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Joint Liabilities Under Criminal Law Vkijkf/Kd Fof/K Ds Vurxzr La QDR NKF Ro
Joint Liabilities Under Criminal Law Vkijkf/Kd Fof/K Ds Vurxzr La QDR NKF Ro
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. Sanjula Thanvi Pramod Kumar Sharma
Associate Professor L.L.M. 1st Semester
MJRP Academy Of Law Roll No. –
CERTIFICATE
original and has not been submitted in any other university in India or
v/;k;&5
vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro ij fu"d"kZ
v/;k;&1
JOINT LIABILITIES
UNDER
CRIMINAL LAW
vkijkf/kd fof/k
ds
vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro
izLrkouk
la;qDr nkf;Ro %& la;qDr nkf;Ro ,d izdkj dk vkHkkj ;k dÙkZO;
gSA ftlds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr ftEesnkj gS vFkkZRk la;qDr
nkf;Ro ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS ftlds vUrxZr ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds Åij
ftEesnkjh ¼ mRrjnk;h ½ gSA la;qDr vkSj vusd izdkj ds nkf;Ro ,d
izdkj dh ck/;rk gS mu yksxksa ds Åij] tks fd Lo;a ;k la;qDr :i ls
vius }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ds fy;s ftEesnkj gS vkSj vxj dksbZ O;fDr
vius nkf;Ro dks iwjk ugha djrk gS rc og O;fDr nwljs ds Åij okn
nk;j dj ldrk gS vkSj vius uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dkuwu ds vUrxZr
U;k;ky; ls djk ldrk gS fdUrq fdlh Hkh gkyr esa nqxquh HkjikbZ
izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA dsoy lEiw.kZ uqdlku dh gh HkjikbZ
djokbZ tk ldrh gSA
izkFkfed nkf;Ro %& ( Primary liabilities ) izkFkfed nkf;Ro
,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS ftlds fy;s O;fDr lh/kk&lk/kk ftEesnkj gS vkSj ;g
f}rh;d nkf;Ro ls fHkUurk izdV djrk gSA
f}rh;d nkf;Ro %& ( Secondary liabilities ) fnrh;d nkf;Ro ds
vUrxZr vxj lh/ks ftEesnkj O;fDr viuk nkf;Ro ugha fuHkk ikrk
gS ;k nkf;Ro fuHkkus ls badkj djrk gS ;k Hkkj dks nwljs O;fDr ds
vuqlkj fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gSA rc ;g nwljs lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa
ij ftEesnkjh lkfcr djokrk gS vkSj bl izdkj dk nkf;Ro fuHkkuk gh
f}rh;d nkf;Ro dgykrk gSA
nkf;Ro D;k gS %&
fof/k ds vuqlkj *nkf;Ro* 'kCn vius vki esa ,d egRoiw.kZ 'kCn
gSA ftldk eryc gS& dkuwuh ftEesnkjh vFkkZr fof/kd ftEesnkjh]
ftlds vUrxZr ,d O;fDr vius }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z vkSj vijk/kksa ds
fy;s nkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy;s Lo;a ftEesnkj gS vkSj vxj ftEesnkj
O;fDr viuh ftEesnkjh ;k nkf;Ro ugha fuHkkrk gS ;k nkf;Ro
fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gS rc mlds f[kykQ okn yk;k tk ldrk gS
vkSj U;k;ky; }kjk uqdlku dh HkjikbZ izkIr dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k%&
jkds’k viuh dkj dks nkSMkrk gqvk ,d tSCzk dzkWflax ¼
lMd ikj djus dk LFkku½ ikj djrk gS vkSj lMd ikj dj jgh fu’kk dks
VDdj ekj dj ?kk;y dj nsrk gSA tcfd fu’kk tSCzk dzkWflax ls jksM
ikj dj jgha FkhA jkds’k dk nkf;Ro ;k dÙkZO; ;k ftEesnkjh Fkh fd
lMd ikj dj jgh fu’kk dh j{kk djus dk] ftls fd jkds’k us ykijokgh ls
xkMh pykdj] ugha fuHkk;k vc jkds’k ij fu’kk dh pksVksa dk
nkf;Ro gS vkSj fu’kk vius vf/kdkj jkds’k ds Åij okn nk;j djds
U;k;ky; ls uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djk ldrh gS vkSj jkds’k ds nkf;Ro
uk fuHkk;s tkus ij] nkf;Ro dh iwfrZ jkds’k ds firk ls djokbZ tk
ldrh gS D;ksafd dkj jkds’k ds firk ds uke jftLVMZ gS A firk us
gkaykfd Lo;a dksbZ uqdlku dkfjr ugha fd;k gS fdUrq *fof/kd
nkf;Ro* ds vUrxZr mUgsa nkf;Ro fuHkkuk iMsxkA,d izksfef’k;jh
uksV dks gLrk{kj djus okys O;fDr ds Åij /ku pqdkus dk nkf;Ro
gS vkSj nkf;Ro iwjk uk djus ij xkjUVj ds :i esa lggLrk{kj djus
okys O;fDr ds Åij /ku pqdkus dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
nkf;Ro dh ifjfLFkfr;ka %& (Associated concepts)-
nkf;Ro dh fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ka gS %&
Absolute liability, admission of liability, civil liability, contingent
liability, criminal liability, denial of liability, existing liability,
fixed liability, incurring liability, joint liability, known liability,
legal liability, liability imposed by law, liability insurance,
liability without fault, limited liability, manufacturing liability,
original liability, pecuniary liability, potential liability, primary
liability, secondary liability, several liability, statutory liability,
strict liability, tort liability.
fons'kh dgkorsa %& (Foreign phrases)- ,d dgkor esa bl izdkj ls
dgk x;k gSAQuando de una et eaden re duo oneraailes existunt,
unus pro insufficientia alterius, de inteero, onerabitur.tc nks
O;fDr;ksa ij fdlh ,d dk;Z ;k lEiw.kZ dk;Z dk nks"k vkjksi.k fd;k
x;k gS vkSj muesa ls ,d vius nkf;Ro dks fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gS
rks nwljs O;fDr dks lEiw.kZ dk;Z ds nkf;Ro dks iwjk djuk
gksxkA
nkf;Ro fuHkkus dh ftEesnkjh %&
¼1½ dkuwu vkSj U;k; ds fy;s fof/k ds vuqlkj nkf;Ro dk fuHkkuk
Hkh ck/;dkjh gSA vius vidR;Z dk;ksZa ds ifj.kkeksa ds fy;s
izdV :i esa ;k lkadsfrd :i ls laafonk ds vuqlkj nkf;Ro isSnk gksrk
gS vkSj U;k;ky; }kjk iwjk djok;k tk ldrk gSA
¼2½ nkf;Ro dks ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa LFkkukUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼3½ ifr viuh iRuh }kjk fd;s x;s lafonk tU; vidR;Z ds fy;s nkf;Ro
fuHkkus ds fy;s ftEesnkj gksrk gS vkSj iRuh Hkh eqdnek djus ds
fy;s vf/kdkjh gSA vius ifr ds ,MfefuLVªsVj ds :i esa tc og dk;Z
djrh gSA
¼4½ ekfyd vius ukSdj ds }kjk ukSdjh ds nkSjku fd;s x;s dk;ksZa
ds fy;s nkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy;s iw.kZ :i ls ftEesnkj gSA ysfdu
vkijkf/kd dk;ksZa ds fy;s ftEesnkj ekfyd ugha gS vkSj ekfyd us
ugha djok;s gSa vkSj foLr`r tkudkjh Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk /kkjk 34
vkSj /kkjk 149 esa nh xbZ gSAtks fd fuEu izdkj ls crkbZ xbZ gSA
v/;k;&2
JOINT LIABILITIES UNDER CRIMINAL LAW AS PER
INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860
LkkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s
dk;Z%&
tc fd dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk vius lc ds
lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA rc ,sls O;fDr;ksa esa
ls gj O;fDr ml dk;Z ds fy;s mlh izdkj nkf;Ro ds v/khu gS] ekuks
og dk;Z vdsys mlh us fd;k gksA ¼/kkjk 34] Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk]
1860½
O;k[;k%&
mn~ns’; ¼ Comment-object½%&
;g /kkjk mu ekeyksa ds fuiVkjksa ds fy;s gS ftuesa fdlh ny ds
O;fDrxr lnL;ksa ds dk;ksZa dks vyx&vyx djuk dfBu gks ;k ;g
lkfcr djuk dfBu gks fd mu lc ds lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa
muesa ls izR;sd us fdruk Bhd&Bhd Hkkx fy;k FkkA 1,sssls
ekeyksa esa ftl dkj.ko’k lHkh dks nks"kh le>k tkrk gS og ;g gS fd
lg vijkf/k;ksa dh mifLFkfr mu yksxksa dk tks okLro esa dksbZ
dk;Z dj jgs gSa] izksRlkfgr djrh gS] leFkZu djrh gS vkSj laj{k.k
nsrh gSA
fl)kUr ¼ Principle½%&
;g /kkjk dsoy lk{; dk ,d fu;e gS vkSj dksbZ ewy vijk/k l`ftr
ugha djrhA blfy;s Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ykxw gksxh
pkgs blds v/khu dskbZ vkjksi u cuk;k x;k gksA ijUrq lk{; ls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU;r% vk’kf;r mn~ns’; dks ikus ds fy;s iwoZ
xfBr ;kstuk FkhA2bl izdkj Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk
148]302@149 vkSj 307@149 ds v/khu 6 O;fDr vkjksfir FksA
ijUrq nks cjh dj fn;s x;s Fks] jks"k pkj vfHk;qDrksa dh bl n.M
lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls gR;k rFkk gR;k ds iz;Ru ds
vkjksiksa ds fy;s nks"kflf) dh tk ldrh FkhA3bl /kkjk dk okLro
esa ;g vFkZ gS fd ;fn nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr vk’k; iwoZd fdlh dk;Z
dks feydj djrs gSa rks ;g dk;Z oSlk gh gS tSls fd muesa ls izR;sd
us mls O;fDrxr :i ls fd;k gksA 4 vkijkf/kd fof/k 'kkL= dk loZekU;
fl)kUr ;g gS fd U;k;ky; lg"kM;a=dkfj;ksa dks vyx&vyx ugha dj
ldrs vkSj u gh os ,slh tkWp dj ldrs gSaA vkSj ;fn ,slk djuk laHko
Hkh gksrk fd vijk/k esa izR;sd us fdruk Hkkx fy;k Fkk A
laxBuksa esa e`R;q dkjd izgkj ;|fi xqV ds ,d lnL; us fd;k gks
og fof/k dh n`f"V esa izR;sd mifLFkr vkSj n.Mizsjd O;fDr }kjk
fd;k x;k ekuk tkrk gSA tks O;fDr okLro esa okj djrk gS og ml
gfFk;kj vkSj gkFk ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN Hkh ughsa gS ftlls nwljs
yksx okj djrs gSaA5 ijUrq og i{kdkj ftls vius lkFkh ds gR;k djus ds
vk’k; dk laKku ugha gS og naMuh; ugha gS ;|fi mlus vius lkFkh
dk dksbZ voS| dk;Z djus esa lkFk fn;k gksA 6 ;fn vkijkf/kd dk;Z
,slk dksbZ Lora= vkSj u;k dk;Z Fkk tks dk;Z djus okys ds eu ls gh
iw.kZ :i ls gh cu vk;k Fkk] vU; lkFkh dsoy blfy;s n.M ds v/khu
ugha gksaxs D;ksafd tc og fd;k x;k Fkk os dk;Z djus okys ds lkFk
fdlh fHkUu vkijkf/kd dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus dk vk’k; j[krs
FksAU;k;ky; /kkjk 34 dk voyEc ys ldrk gSA pkgs vkjksi esa bl
/kkjk dk fof’k"V :i ls mYys[k u fd;k x;k gksA 7 tgkWa ;g fl) gks
tk;s fd lHkh us feydj d`R; fd;k gS vkSj lkekU; vk’k; esa Hkh
Hkkxhnkj jgs gSaA ogka /kkjk 34 dh enn ls nks"k flf) dh tk ldrh
gSA8
Hkkx ysuk ( Participation):-mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k
gS fd bl /kkjk dk lkj ;g gS fd iz’uxr O;fDr dk vijk/k ds okLro esa
fd;s tkus ds le; 'kkjhfjd :i ls ekStwn gksuk vko’;d gSA bldk
okLrfod d{k esa ekStwn gksuk vko’;d ugha% mnkgj.k ds fy;s og
ckgj njokts ij pkSdhnkj dh rjg [kMk jg ldrk gS rkfd og vius
lkfFk;ksa dks fdlh [krjs ds iSnk gksus dk ladsr ns lds ;k fudV dh
lMd ij ,d dkj esa mudh izrh{kk ds fy;s cSBk jgs rkfd muds rqjUr
cp fudyus dks lqudj cuk lds] ijUrq ;g vko’;d gS fd og ?kVuk LFky
ij 'kkjhfjd :i ls ekStwn jgk gks vkSj tc vijk/k okLro esa gks jgk gks
mlesa fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls okLrfod Hkkx fy;k gksA 9 bl /kkjk dk
eq[; y{k.k gS dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus dk rRoA 10bl /kkjk ds vUrxZr
vkijkf/kd n.M dk lkj gS lkekU; vk’k; dk vfLrRo tks vijkf/k;ksa
dks gjdr esa ykrk gS vkSj ml lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa fdlh
vkijkf/kd dk;Z esa Hkkx ysukA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl ckr ij cy fn;k
gS fd fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekU; lk{; }kjk dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus
dk izek.k lkekU; vk’k; dk ekxZn’kZd gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g gS fd
ckr vfHk;kstu ekeys ds fy;s ?kkrd ugha gksxh fd vijkf/k;ksa dk
dksbZ lkekU; fgr ugha FkkA 11blds vfrfjDr mu vijk/kksa ds
lEcU/k esa Hkh ftuesa 'kkjhfjd fgalk gksrh gS ;g vko’;d ugha gS
fd izR;sd vfHk;qDr us ihfMr O;fDr ij vkdze.k esa lfdz; Hkkx fy;k
gksA
mPpre U;k;ky; us bl ckr dh iqu:fDr dh gS fd ;|fi nwljs
vfHk;qDr cjh dj fn;s x;s gSa vkSj ;|fi bl lk{; dk dksbZ izek.k ugha
gS fd fl) nks"k vfHk;qDr us ?kkrd pksVksa esa ls /kkjk 302 ds
v/khu nks"kflf) ls cp ugha ldrkA tc e`rd ij vkdze.k esa rhu vU;
geykojksa ds lkFk mldk Hkkx ysuk ;qfDr;qDr lansg ls ckgj fl) gks
pqdk gSA12dHkh&dHkh okLrfod Hkkx ysus dk u gksuk
egRoiw.kZ vk;kstu dk dke dj ldrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy;s tSlk fd ,slk
ogkW gqvk tgkW fdlh f=dks.kh; ;kj us ,d L=h ds ifr dh gR;k dj nh
Fkh vkSj fcuk njokts [kksys og ?kj ds vUnj jko ds lkFk cSBh jghA
pwafd eq[; vfHk;qDr dks cjh dj fn;k x;k Fkk] mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ds lkFk
/kkjk 302 ds v/khu dsoy ml L=h dks fl) nks"k ugha fd;k tk ldrk
Fkk fof’k"V :i ls bl rF; ij n`f"V j[krs gq;s fd fdlh iq:"k 'kfDr }kjk
dkfjr dh xbZ Fkh u fd fdlh ukjh ds gkFk lsA 13tgkW vfHk;qDr vius
fe=ksa lfgr vius [ksr ij fojks/kh cy }kjk Qly dks cy iwoZd dkVus
ls cPkkus ds fy;s x;k vkSj mlds nkSjku gkFkkikbZ esa mlus
fojks/kh ny ds ,d vkneh dh gR;k dj nhA mlds lkfFk;ksa dks
Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 dk voyac ysrs gq;s ekuoo/k ds fy;s
nks"k fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrkA rnuqlkj Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk
304 ds izFke Hkkx ds v/khu og vdsys gh fl)nks"k Bgjk;k x;kA14
Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ds vFkZ esa dsoy vfHk;qDr ds
lkFk tkus ls vfHk;qDr }kjk fd;s x;s fdlh vijk/k ds fy;s dksbZ O;fDr
naMuh; ugha gks tkrkA15
Hkkxhnkjh dh ek=k Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr gksrh gSA tgkW
vfHk;qDr dh iRuh us e`rd ds flj ij dsoy ,d gh okj fd;k Fkk vkSj
mlds ckn vfHk;qDr }kjk nwljks ds lkFk rst /kkj okys vk;q/kksa ls
pksVsa dkfjr djrs le; ewd n’kZd dh rjg [kMh jgh] ;g fu/kkZfjr
gqvk fd mlds ckjs esa ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk Fkk fd og e`R;q dkfjr
djus ds lkekU; vk’k; dh Hkkxhnkj FkhA mldh nks"kflf) dks
cnydj ?kksj mikd`fr dkfjr djus ds fy;s /kkjk 323 ds v/khu dj fn;k
x;kA16
ekeyk ¼ Case½%&
tgka vkgr O;fDr ij vfHk;qDrksa es ls dsoy ,d us gh xksyh pykbZ
Fkh vkSj nwljs vfHk;qDrksa ij dksbZ [kqyk dk;Z vkjksfir ugha
Fkk vkSj dsoy ?kVukLFky ij ek= ekStwn Fks] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr
gqvk fd gR;k djus dk lkekU; vk’k; lkfcr ugha gqvk Fkk vkSj vU;
vfHk;qDrksa dks /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls fl)nks"k ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA17
rRo ¼ Ingredients ½%&
bl /kkjk ds micU/kksa ds vUrxZr blls iwoZ dh fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh
vU; ds dk;ksZa ds fy;s nf.Mr fd;k tk;s ;g lkfcr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s
fd&
1- mu nksuksa dk lkekU; vk’k; ,d iwoZ xfBr ;kstuk ds Hkko esa
Fkk] vkSj
2- ftl O;fDr dks n.Muh; cukuk gS mlus ml dk;Z esa mlh rjhdss
ls HkkXk fy;k Fkk tks vijk/k xfBr djrk gSA
tc rd lkekU; vk’k; vkSj mlesa Hkkx ysuk nksuksa ghs ekStwn u
gks] ;g /kkjk ykxw ugha gksrhA18
{ks= ¼ Scope ½%&
;g /kkjk ,sls i`Fkd dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa gS tks pkgs ,d ls gksa ;k
fofHkUu vkSj tks dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s gSaA ;fn os lkjs
dk;Z ,d lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s fd;s x;s gSa rks izR;sd
O;fDr mu lc ds ifj.kke ds fy;s mruk gh n.Muh; gS tSls fd os lc
dk;Z mlus Lo;a gh fd;s gksaA D;ksafd 'kCn *ml dk;Z* esa vkSj
*dk;Z* tks bl /kkjk ds igys Hkkx essa vk;s gSa] vko’;d :i ls og
iw.kZ dk;Z dk 'kkfey gksxkA tks izFke Hkkx esa iz;qDr 'kCn
*dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z* esa vkrs gSa D;ksafd os mlh ds lUnHkZ
esa gSaA19 ;g /kkjk ,sls ekeyksa dsk lUnfHkZr djrh gS ftuesa
dksbZ O;fDr dksbZ djus dk vk’k; j[krs gSa vkSj djrs gSaA ;g
/kkjk mu ekeyksa ds ckjs esa ugha gS ftuesa dbZ O;fDr dksbZ
dk;Z djus dk vk’k; j[krs gSa vkSj muesa ls dqN ,d ;k fcYdqy gh
fHkUu dk;Z dj nsrs gSaA ,sls ekeyksa ds i’pkroRrhZ oxZ esa
/kkjk 149 ykxw gks ldrh gSA ;fn O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k ikWp ;k vf/kd
gks vkSj nwljk dk;Z lcds lkekU; vk’k; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fd;k
x;k FkkA20
lkekU; vk’k; fdlh vijk/k ls gh lqlaxr gksrk gS vkSj izkbosV
izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj ls ughaA21 lkekU; vk’k; ogka ik;k tkrk gS
tgkW vijk/k d`R; esa 'kkfey lHkh O;fDr;ksa }kjk lkekU; vk’k; dks
vxzflr djus ds fy;s vijk/k d`R; fd;k tkrk gSA /kkjk 34 ykxw gks
tk;sxh pkgs O;fDr fo’ks"k }kjk dksbZ {kfr u igqWapkbZ x;h
gSA22
bafXy’k ekeys
ykWMZ Mkdjs us dbZ yksxksa ds lkFk ,d vU; ikdZ esa fgj.k
dk f’kdkj djuk r; fd;k vkSj ;g fd tks Hkh lkeus vkdj izfrjks/k djsxk
mls ekj fn;k tk;sxkA ml ny ds ,d vkneh us ,d pkSdhnkj dks ekj
fn;k x;kA lHkh gR;k ds nks"kh ik;s x;sA ;|fi ykWMZ Mkdjs ,d
pkSFkkbZ ehy nwj Fkk vkSj ml O;fDrxr okj ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh
ugha tkurk FkkA85
nks O;fDr vius esa ls ,d ds igys dh fdlh efgyk fe= ds ?kj ij
x;sA os ?kj esa lsa/k yxkdj ?kql x;sA dqN oLrqvksa dks Uk"V dj
fn;k vkSj ,d dqlhZ esa vkx yxk nhA nksuksa fHkUu&fHkUu
fn’kkvksa esa Hkkx x;sA ckn esa nksuksa lkFk&lkFk vk;sAiqfyl
dks fn;s x;s vius c;ku esa nksuksa us vkx yxkus ds fy;s ,d nwljs
dks nks"kh cryk;kA nks"kflf) ds fo:) mudh vihy [kkfjt dj nh xbZA
U;k;ky; us dgk fd la;qDr dk;Z djus dk Li"V lk{; ekStwn FkkA tc
vkx yxkbZ xbZ nksuksa ?kj esa ekStwn FksA mUgksaus nwljh
vkijkf/kd {kfr dkfjr dh tks vkx yxkus ls vyx ugha dh tk ldrh
FkhA ?kj esa lsa/k yxkus dk Li"V la;qDr dk;Z fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj
ckn esa os fQj fey x;sA86
jSfxax ekeyk%&
bls esjhosnj cuke fuDlu ds fu;e ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl ckn
esa esjhosnj ,oa fuDlu us la;qDr :i ls *d* dh e’khujh dks fou"V dj
fn;k FkkA d us nksuksa ds fo:) uqdlkuh dk okn pyk;k vkSj 840
ikm.M olwy djus dk fu.kZ; izkIr fd;kA ftls mlus lkjk dk lkjk
esjhosnj ls olwy fd;kA esjhosnj us /kujkf’k ds ijLij foHkktu ds fy;s
fuDlu ds fo:) okn nk;j fd;kA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k esjhosnj fuDlu ls
mlds Hkkx dh uqdlkuh dk va’k olwy ugha dj ldrk FkkA bl izdkj bl
okn esa ;g fu;e LFkkfir gqvk fd {kfrxzLr O;fDr fdlh ,d
vid`R;dRrkZ ls gh uqdlkuh dh iwjh fu.khZr /kujkf’k olwy ys rks
,slk vid`R;dRrkZ ds fo:) uqdlkuh ds /kujkf’k ds ijLij va’knku ds
fy;s ugha pyk ldrk FkkA
esjhosnj okys fu.kZ; esa LFkkfir fu;e ds dqN viokn Hkh Fks&
;g fu;e fuEu ekeyksa esa ykxw ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk&
3- ,sls ekeys esa ftuesa ,d i{k nwljs i{k dks ,sls dk;Z djus ds fy;s
izsfjr djrk gS tks fof/k }kjk ekU; ugha gS fdUrq mlls dkuwu
Hkax ugha gksrkA
ml le; bl fu.kZ; dh rhoz vkykspuk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ckn esa cgqr
lkjs fu.kZ;ksa esa bldh dBksjrk dks de djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;kA
fdUrq bl fu.kZ; esa esjhosnj cuke fuDlu esa izfrikfnr fu;e dks fof/k
lq/kkj vf/kfu;e] 1935 }kjk iwoZ :i ls lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA
viokn&
Hkkjrh; fof/k&
Hkkjr esa baXyS.M ds fof/k lq/kkj vf/kfu;e] 1935 vFkok
O;kogkfjr nkf;Ro¼va’knku½ vf/kfu;e 1978 tSlk dksbZ vf/kfu;e
ugha gSA esjhosnj cuke fuDlu okys ekeys ds fu.kZ; ls mnHkwr
fu;e bl le; Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA ;|fi bl fu.kZ; dks dbZ LFkkuksa ij
ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA fQj Hkh lHkh U;k;k/kh’kksa us bls ,d er ls
ugha ekuk gSA
;fn oknh lHkh la;qDr vid`R; dRrkvksa esa ls dqN ds gh fo:) okn
ykrk gS rFkk muls fu/kkZfjr {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k olwy ugha gks
ikrh rks D;k oknh dks vU; la;qDr vid`R; dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn
ykus dk vf/kdkj miyC/k jgrk gS\bafXy’k dkWeu ykW ds vUrxZr
mRrjksRrj dk;Zokgh djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FkkA ;fn oknh us
dqN ghs la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn izLrqr fd;k gS rks
vU; la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZ eqDr eku fy;s tk;saxsA ,slk blfy;s ekuk
tkrk Fkk fd ;fn okn dk dkj.k rks ,d gh gksrk gS vkSj ;fn ,d la;qDr
vid`R; dRrkZ ds fo:) fu.kZ; izkIr dj fy;k x;k rks okn gsrqd ds
fu.kZ; esa fey tkus ls vU; la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn
ugha yk;k tk ldrk FkkA
1935 dk vf/kfu;e ;g micfU/kr djrk Fkk fd ckn esa yk;s x;s oknksa
esa nh xbZ {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k dk dqy ;ksx ml {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k ls
vf/kd ugha gks ldrk] tks igys fn;s x;s fu.kZ; esa fu.khZr dh tk pqdh
gSA /kkjk 6¼1½ fdUrq 1978 ds vf/kfu;e esa dsoy ,d gh izfrcU/k
gS] og ;g gS fd dk;Zokgh ds [kpksZa ds fo"k; esa 1978 ds vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 4 ;g dgrh gS fd tc rd U;k;ky; dh jk; esa ;g vko’;d u gks
ckn esa yk;h x;h dk;Zokfg;ksa ds [kpZ dh jkf’k oknh dks ugha nh
tk;sxhA
Hkkjr esa ykW fjQkeZ ¼ eSfjM foeu ,.M VkVZ QhtlZ ½ ,DV
1935 rFkk flfoy ykbfcfyVh dkWUVªhC;w’ku ,DV] 1978 tSlk
dksbZ vf/kfu;e ugha gS blfy;s ;gkW ds U;k;ky; lkE;k] U;k; rFkk
'kq) vUr% dj.k dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA
[kqjkjks ,l- xka/kh cuke ,u-,-xtnj okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh
mijksDr fl)kUr dks viuh Lohd`fr iznku dh tgkW ekugkfu ds okn
esa ,d izfroknh ds }kjk ekQh ekWxus ij oknh us mls mUeksfpr dj
fn;k] U;k;ky; us bl vk/kkj ij vU; izfrokfn;ksa dks nkf;Ro ls eqDr
djus ij euk dj fn;kA
v/;k;&5
vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro ij fu"d"kZ ^&
fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro 'kCn dk vius vki esa fo’ks"k
egRo gS rFkk la;qDr nkf;Ro dks lkfcr djus esa lkekU; vk’k; ,oa
lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Åij fo’ks"k :i ls U;k;ky; }kjk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA
tSlk fd lkekU; vk’k; ds ckjs esa lqizhe dkVZ }kjk f>adq ukbZ
cuke LVsV vkWQ mRrj izns’k54 esa iqu% nksgjk;k gSA lqizhe
dksVZ ds dFku bl okn ds vuqlkj& ** ge iqUk% nksgjkrs gSa fd
lkekU; vk’k; ds fy;s fojys gh lh/kh lk{; fey ldrh gSA vUrr% fu.kZ;
fdlh Hkh dher ij fu%lUnsg izR;sd dsl esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fudkys
x;s fu"d"kZ ij gh fuHkZj djsxkA**
;g fu/kkZfjr fof/k gS fd lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlkfjr djus ls
lEcfU/kr gS mldks lh/kh lk{; ;k i{kdkjksa ds vkpj.k rFkk lHkh
lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k d`R;ksa ds fu"d"kZ }kjk fl) fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vejhd flag ds ekeys esa ;g Hkh vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ;|fi la?
k"kZ ds nkSjku gh lkekU; vk’k; cu ldrk gSA fQj Hkh lkekU;
vk’k; ds vuqeku dks U;k;ksfpr cukus ds fy;s ,slk lk{; gksuk pkfg;s
tks Li"V vkSj vdkV~; gksA 26 /kkjk 34 lkekU; vk’k; dh ckr djrh
gSA
lkekU; mn~ns’; dks izkIr djukA /kkjk 149 ds nwljs Hkkx esa
** tkurk Fkk** iz;qDr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gS lkekU; mn~ns’; dh
iwfrZ esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ,sls gksrs gSa ftUgsa fd;s tkus ;k lEHkor%
fd;s tkus dh tkudkjh voS/k lHkk ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks FkhA
lq[kjke jkmr cuke LVsV vkWQ fcgkj94 esa lqizhe dkVZ us ;g
fl)kUr ykxw fd;k fd tgkW lkekU; mn~ns’; ek= vkijkf/kd vfrpkj
djuk Fkk vkSj mlds vuqlj.k esa fd;s x;s d`R; esa dksbZ {kfr ugha
igqapk;h x;h FkhA fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ,d dks pksV igqapkus rFkk
nwljs dks nq.izsj.kk ds fy;s nks"kh Bgjk;k tk;sxkA
dYyw vfy;kl elhg cuke LVsV vkWQ e/; izns’k98 okn esa tgkW
vfHk;qDrksa us fof/k fo:) teko dk lnL; gksrs gq;s Hkh vius
vk;q/kksa dks dsoy dqUnh dh vksj ls iz;ksx fd;k FkkA ;g
vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os ?kksj mifgr dkfjr fd;s tkus ds lkekU;
mn~ns’; ds Hkkxhnkj Fks vkSj u fd gR;k djus dsA fdUrq
jkgkikfy vcwyw cuke LVsV vkWQ vkU/kz izns’k97 okn esa
tgkW xnkvksa ls lfTtr dqN O;fDr;ksa ds ,d n`< lewg us ,d
cUnwd /kkjh ds usr`Ro esa dqN tehuksa dk cyiwoZd dCtk ysus dk
iz;kl fd;k vkSj muds usrk us fojkf/k;ksa ds ,d O;fDr dks xksyh ekj
fn;k] vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os lc gR;k ds nsk"kh FksA vid`R;
fof/k ds vUrxZr os O;fDr la;qDr vidRrkZ dgs tk;saxs ftudk vid`R;
djus esa izFkd& izFkd fgLlk fdlh lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlkfjr
djus ds fy;s gksrk gS ,oa rhu eq[; voLFkkvksa esa la;qDr nkf;Ro
mRIkUu gksrk gS tSls& ,tsUlh] izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro vkSj la;qDr
d`R;A
/kkjk 34 vkSj /kkjk 149 nksuksa gh /kkjk,sa vkUof;d
vkijkf/kdrk ds fy;s nkf;Ro vFkkZr ,sls vijk/k ds fy;s nkf;Ro ij
fopkj djrh gS tks fd vkjksfir O;fDr }kjk dkfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
;fn ikWp vFkok vf/kd yksx dksbZ dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mlh
dks djus dk os vk’k; Hkh j[krs gSa rks bl lafgrk dh nksuksa gh
/kkjk,sa 34 rFkk 149 ykxw gks ldrh gS D;ksafd lnL; 'kCn ds ,d
opu esa mldk cgqopu Hkh lfEefyr gSA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd la;qDr nkf;ROk ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS
ftlds vUrxZr ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds Åij ftEessnkjh gS vFkkZr
la;qDr nkf;Ro ,d izdkj dh ck/;rk gSA tks fd la;qDr :i ls ;k Lo;a uk
fd;s tkus ij ihfMr O;fDr vius vf/kdkj dh dkuwu ds vUrxZr
U;k;ky; }kjk iw.kZ uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ftEesnkj O;fDr nkf;Ro ds
v/khu ls djok ldrk gS vkSj iw.kZ U;k; dj ldrk gSA ;gh vkijkf/kd
fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro gSA
izse dqekj cuke LVsV vkWQ jktLFkku 07@01@2009 ,l lh
jktsUnz flag] lwjt Hkku] jke fuokl rFkk nwljs lkFkh cuke
LVsV vkWQ gfj;k.kk 09@01@2009okn esa ?kVuk ij mifLFkr
lk{kh ds c;ku dks iwjh rjg Lohdkj fd;k x;k D;ksafd lkekU; vk’k;
ds lkFk 'kkfey gksdj e`rd dh fiVkbZ djus rFkk pksVksa dks dkfjr
fd;k x;k ftlds dkj.k e`R;q gqbZ vr% fu.kZ; fn;k x;kA /kkjk 302
lgifBr /kkjk 34 ds vUrxZr lg&vfHk;qDr la;qDr nkf;Ro ds vUrxZr
vijk/k djus esa 'kkfey FkkA vr% nks"kh lkfcr fd;k x;kA
'kf’k eksgu cuke LVsV vkWQ e/;izns’k 15@07@2008 ,l lh
Hkjr ikfj[k cuke lh-ch-vkbZ ,oa vU; 14@07@2008 ,l lhokn esa
U;k;ky; us ekuk fd lg&vfHk;qDr vkSj vfHk;qDr nksukas ds }kjk ?
kk;y djus ls rFkk pksVsa dkfjr djus ls e`R;q gqbZ Fkh vkSj tks fd
bl izdkj Fkk fd lg&vfHk;qDr us vdsys LOk;a lkekU; vk’k; ls
vijk/k dkfjr fd;kA vr% /kkjk 302 lg ifBr /kkjk 34 ds vuqlkj
lg&vfHk;qDr dks lkekU; vk’k; ds dkj.k nks"kh lkfcr fd;k x;kA
funsZ’k
1. Mepa Dana, (1959) 62 Bom LR 269 (SC)
(f) Harshad Singh v/s Gujrat, AIR 1977 SC 710, (1976)4SCc 640
blls iwoZ dh /kkjk 34]149 ;k 120 [k ykxw dh tk lds U;k;ky; dks pkfg;s og fuf’pr :i ls ;g irk yxk ys fd
lkekU; vk’k; ds Hkkxhnkj de ls de nks O;fDr ;k lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Hkkxhnkj de ls de ikWp
O;fDr ;k djkj djus oky de ls de nsk O;fDr FksA izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro dk fl)kUr visf{kr la[;k esa yksxksa
dks fl)nks"k fd;s tkus dh vko’;drk ij ugha fuHkZj djrk] ;g ;qfDr;qDr lansg ls ijs mu rF;ksa ds lcwr ij
fuHkZj djrk gS ftuds vk/kkj ij ;g fl)kUr ykxw gksrk gSA
(g) galla pullanna v/s A.P. 1996 CRLJ3987 SC essa vuqlfjr gqvk] de la[;k esa yksxska dks
fl) nks"k djus ds fy;sA
3. (1)Ram Tahal v/s state of U.P., AIR 1972SC 254, 1972 CRLJ227 SC
(4) Amir Hussain v/s state of U.P., AIR 1975SC 2211:1975 CRLJ 1874SC
4. B.N. Srikantiah v/s state of Mysore AIR 1958 SC 672:1958 CRLJ 1251
6. Domu Chopadi v/s state, 1987 CRLJ1481 Orissa, tks yksx vfHk;qDr ds lkFk ?kVuk
LFky rd x;s vkSj ogka ls mlds lkFk pys x;s] dsoy ml dkj.k ls naMuh; ugha
9. (1) Tanu v/s state of Orrisa , 1988 CRLJ524 Orrisa vfHk;qDr us lMd jksd ds lkekU; vk’k;
dk Hkkxhnkj FkkA
¼2½ Tunny putty v/s state of Orrisa , 1988 CRLJ1913 Orrisa ny ds lnL; us izgkj fd;k
mldk O;fDrxr dk;Z ftlls nwljksa dks dksbZ lEcU/k ugha FkkA
(3) Arjun Thakur v/s state, 1944 CRLJ3526 Orrisa U;k;ky; us in *lkekU; vk’k;** dks
Li"V fd;kA
(4) Krashanan v/s kerala1996 CRLJ4444 (SC) /kkjk 34 ds v/khu nks"kflf) ds fy;s [kqys dk;Z
dk fd;k tkuk vko’;d ugha gSA
(2) Shikh Nawab v/s state of Maharstra, 1993 CRLJ43 SC AIR 1993 SC 169
ml vfHk;qDr dh ftlus e`R;q dkfjr djus okyh pksVsa dkfjr dh Fkh] vfHk;kstu ds
nkSjku e`R;q xbZ] lkjs lk{kh fgrc) Fks fQj Hkh mUgksaus vU; vfHk;qDrksa ij dksbZ [kqyk dk;Z
vkjksfir ugha fd;k] nks"keqfDrA
11. Abdulla Kunhi v/s state of Kerala AIR1991 SC 452 ( 1991)252CC 225:1991 CRLJ525
Hkkx ysuk bl izek.k ls fl) gqvk fd vfHk;qDr uaxh ryokj ysdj e`rd dh vksj >iVk FkkA
12. Lakhi Ram v/s Sita devi (1987) 3SCC 555: 1987 CRIJ 613: 1987 CRLJ(SC) 624
13. Tara Devi v/s state of U.P., 1990 4 SCC 144: AIR 1991 SC 342
;g lkfcr gqvk fd vfHk;qDrksa esa ls dsoy ,d us gh ?kkrd okj fd;k Fkk] nwljksa dk Hkkx ysuk
lkfcr ugha gqvk Hkk-n-la- dh /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu nwljksa dks nks"k fl) ugha Bgjk;k x;kA
16. i Dharshan Singh v/s state of Rajasthan, (1995)2 CRLJ2195(Bombay) tgkW lkl llqj ;g Li"V
ugha dj lds fd nqYgu dh e`R;q dSls gqbZ Fkh tcfd og mudh vfHkj{kk esa Fkh vkSj muds }
kjk is’k dh xbZ vkRegR;k dh ckr Hkh ugha ekuh x;hA e`R;q dkfjr djus esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh
vkSj ,slk djus esa mudk lkekU; vk’k; lkfcr ekuk x;kA
17. i Yadu yadav v/s state of Bihar, 1992 CRLJ1743 (patna) lkekU; vk’k; Hkwfe ij dCtk djuk
Fkk vkSj mUgsa /kkjk 302@34 ds vUrxZr nks"kh Bgjk;k x;kA
18. State of Karnataka v/s eshwariah, 1987 CRLJ1659, rRoksa dk larks"ktud izek.kA
19. Baranda Kumar ghosh (1924) 52 1La 40, 52 calcutta 197:211, 27 BombayLR148,
overruling Nirmal kanta roy (1914) 41 calcutta 1072 and profulla kumar mazumadan (1922) 50
calcutta 41, ds foijhr O;oLFkk nsrs gq;sA
20. Faiyaz Khan, (1949) Allahabad 216, Atma singh (1954) Punjab 813 lkbfdy ejEer ds
esgurkus ds iSls dks ysdj ,d >xMs esa ,d us feL=h dks idM fy;k vkSj nwljs us vpkud Nqjk
HkkSad dj mls ekj MkykA okn okys dk O;fDrxr dk;Z vfHk;qDr us cpdj Hkkx tkus dk iz;kl fd;k
vkSj feL=h ds HkkbZ us mls jksdus dk iz;kl fd;k fQj mls ,d us idM fy;k vkSj vfHk;qDr us mls vkgr
dj fn;k] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ;g mudk la;qDr dk;Z FkkA
22. Janak singh v/s state of U.P., 2004 CRLJ2533(SC); Anil Sharma v/s state of Jharkhand,
2004 CRLJ2527 (SC)
23. Sharif Ahamad Alias Achhan, (1956)2 Allahabad 188, Ramcharan, 1970 CRLJ653.
24. Kripal,AIR 1954 SC 706; 1954 CRLJ1757 tgkW ,d O;fDr us vfHk;qDr dks viuh idM esa ys
fy;k vkSj nwljs us mls rhu ckj Nqjk HkkSadk vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj viuh fxjQrkjh
jgs]lkekU; vk’k; fu"df"kZr]
25. State of Bihar, 1995 CRLJ231(patna) esa vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA tgkW vfHk;qDr ds xzqi la[;k
esa rhu] lHkh l’kL= vkSj nks vU; ds chp >xMs esa fdlh chp cPkko djus okys ij rhu esa ls ,d ds
Hkkys ls ,d ?kkrd okj gqvk] nwljs nksuksa dks mlds lkFk n.Muh; ugha vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k]
D;ksafd lkekU; vk’k; ugha Fkk vkSj mls Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 Hkkx 1 ds v/khu vkSj u
fd /kkjk 302 ds v/khu n.Muh; Bgjk;k x;kA Suyambu, 1991 CRLJ2506 Madras.
26. Amrik Singh v/s state of Punjab, (1972) 4SCC (N) 42: 1972 CRLJ465 (SC); Rambali
Thakur v/s state of Bihar, 1 CRLJ764 (patna) vkgr O;fDr ij vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa us vkdze.k fd;k]
dsoy ,d gh ckr lkekU; izrhr gksrh Fkh fd muesa ls ,d Hkh O;fDr nwljs dks jksd ugha jgk Fkk] ;g
lcds a}kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z gks x;k vkSj mlls os la;qDr :i ls n.Muh; gq;sA
29. Hare Krishna singh v/s state of Bihar and Paras Nath singh v/s state of Bihar (1988) 25cc
95; AIR 1988 SC 863; 1988 CRLJ925; Ramesh chand v/s state of U.P., AIR 1985 SC 766 : (1985)1
SCC 464; 1985 CRLJ530; 1988 BBCJ 77,d vU; vlQy vfHk;kstu
30.Ram lal singh v/s state of Haryana,AIR 1992 SC 59; 1992 CRLJ1 SC : 1992 supp (2) 746,
32. Santosh v/s state of Kerela, 1990 CRLJ570; Appu v/s state of Kerela 19CRLJ36, ;Z ftuds
lk{; ;k mudh nks"kflf) vkSj nwljh dh nks"keqfDrA
33. Harbans Nonia v/s state of Bihar ,AIR 1992 SC 125: 1992 CRLJ105
35. Dharampal v/s state of U.P., AIR 1995 SC 1988; 1995 CRLJ3642
40. Kamlakar Nandram Bhausar v/s state of Maharastra, 2004 CRLJ615 (SC)
42., Mohindar pal singh v/s state of Punjab, 2006 CrLj 126 (SC); abani K Debnath v/s state of
Tripura., 2006 CrLj314 (SC)izk.k ?kkrd okj dsoy ,d vfHk;qDr us fd;k Fkk] vr% nwljs dks /kkjk 306
ds vUrxZr nf.Mr djuk mfpr ugha ekukA
43. Ramashray Yadaua v/s state of Bihar., 2006 CrLj133 (SC) Rajan Rai v/s state 2006
CrLj1388 (SC) esa ,d vfHk;qDr dh e`R;q gks xbZ rks {ks= ,d ek= vfHk;qDr dks 302@34 esa nf.Mr
djrk;kA
44. Rambilas singh v/s state of Bihar,AIR 1989(SC) 1593; (1989) 3 SC 605CrLj1782,
/kkjk 34@302 ds v/khu nks"kflf) vikLr dh xbZA
46. Gopinath v/s state of U.P., AIR 2001 SC2493:2001 CrLj3514: munney v/s state of U.P.,
2002 CrLj1541 (All) Ramkishan v/s state of U.P., 2002 CrLj1548 (All)
48. Mohammad Rustam v/s state of Bihar,AIR 2003 SC 562:2003 CrLj 834;Chitramal
v/s state of Rajasthan 2003 CrLj889(SC) esa vfHk;qDr dk lkekU; vk’k; fl) gks x;k vkSj U;k;ky; us
lkekU; mn~ns’; vkSj lkekU; vk’k; dk varj Li"V fd;kA
49. Narendra singh v/s state of Punjab,AIR 2000 SC 2212:2000 CrLj 3462; Damodar v/s state
of U,P.2005 CrLj330(SC); Mukati Prasad v/s state of Bihar, 2005 CrLj681SC;
50. Ajay Sharma v/s state of Rajasthan,AIR 1998 SC 2798:1998 CrLj 4599;
51. Mahesh Tiwari v/s state of U.P.,AIR 2002 CrLj2711; Ezhil v/s state of T.N.2002 CrLj2799
Rampreet v/s state of N.C.R. of Delhi 2001 CrLj2434 Delhi., Vishnu v/s state of N.C.T. Delhi
2002 CrLj2006, Hukum Singh v/s state of Rajasthan.2001 CrLj511, Narendra v/s state of
U.P.2003 CrLj2068 All. Banti v/s state of M.P.2004 CrLj(SC) vfHk;qDr us pkdw ekjdj gR;k dh mls
302@34 esa nf.Mr fd;k x;kA
52. Madhusudan v/s state of U.P., AIR 1983 SC 126 (1983)1SCc 218: 1983 CrLj218
(SC)
53. Ghana Pradhan v/s state of Orrisa., AIR 1991 SC 1133:1191 CrLj 1178lkekU; vk’k; fl)
ugha gks ldk tcfd nks vfHk;qDr ,d gh O;fDr dks vius&2 <ax ls ekj jgs FksA
54. Jhinku Nai v/s state of U.P., AIR 2001 SC 2815 (2817),
55. Rameshwar v/s state of M.P., 1993 CrLj2004 (M.P.) sarafat ali v/s state of assam, 1993
CrLj1943 (Guhati)
57. Shangara v/s state of Punjab, 1995 SCc CrLj163: 1994 CrLj1098
58. Anup sing v/s state of H.P., AIR 1995 SC 1941 : 1995 CrLj3223
59. Lala Ram v/s state of M.P.,AIR 1994 SC 1447:1994 2 CrLj2123, Kashmira singh v/s state
of Punjab, 1994 2 CrLj1974(SC) AIR 1994 SC 1651: 1995 supp (4) SCc 558
61. Parasa Raju Manikayala Rao v/s state of A.P., 2004 CrLj390 SC:
Ramanand yadav v/s Prabhath jha, 2004 CrLj640 SC vfHk;qDr /kkjk 34 dh enn ls nf.Mr fd;s
x;s FksA
62. Sunil Kumar v/s state of NCT delhi 2004 CrLj819 SC /kkjk 34 ykxw gksus ds fy;s fdlh
d`R; ds fy;s tkus dh vko’;drk ugha gSA ek= Hkkx ysuk dkQh gSA girija Shankar v/s state of U.P.,
2004 CrLj1388SC
66. kamal murma v/s state of W.B.,AIR 1997 SC 3802:1997 CrLj4411, Babul Kalia v/s state of
Assam,AIR 2000SC 3592: CrLj2001, 142 (dying declaration) Harijana Thirumala v/s PP AP High
court, 2002 CrLj3751(SC)
67. Cherolopali Chelimmabi Saheb v/s state of AP,AIR 200 3 SC 1014
68. Balineedi Venkataramaiah v/s state of A.P., AIR 1994SC 76: 1994 supp (3)SCc 732,
69. Taga v/s state of Rajasthan, 1997 CrLjNoc 240 Raj. Mubeswar Ali v/s state of Assam, 1983
CrLjNOC 7c Gau.
71. Gour Chander Das, (1875) 24 WR (Cr) 5, Ralya, v/s arjan (1886)PR no.2 of 1887
72. Sipahi singh, (1922) 45 All 130; umed, (1923)45 All 727, Bhola singh 1907 29 All 282
73. Duma baidya, 1896, 19 Mad 483: sultan 1930 12 lah 442
74. Barendra Kumar Ghosh, 1924, 52 1 A 40; 52 Cal 197: 27 Bom LR 148
75. State of U.P. v/s Ashok Kumar srivastav 1992 CrLj1104 AIR 1992 SC 840
77. Dukhmochan Pandey v/s state of Bihar AIR 1998 SC 40, 1998 CrLj66
78. Ghoru Chandra Naik v/s state of orrisa , 1992 CrLj275 orrisa
84. Pandurang kalu patil v/s state of Maharastra AIR 2002 SC 733
88. State of U.P. v/s Ram Bharat, 2002 CrLj1529 All ftuesa dqN lnL; ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- esa uketn
Fks fdUrq u dksbZ gfFk;kj fy;s Fks vkSj u dksbZ d`R; dj jgs Fks cfYd nwj [kMs FksA bUgsa lnL;
ugha ekuk x;kA
89. Ram Dular Rai v/s state of Bihar, 2004 CrLj635 (SC); Bhargauan v/s state of kerela, 2004
CrLj646 (SC); Hali Ram Bardoli v/s state, 2005 CrLj2174 (SC) Hkkx ysuk fl) gqvk vkSj nks"kh
Bgjk;k x;kA argauan v/s state of kerela, 2004 CrLj646 (SC); Hali Ram Bardoli
90.Chandra v/s state of U.P., 2004 CrLj2536 (SC)
97. Rachi palliabulu v/s state of A.P., (2002) 4SCC 208 AIR 2002 SC 1805
99. Sharwan bhadaji bhirad v/s state of Maharastra AIR 2003SC 199
102. Kashi Ram v/s state of M.P., 2002 SCC 71 AIR 2001 SC2902
Ram pravas Sharma re 2003 CrLjnoc 180 jhar AIR 2003 jhar hcr 220
108. Bihari Manjhi v/s state of Bihar, 2002 CrLj2539 AIR 2002 SC 1832 all