/processor or light alone. Physical problems that frequently afflict the
paralyzed.
Signaling Sights and Sounds

Bionic devices are not limited to communicating motion-related tasks, but can also
mimic the senses. Some cells are stimulated by frequencies as low as 20 Hz,
others as high as 20 kHz, and many others register pitches in between. When any
combination of these cells fire, their signals are relayed to the auditory nerve, the
auditory brainstem, and ultimately the auditory cortex of the brain. The bionic
hearing differs in multiple ways.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Perhaps only 22 electrodes may be available to distinguish the several kHz

ranges of frequencies, whose detection usually requires thousands of hair cells.
The importance of this bridging process is reflected in the differential ability to
learn languages. While the implant does not achieve the natural level of acuity, its
overall functionality peaks to its success, as does its wide distribution to over
100,000 adults and children worldwide
Both conditions involve massive death of photoreceptor cells, neurons of the

outer retina that detect light and color. Instead of stimulating these lost cells,
Humayan‟s bionic system feeds signals from a spectacle-mounted camera to a
4x4 electrode array on the inner retinal surface The result is a crude form of vision
with 16 Pixels, instead of the millions naturally achieved by the eye.
TOTAL PROCESS OF COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION:
Fig 12 cochlear implant

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Fig 13.Hearing mechanism
Fig 14 Device placement

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
8. CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
Medtronic and Advanced Bionics are significant commercial names in the

emergent market of Deep Brain Stimulation. Cyber kinetics is the first venture
capital funded neural prosthetic company.
Research into Neuroprosthetic is an ongoing and cutting-edge area of science.
We should expect to see many more developments in the future, some of which
will challenge common assumptions about the interface between the mind and
machines.
The Current of Bionics:

The demonstrated potential of neural prosthetics has engendered both hopes and
concerns. Once normal hearing and vision are restored, our sensory repertoire
could conceivably be expanded to include infrared wave-lengths or ultrasound.
Replacement limbs could feature increased power and utility than organic ones. If
the mind today can move a robotic arm, tomorrow‟s devices might allow
manipulation of an entire robot. Implant engineers continue to face hurdles, such
as supplying power to electrodes and preventing corrosion of metals in the body‟s
aqueous and oxygenated environment.
Non-invasive Neuroprosthetic
Nature reports that by simply recording the brain's electrical signals from
electrodes on the scalp, researchers have enabled trained participants to reliably
control computer equipment, a feat normally associated with physical implants in
the brain.
One of the disadvantages, well known to scientists who use forms of EEG
recording to research the brain, is that the skull 'smears' the signal from the brain.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Furthermore, muscle activity can introduce large amounts of electrical noise into
the recording.
With the development of „smart‟ chips, which have thousands of chemically

sensitive switches on their surface, we can in theory now create sensors to
replace these sensory neurons.
Epilepsy Neuroprosthetic:
A growing body of research indicates that controlling seizure activity can be
achieved through direct or indirect (vagal nerve) brain stimulation.
Uncontrolled epilepsy poses a significant burden to society due to associated
healthcare costs and chronic under-unemployment of otherwise physically and
mentally competent individuals. The advancement of new antiepileptic therapies
with novel, rational mechanisms of action into clinical testing is an essential
process toward the creation of new treatments for drug refractory disease and/or
therapies with fewer side effects.
fig 15. Parts of brain where electrode is implanted

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9. ADVANTAGES
 Replacement of the impaired function part of the human body

like brain, heart, ears, retinal devices called bionical devices
 Not only that but also the hand, legs interaction takes place by using
software‟s and hardware‟s which is equivalent to the electronic circuit which
is easy to implement.
 Not only that but also all parts of the man parts like kidney, teeth also.
 Replacing of lost neural tissue damage
 Electrode systems, from micro wires and platinum disc electrodes to

penetrating microarrays, are capable of effectively and chronically
interfacing with the human nervous system which increases the capability.
 Neuroprosthetic devices, and have curbed neuroprostheses markets to the

point of commercial non-viability. As such, Medicare coverage and
reimbursement policies constitute both the most pernicious and most easily
changed hurdle faced by neuroprostheses commercialization efforts.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
10. CHALLENGES
Cranial Nerves
There are twelve cranial nerve pairings (making 24 nerves in total) which split out
from the brain, and move to cover the needs of the cranium and face, rather than
make their way down through the central spinal cord. These nerves are important
to consider, as most are of critical importance to sensory data, yet do not pass
through the central cord, and so cannot be intercepted at the same juncture.
IBM's blue brain project
The blue brain project's mission is to recreate a human brain through simulation,
replacing neuron by connection. But the project is still in development due to the
complex organization of brain ,and yet need to be decoded for any further
advancement.
Interrupting the Brainstem
The brainstem is the part of the brain that descends just in front of the cerebellum.
It drops down from the brain to meet and meld with the spinal cord rising from the
body. The issue is, how do we go about hijacking the brainstem, to splice a virtual
body, or artificial body parts onto it

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
11. APPLICATIONS AND LIVE EXAMPLES
Christopher Reeve Used System

Christopher Reeve was among the first users of this new system. Therapy System
furnished improved circulation, cardiopulmonary exercise, reduced spasticity,
more range of motion for his joints, along with added protection against undue
pressure and skin breakdown.
Muscle stimulation acts as a prosthesis by replacing aspects of an incapacitated
nervous system. In patients with upper motor neuron damage (spinal cord injury,
stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, head injury), it bypasses the impaired
part of the brain or cord and stimulates the motor nerves directly. This makes the
muscles contract. The stimulator's microprocessor and controller execute and
coordinate commands to each muscle, instructing which ones to contract and
which ones to relax at any given moment. A muscle stimulator's level of
sophistication determines the complexity of movement it imparts to the body as
well as what level of muscle force and firing sequence to emulate.
Strengthening Muscles, Reducing Spasticity

Muscle stimulation can be used in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury to
strengthen muscles and reduce spasticity, so that the body operates more
efficiently and effectively. For example, many persons with incomplete injuries
having voluntary control over the quadriceps can stand and walk longer and more
effectively when the quadriceps muscles are strengthened.
Reducing Pain
Another area found electrical stimulation to be immensely helpful is the reduction
of chronic pain. While most clinicians are familiar with TENS, few are aware that

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
muscle stimulation can be used as well. The difference is that muscle stimulation
is a stronger stimulus and is capable of contracting and relaxing muscles in a
cyclic manner. My clinical experience shows that muscle stimulation is better at
blocking pain than TENS.
Electrode Garment:
The purpose of the garment is to help align and hold electrodes in place. The
material comprising the body of the garment is a flexible spandex. The electrodes
are made of silver cloth and are highly conductive. I make the garments in such a
way that wires do not interfere with or restrict body movement. The garment fitting
is a three to five stage process which varies, depending on the complexity of the
case. Patients doing therapy can don the garment, then remove it after a few
hours, or if being used for pain relief, it can be worn under clothes throughout the
day, sometimes even at night when the patient sleeps. Because the garment is
worn directly on the skin and is worn for extensive periods of time, it must fit just
right. Otherwise, skin irritation and breakdown might occur.

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COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
12. FUTURE SCOPE
1. Self-charging implants that use bioenergy to recharge would eliminate the need
for costly and risky surgeries to change implant batteries.
2. Memory/Brain off-loading and subsequent uploading to learn new information

quickly. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology are researching
mammalian memory cells to determine exactly how we learn. The techniques
used in the Potter Lab can be used to study and enhance the activities of neural
prosthetics devices.
3. Controlling complex machinery with thoughts instead of converting motor

movements into commands for machines would allow greater accuracy and
enable users to distance themselves from hazardous environments.
4. Other future directions include devices to maintain focus, to stabilize/induce

mood, to help patients with damaged cortices feel and express emotions, and to
enable true telepathic communication, not simply picking up visual/auditory cues
and guessing emotional state or subject of thought from context.

Seminar Title :
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NEUROPROSTHETICS
13. CONCLUSION
In present days with different types of neural disorders and malfunctioning of

human organs. Loss of various vital organs of human body due to various reasons
lacks to victim to lead a normal life. Neuroprosthetic has been boon to these
victims to overcome their handicaps.
The new technology which is getting advanced in all parts of human body
from the past four decades is bringing a good change in the Neuroprosthetic
world. But Neuroprosthetic research will not be easily or quickly overcome, but
existing technology offers solutions sufficient for meaningful clinical applications.
Physical therapy in not the only venue for electrical simulation and
Neuroprostheses. Neuroprostheses industry may prove instrumental in uniting
venture capilists with researchers, and in helping both groups to identify further
broadly applicable trends in Neurotechnology. All current Neuroprosthetic devices
rely on the electrode-nerve interface as the sole means including neural response,
and thus restored function.

Seminar Title :
COMMUNICATION
NEUROPROSTHETICS
14. BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. LAURA BAILEY, “University of Michigan news service ”,February 6,2006

2. Berger Tetal “restoring lost cognitive function” IEEE engineering in
medicine and biology magazine”,2005.
Handa G (2006) "Neural Prosthesis – Past, Present and Future" Indian
Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 17(1)
3.


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Semester : VII Branch : ELECTRONICS AND

Neuroprosthetics (also called Neural Prosthetics) is a discipline related to

Neuroprosthetics are electrical stimulation technologies that replace or assist

In the first path, experimental paradigms involving microelectrode array recordings

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 1

Neuroprosthetics is an area of intense scientific and clinical interest and rapid

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 2

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 3

Fig 2-Block diagram

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 4

needed to uncover the unknown aspects of systems-based neural encoding and

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 5

4. TODAYS NEED OF NEUROPROSTHETICS

Whether caused by disease, an accident, or a necessary surgery, damage to

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 6

There are three main types of neuroprosthetics –

5.2 Auditory prosthetics:

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 7

Cochlear implant includes:

Fig 3.Cochlear implant

5.3 Prosthetics for pain relief

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 8

Deep Brain Stimulator:

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 9

Fig 4 Electrode surface

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 10

A Motor prosthetics device, or brain computer interface, is a machine that can

Sacral anterior root stimulator:

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 11

improves bladder emptying. It also assists in defecation and enables male

Motor prosthetics for conscious control of movement

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 12

Fig 5: brain implantation

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 13

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 14

Fig 7: BMI implanting on RAT.

A Neuroprosthetic device (arrow) translates brain signals into actions on a

Fig 8: HAND SIMULATION

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 15

Fig 9 NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICE

A Neuroprosthetic device (arrow) translates brain signals into actions on a

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 16

Fig 10. Signals in brain

Moving On After Paralysis

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 17

Figure 11 EAR STIMULATION

Bionic sight and sound.

Signaling Sights and Sounds

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 18

Perhaps only 22 electrodes may be available to distinguish the several kHz

Both conditions involve massive death of photoreceptor cells, neurons of the

TOTAL PROCESS OF COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION:

Fig 12 cochlear implant

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 19

Fig 13.Hearing mechanism

Fig 14 Device placement

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 20

Medtronic and Advanced Bionics are significant commercial names in the

The Current of Bionics:

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 21

With the development of „smart‟ chips, which have thousands of chemically

fig 15. Parts of brain where electrode is implanted

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Page 22