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ანდრაშ შაიო - "ხელისუფლების თვითშეზღუდვა".
ანდრაშ შაიო - "ხელისუფლების თვითშეზღუდვა".
xelisuflebis
TviTSezRudva
konstitucionalizmis Sesavali
iii
andraS Saio
xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva
konstitucionalizmis Sesavali
Targmani inglisuridan
András Sajó
LIMITING GOVERNMENT
An Introduction to
Constitutionalism
Foreword by
Stephen Holmes
ISBN 963-9116-25-4
andraS Saio
xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva
konstitucionalizmis Sesavali
Targmani inglisuridan
ISBN 99928-0-748-2
© airis saqarTvelo, 2003
Tbilisi
2003
Sinaarsi
Tavi pirveli
konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi 1
1.1. SiSis qmnilebani 1
1.2. SiSis saxeobani 6
1.2.1. korporativizmis SiSi 6
1.2.2. ungruli SiSi 7
1.2.3. vinaoba 8
1.3. odisevsi Tavs anZas miajaWvavs 9
1.4. saSiSroeba cnebebis ganmartebebSi 11
1.4.1. konstitucionalizmis koncefcia 11
1.4.2. konstituciis koncefcia 18
1.5. konstituciis Seqmnis uflebamosileba 21
1.6. ra uZRvis win konstitucias? wesrigi da aRiareba 28
1.6.1. usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba 28
1.6.2. sazogadoebis erTgvarovneba 30
1.6.3. moqalaqeoba: miReba da Cabma 31
1.6.4. Tanaarsebobis garantia 33
1.7. konstituciis Sinaarsi: neitraloba Tu saerTo miznebi? 36
1.8. konstituciis samarTlebrivi buneba 48
1.8.1. konstituciis uzenaesoba: konstituciis dacva
Sesworebebis Setanis garTulebis gziT 48
1.8.2. konstituciis Sesworeba 49
1.8.3. savaldebulo xasiaTi da pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala 53
viii
Tavi meore
demokratiis moTviniereba 61
2.1. xalxis wyalwyala suvereniteti da susti demokratia 61
2.2. umravlesobis Zalaufleba 68
2.3. demokratiis konstituciuri SezRudva 70
2.4. referendumi da destabilizacia 79
Tavi mesame
sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba 87
3.1. balansirebis xelovneba 87
3.2. gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba formirebisa da
daSlis etapebze 98
3.2.1. formireba 98
3.2.2. erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 109
3.3. damoukidebeli saqmianoba da erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi 113
3.4. damatebiTi gamawonasworebeli faqtorebi 119
3.4.1. sasamarTlos roli xelisuflebis dabalansebaSi 119
3.4.2. xelisuflebis federaluri (vertikaluri)
gamijvna 120
3.5. rodis xdeba sapirwone zedmetad mZime? 123
3.6. gamijvna da Tavisufleba 125
Tavi meoTxe
parlamentarizmi da sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba 131
4.1. parlamentis transformacia 131
4.1.1. parlamentis ganviTareba da misi transformacia
sakanonmdeblo sistemad 131
4.1.2. xalxis uzenaesobis SezRudva saparlamento
sistemebSi: Tavisufali mandati 136
4.1.3. parlamenti _ daxvewil jentlmenTa klubi 142
ix
Tavi mexuTe
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba 211
5.1. efeqtianobis diskretuli xibli 211
5.2. vin an ra miiCneva aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurad? 214
5.2.1. mefeebi da prezidentebi 214
5.2.2. mTavrobebi da premier-ministrebi 220
5.3. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis prerogativebi 223
5.3.1. prerogativebi parlamentis prerogativebTan
SedarebiT 223
5.3.2. mTavrobis dacva: undoblobis votumis gamocxadeba
gaZnelda 225
5.3.3. sakanonmdeblo iniciativa da kanonis Secvla 229
5.3.4. biujeti 231
5.4. pasuxismgeblobis miTi 235
5.5. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sinagani struqtura 240
x
Tavi meeqvse
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da misi megzurni 249
6.1. samarTlis uzenaesoba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo 249
6.2. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba 266
Tavi meSvide
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo 275
7.1. vin icavs mcvelebs? 275
7.1.1. medisoni agebs saqmes da igebs uflebebs 275
7.1.2. sasamarTlo kontrolis triumfi 284
7.1.3. konstituciis ganmarteba da misi gadasinjva 291
Tavi merve
ZiriTadi uflebebi 301
8.1. Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi 301
8.2. ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 313
8.2.1. SeiZleba Tu ara ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra
miendos sakanonmdeblo organos? 313
8.2.2. romeli ZiriTadi uflebebi unda daicvas
konstituciam? 317
8.3. ras gulisxmobs ZiriTadi uflebebi? 332
8.3.1. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SezRudva 332
8.3.2. ZiriTad uflebaTa gavlena arasaxelmwifoebriv
urTierTobebze 334
8.4. ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva: saxelmwifosa da
Tavisuflebis Serigeba konstitucionalizmis farglebSi 340
8.4.1. ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva 340
8.4.2. uflebaTa SezRudvis farglebi 344
8.5. ras emsaxureba ZiriTadi uflebebi, roca maTi borotad
gamoyeneba xdeba? 347
8.6. gansazRvris sizuste 351
qarTuli gamocemis winaTqma
konstitucionalizmis gakveTilebi
winaTqma
Sesavlis magier
lebic imis
lebic imis mixedviT,
mixedviT, Tu
Tu ramdenad
ramdenad swamT
swamT konstituciisa,
konstituciisa, cdiloben
cdiloben
aiZulon saxelmwifo
aiZulon saxelmwifo icxovros
icxovros winaswar
winaswar dawerili
gawerili cxovrebiT.
konstitucionalizmis principebis
konstitucionalizmis principebis mimdevari
mimdevari konstituciebi
konstituciebi arcarc
imisaTvis iqmneba,
imisaTvis iqmneba, rom
rom vinme
vinme iluziebiT
iluziebiT an an revoluciuri
revoluciuri utopiebis
utopiebis
dapirebebiT gaerTos,
dapirebebiT gaerTos, da da arc
arc imisaTvis,
imisaTvis, rom
rom momavali
momavali sazogadoebis
sazogadoebis
Seqmna daigegmos.
Seqmna daigegmos. amam konstituciebis
konstituciebis sazrunavi
sazrunavi arar gaxlavT
gaxlavT naTeli
naTeli
momavali. piriqiT, am konstituciebSi winamorbedi politikuri
momavali. piriqiT, am konstituciebSi winamorbedi politikuri re- re-
Jimis pirobebSi
Jimis pirobebSi warmoqmnili
warmoqmnili an an masTan
masTan dakavSirebuli
dakavSirebuli SiSi
SiSi aisaxeba.
aisaxeba.
Tu konstituciaSi
Tu konstituciaSi momavlis
momavlis xedvaa
xedvaa Cadebuli,
Cadebuli, maSin
maSin es
es xedva
xedva swo-
swo-
red am
red am SiSis
SiSis Tavidan
Tavidan acilebas
acilebas unda
unda emsaxurebodes.
emsaxurebodes.
damfuZnebel mamebs
damfuZnebel mamebs SeerTebuli
SeerTebuli Statebis
Statebis 1787
1787 wlis
wlis konstitu-
konstitu-
ciis proeqtis
ciis proeqtis SemuSavebisa
SemuSavebisa da
da miRebisas
miRebisas amoZravebdaT
amoZravebdaT paranoiduli
paranoiduli
survili, Tavidan
survili, Tavidan aecilebinaT
aecilebinaT rogorc
rogorc monarqia,
monarqia, ise
ise saxalxo
saxalxo de-
de-
mokratia, magram paranoikebsac hyavdaT mtrebi.
mokratia, magram paranoikebsac hyavdaT mtrebi.
1787 wels
1787 wels StatebSi
StatebSi xma
xma gavrcelda,
gavrcelda, romrom zogierTebs
zogierTebs filadel-
filadel-
fiaSi monarqiis
fiaSi monarqiis aRdgena
aRdgena surdaT.
surdaT. sadiskusio
sadiskusio darbazidan,
darbazidan, sadac
sadac mo-
mo-
laparakeba mimdinareobda,
laparakeba mimdinareobda, mis
mis damTavrebamde
damTavrebamde araviTar
araviTar cnobas
cnobas ar
ar
gauJonavs, magram
gauJonavs, magram damswreebma
damswreebma sazogadoebisaTvis
sazogadoebisaTvis gagzavnil
gagzavnil weri-
weri-
lebSi xazi
lebSi xazi gausves,
gausves, rom
rom miuxedavad
miuxedavad imisa,
imisa, rom
rom ver
ver iwinaswarmetyve-
iwinaswarmetyve-
lebdnen molaparakebis
lebdnen molaparakebis saboloo
saboloo Sedegs,
Sedegs, erT
erT rameSi
rameSi darwmunebulni
darwmunebulni
iyvnen: maT ar surdaT , saxeldobr, mefis uRlis
iyvnen: maT ar surdaT, saxeldobr, mefis uRlis aRdgena. aRdgena.
meore msoflio
meore msoflio omis
omis Semdeg
Semdeg germaniis
germaniis konstituciis
konstituciis avtorebs
avtorebs
ar asvenebdaT
ar asvenebdaT nacisturi
nacisturi mmarTvelobis
mmarTvelobis SiSi
SiSi da
da vaimaris
vaimaris respubli-
respubli-
kis umarTavobis
kis umarTavobis kargad
kargad nacnobi
nacnobi saSineleba.
saSineleba. 1958
1958 wels
wels Sarl
Sarl dede
gols surda
gols surda arasodes
arasodes gameorebuliyo
gameorebuliyo safrangeTis
safrangeTis meoTxe
meoTxe respub-
respub-
likis paralizebuli
likis paralizebuli parlamenti.
parlamenti. SiSi
SiSi da
da uaryofis
uaryofis gziT
gziT TviTdam-
TviTdam-
kvidreba Tan
kvidreba Tan sdevda
sdevda didi
didi konstituciebis
konstituciebis Seqmnas.
Seqmnas.
imis aRiareba,
imis aRiareba, rom
rom konstituciis
konstituciis Semqmnelebis
Semqmnelebis gonebasa
gonebasa da
da ka-
ka-
lams SiSi
lams SiSi amoZravebs,
amoZravebs, aRiareba
aRiareba adamianuri
adamianuri sisustisa,
sisustisa, arcTu
arcTu sa-
sa-
siamovnoa im
siamovnoa im xalxisTvis,
xalxisTvis, romlebsac
romlebsac surT
surT mSromelTa
mSromelTa klasebs
klasebs an
an
sulac nebismier
sulac nebismier moqalaqes
moqalaqes konstitucia
konstitucia warudginon
warudginon da
da misi
misi av-
av-
torobis pretenzia
torobis pretenzia ganacxadon.
ganacxadon. SiSisa
SiSisa da
da masTan
masTan erTad
erTad mmarTve-
mmarTve-
4 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
1.2.3. vinaoba
2
The Federalist Papers No. 73; Hamilton (New York: Mentor Books, 1961), gv.443.
10 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
3
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1945),
gv.433-434.
saSiSroeba cnebebis ganmartebaSi 11
4
samwuxarod, konstituciis dacva ara prevenciuli, aramed darRvevis Semdgomi
koreqtirebis xasiaTisaa. Tu kanonis konstituciurobis sasamarTlo kontroli
misi ZalaSi Sesvlidan ori wlis mere moxda, konstituciis darRveva SesaZloa
ukve gamousworebeli iyos.
12 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
5
Tocqueville, gv.171.
6
Bruce Ackerman, The Future of Liberal Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1992), gv.3 (xazgasma avtorisaa).
saSiSroeba cnebebis ganmartebaSi 13
7
SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom amgvari Tavisufleba, cota ar iyos, Zvelmoduri da
avtoritarulia; Tumca, mTlianobaSi, etalons patiosani da xSirad tolerantuli
Cinosnebi warmoadgenen. sxva qveynebs yvelaferi es xSirad arasakmarisad miaCniaT, Tu
evropis adamianis uflebaTa strasburgis sasamarTloSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT
vimsjelebT. am sasamarTlom sxva sakiTxebTan erTad daadgina, rom miuRebelia didi
britaneTis praqtika, roca patimrebis disciplinisa da gamosacdeli vadebis sakiT-
xebi maTi cixis zedamxedvelebis gadasawyveti iyo ise, rom patimrebs ar hqondaT
sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis saSualeba. miuRebeli iyo ara patimrebisadmi mopyroba,
aramed sasamarTlo ganxilvis SesaZleblobis ararseboba.
14 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
8
Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Penden (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1954), gv.121.
saSiSroeba cnebebis ganmartebaSi 15
9
Frederick Schauer, "An Essay on Constitutional Language," UCLA Law Review 29
(1982), gv. 797, 828.
16 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
10
ungreTSi istoriis axirebam an biurokratiis maradiulobam migviyvana erTi
iuridiuli kazusis permanentul gagrZelebamde. saxelmwifo socializmis mimdev-
rebic iwonebdnen parlamentis uzenaesobas, radgan komunistebi acnobierebdnen, rom
parlamenti yvelaze ufro morCili instrumenti iqneboda faruli Zalauflebis
xelSi. 1987 wlis kanonma kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb [Act on Legislation] daadgina sa-
kanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis eqskluziuroba mTel rig SemTxvevebSi. magram imave
1987 wels saxalxo respublikis saprezidento sabWos kvlav SeeZlo parlamenti
nebismier dros Caenacvlebina. socialisturi kanonmdeblobis swored es uzenaeso-
ba da eqskluziuroba miiRo ungerTis respublikam memkvidreobiT.
saSiSroeba cnebebis ganmartebaSi 17
11
bundestagis (qveda palatis) prezidenti, romelic cnobili iyo demokratii-
sadmi erTgulebiT, iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo misi erTi gancxadebis gamo,
18 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
12
dauwereli konstituciebis momxreTa Tanaxmad, qartiis saxiT arsebuli kon-
stitucia zedmetad mkacria, xolo tradiciebis formiT arsebuli konstitucia uf-
ro moqnili midgomis SesaZleblobas iZleva. is, rom mosamarTleebs ara aqvT saSua-
leba muxlebis citireba moaxdinon, ufro sasargebloa, radgan es xels uwyobs xe-
lisuflebis ganStoebaTa gamijvnis SenarCunebas, radgan es gamoricxavs SesaZleblo-
bas, rom mosamarTle erTdroulad kanonebsac qmnides da mmarTvelic iyos.
13
Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1963), gv.146. arendtis az-
riT, konstituciis mamebis winaSe mdgari problema is ki ar iyo, rogor SeezRudaT
xelisufleba, aramed is, Tu rogor SeeqmnaT xelisufleba, romelic Tavidan aici-
lebda axal damoukidebel StatebSi arsebuli socialuri wesrigis moSlas.
20 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
14
Cveulebriv kanonSi xalxis saerTo neba SeiZleba gacxaddes xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlobiTi organos meSveobiT, magram praqtikulad xalxis nebis amgvari
realizacia ar aris uSualo da umravlesobis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ga-
mo Cveulebriv jgufur interess an SemTxveviT partiul interess warmoadgens,
Tundac maSin, roca sxva jgufebis interesebi maqsimalurad aris gaTvaliswinebu-
li. magram konstitucias, rogorc es bolingbrokma aRniSna, yvela iwonebs. praq-
tikulad aseTi konstitucia ar arsebobs da es Teoria marTlac popularuli iyo
maSin, roca ar iyo saWiro konstituciis Seqmna da SeiZleboda misi ukve arsebu-
lad cnoba. aseTi konstituciis mimarT marTlac SeiZleboda Tqma, rom mas zogadi
konsensusi an SeTanxmeba umagrebda zurgs. problemebi maSin wamoiWra, rodesac
daiwyo cda faqtobrivi konstituciis legitimacia WeSmaritad demokratiuli me-
TodebiT momxdariyo.
sayovelTao konsensusTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi problema faqtobrivi SeTan-
xmebis TariRs exeba. es SeTanxmeba konstituciis miRebis momentSi unda arsebob-
des Tu mudmivad, sanam konstitucia ZalaSia? am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis dacvac
SesaZlebelia samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis seriozuli darRvevis gareSe, Tu iar-
sebebs varaudi, rom konstitucia sayovelTaod aris mowonebuli da es varaudi
mxolod im saxalxo referendumis gziT SeiZleba gauqmdes, romelic konstitucia-
Si Sesworebas Seitans. rodesac konstituciis normebis radikalurad axleburi
interpretacia xdeba konstituciuri ganxilvis gziT, xSirad esec axali sazoga-
doebrivi konsensusis gamoxatulebad miiCneva.
22 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
15
aSS-is konstitucia mTeli xalxis saxeliTaa miRebuli, erTaderTi proble-
ma iyo StatebSi mcxovrebTa 95 procenti, romlebsac ar miscemiaT saSualeba mo-
nawileoba mieRoT ratifikaciis procesSi.
konstituciis Seqmnis uflebamosileba 23
16
es Tvalsazrisi, sxvebTan erTad, gaiziara safrangeTis sakonstitucio sabWo-
mac, rodesac de golma konstituciaSi (romelic misi piradi zegavleniT iyo da-
werili) Sesworeba Seitana pirdapiri saprezidento arCevnebis sakiTxis referen-
dumze, araordinaruli wesiT, gatanis gziT. Catarebulma referendumma moiwona de
golis winadadeba, xolo sakonstitucio sabWom es konstituciurobis sakmaris
mtkicebulebad CaTvala.
24 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
17
1789 wlis safrangeTis erovnuli asamblea ar akmayofilebda konstituciuri
organosaTvis wayenebul Teoriul moTxovnebs. asamblea ar yofila arCeuli damfuZ-
nebeli krebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. konstituciis Seqmnis mandatis sakuTari
TavisaTvis miniWebis idea TviTon asambleis pirmSo iyo. rac Seexeba konstituciebis
Seqmnis process postkomunistur samyaroSi, damfuZnebeli kreba bulgareTSi Seikri-
ba, magram misi muSaobis didi nawili sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas mieZRvna.
18
xelaxla arCeviTobis uflebis Teoriuli SezRudvis sawinaaRmdego es praq-
tikuli ilustracia Zalas dakargavs, Tu damfuZnebeli kreba erTi aseTi wesis
mixedviT Seikribeba: bolos da bolos, politikosebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT Tavi
aaridon krebis wevrobas da, Tu damfuZnebeli kreba SedarebiT mcirericxovani iq-
neba, albaT, sakmao raodenobis pirvelxarisxovani politikosebi darCebian gareT,
rom axali sakanomdeblo organo maT Seavson.
26 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
19
konstituciis proeqtis SemuSaveba ungreTSi imdenad saidumlo viTarebaSi
xdeboda, rom teqstis daxvewis Sansic ki ar arsebobda; saqmeSi Cauxedavi monawi-
leebi ki daJinebiT moiTxovdnen TavianTi SeTxzuli teqstis miRebas.
20
Page Smith, The Constitution: A Documentary and Narrative History (New York:
William Morrow, 1978), gv.248.
konstituciis Seqmnis uflebamosileba 27
21
ix., magaliTad, 1994 wels SveicariaSi Catarebuli referendumis Sedegi,
romelmac uaryo qveynis evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis winadadeba.
ra uZRvis win konstitucias? wesrigi da aRiareba 29
22
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1991), gv.89.
30 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
23
Tanamedrove msoflios mzardi mobiluroba axasiaTebs. es konstituciuri
wesrigis seriozuli problemaa, radgan mobiluroba Tavs uyris iseT kulturebsa
da koleqtiur vinaobebs, romlebic drois simciris gamo ver aswreben erTmaneTTan
ra uZRvis win konstitucias? wesrigi da aRiareba 31
xovda, raTa maT mSvidi cxovrebis saSualeba moepovebinaT; Tumca, kaci bolomde
darwmunebuli verasodes iqneboda, sakmarisad uyvarda Tu ara mas qveyana da brZeni
beladi, anu sakmarisad mZafrad gamoxatavda Tu ara saTanado identifikacias.
25
belgiis 1831 wlis konstituciiT, moqalaqeobis mopovebas da dakargvas kano-
ni awesrigebs.
26
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi emigrantebi, monebi da indielebi ufro serio-
zul praqtikul problemebs "iwvevdnen". am sakiTxisadmi adreuli amerikuli mid-
goma eris Semadgenlobidan gamoricxavda im jgufebs, romlebsac politikuri kla-
si gansxvavebulad miiCnevda, ZiriTadad rasobriv niadagze.
27
Joseph Charles Heim, "The Demise of the Confessional State and the Rise of the Idea of a
Legitimate Minority," Majorities and Minorities eds. John W. Chapman and Alan Wertheimer,
Nomos 32 (New York: New York University Press, 1990), gv.11, 18-19.
ra uZRvis win konstitucias? wesrigi da aRiareba 33
28
ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis dakargva SesaZlebelia mxolod ma-
Sin, Tu adamiani amis Sedegad ar iqceva moqalaqeobis armqone pirad.
34 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
29
sxva saqmea, uwyobs Tu ara xels es pasiuroba an neitraloba romeliRac er-
Ti kulturis batonobas. SeerTebul StatebSi TiTqmis yovel oc weliwadSi er-
Txel mwvavdeba sakiTxi "mxolod inglisuri enis" moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT, rac
Cveulebriv ltolvilebisa da emigrantebis axali talRis Semosvlas mohyveba
xolme.
ra uZRvis win konstitucias? wesrigi da aRiareba 35
30
fijis da malaiziis konstituciebSi mocemulia umciresobis an ucxouri
eTnikuri jgufis ekonomikuri batonobis sawinaaRmdego garantiebi, xolo amis sa-
nacvlod uzrunvelyofilia umciresobis Tanaswori samoqalaqo uflebebi (amis
alternativa iqneboda privilegiebis mospoba samoqalaqo omis xarjze). ruandasa
da burundiSi bolo aTwleulebSi araerTxel momxdari sisxlisRvra cxadyofs am
sakiTxis did mniSvnelobas. samxreT afrika da zimbabve ukiduresobis magaliTebs
warmoadgenen. zimbabveSi TeTrkanian umciresobas miRebuli aqvs garkveuli garan-
tiebi, magram bolo dros saTuo gaxda maTi qonebrivi uflebebis dacva.
36 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
31
Bentham quoted in Frederick Rosen, "Majorities and Minorities: A Classical Utilitarian
View," Majorities and Minorities, gv.26.
32
Claus Offe, "Democracy Against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of
Neoconservative Political Opportunities" Responsibility, Rights and Welfare: The Theory of
the Welfare State, ed. J. Donald Moon (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), gv.189.
konstituciis Sinaarsi: neitraloba Tu saerTo miznebi? 37
35
arastabiluri saparlamento fraqciebis gamo warmoqmnili umarTavobis gav-
rcelebuli magaliTia safrangeTis mesame mravalpartiuli respublika, sadac um-
ravlesobis ararsebobam mTavrobis muSaobis sruli paralizeba gamoiwvia. magram am
sistemaSi ar arsebobda arc erTi saSualeba, romelic parlamentis wevrebs Tanam-
Sromlobis stimuls gauCenda. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ar hqonda parlamen-
tis daTxovnis ufleba da amitom mTlianad iyo damokidebuli anarqiul asambleeb-
ze, romelTac araviTari partiuli disciplina ar gaaCndaT. ministrTa sabWo iyo
saparlamento uTanxmoebis zusti anasaxi. ministrebs aranairi valdebuleba ar
ekisrebodaT ministrTa sabWos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT emoqmedaT, maSinac ki,
konstituciis Sinaarsi: neitraloba Tu saerTo miznebi? 39
roca sakiTxebi parlamentSi iyo Sesuli kenWis sayrelad (rac gasagebia, radgan
ministrebs individualurad ekisrebodaT piradi pasuxismgebloba).
40 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
36
arsebobs mosazreba, rom racionaluri ekonomikuri miznebis garda, saxelmwi-
fos SeiZleba sulieri mizanic amoZravebdes.
37
Noël O'Sullivan, "The Political Theory of Neo-corporatism," The Corporate State:
Corporatism and the State Tradition in Western Europe, eds. Andrew Cox and Noël
42 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
O'Sullivan (Aldershot, Hants, England: Edward Elgar, 1988), gv.23. o' salivenis Tanaxmad,
konstitucia da instrumentuli (mizanze orientirebuli) politika SeTavsebadia,
Tu politikis administraciuli aspeqti ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori; Tumca ad-
ministraciuli midgoma yovelTvis neitralurad ekideba kanonis uzenaesobaze da-
fuZnebul saxelmwifoebriobas. Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmma SesaZloa moa-
xerxos administraciuli politikuri kursis garkveul CarCoebSi moqceva, Tu mka-
fiod korporaciuli gadawyvetebi gamoricxulia da Tu RirebulebaTa sistemaSi
arsebobs socialuri jgufi, romelic klasikuri konstituciuri Rirebulebebis
da maTi samarTlebrivi dacvis momxrea.
konstituciis Sinaarsi: neitraloba Tu saerTo miznebi? 43
38
wminda politologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aseTi struqturebi ar aris neokor-
poraciuli, radgan neokorporaciuli struqturisaTvis Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebe-
lia gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis samkuTxedi (mag. damqiraveblebi – prof-
44 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
39
meqsikis 1917 wlis konstituciam, romelic cdilobda kaTolikuri eklesiis
mier mxardaWeril konservatorebze SeiaraRebuli Setevis Sedegad mopovebuli ga-
marjvebis permanentulad dafiqsirebas, radikalurad SezRuda eklesiis damouki-
debloba (magram ar Sexebia religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflebas). samarTlianobis sa-
xeliT, konstituciam permanentulad daakanona miwis reforma, xolo xelisufle-
baSi movida instituciuri revoluciuri partia. amis Sedegad, faqtobrivad moxda
arsebuli socialuri ganxeTqilebis (da, garkveuli doziT, ekonomikuri CamorCeni-
lobisac) instituciuri gaformeba.
46 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
40
Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraint (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1995), gv.202-234. analogiurad, belgia mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi uvlida
gverds religiuri konfesiebis skolebis sakiTxs (radgan misi gamwvaveba mTlianad
gaxleCda qveyanas). rodesac sakiTxi sabolood mainc gamovida wina planze, aRmoC-
nda, rom misi mogvareba (TiTqmis) SeuZlebeli iyo.
41
aSS-is konstitucia (muxli VI, nawili me-2) acxadebs, rom igi da SeerTe-
buli Statebis kanonebi (kongresis mier ratificirebul saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-
bebTan erTad) warmoadgenen qveynis uzenaes kanonebs. es principi exeba federalu-
ri kanonis uzenaesobas wevr-Statis kanonTan SedarebiT da ara urTierTobas kon-
stituciasa da sxva samarTlebriv normebs Soris. Tumca, damfuZnebeli mamebi eTan-
konstituciis samarTlebrivi buneba 49
xmebodnen imas, rom konstitucia yvela sxva kanonze maRla dgas. swored es prin-
cipi ganaxorciela aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom.
42
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored esaa ungreTis unikalurad orazrovani
konstituciis mTavari problema. garda misi debulebebis "moqnilobisa", am sakiT-
xTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli problema isaa, rom ar arsebobs TviT Sesworebis
Sesaxeb normis damcveli mkacri wesi; Sesworebis Sesaxeb normas ar gaaCnia Tavis-
Tavad savaldebulo (self-binding) Zala (konstituciis Sesworebis Sesaxeb norma
kidev ufro mkacri unda iyos, vidre TviT Sesworebis procedura). amitom, advili
50 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
43
Tu samarTlebrivi normis pirdapir gamoyeneba SeiZleba, maSin anglosaqsuri
terminologiiT mas TavisTavad ganxorcielebadi norma (self-executing rule) ewodeba.
evropis kavSirSi aseT normas pirdapiri moqmedebis efeqts (direct effect) uwodeben.
konstituciis samarTlebrivi buneba 55
44
O'Neill v. White, 22 A. 2d 25 (Pa. 1941).
45
pensilvaniis Statis konstituciis 27-e Tavi referendumis gziT miiRes.
56 konstitucia, rogorc SiSis da aRiarebis Sedegi
46
Sveicariis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi normis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi mosamarTles SeuZlia kanonmdeblis roli Seasrulos. safrangeTis ka-
nonmdebloba kategoriulad ukrZalavs mosamarTles uari Tqvas saqmis gansjaze
Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi normis ararsebobis motiviT.
47
Commonwealth v. National Gettysburg Battlefield Tower, Inc. 302 A. 2d 886 (Pa.
Commw.) Aff'd 311 A. 2d 588 (Pa. 1973).
SeerTebul StatebSi federalur doneze, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba imis dadgena,
rom sakanonmdeblo organo valdebulia rame konkretul sakiTxze kanoni miiRos,
radgan, konstituciis teqstis Sesabamisad, Statebs ara aqvT pozitiuri valdebu-
leba xeli Seuwyon samarTalSemoqmedebas an msgavsi amocanebis Sesrulebas.
konstituciis samarTlebrivi buneba 57
49
analogiuri faqtobrivi viTareba gaxda imis mizezi, rom evropis adamianis
uflebaTa sasamarTlom msjavri dasdo avstrias saqmeSi Informationsverein Lentia
and others v. Austria [ser. A 276 (1993)].
Tavi meore
demokratiis moTviniereba
amJamad yvelaze did safrTxes
kanonmdebelTa tirania warmoadgens.
Tomas jefersoni
1
udavod, xSir SemTxvevaSi xalxi garkveuli drois Semdeg eTanxmeba da saku-
Tar nebasTan harmoniulad miiCnevs xolme imas, ris winaaRmdegac adre xma misca.
amrigad, erT dros sakamaTo kanonproeqti xdeba kanoni, iqceva pativsacem realo-
bad da umravlesobis gamoxatul nebas uaxlovdeba kargad cnobili fenomenis –
faqtebis normatiuli Zalis gamo. normatiuli azriT, "nawilobrivi" neba marTlac
xdeba erTaderTi miRebuli, ganxorcielebuli da, am azriT, "saerTo" neba, rome-
lic yvela adamianisaTvis savaldebuloa.
64 demokratiis moTviniereba
2
Benjamin Constant, Political Writings, trans. and ed. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988), gv.175.
xalxis wyalwyala suvereniteti da susti demokratia 65
3
Weber's letter to Michels, 4 August, 1908, quoted in Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max
Weber and German Politics: 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984),
gv.395.
4
Tavis "sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi" (II.2) rusom gaafTrebiT gaakritika
monteskie, radgan es ukanaskneli SesaZleblad miiCnevda suverenitetis dayofas.
ix. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses (New York: A. A. Knopf,
1993).
66 demokratiis moTviniereba
5
Alexander Meiklejohn, Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People
(New York: Harper, 1960), gv.9.
xalxis wyalwyala suvereniteti da susti demokratia 67
6
Bernard Manin, "On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation," 1987, Political Theory 15
(1987), gv. 351.
68 demokratiis moTviniereba
7
Constant, gv.177.
8
Constant, gv.177.
umravlesobis Zalaufleba 69
9
arCevnebis Catarebulad cnoba an sul ar aris damokidebuli arCevnebSi monawi-
le minimumze, an wesdeba monawileTa minimaluri zRvari. mxolod gamonaklis Sem-
TxvevebSia arCevnebSi monawileoba savaldebulo. erTi aseTi gamonaklisi belgiaa.
SedarebiTi umravlesoba sakmarisia parlamentSi adgilis mosapoveblad; xolo
barierebi da sxva saarCevno ileTebi ki ufro met gadaxrebs iwvevs xolme. 1987
wels margaret tetCeris gamarjveba (saparlamento adgilebis 58 procenti amom-
rCevelTa xmebis 42 procentis Sedegad) sulac ar aris unikaluri SemTxveva.
Tumca cota ucnauri kia, rom 1978 wels man naklebi saparlamento adgilebi, mag-
ram amomrCevelTa meti xma moipova; xolo 1974 wels harold vilsonma parlamen-
tSi konservatorebze meti adgili moipova amomrCevelTa ufro cota xmis wyalo-
biT, vidre mis konkurent konservatorebs hqondaT.
1994 wels ungreTis socialisturma partiam saparlamento adgilebis 53 pro-
centi moipova amomrCevelTa xmebis arasruli erTi mesamedis wyalobiT. arCevnebze
misulTa ricxvi daaxloebiT 60 procenti iyo, rac imas niSnavs, rom amomrCevel-
Ta 20 procentis neba umravlesobis nebis da suverenuli xalxis nebis "tolia".
es faqtebi aucileblad ar niSnavs proceduris antidemokratiulobas, radgan
procedura umravlesobis warmomadgenlobis saSualebas iZleva. magram aseTi faq-
tebis fonze sasaciloa kvlav saerTo nebasa da xalxis suverenitetze laparaki.
didad gansxvavebuli arc saprezidento sistemebia, saprezidento arCevnebisas
xalxis nebis pirdapiri gamoxatvis miuxedavad. Cveulebriv, prezidentis asarCevad
micemuli xmebis 32-35 procentia sakmarisi.
individualuri saarCevno olqebis SemTxvevaSi, arCevnebis or turad Catareba
ufro realisturs xdis umravlesobis warmomadgenlobas. magram es imis xarjze
xdeba, rom asarCevi variantebi SezRudulia.
70 demokratiis moTviniereba
10
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi umravlesobas arCevnebis Semdeg ar SeuZlia Sec-
valos saparlamento adgilebis is raodenoba, romelic amomrCevelTa xmebis moce-
mul procentul raodenobas ergeba (sul es aris, rasac konstituciuri kontro-
li am SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs). arCevnebis Semdeg ar SeiZleba saarCevno barieris
cifris gazrda an ukve arCeuli deputatebis gandevna da maTi adgilebis sxvebis-
Tvis gadanawileba. aseTi maqinaciebi farTod gamoiyeneboda 1947 wels ungreTSi,
komunistebis mier xelisuflebis aRebis dros. TiTqmis axlaxan _ 1994 wels,
slovakeTSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Semdeg saparlamento umravlesoba Seecada uka-
nonod gamoecxadebina arCevnebSi monawile erTi partia da misi saparlamento adgi-
lebi TviTon gadaenawilebina. maT rom warmatebisTvis mieRwiaT, Sedegad umravle-
sobis koalicias miviRebdiT. es magaliTi cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad sakvanZo sakiTxia
xelisuflebis ganStoebaTa gamijvna. dauSvebelia, rom parlaments hqondes aseTi
mcire "operaciebis" Catarebis uflebamosileba. meore mxriv, es Zalian saxifaTo
Temaa, radgan zedmetma SezRudvebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas parlamentis damou-
kideblobas, Tu igi veRar gansazRvravs sakuTari pirveli Sekrebis sakiTxs da ar
iqneba pasuxismgebeli sadeputato mandatebis damtkicebisaTvis. albaT, sasamar-
Tlos amocana unda iyos imis gadawyveta, kanonieria Tu ara kandidatis wardgine-
ba, magram marto maSin, roca Sesabamisi saCivari arCevnebis Catarebamde iqneba Se-
tanili da misi ganxilvac arCevnebis dawyebamde dasruldeba.
demokratiis konstituciuri SezRudva 71
11
rusos pirobebis dakmayofileba maSinac ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda, kanons yve-
la adamianis xmac rom umagrebdes zurgs (da ara marto ubralo umravlesoba),
radgan, rusos TvalsazrisiT, saerTo neba, romelic kanons yvelasaTvis savalde-
bulod aqcevs, ar aris ubralod yvela adamianis neba. rusos metafizikaSi mniSvne-
lovania argumentis meore mxare, anu is, rom saerTo nebis Sesadgenad ar aris
aucilebeli yvela neba erTmaneTs emTxveodes.
12
John Locke, "Second Treatise of Government." In Two Treatises of Government, ed.
Peter Caslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), § 140. Rousseau, gv.278-279.
namdvilad gasaocaria, rom socialuri wyobis iseT sabaziso normas, rogoricaa
maJoritarizmi, aseTi Raribi Teoriuli safuZveli aqvs.
hans kelzenmac SemogvTavaza sakuTari praqtikuli axsna naSromSi Vom Wesen
und Wert der Democratie (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1929): umciresobis batonoba miuRe-
belia, radgan, ricxvebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros, vin aris umravleso-
ba, maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia arsebobdes erTdroulad ramdenime (an bevri) um-
ciresoba. aseTi ganusazRvreloba angrevs sazogadoebriv integracias.
arsebobs SemecnebiTi argumentic: rac ufro meti xalxi eTanxmeba rames, miT
ufro cotaa Secdomis daSvebis albaToba (Tumca, es argumenti marto faqtebis
mimarT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da ara Rirebulebebis mimarT).
72 demokratiis moTviniereba
13
mdgomareoba ufro rTulia, roca arsebobs arCevanis ramdenime varianti, ro-
gorc es saparlamento an municipaluri arCevnebisas aris xolme.
demokratiis konstituciuri SezRudva 73
14
First Inaugural Address. In Thomas Jefferson, Writings, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (New
York: Viking Press, 1984), gv.492-493.
74 demokratiis moTviniereba
15
amgvari argumentacia sakmaod problemuria, radgan igi ar pasuxobs SekiT-
xvas: ras niSnavs "daTanxmeba"? es yvelas mxridan daTanxmebas niSnavs Tu umravle-
sobis principis mixedviT daTanxmebas? an iqneb konstituciis miRebaze daTanxmeba
imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi is, rac konstituciis Seqmnis procesSi umravlesobis
mier aris ratificirebuli, SeiZleba konstituciurad miRebulad miviCnioT Tan-
xmobis faqtobrivi masStabis miuxedavad?
16
demokratiulobis principi TiTqmis yvelanairi koleqtiuri samTavrobo ga-
dawyvetilebis mimarT moqmedebs. demokratia imdenad aris Caqsovili konstitucio-
nalizmSi, ramdenadac konstituciebi da maTi ganmaxorcielebeli da dacvis orga-
noebi SeZleben SeewinaaRmdegon antidemokratiul organizaciebs (anu iseT organi-
zaciebs, romlebic ar funqcioben "erTi pirovneba - erTi xma" principis da umrav-
lesobis principis Tanaxmad da amis magier liderobis "fiurerul princips"
["Führerprinzip"] irCeven). ix. saqme socialisturi raixspartiis Sesaxeb germaniaSi
[Socialist Reich Party Case 2 BverfGE 1 (1952)].
demokratiis konstituciuri SezRudva 75
18
Robert Dahl, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1982), gv.190. dalis azriT, es barierebi ewinaaRmdegeba demok-
ratias da maTi mTavari mizani umciresobis privilegiebis SenarCunebaa, amitom da-
li saprezidento vetos uflebis gauqmebis rekomendacias iZleva da mxars uWers
parlamentis erTpalatianobas, raTa demokratia ufro farTod gavrceldes. ix.
"On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States," in Democracy,
Liberty and Equality, ed. Robert Dahl (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1982), gv.133.
78 demokratiis moTviniereba
19
aSS-is prezidentebma, jorj vaSingtonidan dRemde, 2500-jer gamoiyenes ve-
tos ufleba da am SemTxvevebis marto 6 procentis dros moxda vetos gauqmeba
xelmeore kenWisyriT.
referendumi da destabilizacia 79
20
Tu konstitucia ar gansazRvravs referendumis Catarebis sabaziso wesebs,
maSin igi advilad SeiZleba sakanonmdeblo organos msxverplad iqces. referendu-
mis Sesaxeb kanonebi Seicavs procedurebs referendumis iniciirebisa da dadastu-
rebisaTvis, rac didebuli SesaZleblobaa iseTi adamianisaTvis, romelsac marto
destabilizacia surs da imis gulwrfeli survili ar amoZravebs, rom referen-
dumi sakanonmdeblo organos rame seriozuli kontrolisaTvis Catardes. konsti-
tuciuri debulebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi kanonmdebels SeuZlia an iniciirebis
Zalian advilad dasakmayofilebeli pirobebi gaaformos instituciurad, anda
daadginos, rom referendumis Sedegis kanonierebisaTvis amomrCevelTa 50 procen-
tis monawileobaa savaldebulo, rac, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, demokratiis
diskreditacias gamoiwvevs.
referendumi da destabilizacia 81
21
Sveicariul referendumebze msjelobisas veyrdnobi wyaros: Olivier Duhamel,
Les Démocraties, Régimes, Histoire, Exigences (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1993), gv.68-74.
82 demokratiis moTviniereba
22
arasavaldebulo referendumis moTxovna SeiZleba kanonis miRebidan mxolod
90 dReSi da (federaluri kanonis SemTxvevaSi) saWiroa 50 000 xelmoweris Seg-
roveba. amaSi ar Sedis sagangebo viTarebasTan dakavSirebuli, konstituciuri an
saxelmwifo xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (vaimaris konstituciac cnobda
arasavaldebulo referendums, magram zemoaRniSnuli SezRudvebis gareSe).
referendumi da destabilizacia 83
23
Herman Finer, Theory and Practice of Modern Government (1949; Westport:
Greenwood Press, 1970), gv.562.
84 demokratiis moTviniereba
24
Rousseau, gv.203.
referendumi da destabilizacia 85
*
"azrebi", baCana bregvaZis Targmani, gv. 204.
1
franguli da germanuli originalebis inglisuri Targmanis wyaroebi miTiTe-
bulia albert blausteinisa da jei sigleris [Albert P. Blaustein & Jey A. Sigler]
redaqtirebul krebulSi Constitutions That Made History (New York: Paragon House,
1988), gv. 359-387.
88 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
2
Plan de constitution, presenté a la Convention nationale, vol. 18, Oeuvres (Paris, 1804),
gv.185, 201.
3
Johannes Heckel, "Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts" in Clinton Rossiter, Constitutional
Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1948), gv.62.
balansirebis xelovneba 89
4
The Federalist Papers, No. 51: Madison (New York: Mentor Books, 1961), gv.322.
monteskiec amave azrs iziarebda: "...mudam ase iyo, rom ZalauflebiT mosil
kacs misi borotad gamoyenebisaken hqonda da aqvs midrekileba da ase grZeldeba
manam, sanam bariers ar waawydeba. raTa ar moxdes Zalauflebis borotad gamoyene-
ba, saqme ise unda moewyos, rom Zalaufleba unda akontrolebdes Zalauflebas".
Charles Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, trans. and ed. Anne M.
Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1992), XI. gv.4.
90 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
5
am droisaTvis marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ar iyo miCneuli xelisufle-
bis calke ganStoebad, miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisis saerTo samarTali, rome-
lic mosamarTleTa mier Seqmnili samarTlis memkvidre iyo, sakanondeblo ganStoe-
bisagan damoukideblad arsebobda. ufro adreuli iuridiuli Teoriis Tanaxmad,
TviT mefec ki SezRuduli iyo saerTo samarTlis wesebiT.
6
miuxedavad imisa, rom lokTan erTad monteskie konstitucionalizmis yvelaze
TvalsaCino eqsperti iyo XVIII saukuneSi, misi moZRvreba (rogorc es axla gaxda
cxadi) srulad ar akmayofilebs konstitucionalizmis moTxovnebs. monteskie mar-
Tlac ukavSirebs erTmaneTs Tavisuflebasa da saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis ga-
mijvnas, magram misi Sexedulebebi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia.
xandaxan Tavisuflebis koncefcia misTvis mxolod imas niSnavs, rom cxovreba harmo-
niaSia kanonis debulebebTan (ar arsebobs despotizmi, xolo kanonis uzenaesoba, mi-
si formaluri gagebiT, yvelaferze maRla dgas); zogjer es niSnavs, rom adamianebs
erTmaneTis ar eSiniaT; xolo zogjer ki niSnavs, rom mTeli xalxi marTavs sakuTar
Tavs. swored am ukanaskneli gaazrebis gamoa saWiro warmomadgenloba. magram mon-
teskie mxars uWers warmomadgenlobiT mandats zogad sakiTxebze da aristokratiis
mravalferovan warmomadgenlobas xalxis dasabalanseblad. aRmasrulebeli ganStoeba
ZiriTadad sagareo saqmeebiTa da omebis warmoebiTaa dakavebuli. sakanonmdeblo gan-
Stoebas SeuZlia es saqmeebi mxolod SemdgomSi ganixilos, maSin roca aRmasrule-
bel ganStoebas SeuZlia nebismier dros Caerios sakanonmdeblo procesSi. dabolos,
sasamarTlo ganStoeba despoturia, Tu igi gamijnuli ar aris, magram, rogorc xe-
lisuflebis ganStoebas, mas umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs.
7
1789 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis frangi wevrebi, zustad iseve, rogorc ame-
rikelebi ori wlis Semdeg, TavdadebiT ibrZodnen saxelisuflebo uflebamosile-
baTa gamijvnisaTvis. maT miaCndaT, rom gamijvna Tavisuflebis garantia iyo.
92 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
8
Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 293 (1926) (J. Brandeis, dissenting).
9
konfliqtebis dasaSvebad miCneva ar niSnavs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi
Cixuri viTarebis daSvebas. konstitucia, romelic tovebs amgvari Cixis SesaZleblo-
bas, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturia, radgan igi dasaSvebad miiCnevs desta-
bilizacias. sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis garkveul sferoebSi kvalificiuri umravle-
sobis moTxovnam SeiZleba gamoiwvios amgvari, destabilizaciis momtani Cixuri viTa-
rebis warmoqmna. es aris ungreTis konstituciis kargad cnobili fenomeni. kvalifi-
ciuri umravlesobis moTxovnis nakli isaa, rom ramdenime SemTxvevaSi igi ar iZleva
sakiTxis gadawyvetis saSualebas (ris Sedegicaa is, rom ver viRebT gadawyvetile-
bas, romelic aucileblad ar niSnavs kategoriul uaryofas). roca xmaTa ori mesa-
medi saWiroa ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvis SemTxvevaSi, maSin problema ar arse-
bobs, radgan kenWisyris uaryofiTi Sedegi ubralod uaryofas niSnavs. ZiriTadi uf-
lebis SezRudva ar SeiZleba. amrigad yvelaferi ise rCeba, rogorc iyo, gaumarjos
Tavisuflebas! (garTulebebi warmoiqmneba maSin, Tu kanonproeqti ZiriTadi uflebis
gaZlierebiskenaa mimarTuli; magram yoveli aseTi gamaZlierebeli winadadeba mainc
Seicavs cotaoden SemzRudvel elements, amitom sanerviulo araferia), magram, ro-
desac mizani organos Camoyalibeba an piris Tanamdebobaze daniSvnaa, maSin advilad
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas destabilizaciis gamomwvevi Cixi.
10
konsensusis saWiroeba SesaZloa socialuri tradiciebidan gamomdinareobdes.
ase magaliTad, iaponiaSi umravlesobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze
parlamentis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba aucileblad misaRebi unda iyos umci-
resobisTvisac (opoziciisTvisac), imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom opoziciac wava gar-
kveul daTmobaze. rodesac premier-ministr satos surda gaefarToebina iaponia-ame-
rikis Tavdacvis xelSekruleba, socialisturma opoziciam protestis niSnad da-
tova palatis sxdomaTa darbazi. satom sakiTxi kenWisyraze mxolod mas Semdeg
daayena, rac socialistebi gavidnen darbazidan da misma partiam moaxdina xelSek-
rulebis ratifikacia. amis Sedegad sato iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo [wyaro:
profesori maikl iangi (Michael Young), Columbia University, New York].
94 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
11
termini "prezidentializmi" bundovania, Tu mas amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Tan dakavSirebiT viyenebT. aSS-is prezidents "Zlierad" miiCneven marto isini,
vinc ar icnobs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis konstituciebs. Tu am sakiTxs Teo-
riul doneze ganvixilavT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom aSS-is prezidents ar gaaCnia ramde-
nime mniSvnelovani uflebamosileba. magaliTad, prezidents ara aqvs sakanonmdeblo
iniciativis ufleba (da amitom ara aqvs sagangebo sakanonmdeblo procedurebis
moTxovnis privilegiebi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo iniciative-
bisaTvis an aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier sagangebo viTarebaSi gamocemuli
aqtebisaTvis), mis mier ganxorcielebuli daniSvnebi senatis Tanxmobazea damokide-
buli da mas ara aqvs droebiTi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis gamocemis ufleba. aSS-is
konstitucia prezidents arc sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis uflebas aZ-
levs. Sdr. yvela es ufleba perus konstituciaSi aRweril saprezidento ufle-
bebs, Tundac imdroindelSi, vidre iq fuximoris mier iniciirebuli putCi moxde-
boda. ix. Cynthia McClintock, "Presidents, Messiahs and Constitutional Breakdown in Peru,"
The Failure of Presidential Democracy: The Case of Latin America, eds. Juan Linz and
Arturo Valenzuela (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
balansirebis xelovneba 95
3.2.1. formireba
14
1958 wlis safrangeTis konstituciis Tanaxmad, aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
ba garkveul sakanonmdeblo funqciebs axorcielebs.
15
Tanamedrove parlamentarizmis politikuri pirobebi "brwyinvale revolu-
ciis" (Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689) Sedegad Camoyalibda – amis Semdeg monarqi
taxtze ojaxuri memkvidreobis gamo ki aRar adioda, aramed parlamenti iwvevda
taxtze garkveuli pirobebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT.
gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 99
formirebisa da daSlis etapebze
19
standartuli komunisturi praqtika ki aseTi iyo: parlamenti irCevda mTav-
robas, magram yovelgvari problemis Tavidan asacileblad marto parlamentis pre-
zidiumis rekomendaciiT akeTebda amas. xolo parlamentis sesiebs Soris periodSi
(rac realurad weliwadSi 360 dRes Seadgenda xolme), mTel sakanonmdeblo xe-
lisuflebas axorcielebda yvelaze ufro sando komunistebiT dakompleqtebuli
prezidiumi.
102 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
20
mexuTe respublikis pirveli sami mTavroba agrZelebda am tradicias – pre-
mier-ministri parlamentis winaSe kiTxulobda programas, magram kenWisyra aRar
tardeboda, radgan mTavroba, formalurad, ZiriTadad respublikis prezidents eq-
vemdebareboda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi socialisturma mTavrobam scada aRed-
gina mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis praqtika da daubrunda sainauguracio kenWisyris
tradicias. 1958-idan 1993 wlamde moqmedi 25 mTavrobidan cxram moiTxova aseTi
kenWisyra.
21
britanul sakonstitucio samarTalSi dResac arsebobs samefo karis privi-
legiebi. parlaments ara aqvs am privilegiebis kontrolis ufleba, anu maT mimarT
SeuZlebelia undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba.
gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 103
formirebisa da daSlis etapebze
22
"Tu gsurT sruli ndoba arsebobdes ersa da mTavrobas Soris, mieciT neba
ungrelebs daafuZnon konstituciuri, anu, sxva sityvebiT, pasuxismgebeli aRmas-
rulebeli xelisufleba..." – József Eötvös, Reform [1846], Reform és hazafiság, vol. 1
(Budapest, 1978), gv.524.
23
bolo 164 weli ver gamoinaxa dro, rom belgiis konstituciis 90-e mux-
lis Sesabamisad miRebuliyo kanoni ministrebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. ufro
detaluri ganxilvisaTvis ix. qveTavi 5.4. "pasuxismgeblobis miTi".
104 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
24
dRevandeli viTareba ZiriTadad gabatonebul Cveulebazea damyarebuli. me-
fes, formalurad, SeuZlia nebismieri piris daniSvna im pirobiT, rom ministris
Tanxmoba eqneba miRebuli (erTi ministri yovelTvis aris Tanamdebobaze). Tumca,
sinamdvileSi, mefe partiuli koaliciis kandidats niSnavs. rodesac parlamenti
undoblobis votums acxadebs, maSin an mTavroba gadadgeba, anda axali arCevnebi
tardeba. ix. "belgia" krebulSi International Encyclopaedia of Laws, Constitutional Law,
ed. André Allen (Deventer: Kluwer, 1991).
25
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis im Tavdapirveli sakanonmdeblo uflebamosi-
lebis SesazRudavad, romelic ar efuZneboda xelisuflebis delegirebas, saWiro
gaxda uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba merenbergis saqmeze (1879) da kidev
erTi Sesworeba konstituciaSi (1887).
gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 105
formirebisa da daSlis etapebze
26
frankfurtis germanuli saimperio konstituciis Tanaxmad, romelic 1848
wlis revoluciis periodSi SemuSavda, magram arasodes Sesula ZalaSi (Tumca di-
di avtoritetiT sargeblobda), ministrTa kabineti parlamentis qveda palatas un-
da aerCia, xolo qveda palata unda arCeuliyo saxalxo arCevnebis gziT. 1918
wlis vaimaris konstituciis mixedviT, kanclers (premier-ministrs) respublikis
prezidenti niSnavda; Tumca, parlamentis mier undoblobis gamocxadebis SemTxveva-
Si premier-ministri unda gadamdgariyo.
27
Sveicariis 1848 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad (muxli 84), federalur sab-
Wos, romelic federalur aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebs, sami wlis
vadiT irCevs erovnuli sabWo (uSualod arCeuli palata).
safrangeTis mesame respublikis prezidenti Svidi wlis vadiT airCies ori pa-
latis gaerTianebul sxdomaze (ubralo umravlesobiT).
germaniis amJamad moqmedi ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, prezidents xuTi wlis
vadiT irCevs orive palata gaerTianebul sxdomaze; xolo ungreTis konstituciiT
prezidents irCevs erTi palata, umravlesobiT, xuTi wlis vadiT.
106 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
28
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSic ki farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom,
Tu mTavrobis winadadeba uaryofili iqneba, kabineti unda gadadges. amis gamo, par-
lamentis is wevrebi, romlebic samTavrobo umravlesobas Seadgendnen, did sif-
rTxiles iCendnen da partiul xazs emorCilebodnen. magram, roca erTxel leibo-
ristuli mTavrobis winadadeba, romelsac mcire upiratesoba hqonda parlamentSi,
uaryves da mTavroba mainc ar gadadga, partiuli disciplina Sesustda.
29
1994 wels parlamentis konservatori "evroskeptikosi" wevrebi mxars ar
uWerdnen britaneTis wilis gadaxdas evrokavSiris biujetSi evrokavSiris avtoma-
turi meqanizmis Tanaxmad. premier-ministrma jon meijorma, romelic Seecada gan-
dgomilTa mxardaWeris mopovebas, gamoacxada, rom kenWisyris wagebis SemTxvevaSi
mTavroba gadadgeboda. maSin umravlesobis wevrma skeptikosebma xazgasmiT aRniSnes,
rom maTi pozicia Zalian principul sakiTxs exeboda da sabolood aiZules mTav-
roba garkveul pirobebze daTanxmebuliyo maTi mxardaWeris sanacvlod.
30
undoblobis votumis proceduruli SezRudvebisa da amis Sedegad aRmasru-
lebeli xelisuflebis gazrdili damoukideblobis Sesaxeb diskusiisaTvis ix.
meoTxe TavSi moyvanili SeniSvnebi undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis Sesaxeb
aRmasrulebeli ganStoebis prerogativebTan dakavSirebiT.
gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 107
formirebisa da daSlis etapebze
31
Robert Redslob, Die parlamentarische Regierung in ihrer Wahren und in ihre unechten
Form (Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1918) 179, quoted in Mommsen, gv.350.
32
am ideis erT-erTi mamamTavari maqs veberi arc malavda, rom Svidi wlis va-
diT arCeuli respublikis prezidenti unda yofiliyo erTdroulad germaniis im-
peratorisa da kancler bismarkis memkvidre. mefis samarTalmemkvidre prezidentis
yvelaze naTeli magaliTia sicocxlis bolomde arCeuli prezidenti. sanam impera-
tori gaxdeboda, napoleoni safrangeTis samisdReSio konsuli iyo. simon bolivar-
ma samxreT amerikis mTeli rigi qveynebisaTvis ramdenime konstituciis proeqti
Seqmna, romelTa mixedviTac igi samudamo prezidenti xdeboda Sesabamis qveyanaSi,
magram erT-or weliwadSi igi iZulebuli iyo am respublikebidan gaqceuliyo.
33
aseTive sistema iyo germaniaSi, vaimaris konstituciis moqmedebis periodSi
(1919-1933). analogiuri modeli SemoiRo ruseTmac boris elcinis konstituciiT.
108 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
34
aseT modelSi parlamentis roli aris administraciuli Zalauflebis kon-
troli. maqs veberma uaryo amerikuli saprezidento sistema, radgan igi Tvlida,
rom amerikul modelSi ar iyo aravin, vinc mudmivad gaakontrolebda administra-
cias. veberi 1920 wels gardaicvala. mas Semdeg mudmivi administraciis idea da
praqtika SeerTebulma Statebmac SemoiRo. amiT Semcirda "nadavlis datacebis sis-
temis" (anu administraciuli Tanamdebobebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebulTaTvis ganawi-
lebis) moqmedebis saSiSroeba. zomierebis Semomtani efeqti aqvs agreTve adminis-
traciuli procedurebis pirdapir demokratiul kontrolsac (mosmenas). garda
amisa, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sasamarTloebis roli administraciis kontrolis
saqmeSi. yvelaferi es sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis, rogorc makontrolebeli or-
ganos, mniSvnelobis Sesustebaze miuTiTebs. meore mxriv, veberis gardacvalebis
Semdgomma gamocdilebam qarizmul liderebTan dakavSirebiT cxadyo, rom umjobesia
gamoiricxos qarizmuli mamris kidev erTxel aRmoceneba. swored cezarizmis mid-
rekileba da "nadavlis sistemis" SesaZleblobebi aqcevs am models ase mimzidve-
lad postsabWoTa sistemebSi. da mainc, anticezarizms SeiZleba naklovanebebic
hqondes. saparlamento partiul sistemebSi SeiZleba isic moxdes, rom liderma,
romelsac aranairi qarizma ar gaaCnia, kidev ufro didi Zalaufleba Caigdos xel-
Si, vidre prezidentma.
gamijvna da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba 109
formirebisa da daSlis etapebze
35
Redslob.
110 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
36
Tanamedrove saparlamento demokratiebSi, romlebSic parlamentis makontro-
lebeli roli wamyvani unda iyos, problema ufro isaa, rom ministrebi xSirad ar
cxaddebian parlamentis sxdomebze. xandaxan specialuri normis SemoReba xdeba sa-
Wiro, rom maT sxdomaze daswreba aiZulon. aseTi normebi ZiriTadad "samTavrobo
kiTxva-pasuxis saaTs" exeba.
37
radgan ministri parlamentis wevri unda iyos, xolo parlamentis wevri er-
Tdroulad orive palatis wevri ver iqneba, amitom lord houms sakuTar titul-
ze uaris Tqma mouxda premier-ministris postis dasakaveblad.
112 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
38
Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).
39
Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935).
damoukidebeli saqmianoba da erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi 113
40
aSS-is konservatiulma uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zaladakargulad gamoacxada
ori kanoni, romlebic prezident franklin ruzveltis "axali xelSekrulebis"
ekonomikuri politikis safuZveli iyo. Tumca, es kanonebis miRebidan ori wlis
Semdeg moxda da am droisaTvis axali ekonomikuri politikis miznebis didi nawi-
li ukve realizebuli iyo. garkveul momentSi, roca uzenaesi sasamarTlo umZlav-
resi politikuri zemoqmedebis obieqti gaxda, igi danebda da uari Tqva brZolis
gagrZelebaze.
damoukidebeli saqmianoba da erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi 115
41
amis gakeTeba parlamentSi dasmuli SekiTxvis mimarTac ki SesaZlebelia. bri-
taneTis parlamentSi gavrcelebuli praqtikaa, rodesac ministri sazogadoebisaT-
vis sakuTari mosazrebebis asaxsnelad iyenebs umravlesobis wevri deputatis mier
specialurad dasmul SekiTxvas.
42
paradoqsia, magram safrangeTis parlamenti axla ufro met yuradRebas uT-
mobs mis darCenil, SezRudul sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebs, vidre amas adre,
meoTxe respublikis dros akeTebda, roca parlaments SeuzRudavi sakanonmdeblo
uflebebi hqonda da maTi delegireba "oficialurad" ar SeiZleboda. meore mxriv,
mTavroba daJinebiT ar moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo uflebebis misTvis gadacemas, ra-
sac mexuTe respublikis pirvel wlebSi xSirad akeTebda.
43
David M. Olson, The Legislative Process: A Comparative Approach (New York:
Harper and Row, 1980).
"realuri" saprezidento sistemis muSaoba perus magaliTze SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT. 1980-idan 1990 wlamde ori saprezidento vadis ganmavlobaSi yvela kanon-
proeqtis 50-70 procenti aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iniciativiT Sevida saka-
nonmdeblo organoSi da maTi 65-75 procenti damtkicda (McClintock, 383). ameri-
kis SeerTebul StatebSi yvela miRebuli kanonproeqtis 30 procenti prezidentis
mier aris iniciirebuli (formalurad – misi ndobiT aRWurvili kongresmenis Se-
damoukidebeli saqmianoba da erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi 117
modelebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
46
zustad es aris imis mizezi, rom mosamarTlis sxva samuSao adgilze gaday-
vana (an dawinaureba) marto misi TanxmobiT SeiZleba. es agreTve cxadyofs mosa-
marTlis Tanamdebobisa da xelfasis stabilurobis konstituciur mniSvnelobas.
120 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
47
am debulebis erTi gamonaklisia im saqmeTa ganxilvis wesi, romelTa ganxil-
visasac sasamarTloebi Tavad adgenen saproceso normebs.
damatebiTi gamawonasworebeli faqtorebi 121
48
"anulirebis krizisi" – zogierTi Stati uars ambobda federaluri dadgeni-
lebebis Sesrulebaze: 1832 wels samxreTis ramdenime Stati sabaJo uflebebis ga-
mo daupirispirda kavSirs da separatistuli moTxovnebi wamoayena.
rodis xdeba sapirwone zedmetad mZime? 123
49
George Fort Milton, The Use of Presidential Power (Boston: Little Brown, 1944),
gv.91.
124 sabediswero kavSirebi: kontrolisa da balansirebis
meqanizmebi da xelisuflebis danawileba
50
olsonma da mezim sxvagvari hipoTezebi gamoTqves imis asaxsnelad, Tu ro-
gor viTardeba xelisuflebis ganStoebebs Soris urTierToba. Tu aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba centralizebulia, deputatebs damoukidebeli sakanonmdeblo inicia-
tivebis gatanis naklebi Sansi aqvT. Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iniciativa
SedarebiT dabali rangis organizaciis mier aris Semotanili, sakanonmdeblo or-
ganos misi uaryofis meti Sansi aqvs. zogierTi ministris winaaRmdeg samTavrobo
umravlesobis wevrebic SeiZleba gamovidnen, nawilobriv imitomac, rom amis gamo
maT statuss uSualo safrTxe ar Seeqmneba. xolo iq, sadac mTavrobas sakanon-
mdeblo iniciativis ufleba oficialurad aqvs miniWebuli, am iniciativebis gata-
nis meti Sansi arsebobs, radgan yovelgvari uari mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego moqme-
debad CaiTvleba. ix. David M. Olson and Michael L. Mezey, eds., Legislatures in the
Policy Process: The Dilemmas of Economic Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1991).
gamijvna da Tavisufleba 125
51
Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1991), gv. 9.
es istoria meore msoflio omis drosac ganmeorda, Tumca es moxda sxva samar-
Tlebriv-teqnikur garemoebebSi, rodesac ganxorcielda iaponuri warmoSobis ameri-
gamijvna da Tavisufleba 127
52
Tumca, es ar niSnavs prezidentializmTan dakavSirebuli msjelobisas naxse-
nebi kontrargumentebis uaryofas.
gamijvna da Tavisufleba 129
parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis
sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven ara
marto Tavis ostatobas, aramed
gansjis unarsac unda gimadlodeT,
da, Tu mas Tqvens mosazrebas
swiravs, amiT igi ki ar gemsaxurebaT,
aramed gRalatobT kidec.
edmund berki
4
Blackstone, gv. 156.
5
Blackstone, gv. 164.
134 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
6
Blackstone, gv. 165
7
did britaneTSi lordTa palatis roli sakanonmdeblo processa da politi-
kis SeqmnaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1911 wlis reformis Semdeg, SezRudulia. yvelaze me-
ti, rac mas SeuZlia, aris ara umetes erTi Tvis vadiT TemTa palatis mier da-
dasturebuli finansebTan dakavSirebuli kanonproeqtebis Seferxeba.
parlamentis transformacia 135
8
magaliTad, poloneTsa da ungreTs hqondaT Zlieri saparlamento sistemebi,
romlebSic deputatebi TviTmmarTvelobasa da ers warmoadgendnen, magram 1848
wlamde didgvarovnTa mier warmodgenili eri mTel mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mci-
rericxovani iyo.
parlamentis transformacia 137
9
nawilobriv istoriuli `SemTxveviTobaa~, rom saxalxo-warmomadgenlobiTi
suverenitetis gamoxatva parlaments daekisra. Teoriulad, umravlesobam, SesaZ-
loa, es roli erT pirovnebas daakisros (Tuki umravlesobis neba xalxis nebas
gamoxatavs), magram erTi kacis reJimi advilad iqceva absolutizmad. xalxs SeeZ-
lo aerCia diqtatori an prezidenti, romelic SemdgomSi mas saerTo nebiT nakar-
naxeb kanonebs warudgenda, rasac ruso uWerda mxars, magram, rodesac gaCnda sa-
xalxo suverenitetis saWiroeba, ukve arsebobda xalxis nebis erTaderTi gamom-
xatveli – monarqi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxalxo nebis Teoria monarqis
mtrebma gamoiyenes, monarqi saerTo-saxalxo nebis gamomxatvelad verafriT CaiT-
vleboda.
138 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
10
John Locke, “The Second Treatise of Goverment” in Two Treatises of Government, ed
Peter Laslett, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), $149. bleqstoni misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli legalisturi azrovnebis gamo miiCnevda, rom statuturi samarTa-
li uaryofda am ideas.
parlamentis transformacia 139
11
1774 wlis 3 noembers arCevnebis dasrulebisas warmoTqmuli sityva wignidan
"Edmund Burke, The Writing and Speeching of Edmund Burke" vol. 3, eds. Paul Langford
and William B. Todd (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), gv. 63. XVIII saukunis inglisSi
ufro advili iyo imperatiuli mandatis ideis ukugdeba, vidre mogvianebiT saf-
rangeTis erovnul asambleaSi, romelmac saxalxo, erovnuli suverenitetis saxiT
SeimuSava da gamosca konstitucia.
12
cxadia, aq gamotovebulia Tanamedrove politikurad urTierTdamokidebule-
bebTan midgoma `konstitucionalizaciis~ TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove konstitu-
ciebi SemuSavebulia deputatebis an im partiuli ideologebis mier, romlebmac
deputatebis zogadmniSvnelovani kerZo interesebi unda gaiTvaliswinon. amrigad,
SeuTavseblobis mkacri ("Rirseuli") wesebis konstituciaSi asaxva naklebad Se-
saZlebelia.
parlamentis transformacia 141
13
liberaluri konstituciebi, 1791 wlis safrangeTis konstituciiT dawyebu-
li, Cveulebriv imperatiul mandatebsa da eleqtoratis davalebebs krZalavs. am-
gvar wesebs vxvdebiT, magaliTad, 1812 wlis espaneTis konstituciaSi, romlis mi-
xedviTac, arapirdapiri kenWisyriT arCeul regionalur warmomadgenlebs mTeli
espaneli eris interesebis dacva evalebaT (muxli 100). igivea 1848 wlis fran-
kfurtis konstituciaSic (muxli 96). mraval konstituciaSi Tavisufali manda-
tis koncefciis Setana liberalizmis principebiT ar iyo nakarnaxebi. 1814 wlis
holandiis konstituciam aRiara es principi, radgan wina parlamentis (asambleis)
delegatebi sinamdvileSi provinciuli parlamentebis delegatebi iyvnen da asam-
bleis (generaluri qveynebis) muSaoba realurad paralizebuli iyo, radganac de-
legatebs, TiTqosda cudad mowyobil diplomatiur konferencias eswrebiano, dava-
lebebis misaRebad Sin uwevdaT dabruneba (1983 wlis Sesworebis Semdeg es wesi
aisaxa 67-e muxlis me-3 punqtSi). zog SemTxvevaSi, konstituciebSi xazgasmiTaa
naTqvami, rom parlamentis wevrebi mTel ers warmoadgendnen da, rom maT mxolod
TavianTi sindisis karnaxiT unda imoqmedon (muxli 38, germania, 1949w.) amis
msgavsia vaimaris konstituciis 21-e muxli da safrangeTis 1958 wlis konstitu-
ciis 27-e muxli, iseve rogorc safrangeTis mesame da meoTxe respublikebis kon-
stituciebis debulebebi. erovnuli warmomadgenlobis TvalTmaqcobas gamoxatavs
is gavrcelebuli faqti, rom partiuli siiT arCeuli parlamentis wevri Tavis
partias mis mier xelmoweril partiuli Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis deklaracias
warudgens, romelic ZalaSi subordinaciis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Sedis. sasamar-
Tloebi am dokumentebs uxalisod iReben [pirveli aseTi saqme vaimaris (germania)
sasamarTloSi parlamentis komunisturi partiis erT-erTi wevris daumorCileb-
lobisas ganixiles].
142 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
14
respublikelTa gzneba paradoqsuli iyo, radgan mosaxleobis umravlesobas
ar hqonda xmis ufleba. ase rom, xmis micemis sayovelTao uflebis ararsebobisas
TanamedroveTa saubari saxalxo warmomadgenlobaze sakmaod ucnaurad JRers. aSS-
Si zogierTi socialuri jgufi, magaliTad, monebi da indielebi, "formaluri" mi-
zeziT moklebuli iyvnen xmis uflebas, radgan isini srulfasovan adamianebad ar
miiCneodnen (gonebrivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT), magram es gamonaklisi im dro-
sac ki Zalian sakamaTo iyo. XIX saukunis konstituciur saxelmwifoebSi aRiare-
buli sakuTrebisa da gadasaxadebis SezRudvasTan SedarebiT, am sakiTxSi mdidarTa
SiSi mZlavrobda. isini amtkicebdnen, rom uqonel pirovnebas, romelic sxvisi meS-
veobiT irCenda Tavs, gadawyvetilebis da, Sesabamisad, xmis uflebac ar hqonda.
arc qalebi miiCneodnen xmis uflebis mqoned, Tumca amis gasamarTleblad erTmane-
Tisgan sruliad gansxvavebul da metad sakamaTo mizezebs asaxelebdnen.
15
zomierad gamoxatuli xalxis nebis momxreebic am daskvnamde mividnen. abat
seiesis moZRvrebis mimdevari safrangeTis damfuZnebeli krebis umravlesoba mxars
uWerda sajaro da saparlamento debatebs, romelTa meSveobiTac saerTo neba ya-
libdeboda. miiCneoda, rom jerovani debatebis Sedegad Seqmnili umravlesobis neba
SeuzRudav da upirobo saerTo nebas gamoxatavda. iseve rogorc dReisaTvis, XVIII
saukunis britaneTis parlamenti partiebis mier marTul „manqanad“ gamoiyureba.
Tumca 1832 wels reformis aqtis wina da momdevno wlebSi "brZen da unarian"
adamianTa sja-baasi parlamentSi ufro gaaqtiurda. parlamentis idealur wevrad,
iseve rogorc konstituciis idealur Semqmnelad damoukidebeli, saRi azris mqone
144 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
adamiani miiCneoda. Samuel H. Beer, Modern British Politics: Parties and Pressure Groups
in the Collectivist Age (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982 ), gv. 39.
16
Francois Guizot, Histoire du gouvernement representatif en France, vol. 1 (Paris:
Didier, 1851), gv. 14. gizo Tavdapirvelad, 1820 wlidan, leqciebs kiTxulobda.
17
John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (Buffalo, NY:
Prometheus Books, 1991), gv. 190. saxalxo warmomadgenlobis kidev erTi mowinaaR-
mdege _ hegelic saparlamento debatebs did saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas aniWeb-
da.
parlamentis transformacia 145
18
hamiltonic msgavs mosazrebebs gamoxatavda, magram mas ufro pragmatuli
sakiTxebi awuxebda. The Federalist Papers No. 70 (New York: Mentor Books, 1961).
146 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
19
1870 wlis safrangeTis komunis Semdeg, frangulma burJuaziulma jgufebma mu-
Sebs saarCevno ufleba mianiWes, riTac provinciebSi xmis uflebisa da sakuTrebis
mqone monarqistulad ganwyobil glexebs daupirispirdnen. bismarkma glexebs xmis
ufleba im mizniT mianiWa, rom parlamentSi iunkrebis warmomadgenlobisaTvis SeeSa-
la xeli. jer kidev safrangeTis revoluciis dros gauqmda sxvaoba aqtiur da pa-
siur xmis uflebebs Soris (1791 wlis 10 agvisto), rac omiTa da "erovnuli Tav-
dacviT" iyo nakarnaxebi. 21 welze meti xnis yvela mamakacma (mosamsaxureTa garda),
vinc ki erTgulebis fics dadebda, xmis ufleba miiRo. igive principi ganxorcielda
mraval sxva qveyanaSic. pirveli msoflio omis dros da mis Semdeg, mSvidobian
dros, azris gamoxatvis ufleba ar misces adamians, romelic valdebulia daicvas
Tavisi saxelmwifo da mokvdes kidec misTvis. pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisas,
yvela met-naklebad konstituciur saxelmwifoSi xmis ufleba mamakacebs mainc mieni-
WaT. `sazarbazne xorcs~ Tavganwirvis sanacvlod raRac xom unda mieRo.
parlamentis transformacia 147
20
Ivor Jennings, The British Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1962), gv. 29.
21
partiuli demokratiebi ganasaxiereben yvelafer imas, risic liberaluri
parlamentarizmis mesveurT esoden eSinodaT: es iyo demokratiuli gziT arCeuli
lideris keisruli mmarTveloba. liberaluri konstitucionalizmis momxre maqs
veberi miuReblad miiCnevda klasikur parlamentarizms. keisruli mmarTvelobis
damcvelma 1917 wels ganacxada, rom parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratia niS-
navda uzenaes xelisufalTa pirdapir arCevas, rac WeSmaritad keisris Sesafer ma-
sobriv aRfrTovanebas gamoiwvevda. mas undoda saparlamento sistemis Secvla sa-
yovelTao kenWisyriT damkvidrebuli demokratiiT, Tundac amas erTi kacis despo-
turi mmarTveloba mohyoloda. „Tuki parlamenti CixSi moeqceva, liderma xalxs
unda mimarTos. saparlamento krizisis daZleva oTx an xuTpartiul parlamentSi
prezidentis gareSe SeuZlebelia“. Max Weber, Parliament und Regierung im
148 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
22
Joseph Schumpeter, „Sozialistische Möglichkeiten von Heute“, Archiv fur
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 48 (1922), gv. 329-330.
23
Harold Laski, The Foundations of Sovereignty (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.,
1921).
24
Thomas Mann, Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man, trans. Walter D. Morris (New York:
F. Ungar, 1983), gv. 188-189.
150 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
25
v.i. lenini, "saxelmwifo da revolucia" (londoni, gamomc: P“Penguin Books“,
1992), gv. 42 (citata marqsidan).
26
ueWvelia, arsebobs aranormaluri, ukiduresi da krizisuli viTarebebi, ga-
daudebel arasaparlamento gadawyvetilebebs rom moiTxovs. magram amgvari insti-
tutebis konstituciuri kontroli SesaZlebelia mTeli krizisuli periodis gan-
mavlobaSi. Smitis diqtatoruli Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, konstituciuri saxel-
mwifos mizani sagangebo mdgomareobaSi misi marTva da konstituciuri wyobis uz-
runvelyofaa. vaimaris konstituciis problema is ki ar iyo, rom raixis preziden-
ti sagangebo viTarebaSi gamoscemda sakanonmdeblo aqtis Zalis mqone brZanebule-
parlamentis transformacia 151
a) uwyvetoba
28
magaliTad, ungreTis konstituciis mixedviT, axali parlamenti wina parla-
mentis mandatis gasvlis vadidan sam TveSi unda Seikribos. igive xdeba parlamen-
tis daSlis an TviTdaSlis SemTxvevaSic. prezidenti axali parlamentis sesias
arCevnebidan ara ugvianes 30 dRis Semdeg iwvevs.
154 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
b) uflebamosilebaTa vadebi
29
komunisturi parlamentis amocanebi sakmaod SezRuduli iyo, radgan misi sa-
kanonmdeblo funqciebi gadaecemoda kidev ufro sando partiul instituts, maga-
liTad, ungreTSi saxalxo respublikis saprezidento sabWos. saxalxo demokra-
tiis wyobis qveynebSi kanonebi Zalian mniSvnelovan rames rodi warmoadgenda. 1987
wels socialistTa cdas, "SeeqmnaT kanoniT marTuli saxelmwifo", ungreTSi saka-
nonmdeblo saqmeebis mkacri aRnusxva mohyva. prezidiumis mier Seqmnili kanonmdeb-
loba akmayofilebda socialisturi kanonierebis mcire moTxovnebs imis Taobaze,
rom kanonebis Semqmnel organoebSi wesrigi da ierarqia yofiliyo gabatonebuli.
mefis ruseTma da ssr kavSirma isic ver moaxerxes, rom standartuli ierarqia
daemkvidrebinaT da postsabWour ruseTsac es naklovaneba memkvidreobiT gadaeca.
socialistebisaTvis Cveuli saparlamento sesiebis ugulebelyofa parlamentis
saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli teqnikuri wesebis (dReebis raodenoba, sesiis xangrZli-
voba da sxv.) konstituciur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs.
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 155
30
mTavroba, Tuki igi britaneTSi kargad moqmedad miiCneva, Sualeduri arCevne-
bis Sedegebs sulmouTqmelad elis. Tavis politikas sazogadoebis moTxovnebs
ufardebs, radgan Sualedur etapze marcxi da gansakuTrebiT mmarTveli partiis
amomrCevelTa xmebis dakargva miiCneva mTavrobiT mTeli mosaxleobis ukmayofile-
bis gamoxatvad.
156 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
31
citata moyvanilia The Federalist Papers No. 53: Madison, gv. 330.
32
am konteqstSi evropis moxsenieba SeiZleba mTlad mizanSewonili ar iyos,
radgan evropis mravali saxelmwifo federaciulia da parlamentis oTxwliani va-
dis manZilze regionaluri arCevnebi tardeba. adgilobriv parlamentebs mravali
sakiTxis gadawyvetis ufleba aqvT.
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 157
g) parlamentis daTxovna
33
partiebis SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, federaluri asambleas xmaTa umravlesobiT
ganTavisuflebuli kancleris nacvlad axali ar dausaxelebia da prezidentma kar-
stensma parlamentis arCevnebi daniSna. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom es faqti kon-
stituciurad cno (62BVerfGE1 (1984), vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom undoblobis
konstruqciuli votumis konstituciur debulebaTa darRveviT arCevnebis daniSvna
konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeba, saxelmwifo ganStoebaTa Soris miRweulma konsen-
susma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxvagvari gadawyvetileba SeuZlebeli gaxada.
konstituciis teqsti, mis upirveles damcvelTa azriTac ki, yovlisSemZle ar
aris, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca antikonstituciur ganmartebas mTeli politiku-
ri elita eTanxmeba.
34 gardamavali demokratiisTvis es tipuri SemTxvevaa. komunistur mmarTvelo-
baze reaqciis saxiT parlamentma sruli avtonomia moiTxova, imis gaTvaliswine-
biT, rom komunistebis dros qveyanas mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mar-
Tavda.
35
prezidentma, romelsac parlamentis mxardaWeriT meored arCeva surs, SeiZ-
leba daiTxovos igi, radgan xmebis gansazRvruli raodenobiT undoblobis votu-
mis gamocxadebis gamo, parlamenti mas, savaraudod, xelaxla ar airCevs. unda aRi-
160 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
36
1689 wlis uflebaTa bilis me-9 muxlis mixedviT, sityvis Tavisufleba da
saparlamento debatebi, Tu saqmianoba impiCments, sasamarTlo an nebismier sxva
arasaparlamento ganxilvas ar eqvemdebareba. daniis, irlandiis, iaponiisa da ho-
landiis konstituciebis mixedviT, parlamentarebi sityvis SeuzRudavi Tavisuf-
lebiT parlamentis SigniT sargebloben.
162 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
37
zog qveyanaSi parlamenti Tavisi wevris winaaRmdeg saqmis aRZvraze uars ac-
xadebs maSinac ki, rodesac es wevri sasamarTloSi gamarTlebis imediT, TxovniT
mimarTavs Tavis kolegebs.
38
dapatimrebas danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, Cveulebriv, sagangebo nebarTva ar
sWirdeba. inglisur-amerikuli tradiciisamebr, saparlamento sesiis dros parla-
mentaris dapatimreba ar SeiZleba. britaneTis tradiciis mimdevar Tanamegobrobis
zogierT qveyanaSi impiCmentis sakiTxs sasamarTlo ki ara, parlamenti wyvets. ze-
moaRniSnuli midgomidan gamomdinare, Jurnalisti parlamentisadmi Seuracxmyofe-
li mimarTvisaTvis SeiZleba parlamentSi gamoiZaxon axsna-ganmartebisaTvis.
39
italiis parlamentis reglamentiT (me-60 muxlis me-2 punqti), parlamentis
wevrs iq gamoCena SeiZleba 2-15 dRiT aekrZalos. TiTqmis asea safrangeTis saka-
nonmdeblo organoSic.
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 163
40
1946-48 wlebSi ungrelma komunistebma parlamenti franguli receptiT Zex-
viviT daWres. swored ase movida xelisuflebaSi robespieri da misi partia saf-
rangeTis revoluciis dros. parlamentis wevrTa imunitetTan dakavSirebuli
gaurkvevloba, anu is, rom isini SeiZleba xelisuflebas gadascen, jer daexmara,
Semdeg daRupa iakobinelebi. "Zexvis" teqnika sayovelTao Cans. 1913 wlis 3 noem-
bers CineTis konstituciis saboloo varianti imave wlis rva aprils arCeul
erovnul asambleas gadaeca gansaxilvelad. parlamentis funqciobis Svidi Tvis
manZilze "Zexvis daWris" taqtikis farTod gamoyenebis Sedegad, parlamentis wev-
rTa raodenoba konstituciisaTvis kenWis sayrelad arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, radgan
uwindeli saparlamento umravlesobis wevrebi SeTqmulebis braldebiT rigrigobiT
gadasces policias.
164 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
41
Tu yoveli calkeuli deputati warmoadgens saarCevno olqs, SexedulebaTa
sxvadasxvaobac bunebrivia. magram, rodesac romelime partiis wevri Tavis kanon-
proeqts warudgens plenums, es mxolod sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis mipyrobas isa-
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 165
b) sajarooba parlamentSi
43
SekiTxvebis dasma da interpelacia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis zedamxed-
velobis instrumentia da TavisTavad mxolod parlamentis mier debatebisa da Se-
mowmebis dros gamosayenebel inteleqtualur instrumentad ar unda CaiTvalos.
ix. mexuTe Tavi.
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 167
44
Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into
a Category of Bourgeois Society (London: Polity Press, 1989).
45
ix. zemoaRniSnuli partiuli politikis naklovaneba da masobrivi informa-
ciis saSualebaTa epoqa.
168 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
46
umravlesobis mier marTvis garda, konstituciebi metwilad parlamentis Si-
da funqciebis ganmsazRvrel wesebsac Seicavs, romlebSic parlamentis palatebs
Soris kompetenciebis Taobaze warmoqmnil konfliqtebsa da partiebis mier maTi
gadaWra-gadauWrelobis gzebzea laparaki.
47
mesame (paralmentis arawevris) mxaris uflebebiT saparlamento imuniteti
tradiciulad izRudeba. ix. Stockdale v. Hansard (1839, 9 & A.E.I).
48
CC 59-2. magaliTad, saparlamento wesi, romlis mixedviTac, mTavrobis wev-
rTa moxsenebebis xangrZlivoba (reglamenti) unda SezRuduliyo, antikonstitu-
ciurad CaTvales da uaryves. konstituciis debuleba, romelic aseTi savaldebu-
lo Semowmebis moTxovnas Seicavda, de golma parlamentis SiSiT misi avtonomiis
SesazRudavad SemoiRo.
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 169
49
TviTgamorkvevisadmi miswrafebam, SesaZloa, parlamentis TviTdegradacia
(daknineba) gaamarTlos. magaliTad, rodesac rame kanonis miRebas kvalificiuri
umravlesoba sWirdeba, parlamentis Tavmjdomare ambobs, rom kanoni miRebulia,
Tumca saWiro kvalificiuri umravlesoba ar yofila. am kanonis iuridiul Zalas-
Tan dakavSirebul kamaTze ubralo umravlesobaa saWiro, radgan es saproceduro
sakiTxia, magram ubralo umravlesoba sakmarisi ar iqneba, Tu vixelmZRvanelebT
wesiT, rom saproceduro sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas
iseTive mkacri wesebis gamoyenebaa saWiro, rogoricaa gansaxilvel gadawyvetile-
basTan dakavSirebuli pirobebi.
170 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
50
1995 wlis dasawyisSi aSS-is kongresma ganacxada, rom gadasaxadis momate-
basTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri kanonis miRebisaTvis sami mexuTedis umravlesoba
iyo saWiro. konstituciuri kontrargumentebi, kerZod, is, rom kanonis misaRebad
ubralo umravlesoba kmaroda, uaryves imis safuZvelze, rom es mxolod procedu-
ruli wesi iyo. kvalificiuri umravlesobis SemTxveva, kvorumis pirobebi ganmar-
tebas saWiroebs.
51
absoluturi umravlesobis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis sasargeblod ara
erTi Teoriuli argumentis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli, magram damswre parlamentarTa-
gan TavSekavebulTa xmebis daTvla jerac sakamaToa. umravlesobis mkacri gansaz-
Rvra mTavrobis umravlesobis Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. kanoni miRebulad mxolod im
172 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
g) kvalificiuri umravlesoba
57
Tu ar CavTvliT aSS-is kongresis qvekomitetebs, meqsikis parlamentSi, sul
cota, 50-ze meti qvekomitetia. mravalkomitetiani sakanonmdeblo organos gamoc-
dilebaze dayrdnobiT, 1958 wels safrangeTis konstituciam (muxli 43) mudmivi
komitetebis raodenoba eqvsamde Seamcira. Philip Laundy, Parliaments in the Modern
World (Dartmouth: Gower: 1989), gv. 120.
176 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
58
Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics
(Gloucester, Mass,: P. Smith, 1973), gv. 69.
59
britaneTis parlamentSi zogierT komitets opoziciis warmomadgenlebi xel-
mZRvaneloben. asevea ungreTSic. aSS-Si komitetebis Tavmjdomareebi umravlesobis
partias warmoadgenen.
60
italiis konstituciiT es nebadarTulia (muxli 72).
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 177
61
britaneTis parlamentis mudmivi komitetebi xSirad faqtebis mompoveblis
rols asruleben. ramdenime sagamoZiebo, faqtebis mompovebeli da politikuri wi-
nadadebebis SemmuSavebeli komiteti lordTa palataSic aris.
62
sainteresoa, rom aSS-Si damoukidebel komitetebs xSirad prezidenti qmnis.
zogjer kongresi Sereul komitetebsac ayalibebs, romlebSic aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenlebic monawileoben.
178 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
63
vaimaris konstituciis mixedviT (muxli 34), aseTi komitetebis Seqmna par-
lamentis wevrTa 20 procentis TxovniT SeiZleboda. zustad asevea 1994 wlis
ungreTis parlamentis reglamentiTac. germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma zRvari 25 pro-
centamde gazarda, xolo 1831 wlis belgiis konstitucia moZiebis warmoebis uf-
lebas parlamentis orive palatas aniWebs (muxli 40).
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 179
b) partiuli fraqciebi
64
ramdenime axalSeqmnili, magaliTad, 1958 wels safrangeTis an 1983 wels
Sesworebuli holandiis konstitucia partiul fraqciebs ar cnobs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini parlamentis saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben. fraqcia
mniSvnelovania, Tumca politikosebi xSirad partiul disciplinas arRveven da
fraqciebs dausjelad toveben, rac imas niSnavs, rom fraqciis wevri, romelmac
misi datoveba arCia, ar kargavs xmis uflebas. ise rom xdebodes, rom partiis
fraqciidan garicxuli an Tavisi nebiT wasuli misi wevri saparlamento mandats
kargavdes, partiuli marTva parlamentSi sruliad gabatondeboda da sakanonmdeb-
lo organo mTlianad daemorCileboda partiul interesebs, rac partiis lidere-
bis ocnebaa. amis arcTu mTlad obieqturi axsna isaa, rom es uzrunvelyofda par-
lamentis stabilurobas, rac specialuri saarCevno debulebebiTa da saparlamento
teqnikiT XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ase gaZnelda. roca piri parlamentis wev-
ri xdeba partiuli siiT, anu amomrCevlebma parlamentSi is "kaligulas cxenis"
nacvlad Seiyvanes, gamodis, rom igi an fraqciis "TavlaSi" unda darCes, an gasayid
cxenad iqces.
1994 wels ungreTis parlamentis reglamenti konstituciis debulebaTa gamo
ase Sors ver wavida, magram fraqciidan garicxuli an Tavisi nebiT gasuli wevri
imiT isjeba, rom 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi sxva fraqciis wevroba ekrZaleba da, amde-
nad, igi gankicxulis rolSia.
180 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
65
avstriis parlamentSi (bundesrati), iseve rogorc portugaliaSi, espaneTSi,
braziliasa da samxreT amerikis sxva qveyanebSi, arsebobs "daxuruli siis"' anu
"proporciuli warmomadgenlobis" sistema, romelic parlamentis erT an orive pa-
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 181
lataSi moqmedebs. iaponiis parlamentis zeda palataSi (mrCevelTa palata) da, ag-
reTve paragvaiSi, sistema mTlad proporciuli araa da upiratesoba did partiebs
eniWebaT.
zog saxelmwifoSi (italia, holandia, israeli, belgia) "partiuli siebis sis-
temas" garkveuli upiratesoba eniWeba. skandinaviis zog qveyanaSi partiis warmo-
madgenlobis umravlesoba proporciulad partiuli siebis mixedviT aris ganawi-
lebuli, sakompensacio adgilebs ki ufro mcire partiebi inawileben. ix. Laundy,
gv. 14-22.
66
partiebis konstituciuri rolis aRiarebis germanulma modelma jerjero-
biT popularoba ver moipova. 1958 wels safrangeTis konstituciaSi (romelic
SeiZleba SemTxveviT vaimaris konstitucias baZavs) partiuli fraqciebi moxsenie-
buli ar aris, Tumca misi me-4 muxli aRiarebs da uzrunvelyofs partiebis rols
saarCevno sistemaSi, romelic axasiaTebs maT rogorc "amomrCevelTa nebis" gamo-
xatvisaTvis sasargeblos.
182 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
g) opozicia
67
20 BverfGE (1966). Quoted in Donald P. Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence
of the Federal Republic of Germany (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), gv.
204-208.
68
unda iTqvas, rom aseTma midgomam didi iuridiuli kamaTi gamoiwvia. es nawi-
lobriv imitom moxda, rom biujeti konstituciur zedamxedvelobas eqvemdebareba,
xolo, meore mxriv, imitom, rom germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebam mxolod nawilobriv gansazRvra dafinansebis daSvebuli zRvari. jerje-
robiT mTlad naTeli araa, romeli partia eqvemdebareba dafinansebas. axali pos-
tkomunisturi demokratiebi uSualo mxardaWeras mimarTaven. aseTi midgoma gamar-
Tlebulia, Tu demokratia "axali an ganviTarebulia", magram partiis dafinansebis
sistemis dakanoneba, rasac yvela partia uWers mxars, konstituciurad sakamaToa.
es sistema partiebis kerZo kreditorebze damokidebulebas ver spobs. misi meSveo-
biT arc partiebis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa xerxdeba. amrigad, partiebi saxel-
mwifos xarjze arseboben da miaCniaT, rom arCevnebi da ara konstituciuri prin-
cipebia erTaderTi socialuri gamocda, romelic maT unda Caabaron.
69
zog komitetSi, aSS-ic ki, opoziciasa da mmarTvel fraqcias adgilebis Tana-
bari raodenoba eniWebaT (gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac komiteti imunitetis sa-
kiTxebze muSaobs).
parlamentis struqtura da muSaoba 183
70
ara erTi qveynis parlamentSi gamosvlebis droisa da, garkveul viTarebaSi,
sakomiteto adgilebis ganawileba mkacri wesebis dacviT xdeba. britaneTis parla-
mentis tradicia am mxriv sakmaod lmobieria. drois ganawileba aq Cveulebrivi
arxebiT miRweul saparlamento partiaTa Soris SeTanxmebiT mimdinareobs. amiT ka-
nonproeqtis meored wakiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli kamaTi erTi dRiT Semoifargleba.
184 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
71
es ar exeba umciresobis (opoziciis) wevrTa Tanasworobas kanonis winaSe,
magaliTad, umciresobis warmomadgenlobiTi jgufebi uflebamosili arian isargeb-
lon koleqtiuri momsaxurebiT (maTi wevrobis proporciulad). komitetebSi Ta-
namdebobebi adgilebis raodenobis mixedviT SeiZleba ganawildes, Tumca, es sak-
maod rTuli sakiTxia, radgan Tanasworobis principi meqanikur ganawilebaze xSi-
rad ar moqmedebs. am mxriv umravlesobisa da umciresobisadmi midgoma sxvadasxva
standarts eqvemdebareba.
72
saparlamento umciresobis saproceduro uflebaTa saWiroeba ufro gasagebi
gaxdeba, Tu amas ori sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre Temis saganmanaTleblo moTxovni-
lebebs SevadarebT. Tu ganaTleba yvelasaTvis erTnairi da xelmisawvdomia, maSin
igi umravlesobis enaze ganxorcieldeba. mas Semdeg, rac mSobliur enaze swavlis
umciresobis uflebas vaRiarebT, amiT imasac vgulisxmobT, rom miznis misaRwevad
araTanabari damatebiTi xarjebic unda gaviRoT.
73
mosamarTle qerensis azriT [Mahe v. R 33 C.R.R. 239 (1987)], "radgan umravle-
sobisa da umciresobis mdgomareoba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, maT sxvadasxvagva-
rad SeiZleba movepyroT. es rom ase ar iyos, umravlesobis mmarTveloba antikon-
stituciuri iqneboda".
erTpalatiani da orpalatiani sistemebi 185
74
qveynebSi, romlebic britanul tradiciebs misdeven, parlamentis meore pala-
tis wevrTa daniSvna ucxo araa. kanadaSi senatis wevrebs premier-ministri niSnavs,
amdenad, senati, romelsac formalurad arCeuli warmomdgenelTa palatis msgavsi
uflebebi aqvs, Tavis uflebebs Tavadve zRudavs. iamaikaSi senatorTa umravleso-
bas premier-ministri niSnavs, umciresobis adgilebs ki opoziciis lideri gansaz-
Rvravs.
186 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
75
inglisis parlamentSi aseTi dayofa ar iyo. ix: Albert Frederick Pollard, The
Evolution of Parliament (London-New York: Longmans, Green, 1920).
yvelaze Zlevamosil lordebs mefe sagangebo privilegiebs aniWebda da isini
mmarTvelobaSi monawileobasac iTxovdnen. amrigad, maTi mdgomareoba gansxvavdebo-
da sxva didgvarovanTa mdgomareobisagan. XIV saukunis dasasruls qalaqebis war-
momadgenlebi gancalkevebiT ikribebodnen xolme. swored es fizikuri dayofa da
mis miRma arsebuli saziaro interesebi ganapirobebda am ori organos damoukide-
bel saqmianobas.
76 zogierTi respublikeli erTpalatian warmomadgenlobas ar eTanxmeba. 1826
wlis bolos xalxis warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli konstitucia sampalatian
parlaments uWerda mxars. mesame _ zedamxedvelTa palatis wevrebi aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas akontrolebdnen. 1826 wlis konstituciam mxolod erTi weli iar-
seba, magram mis mier dawesebuli sampalatiani parlamenti da ganusazRvreli vadiT
arCeuli prezidenti siaxle rodia. simon bolivaris am qmnilebam didi gavlena
iqonia samxreT amerikis kontinentze. masSi is dilemebi gansaxierda, romlebic
liberali saxelmwifo moRvaweebis winaSe wamoiWreba xolme. kerZod, konstitu-
ciiT gansazRvruli maTi movaleoba dahyolodnen xalxis nebas maSinac ki, roca
xalxs, politikosTa azriT, politikuri simwife aklda.
parlamentis rekorduli – xuTi palata iugoslaviis prezidentis iosip broz
titos droindeli 1974 wlis konstituciiT iyo dadgenili, xolo, Tu ra intere-
siT – mniSvneloba ara aqvs. is, rom es idea uvargisi aRmoCnda, dResaviT naTelia.
erTpalatiani da orpalatiani sistemebi 187
77
Cexoslovakiis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata mxolod mas Semdeg da-
Tanxmda ori respublikis gancalkevebas, rac imis garantia miiRo, rom respublike-
bis senatebSi erTi vadiT mainc yofili delegatebi SeinarCunebdnen adgils. es pi-
roba CexeTis konstituciaSi aisaxa, magram arCevnebi 1997 wlamde ar Catarebula.
78
1830 wlidan lordTa palatis momxreni amtkicebdnen, rom igi warmomadgen-
lobiTi principiT moqmedebs, radgan TemTa palatis mier gagzavnil mxolod im ka-
nonproeqtebs ar uWers mxars, romlebic sazogadoebis erTsulovan mxardaWeras
ar imsaxurebs. sxva mxriv, lordTa palatis rekomendaciebi Semdgomi ganxilvis
sagania. es, albaT, ufro dRevandel dRes exeba, roca lordTa palata, XIX sau-
kunisagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis uufleboa.
188 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
79
James Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1901), gv. 239.
80
erTpalatian sistemebs evropaSi vxvdebiT fineTSi, saberZneTSi, portugalia-
Si, ungreTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTSi, baltiis qveynebsa da sloveniaSi. israel-
sac Tavisi daarsebisas socialur-demokratiuli gavlenis gamo, erTpalatiani par-
lamenti aqvs. axal zelandiaSi meore palata 1950 wels gauqmda. rogorc Cans,
erTpalatiani saparlamento sistema ufro mcire saxelmwifoebSia gavrcelebuli.
amave dros CineTSic parlamenti erTpalatiania, maSin rodesac karibis zRvis pata-
ra qveynebSi daniSnuli meore palata muSaobs. norvegia da islandia erTi arCevne-
bis Sedegad arCeul Tavis warmomadgenlebs or palataSi anawileben.
erTpalatiani da orpalatiani sistemebi 189
81
senatis arCevis yvelaze gavrcelebuli modeli mocemuli teritoriuli er-
Teulis amomrCevelTa yrilobis an saarCevno olqebis (regionebis) mier misi arCe-
vaa. qveda palatas sxva saarCevno olqebi irCeven. zog SemTxvevaSi senatorTa arCe-
vis wesebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba, esenia: xmis mimcemis asaki, nawilobrivi, da-
nawilebuli rotacia, romelmac senatorobis vada SeiZleba gaaxangrZlivos.
82
irlandiis konstitucia korporatizmis popularobis periodSi Seiqmna. amis
Sedegia is, rom irlandiis konstituciiT, senatSi sxvadasxva socialuri intere-
sis mqone jgufis uSualo gamoCenaa daSvebuli. zog senators premier-ministri
niSnavs, magram umravlesobas irCevs parlamentis, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da
daniSnul senatorTagan Seqmnili saarCevno sabWo.
190 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
83
albaT, es aris imis mizezi, rom holandiaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sa-
kiTxis ganxilvas ase iSviaTad iTxovs.
191
84
federaciul sistemebSi sakiTxebi, romlebsac federaluri sakanonmdeblo
organo da Semadgeneli Statebis parlamentebi wyveten, mkveTrad aris gamijnuli.
zogadi wesis mixedviT, im SemTxvevebSi, romlebic federalur kanons exeba, igi
uzenaesia. federaciuli kanonebis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba isaa, rom isini fe-
deracias Tavisi rolis Sesasruleblad unda sWirdebodes. amerikis konstitucia-
Si naTqvamia, rom federaluri sakanonmdeblo organo kanonebs mxolod konstitu-
ciaSi CamoTvlil sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT iRebs.
germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis mixedviT, kanonmdebloba sagangebod CamoTvlil sa-
kiTxebTan mimarTebaSi mxolod federaciis prerogativaa. sxva agreTve gansaz-
Rvrul sakiTxebSi sakanonmdeblo ufleba aqvT rogorc federalur, ise calkeuli
192 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
86
Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira
kanons, romelic federaluri saxsrebiT dafinansebul saavadmyofoebs im pirobiT
sTavazobda mxardaWeras, Tu isini arc ki axsenebdnen abortis msurvel qalTa momsa-
xurebas. germaniasa da ungreTSi abortTan dakavSirebuli konstituciuri kriteriu-
mebi moiTxovs, rom abortis msurveli qalis yuradReba am proceduris uaryofiT
mxares miepyros. es Canasaxis uflebaTa dasacavad xdeba da ara xarjvasTan dakavSi-
rebuli iuridiuli Tavisuflebis gamo. magram, rodesac germaniis sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom abortis uSualo xarjebis dafarva socia-
luri usafrTxoebis fondidan antikonstituciuria, amiT man biujetis im saqmiano-
bisaTvis gamoyeneba akrZala, romelic adamianis ZiriTad uflebas _ sicocxlis uf-
lebas arRvevs. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi uflebis dacvis mizniT saka-
nonmdeblo organos Tavisuflebis SezRudva mizanSewonilia.
sakanonmdeblo procesi 195
87
2 BVerfGE 213, 224 (1953).
88
germaniis sakanonmdeblo aqti saxlis aSenebisaTvis kontribuciis (mosakreb-
lis) dawesebis Taobaze antikonstituciurad miiCnies. es gadasaxadi mTel mosax-
leobas unda gadaexada, magram mxolod sakuTari saxlis amSeneblebi isargebleb-
dnen amiT (67 BVerfGE 256, 274–280 (1984). es mosakrebeli mxolod erT jgufs
rom dakisreboda, kanoni konstituciurad CaiTvleboda, radgan igi am SemTxvevaSi
ekonomikur kanonmdeblobas ganekuTvneboda, romlis saWiroebasac sasamarTlo ar
iZiebs.
89
55 BVerfGE 274, 302-304 (1980); Norwood v. Baker, 172 U.S. 296 (1898).
196 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
90
saparlamento sistemebSi ministrTa kabinets sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gan-
sakuTrebuli ufleba aqvs. specialuri prioritetuli wesebiT SesaZloa minis-
trTa kabinetis mier Setanili winadadebebis kenWisyris procedurac iyos gansaz-
Rvruli. mTavrobiseul winadadebebs mTavrobis TxovniTa da, zog SemTxvevaSi, par-
lamentis mxardaWeris gareSec, upiratesoba eniWeba. profesionalizmi da gabatone-
buli interesebi ministrTa kabinetis mxarezea.
sakanonmdeblo procesi 197
91
germaniis parlamentSi kabinetis mier SemuSavebuli winadadebebis proeqtebi
administraciaSi arsebuli brZolis dapirispirebis Sedegs asaxavs. ministrebi sa-
parlamento komitetebisaTvis wardgenili TavianTi winadadebebis kompensacias, maT
"gadarCenas" cdiloben, rac komitetebis kanonSemoqmedebiT rols kidev ufro
zrdis.
198 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
92
sagangebo mdgomareobis dros saxelisuflebo ganStoebaTa droebiT Serwyma
da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva daSvebulia.
Smitis garkveuli mniSvnelobis mqone naxevarsimarTle rom moviSvelioT, suvereni
– umaRlesi xelisufali is aris, vinc sagangebo mdgomareobas acxadebs. ix. Carl
Schmitt, Die Diktatur (München-Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot, 1921), gv. 194. es gansa-
kuTrebiT maSin xdeba, rodesac sagangebo mdgomareobis damwesebeli da aRmasrule-
beli erTi da igive organoa, anu, roca sagangebo mdgomareobas aRmasrulebeli ac-
xadebs da axorcielebs kidec. sagangebo mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo
funqcia konstituciurad aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas gadaecema. magram saxelmwi-
foebSi, sadac konstitucionalizms seriozulad ekidebian, sagangebo xelisufle-
sakanonmdeblo procesi 199
bas erTi ki ara, aramed Sereuli organo axorcielebs. droebiT SeCerebuli uf-
lebebi da am SezRudvis masStabi winaswar ganisazRvreba, risTvisac sagangebo
mdgomareobis gamocxadebamde an mis dadasturebamde sagangebo xelisuflebis ganma-
xorcielebeli organosagan damoukidebeli organos dasturia saWiro. ix. germanii-
sa da ungreTis konstituciebi.
93
Cako aris argentinis, boliviisa da paragvais iurisdiqciaSi moqceuli daax-
loebiT 100 aTasi kvadratuli milis teritoria samxreT amerikaSi.
94
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
200 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
95
evropis zog qveyanaSi cdiloben sagareo politika parlamentis kontrol-
qveS datovon, magram, garkveulwilad, is aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelmZRva-
nelobiTac xorcieldeba. amgvari kontroli miT ufro saWiroa, rodesac sagareo
politika SeiaraRebul Zalebze axdens gavlenas. amas winaT, germaniis sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom jaris nawilebis samSvidobo operaciis gansaxor-
cieleblad sazRvargareT gagzavnas parlamentis dasturi sWirdeba. qveynis ZiriTa-
di kanoni amgvari gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ar iZleva da es mmarTveli
partiisa da opoziciis Tvalsazrisis Sejerebas asaxavs.
96
metalurgiuli qarxnebi gaficvas apirebdnen. prezidentis azriT, muSaobis
Sewyveta samxedro operaciisaTvis saziano iqneboda. qarxnebis uSualod mTavrobis
kontrolSi moqceviT, gaficvis Tavidan acileba SeiZleboda, rac kerZo qarxnebis
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iyo. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579
(1952).
sakanonmdeblo procesi 201
97
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da misi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis gasa-
kontroleblad kongresma mTeli rigi sagangebo zomebi miiRo. man Seqmna mareguli-
rebeli organoebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa komunikaciebis (kavSirgabmulobis) fede-
202 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
98
magaliTad, Tu ar aris naTeli, vis exeba delegirebuli sakanonmdeblo uf-
lebiT aRWurvili organos mier gamocemuli administraciuli aqti, germaniis sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo mas antikonstituciurad cnobs. rodesac "vertikalu-
rad integrirebul" kompaniebs gadasaxadi daekisraT, kanonma Tavdapirvelad aRmas-
rulebel xelisuflebas am administraciuli aqtiT dazaralebulTaTvis kompensa-
ciis dawesebis ufleba misca, magram sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifosaTvis miuReblad iqna miCneuli is, rom aseTi mniSvnelovani koncefcia
("vertikalurad integrirebuli kompania") gansazRvruli ar iyo. isic unda iTqvas,
rom germanelebi delegirebasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis metismet gansazRvrulo-
bas ar iTxoven.
204 parlamentarizmi da xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo ganStoeba
100
ix. The Kalkar case, 49BVerfGE 89, gv. 126 (1978).
101
49BVerfGE 89, 127 (1978). Quoted in Kommers, gv. 139. atomuri energiis Sesa-
xeb aqtiT atomuri sadguris licenzia mxolod im pirobiT SeiZleba gaices, Tu
ganmcxadebeli arsebuli mecnieruli codnisa da teqnologiis gaTvaliswinebiT
`yvela Rones ixmars, rom sadguris mSeneblobam da funqciobam zarali ar gamoiw-
vios~. `saWiro mecnieruli codna~ `ganusazRvreli iuridiuli terminia~, romlis
gamoyenebac, miuxedavad amisa, samecniero da teqnikuri cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT
konstituciuria. termini arsebuli da socialur-profesiuli praqtikis fonze,
mkafio mniSvnelobis gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva.
102
amis sapirispirod, klasikuri evropuli midgomiT, sagangebo mdgomareobis
SemTxvevaSi specialuri delegireba xdeba, radgan aq konstituciaze dafuZnebuli
sakanonmdeblo procesi 207
104
dadgenilebis avtorma aRmasrulebelma organom unda daamtkicos, rom Sro-
mis usafrTxoebis wesebis SemuSavebisas man arsebuli informacia gaiTvaliswina.
britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is sasamarTloebi administraciis gadawyvetilebe-
bis gasakontroleblad Zal-Rones ar iSureben. Tumca isini faqtebis Sejerebis
Sedegebis kontrols ar kisruloben, magram imis damamtkicebel sabuTs kiTxulo-
ben, rom yvela mniSvnelovani aspeqti da faqti gaTvaliswinebulia.
sakanonmdeblo procesi 209
105
ungreTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom erTmaneTisgan gamijna adamianis Ziri-
Tadi uflebebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis "meoreuli" da "pirveladi" regulireba.
axla saqme isaa, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli ZiriTadi uflebebis mowesrigeba meo-
reuli aspeqtebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli dekretebiT.
Tavi mexuTe
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
"aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis tiraniac dadgeba"
Tomas jefersoni
1
konstituciebis umravlesobaSi araferia naTqvami saxelmwifo samsaxuris
neitralobaze. XX saukunemde saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da saxelmwifo moxele ar
warmoadgenda konstituciis Temas.
214 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
2
koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis es disfunqciuri wesi centraluri xe-
lisuflebis, misi avtokratiuli Zalauflebis dakargvis udidesi SiSiTaa nakarna-
xebi, radgan, Tu erT pirs mocemul administraciul doneze gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebis SeuzRudavi ufleba aqvs, maSin saxelmwifo organoTa xelmZRvanelebs (maga-
liTad, ministrebs) avtokratiuli mmarTvelis an aRmasrulebeli xelmZRvanelis
sawinaaRmdego SeuzRudavi ufleba eqnebaT.
vin an ra miiCneva aRmasrulebeli 215
xelisuflebis meTaurad?
3
aseTive ideebi gamodis wina planze, rodesac diqtators legitimacia surs
(magaliTad, 1919-1944 wlebSi admiral horTis gubernatorobis dros).
216 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
4
1933 wels Smiti nacisti gaxda ise, rom mis azrovnebaSi didi Zvra ar mom-
xdara, amitomac misi naazrevi totalitarizmis damkvidrebis xelSemwyob faqto-
rad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
5
Carl Schmitt, Verfassungslehre (München-Leipzig: Dunckler and Humblot, 1928), gv.
50.
6
Carl Schmitt, Der Hüter der Verfassung (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1931), gv. 89, 159.
vin an ra miiCneva aRmasrulebeli 217
xelisuflebis meTaurad?
7
mcdar, magram naTelsa da zust cnebas amqveynad, rogorc wesi, meti Zala
aqvs, vidre WeSmarit, magram bundovan da rTul princips. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), gv.172.
218 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
8
poloneTis konstituciaSi 1992 wels Setanili Sesworebis mixedviT, Tav-
dacvisa da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis saTaveSi prezidentis ndobiT aRWurvi-
li piri unda idges, radgan prezidents am sferoebSi gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeb-
loba ekisreba.
9
vaimaris modelis mimzidvelobas is amtkicebs, rom misi konstituciis sagan-
gebo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli araadekvaturi debulebebiT prezidentma hin-
denburgma ususuri da ukiduresad dapirispirebuli parlamentis daSla SeZlo,
ris Semdegac qveyanas Tavisi kancleris (premier-ministris) meSveobiT marTavda, am
ukanasknelma ki parlamentis mxardaWeris mopoveba ver SeZlo. teqnikurad swored
aman Seuwyo xeli hitleris mosvlas xelisuflebaSi.
vin an ra miiCneva aRmasrulebeli 219
xelisuflebis meTaurad?
10
1989 wels dawyebuli gardamavali procesis debatebi ZiriTadad sust, Seda-
rebiT Zlier da Zlier prezidents exeboda. amgvari dayofis ZiriTadi problema
misi gamartivebuli formalizmi rodia. rogorc Cans, aviwydebaT, rom es dayofa
konstituciuri wyobis mxolod erT elements exeba da imas ki ar iTvaliswinebs,
rom prezidentis Zalaufleba mxolod xelisuflebis danawilebis konteqstSi
moiazreba, maSin rodesac swored danawileba gamoiricxa parlamentis mtkice le-
gitimuri moTxovniT da saparlamento kanonmdeblobiT. saparlamento sistemaSi
"SedarebiT Zlierma an Zlierma" prezidentma, romelic saxelisuflebo ganStoeba-
Ta danawilebis gareSe moqmedebs, SeiZleba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sinagani
struqtura daarRvios da paraleluri aRmasrulebeli ganStoebis warmoqmnis rea-
luri safrTxe gaCndes.
220 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
11
germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 65-e muxlis mixedviT, "zogad politikur kurss
federaluri kancleri gansazRvravs da pasuxs agebs misTvis. amis farglebSi Ti-
Toeuli federaluri ministri damoukideblad da Tavisi pasuxismgeblobiT mar-
Tavs Tavisi dargis saqmeebs. federaluri ministrebis azrTa sxvadasxvaobas fede-
raluri mTavroba awesrigebs. federaluri kancleri federaluri mTavrobis saq-
meebis warmoebas mTavrobis mier miRebuli da federaluri prezidentis mier da-
dasturebuli proceduruli wesebiT ganagebs".
12
bulgareTis konstituciaSi mkacradaa gansazRvruli, rom premier-ministro-
bis kandidati yvelaze didi saparlamento fraqciis mier wamoyenebuli kandidati
unda iyos. premier-ministri SearCevs, xolo parlamenti maTgan Semdgar mTavrobas
uyris kenWs.
222 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
13
federaluri sabWos Semadgenloba sxvadasxva regionalur, politikur da re-
ligiur gansxvavebas asaxavs, radgan verc erTi saparlamento partia umravlesobiT
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelebad TavianT xalxs ver irCevs. gadaw-
yvetilebebis miRebisas sabWos wevrebma konsensuss unda miaRwion, misi Tavmjdoma-
re ki yovel wels icvleba.
223
14
mTavrobis pozicia SeiZleba ganmtkicdes, Tu, magaliTad, ise rogorc safran-
geTis parlamentis orpalatian sistemaSi, mas parlamentis palatebs Soris warmo-
Sobil davaSi arbitris roli ekisreba. mas eZleva saSualeba gverdze gadados is
kanonproeqtebi, romlebzec deputatebi ver Tanxmdebian. es viTareba, parlamenta-
rizmis TvalsazrisiT, saxifaToa. magram germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis mixedviT, same-
diatoro komitetis dawesebam mTavrobas kanonproeqtebis ugulebelyofis saSua-
leba mouspo.
224 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
15
1875-1914 wlebis safrangeTis mesame respublikaSi 48 mTavrobam imuSava (ma-
Ti muSaobis xangrZlivoba 22 dResa da 9 Tves Soris meryeobda). meoTxe respub-
likaSi mdgomareoba am mxriv kidev ufro gauaresda. 12 weliwadSi 22 premier-mi-
nistri Seicvala, xolo TiToeulma mTavrobam xelisufleba saSualod 6 Tve Sei-
narCuna. mexuTe respublikaSi mTavrobebma saSualod orweliwad-naxevari iarsebes.
1946 wlis konstituciis miRebidan, italiaSi mudmivi samTavrobo krizisi iyo.
1867-1918 wlebSi avstria-ungreTis monarqistul saxelmwifoSi 20 premier-mi-
nistri Seicvala, rac, daaxloebiT, orwlian xelisuflebas niSnavs da SedarebiTi
stabilurobis maCvenebelia. 1875-1890 wlebSi premier-ministri kalman tisCa iyo,
Tumca yoveli arCevnebis Semdeg igi odnav cvlida Tavisi kabinetis Semadgenlobas.
1918 wlamde sistema britaneTis saparlamento sistemis stabilurobas baZavs imiT,
rom premier-ministrebi xSirad icvlebodnen, radgan isini TavianTi partiis poli-
tikur kursze ambobdnen uars. magaliTad, 1890 wels kalman tisCam arCevnebi moi-
go, magram dakarguli xmebis raodenoba imdenad didi iyo, rom aman misi pozicia
liberalur partiaSi sakmaod Searyia. amitomac, tisCa umniSvnelo (simboluri) sa-
kiTxis gamo formalurad gadadga (monarqma uari ganacxada xeli moewera kanonze,
romelic laioS koSuts, 1848 wels antihabsburguli revoluciis liders, ungre-
Tis moqalaqeobas SeunarCunebda). tisCas momdevno premieri – giula sapari gadad-
ga, radgan misi partiis sxva liderebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi qorwinebis savalde-
bulo samoqalaqo registraciis winaaRmdegi iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo
krizisi axali saparlamento arCevnebis gareSe gadailaxa.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis prerogativebi 225
16
1982 wlisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniaSi 1972 wels undoblobis votumi ver
ganxorcielda. igi SeiZleba kanclermac moiTxovos (rogorc es social-demokrat-
ma helmut Smitma gaakeTa 1982 wels, radgan undoda, rom mokavSire Tavisufal
demokratebs umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli misi politikisaTvis daeWiraT
mxari mmarTvel partiaTa gaZlierebis mizniT). zog SemTxvevaSi ndobis sakiTxi
riggareSe arCevnebis Catarebis mizniT dgeba. Tu mTavrobas ar endobian da axali
kancleric arCeuli ar aris, prezidents SeuZlia Sexedulebisamebr daSalos par-
lamenti (ix. meoTxe Tavi).
17
mravali SezRudvis mqone aseTi midgoma vaimaris konstituciaSi aRbeWdil
sistemas arRvevs. vaimarSi sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, risi sa-
226 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
rom erTi saparlamento sesiis ganmavlobaSi aseTi winadadeba mxolod 4-jer SeiZ-
leba daayenon.
20
germaniaSi undoblobis votumis Semdeg, Tu mas axali mTavroba ar mohyva,
prezidents SeuZlia mcire xanSi (21 dRe) daiTxovos federaluri asamblea (mux-
li 68). samkviriani vada sakmarisad aris miCneuli imisaTvis, rom parlamentma, Tu
mas daSla ar surs, axali mTavroba gamoZebnos. safrangeTis konstitucia, (muxli
49) undoblobis votumis Semdeg mTavrobis gadadgomas moiTxovs. respublikis
prezidentma SeiZleba erovnuli asamblea daSalos, ris uflebac mas undoblobis
votumis gareSec aqvs.
21
im uZlieresi iaraRebis msgavsad, romlebsac yofili sardlebis Secdomebis
Tavidan asacileblad iyenebdnen, es mastabilizebeli meqanizmebi TiTqmis arasdros
gamocdila. politikosebi amtkiceben, rom safrangeTis mexuTe respublikis parla-
mentisa da mTavrobis stabiluroba SesaZlebeli gaxda ara imdenad am meqanizmebis
meSveobiT, aramed es de golis popularobam ganapiroba da, mogvianebiT, safrange-
Tis partiuli sistemis transformaciis wyalobiT, anu danawevrebis procesis
dasrulebiT iqna miRweuli. Zneli saTqmelia, ra uwyobs xels stabilurobas ger-
maniaSi – orpartiuli sistema da koaliciebis Seqmnis saSualeba, Tu mtkice par-
tiuli struqtura, romelic ZiriTadi kanonis debulebebsa da saarCevno sistemas
efuZneba.
228 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
22
1962 wels de golma parlamentis gverdis avliT konstituciaSi cvlileba
referendumis meSveobiT Seitana, rac prezidentis pirdapir arCevnebs akanonebda.
amis pasuxad, ganawyenebulma erovnulma asambleam, romelic misi impiCmentisaTvis
saWiro zeumravlesobas ar flobda, mTavroba gadaayena.
23
1993 wlis ruseTis konstituciis Tanaxmad, premier-ministrsa da mTavrobas
(premier-ministris rekomendaciiT) prezidenti niSnavs. marTalia, kabinetisTvis un-
doblobis votumis gamocxadeba SesaZlebelia, magram es prezidents ar avaldebu-
lebs. Tu undobloba 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gamocxadda, prezidenti
mTavrobas aTavisuflebs an parlamentis qveda palatas – saTaTbiros _ Slis. am
SemTxvevaSi, ndobadakargulma mTavrobam SeiZleba muSaoba ise gaagrZelos, rom ami-
saTvis xelaxali daniSvnis proceduris Catareba ar gaxdes saWiro. radgan saTaT-
biros daSla arCevnebidan erTi weli ar SeiZleba, prezidents qveynis marTva mou-
wevs parlamentisadmi dapirispirebuli mTavrobis pirobebSi.
24
formalurad axali arCevnebis Casatareblad mTavroba monarqs mimarTavs.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis prerogativebi 229
25
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli kanonmdebloba, upirveles
yovlisa, delegirebul sakanonmdeblo uflebebTan kavSirSi ganixileba.
230 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
26
aSS-Si, sadac saxelisuflebo ganStoebebi danawilebulia, xarjvasTan dakav-
Sirebul kongresis aqtebs aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba akontrolebs. konstitu-
ciurad sakamaTo muxlebrivi wesebis SemoRebamde prezidents masTan dapirispire-
bis ufleba ar hqonda.
27
radgan ruseTis xelisufleba am privilegiebiT uzrunvelyofili ar aris,
sakanonmdeblo proceduras reglamenti gansazRvravs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
prerogativebi ar gaaCnia. es ara marto ruseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
finansur efeqtianobasa da racionalurobas vnebs, aramed Tavad saTaTbiros saka-
nonmdeblo saqmianobasac aferxebs, rac mravalricxovani fraqciebisa da individua-
luri wevrebis kanonproeqtebis Setanis uflebiT isedac sakmaod Selaxulia.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis prerogativebi 231
5.3.4. biujeti
28
Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures,
Incentives and Outcomes (Baskingstone-Hampshire: New York University Press, 1994), gv.
170. braziliis konstituciis mixedviT, aseTi dekretebi "ukiduresi saWiroebis"
SemTxvevaSi unda gamoices da isini parlamentma 30 dReSi unda daadasturos. am-
gvar saWiroebas prezidenti adgens (rogorc Cans, es saWiroeba mudmivia). mas dek-
retis 30 dRiT gagrZelebis ufleba aqvs.
29
SemTxveviTi araa, rom am sakiTxs eTmoba germaniis konstituciis 46 grZeli
paragrafi. konstituciis mixedviT, gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas fede-
racia da provinciebi inawileben. safrangeTisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniis ZiriTadi
kanoni mTavrobas biujetis sakiTxSi gadamwyvet privilegiebs ar aniWebs, radgan
gaTvaliswinebulia, rom biujeti SeiZleba ver damtkices, amitom germaniis kon-
stitucia mizanSewonilobis debulebebs Seicavs, romlebic saxelmwifo adminis-
traciisa da samsaxuris wina biujetis farglebSi funqciobas uzrunvelyofen. sa-
Wiro emisiebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, mTavroba uflebamosilia isesxos
biujetis menejmentisaTvis saWiro fondebi. biujetis dasacavad, damatebiT fon-
debTan dakavSirebul saparlamento winadadebebis kenWisyras mTavrobis dasturic
232 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
30
C.J. Boulton et al., Erskine May`s Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and
Usage of Parliament (London: Butterworths, 1989), gv. 733-734.
234 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
31
germaniis konstitucia am sakiTxs Taviseburad udgeba. Semosavlebi da xar-
jebi gawonasworebuli unda iyos. dabalansebuli biujetis konstituciuri prin-
cipi, im amerikeli politikosebis sayvareli proeqti, romlebic mis danergvas
konstituciaSi Setanis gziT cdiloben, TavisTavad bevrs ar metyvelebs, radgan
sesxi SeiZleba Semosavals warmoadgendes, xolo mTavrobis gavlenaSi myofi sa-
xelmwifo an kerZo bankic sesxebs gascems.
32
ungreTis konstituciis 32-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtSi araferia naTqvami saau-
dito ofisis damoukideblobis Sesaxeb da isic gaugebaria, awarmoebs Tu ara igi
gamoZiebas parlamentis sagangebo TxovniT.
pasuxismgeblobis miTi 235
33
saparlamento komitetebis biujetis momzadebaSi Careva sakmaod warumatebe-
li aRmoCnda. britaneTSi amas bolo mouRes. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT, saau-
dito komitetis Tavmjdomare opoziciis wevria. meore mxriv, aSS-is kongresis
uflebebi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis departamentebis mimarT biujetisadmi kon-
gresis kontrols eyrdnoba.
236 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
34
Ivor Jennings, The British Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1962), gv. 143.
35
1848 wels dawerili ungreTis istoriis am Tavis sazareli daskvna da minis-
trTa pasuxismgeblobis tragikuli Sesavali is iyo, rom pirveli ungreli pre-
mier-ministris pasuxismgeblobas gamarjvebuli kontrrevolucionerebi, antiparla-
menturad ganwyobili absolutizmis momxreni imdenad seriozulad moekidnen, rom
igi sikvdiliT dasajes.
pasuxismgeblobis miTi 237
36
daniSvnisa da gaTavisuflebis principi ver gamodgeba, Tu daniSvna sxva saxe-
lisuflebo ganStoebas exeba. prezidenti parlaments premier-ministris kandida-
turas sTavazobs, magram igi konstruqciuli undoblobis votumis gamocxadebisas
premiers ver gaaTavisuflebs da verc axlis daniSvnaSi miiRebs monawileobas. sa-
pasuxismgeblobis miTi 239
37
R. A. Butler, 609 HC Deb.13 July, 1959, col. 37 as quoted in Anthony H. Birch, „The
Theory and Practice of Modern British Democracy,“ The Changing Constitution, eds. Jeffrey
Jowell and Dawn Oliver (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985), gv. 86.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sinagani struqtura 241
38
First Report from the Select Committee on Procedure (1977-78) HC 588 par. 1.5.
quoted in Gavin Drewry, „Select Committees and Back-Bench Power,“ in Jowell and Oliver,
eds., gv. 136.
39
magaliTad, aSS-is kongresSi Seiqmna kongresis organoebi (komisiebi), romle-
bic aRmasruleblis saqmianobaze saorganizacio gavlenas isaxaven miznad.
40
ormag aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, upirveles yovlisa, naxevrad saprezi-
dento sistemebSi axseneben, Tumca, rogorc amas jon blondeli gvTavazobs, orma-
gi xelmZRvanelobis ganxilva am sistemebTan dakavSirebiT ufro swori iqneboda.
blondelis mixedviT, "ormagi mmarTvelobis sistema iseTi sistemaa, sadac zogadi
mmarTvelobis saqmeebs faqtobrivad da cnobierad mxolod ori adamiani asrulebs".
Jean Blondel, „Dual Leadership in the Contemporary World: A Step Towards Executive and
Regime Stability,“ in Comparative Government and Politics: Essays in Honor of S.E. Finer,
eds. Dennis Kavanagh and Gillian Peele (London: Heinemann-Boulder: Westview Press,
1984), gv. 75.
242 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
41
ix. Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber and German Politics: 1890-1920 (Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press, 1987), gv. 379. imave dros momzeni, romelmac erT-er-
Tma pirvelma SeniSna kavSiri 1958 wlis de goliseul konstituciasa da veberis
Teorias Soris, sxvagvari Sefasebis SesaZleblobasac aRiarebs. prerogativebis aR-
revam da destabilizaciam, agreTve, saprezidento xelisuflebis borotad gamoye-
nebam vaimaris konstituciis tragikuli aRsasruli gamoiwvia, rac veberis siste-
mas Rirsebas ver matebs, magram am sakiTxs sxvagvari logikiTac SeiZleba mivud-
geT. vaimarSi prezidentis figura win ver wamoiweoda kanclersa da mis mTavrobas
TavianTi movaleobebi ukeT rom SeesrulebinaT, parlamentSi kvorumi rom Semdga-
riyo da gaborotebul, qarizmadakargul, partiul xelmZRvanelTa nacvlad nam-
dvil politikosebs rom eTamaSaT roli. im pirobebSi prezidentis Zalaufleba
parlamentisa da mTavrobis arakompetenturobiT gamowveuli Cixis dasaZlevad iyo
saWiro. vaimaris respublikis damxoba misma konstituciam ki ar ganapiroba (Tumca
arc uamisobaa), aramed sazogadoebaze eqstremistuli, totalitaruli partiebis
zegavlenam gamoiwvia.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sinagani struqtura 243
42
marTlac, ungreTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom prezidents premier-minis-
tris (mTavrobis) sawinaaRmdegod uari ganucxada, ris mizezadac prezidentis po-
litikuri pasuxismgeblobis nakleboba dasaxelda. ungreTis prezidents parlamen-
ti irCevs, magram is mxolod impiCmentiTaa pasuxismgebeli.
43
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa (respublikis prezidenti) da parlaments So-
ris Zalauflebis wonasworobasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi. ix. András Sajó,
„Prelude to Future Constitutional Crises,“ (in Hungarian) 34 Vilagossag 7 (1993), gv. 17-25.
sakonstitucio sistema bolo arCevnebis Sedegebs zedmiwevniT unda iTvaliswineb-
des. parlamentSi mtkice umravlesobis arsebobisas, arCevnebi mtkice parlamenta-
rizmis mxardamWer referendumad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli. magram, Tu saparlamen-
to umravlesoba arc ise mtkicea, rom prezidenti, magaliTad, kvalificiuri um-
ravlesobiT "moicilos" an Tanamdebobaze gadamwyveti umravlesobiT daamtkicos,
anu, Tu eleqtoratSi ar arsebobs konstituciurad gansazRvruli parlamentariz-
mis farglebSi mtkice parlamentarizmis mosurne didi umravlesoba, maSin prezi-
dentis xelisufleba, mTavrobis stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, momdevno arCevne-
bamde unda gagrZeldes. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, saparlamento mmarTvelobis
drosac ki prezidentis xelisufleba neitralur da depolitizaciisaTvis gamiz-
nul ZalebTan mimarTebaSi unda gagrZeldes. 1994 wels jovani sartorim Teoria
gamoaqveyna, romelic "cvalebad prezidentobad" saxeldebul models exeboda. am
Teoriis mixedviT, saparlamento sistema misi funqciobisas arsebobas ganagrZobs.
Tu igi funqciobas wyvets, sistema saTadarigo Zravasa da saprezidento mmarTve-
lobis modusSi gadadis. Tu parlamenti, magaliTad, orwliani mandatis manZilze
mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad saWiro umravlesobis mxardaWeras ver moipovebs, sistema
darCenili vadis ganmavlobaSi mtkice saprezidento modeliT imuSavebs, rac pirve-
live undoblobis votums mohyveba. darCenili vadis ganmavlobaSi prezidenti qve-
244 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
45
aSS-is damoukidebeli sabWo, romelic prezidentis, vice-prezidentisa da ge-
neraluri prokuroris mier savaraudod Cadenil danaSaulebebs iZiebs, aRmasrule-
bel (sagamoZiebo) funqcias asrulebs. igi kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlo xelisuf-
lebis sferoSia moqceuli da uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier konstituciuradaa miC-
neuli. (ix. Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988); Scalia, J., dissenting).
246 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
46
Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Regulating Media (New York-London: Guilford Press,
1996), gv. 69.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sinagani struqtura 247
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da
misi megzurni
mosamarTles... TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
monteskie
6 Cf. M. Horwitz rev. of Whigs and Hunters, by E.P. Thompson, Yale Law Review 86
(1986): gv. 561,566. ,,samarTlis uzenaesoba xelisuflebas, udavod, zRudavs, magram
igive xelisuflebis sasikeTo ganxorcielebasac uSlis xels. igi formalur Ta-
nasworobas qmnis, rac umniSvnelo rodia, magram igive sakmao uTanasworobasac uw-
yobs xels – saproceso samarTlis damkvidrebiT samarTlis uzenaesoba gamWriax,
angariSian da mdidar adamianebs misi formebiT TavianT sasargeblod manipulirebis
saSualebas aZlevs”.
254 samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da misi megzurni
11 Albert Venn Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of Constitution (London and
New York: Macmillan, 1959), gv. 188.
12
iqve, gv. 193.
13 magaliTad, 1947 wlamde, saxelmwifo administraciis mier gamowveuli zia-
nis kanonieri anazRaureba ar arsebobda. ufro metic, daisi jiutad ayalbebda
safrangeTis administraciul samarTals. jer kidev gasul saukuneSi (XIXs.) fran-
gebi administraciuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobas ar uaryof-
dnen. marTalia, Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo kontroli ar arsebobda, magram frangu-
li sistema xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebebis savaldebulo kontrols gulisxmob-
da, ris meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeboda iseTi gadasinjva, romelic administra-
ciis moTxovnebs gaiTvaliswinebda.
samarTlis uzenaesoba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo 259
23
Charles Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, and ed. Anne M.
Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1992), XI. gv 6.
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba 269
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
namdvili kanonmdebeli is iqneba,
visac aqvs absoluturi ufleba ganmartos kanoni.
episkopos hodlis qadagebidan,
warmoiTqva misi udidebulesobis
TandaswrebiT 1717 wels.
5 1818 welsac ki, roca jefersoni prezidenti aRar iyo, igi aRaSfoTa niu-
hemfSairis Statis warmomadgenel, Tavisufali kenWisyriT arCeul kanonmdebelTa
mier im kanonis gauqmebam, romelic darmuTis kolejis damfuZnebeli qartiis Ses-
worebas exeboda. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sakuTrebis uflebis dacviT iyo na-
karnaxebi. jefersonma ki es gadawyvetileba aristokratiuli tendenciis gamovli-
nebad miiCnia da, albaT, arc Semcdara.
vin icavs mcvelebs? 279
9 Smith, gv. 321, quoting Mrbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) gv. 137 (1803) et al.
282 sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
14 Hans Kelsen, ”Wer soll der Hüter der Verfassung sein?” In Die Wiener
Rechtstheoretishe Schule, vol. 2, (Wien: Europa –Verlag, 1968), gv. 1873.
15 Felix Ermacora, Grundriss der Menschenrechte in Österreich (Wien: Manzsche
Verlag, 1988), gv. 30.
16 Kelsen, gv. 253.
17 1975 wlidan wevrTa erT mesameds _ mniSvnelovan opozicias _ SeuZlia sa-
samarTloSi aRZras saqme.
18 im droidan avstriaSi mtkiced swamT, rom konstituciis teqstis interpre-
taciaa mxolod SesaZlebeli.äËÊãÂ
vin icavs mcvelebs? 287
25 John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1980), gv. 102, 103.
vin icavs mcvelebs? 297
ZiriTadi uflebebi
"imas raRa surs, visac gagonebac ki ar unda
arc saTnoebis, arc tiraniis?"
sen-Jiusti
raRac sxva, ufro didi misia. magram benJamen konstani da misi mim-
devrebi daJinebiT moiTxoven iseTi konstituciis arsebobas, rome-
lic damyarebuli iqneba konstituciur principebze, radgan zemoxse-
nebul alternativebs sazogadoeba Zalian male monobamde mihyavs.
adamianis pirovnebas uflebebi aqvs imis ZaliT, rom igi mTliani pi-
rovnebaa, Tavadaa sakuTar qmedebaTa batoni da, Sesabamisad, saSuale-
ba ki ar aris rame miznis misaRwevad, aramed TavisTavad mizania da
aseTad unda ganixilebodes. adamianuri Rirseba! es gamoTqma arafers
niSnavs, Tu ara imis miTiTebas, rom bunebiTi samarTlis Sesabamisad,
adamians aqvs ufleba pativiscemaze, imaze, rom iyos uflebebis su-
Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi 305
6 Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law (London: G. Bles, Centenary
Press, 1944), gv., 37.
306 ZiriTadi uflebebi
7 Jeremy Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham: published under the superintendence
of his executor John Bowring, vol. 1, Anarchical Fallacies (Edinburgh, W. Tait; London,
Simpkin Marshall, 1843), gv. 501.
Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi 307
8
kanadis konstitucias ZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod 1967 da 1982 wlebSi dau-
mates. britaneTSi "uflebaTa bilis" saWiroeba, romelsac parlamentisagan gaZlie-
rebuli dacva mieniWeboda, drodadro igrZnoba xolme, magram 1998 wlisaTvis es
dro jer ar damdgara. istoriuli ganviTarebis garkveuli etapis farglebSi, po-
litikur elitaSi ZiriTad uflebaTa da maTi ganxorcielebis sakanonmdeblo, so-
cialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis mimarT rwmenidan Tu tradiciidan gamomdinare
imdenad mtkice Tanxmoba arsebobs, rom ZiriTad uflebaTa konstituciaSi Setana
saWirod ar miiCneva, magram es viTareba SesaZloa Seicvalos. ZiriTadi uflebebi
avstraliis konstituciaSi Setanili ar aris, magram, yvelas gasaocrad, 1992
wlis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom avstralia, rogorc warmomadgenlobi-
Ti demokratia, sityvis Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofda. zustad aseve, 1958 wlis
safrangeTis konstituciaSic ZiriTad (samoqalaqo) uflebebze araferia naTqvami.
1971 wels sakonstitucio sabWom es uflebebi konstituciaSi Seitana, riTac ga-
nacxada, rom 1789 wlis deklaracia da 1946 wlis konstituciis preambula moq-
medi konstituciuri teqstebia.
Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi 311
11 es midgoma mkveTrad sacnauria Tomas feinis gavleniT Seqmnil 1776 wlis pen-
silvaniis konstituciaSi, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis yvelaze revoluciuri
deklaracia iyo. pensilvaniis konstituciis preambula am princips ase ajamebs: "rad-
gan yoveli mTavroba xalxis usafrTxoebisa da dacvis mizniT unda iqmnebodes da
uzrunvelyofdes maT, igi am xalxis (sazogadoebis) Semadgenel individebs maTi bu-
nebiTi uflebebiTa da Semoqmedis mier adamianebisaTvis naboZebi sxva wyalobiT sar-
geblobis saSualebas unda aZlevdes. da roca ki mTavrobis es miznebi ver miiRweva,
xalxs, saerTo TanxmobiT, misi Secvlisa da iseTi zomebis miRebis ufleba aqvs,
romlebic misi usafrTxoebisa da bednierebis misaRwevad saWirod miaCnia."
314 ZiriTadi uflebebi
24
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
25 1689 wels inglisis uflebaTa bilma nafic msajulTa mier gasamarTleba,
Tavdebobis ufleba da sastiki da Seusabamo sasjelis akrZalva daadastura. ameri-
kelma axalmosaxleebma am uflebebis Tandayolil uflebad aRiareba moiTxoves ma-
Ti britanuli moqalaqeobis gamo da ara am uflebebis adamianis ganusxvisebeli da
bunebiTi xasiaTisaTvis. am institutTa umravlesoba inglisis saerTo samarTliT
ukve iyo uzrunvelyofili.
ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 321
26 kamaTi imaze, iyo Tu ara safrangeTis deklaracia ori wliT masze adre da-
weril aSS-is uflebaTa bilis asli, mTeli saukune gagrZelda.
27 sityva "ganuyofeli" uflebebis SeuzRudaobas rodi gulisxmobs. es ubra-
lod imas niSnavs, rom adamiani am uflebebs ver daTmobs. magaliTad, adamiani Ta-
visi nebiT monad ver iqceva.
322 ZiriTadi uflebebi
28
piradi Tavisuflebis garantiebi mocemulia 1791 wlis konstituciis me-3
karis me-5 TavSi, romelic marTlmsajulebas exeba. es uflebebi ganisazRvra ro-
gorc pirovnebis uflebebi da zogadi akrZalva da ara rogorc mmarTvelobasTan
dakavSirebuli specialuri saproceso uflebebi. uflebebis saxiT figurirebda
sisxlis samarTlis devnis SezRudvis problemis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebuli mid-
gomebi, rac piris Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofda. magaliTad, am pirobebs Soris
aris is, rom adamianis dapatimreba an dakaveba mxolod policiis oficris mier
wardgenili orderiT SeiZleba. (naw. 10), romelic ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa unda
Semowmdes (naw. 11). patimrobis adgili mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli sapatimro,
sasamarTlo an satusaRo SeiZleba iyos (naw. 13). konstituciaSi Sevida sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso ZiriTadi uflebebi, braldebis wayenebis wesebis (naw. 9)
dacvis (9) da giraoTi ganTavisuflebis uflebaTa CaTvliT (naw. 12). braldebuls
kanoniT uflebamosili mosamarTlis mier mosmenis (naw. 40) da nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos mier gasamarTlebis uflebebi aqvs (naw. 9), rasac nafic msajulTa
acilebis ufleba (naw. 9) da sajarod gasamarTlebis uflebebic daemata (naw.9).
29
1791 wlis safrangeTis konstituciaSi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos iseTi
movaleobebi, romlebic uflebebis dRevandel gagebas ar ukavSirdeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom maTi ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba uzrunvelyofili iyos iZulebiT.
magram es konstituciuri movaleobebi gavlenas axdenda individTa mdgomareobasa
da maT uflebebze (Tumca Tavisuflebis xarisxs mudam rodi zrdian). saxelmwifo
movaleobebs Soris iyo ufaso ganaTlebac [kari I, $3.13. 1791 wlis safrangeTis
konstitucia da 1776 wlis pensilvaniis konstitucia (naw. 44)].
ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 323
30
franguli koncefciis gavleniT, profesiul literaturaSi ganasxvaveben uf-
lebaTa kanonismieri SezRudvis ramdenime saxes: preventuls, maregulirebels da
sisxlissamarTlebrivs. belgiis konstituciis mixedviT, daxurul adgilas Tavyri-
loba cis qveS Sekrebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic garkveul wesebs eqvemdebareba,
srulad dasaSvebi da Tavisufalia. es kvalifikacia SemdgomSi Ria cis qveS yvela
sazogadoebrivi Sekrebis ganxorcielebaze gavrcelda.
31
sityvis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba dasjadia mxolod konstituciaSi aR-
niSnuli darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, kanonisadmi daumorCileblobisaken, kon-
stituciur xelisufalTadmi dapirispirebisaken an danaSaulis Cadenisaken mowode-
ba, an saxelmwifo moxelis Seuracxyofa. am tradiciis mimdevari saberZneTis amJa-
mindeli konstitucia dawvrilebiT gadmoscems presis SezRudvis sxvadasxva SesaZ-
leblobas. Tu konstituciuri uflebebis SezRudvebi konstituciaSi CamoTvlilia,
es yovel SemTxvevaSi, formalurad mainc, maT savaldebulobas niSnavs.
32
1831 wlisaTvis samoqalaqo, formalurad, politikur TavisuflebaTa sia
praqtikulad Seivso. SemdgomSi masSi mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTis damatebebi Sei-
tanes. magaliTad, mimoweris xelSeuxebloba Tanamedrove telekomunikaciebsac See-
xo, presis Tavisufleba ki masobrivi informaciis yvela saSualebaze gavrcelda.
324 ZiriTadi uflebebi
33
ix. Le Chapelier's Act (1791), romelic muSaTa TviTorganizebis cdas katego-
riulad ewinaaRmdegeba.
34
belgiis konstituciis me-18 muxlis mixedviT: "mwerlebs, gamomcemlebsa da
mbeWdavebs girao ar ekisrebaT".
35
1789 wlis zafxulSi damfuZnebeli krebis komitetis mier SemuSavebuli wi-
nadadebebi RaribTa uzrunvelyofis Taobaze sxvadasxva mosazrebas Seicavda, magram
imis gamo, rom deklaracia maSin gamocxadda, rodesac es dokumenti jer mzad ar
iyo (mas konstituciis saCqarod daweram SeuSala xeli), sakamaTo socialuri uf-
lebebi am ukanasknelSi ar aisaxa.
ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 325
36
Hayek, gv. 231-232; is, rom iZuleba umravlesobis nebas Seesabameba, iZulebis
arss ar cvlis.
ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 327
37
ix. 1831 wlis belgiis konstituciis axali redaqcia. konstituciur ufle-
baTa germanuli koncefcia imave daskvnamde midis, Tumca amosavali wertili aq
sxvaa. radgan adamianuri Rirsebis ufleba yvelas aqvs da adamianebs ZiriTadi uf-
lebebi swored maTi Rirsebidan gamomdinare aqvT, ZiriTadi uflebebis mixedviT
adamianebis dayofa antikonstituciuria.
330 ZiriTadi uflebebi
38
sazogadoebis yvela wevrs aqvs socialuri dacvis ufleba da uflebamosile-
ba, rom misi Rirsebisa da pirovnebis Tavisuflad ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia
ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi erovnuli Zalisxmevisa da
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiT, agreTve TiToeuli saxelmwifos organizaciisa da
resursebis mixedviT ganxorcieldnen. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis
22-e muxli.
ZiriTadi uflebebis gansazRvra 331
39
gamonaklisis saxiT, germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom pirovnebis ufle-
baTa dasacavad moaxdina institucionalizacia zianis anazRaurebisa, romelic ka-
noniT miTiTebuli ar iyo, ufro metic, kanoniT akrZaluli iyo. iranis Sahis yo-
fil cols dedofal soraias saxelis Semlaxav statiasTan dakavSirebiT araqoneb-
rivi zianis kompensacia mieca. konstituciis uSualo gamoyenebis principisTvis
(zianTan dakavSirebiT) mas Semdeg aRar miumarTavT [34 BVerfGE 269 (1973)].
ras gulisxmobs ZiriTadi uflebebi? 335
40
DeShaney v. Winnebag County Department of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189, 195
(1989). am SemTxvevaSi socialuri samsaxuris deparetamentma garkveul zomebs mi-
marTa, roca Seityo, rom mama mxecurad epyroboda Svils, magram mas, mamisTvis
mSoblis uflebis CamorTmevis mizniT sasamarTloSi saqme ar aRuZravs. bavSvma sas-
tiki mopyrobis gamo tvinis travma miiRo. dedam Statis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi
sarCeli Seitana, radgan am ukanasknelma bavSvis sicocxle ver daicva. saqme aq Se-
sabamisi kanonmdeblobis arsebobas an Zalmosilebas ki ara exeboda, aramed miRebu-
li zomebis sakmarisobasa da Statis konstituciuri movaleobis arsebobas (an
ararsebobas) gulisxmobda.
336 ZiriTadi uflebebi
41
germaniam gamoacxada saxelmwifos movaleoba daicvas uflebebi (sicocxlisa
da Rirsebis ufleba) birTvuli sadgurebisa da qimiuri iaraRis usafrTxoebasTan
dakavSirebiT. magram dRemde germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo parlamentis
mier uzrunvelyofil dacvas misaRebad miiCnevs.
ras gulisxmobs ZiriTadi uflebebi? 337
42
1970-ian wlebSi, q-ni glazenapi – saSualo skolis maswavlebeli, rogorc
germaniis saxelmwifo moxele, samsaxuridan im mizeziT daiTxoves, rom mxars
uWerda kompartiis adgilobrivi organizaciis iniciativas aeSenebina sabavSvo baRi.
saparlamento umravlesobis kenWisyriT miRebuli (10:9) gadawyvetilebis sawinaaR-
mdegod, strasburgis sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba, Sexe-
dulebidan gamomdinare, diskriminacias ar warmoadgenda, radgan q-n glazenaps Ta-
visi azris gamoTqmas aravin uSlida. saxelmwifo samsaxuri piradi Sexedulebebis
gamoxatvis sferosgan damoukideblad iqna miCneuli. Glasenapp, Ser. A 104 (1986).
338 ZiriTadi uflebebi
43
CexeTis respublikaSi lustraciis kanoniT im pirebs, romlebic "adrindeli
reJimis" damsjel organoebTan TanamSromlobdnen, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Tanamde-
bobis dakaveba SeezRudaT.
1945 wlis Semdeg germaniaSi nacisturi partiis wevrTa uflebebi koleqtiu-
rad SeizRuda. konstituciis Tanaxmad, es SezRudvebi sasamarTlo kontrols ar
eqvemdebareba da konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde samxedro administraciis mier
gamocemuli wesebis konstituciurobas sasamarTlo ver gadasinjavs. yofili Sta-
bis agentebisTvis saxelmwifo samsaxuris akrZalva 1990 wels germaniis gaerTia-
nebis Semdeg politikuri jgufis wevrobisaTvis ki ara, aramed policiaSi dasme-
nisTvis sasjelad iqna miCneuli.
44
"adamiani damoukideblad cxovrebisTvisaa gaCenili. yvela kacs unda hyavdes
kargi coli, janmrTeli da Zlieri Svili. Raribebi da mdidrebi saWiro ar
arian." Saint-Just, L'Esprit de la Révolution suivi de Fragments sur les Institutions
Républicaines (Paris: Union Generale d'Editions, 1963), gv. 12. radikaluri egalita-
rianizmis Tanamedrove magaliTi, romelsac Sedegad, SesaZloa, piradi urTierTo-
ras gulisxmobs ZiriTadi uflebebi? 339
47
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebis gadawyvetilebebi xSirad egoisturi araa,
da isini, SesaZloa, qvelmoqmedebis surviliT, solidarobiTa da zneobrivi moT-
xovnebiT iyvnen STagonebuli da xandaxan piradi msxverplis gasaRebadac arian
mzad, daismis logikuri kiTxva: ratom unda ainteresebdeT adamianebs (romlebic
gadawyvetilebebs kenWisyriT iReben) sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba, Tu es maT
kargs arafers uqadis?
48
regulirebis problema ase dgas: raSi gvargia TavisTavad nagulisxmebi uf-
lebebi? konstituciebi ZiriTad uflebebs amosaval wertilad miiCneven, magram Tu
isini amdenad mniSvnelovania, kozirebia, rogorc amas dvorkini ityoda, maSin unda
gadavwyvitoT, rodis viTamaSoT kozirebiT da saerTod gamoviyenoT Tu ara didi
kozirebi.
342 ZiriTadi uflebebi
49
rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, konstitucionalizmi da saxelmwifo insti-
tutebi imTaviTve erTgvarovnebas moiTxoven da yvelasTvis saarsebo minimums gu-
lisxmoben.
344 ZiriTadi uflebebi
50
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis mizniT es zomebi jer kidev 1831 wlis bel-
giis konstituciiT iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
346 ZiriTadi uflebebi
51
Tanamedrove konstituciebis umravlesoba sagangebo mdgomareobisa da omis
SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa Semdgom SezRudvas iTvaliswinebs. magram germaniis
ZiriTadi kanoni am mxriv Zalian cota damatebiT SezRudvas adgens. patimrobis va-
da sasamarTlos sanqciis gareSe oTx dRemdea gaxangrZlivebuli. sxvagvarad, ada-
mianis uflebaTa mniSvnelovani SezRudva, sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis interesebidan
gamomdinare, Tavad konstituciis debulebebiTaa gansazRvruli.
52
es, arcTu ise gamokveTili, Tumca ki kontrolisaTvis saWiro midgoma evro-
pis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelic amosaval
wertilad 1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis teqsts miiCnevs da, aqedan
ras emsaxureba ZiriTadi uflebebi 347
55
sxvadasxva demokratiul qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisuflebis xarisxi sxva-
dasxvaa, radgan am uflebis mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT. xSirad
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa Tu calkeul pirTa reputaciis dacvas, sityvis
TavisuflebasTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWeba. magram unda iTqvas, rom
politikur ganacxadebs sul ufro metad icaven imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom isini politikuri sistemis funqciobisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania.
germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTloc ki, romelic adamianis Rirsebas um-
niSvnelovanes Rirebulebad miiCnevs, Tvlis, rom politikuri diskusiebi-
sas politikosebs, Cveulebriv moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT, naklebi dacva
sWirdebaT.
56
Benjamin Constant, Political Writings, trans and ed. Biancamaria Fontana
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), gv. 150. aSS-is uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gancxadebiT, presa _ sxva uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mamoZ-
ravebeli Zala – demokratiul qveynebSi iseT mniSvnelovan rols asru-
lebs, rom misi dacva saWiroa TviTcenzurisganac ki. Tu reputaciis Sem-
bRalavi siyalbis gamo gazeTi iZulebulia didi konpensacia gadaixados,
SemdegSi masalis gamoqveynebisas igi met sifrTxiles gamoiCens, amas ki
TviTcenzura mohyveba. amitomac, sasamarTlo politikosTa Tu sazogado
gansazRvris sizuste 351
60
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
gansazRvris sizuste 357
62 1831 wlis belgiis konstitucia xazs usvamda imasac, rom dauSvebelia aik-
rZalos mRvdlebis ufro maRali Tanamdebobis samRvdelo pirebTan mimoweris an
maTi moxsenebebis gamoqveyneba. rogorc Cans, es sagangebo wesi kaTolikeTa pativis-
cemiT iyo nakarnaxebi. Cveulebriv, es ufleba presisa da mimoweris Tavisuflebis
sakonstitucio normidan gamomdinareobs, magram uaryofiTma istoriulma gamocdi-
lebam ufro dawvrilebiT Sedgenili da zedmeti wesebis dadgena ganapiroba.
63 swored amis safuZvelze, meqsikis Statebi gansazRvraven, Tu ramdeni mRvde-
li unda hyavdes TiToeul eklesias garkveul regionSi arsebuli moTxovnis Sesa-
bamisad. magram eklesiis SezRudva bolo aTwleulSi Semsubuqda. meqsikis konsti-
tuciis msgavsad, vaimaris konstituciaSi sindisisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis mniS-
vneloba dawvrilebiT iyo ganxiluli da misi Tanamedrove meqsikis konstituciis
sapirispiro deklaraciebs Seicavda.