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XRRatio
XRRatio
jim phillips
It has been said that we only use 10 percent of our brain. Here is some information to
Short Circuit help you fill the other 90 percent. Brainfiller.comtm
Z Source
divided by the amount of resistance R which also happens to
be the Tangent of an angle created by reactance and
resistance in a circuit. Magnitude and Angle
ce
Tan-1 X/R = Θ
n
or
eda
X - Reactance
ut
nd
Sin Θ * Z = X
Co
Im p
Cos Θ * Z = R
Z-
ce
l
ur
ta
Z = SqrtΘ(R2 + X2)
To
So
Z
Z
When calculating short circuit currents, there are usually Source of X/R Data
many impedances that must be added together. Last month Let’s take the following example where we want to add the
we determined how to calculate the equivalent source source impedance of 0.97% and an X/R ratio of 15 to the
impedance and add it to a transformer’s impedance. I kept it transformer impedance of 5.75% and an X/R ratio of 7.
simple by adding only the magnitudes. i.e. we added 5.75% Before we begin, where did these X/R ratios come from?
of the transformer and 0.97% of the source and ignored the Quite often the X/R ratios are difficult to obtain.
angles and individual X and R components. However, each
of these impedances has a specific amount of reactance and The transformer X/R ratio is usually not available unless you
resistance and an X/R ratio (even when calculated as a have good test data obtained when the transformer was
percent value). originally built and tested. In the absence of actual test data,
a good source of “reasonable” X/R data is from IEEE Std.
The problem with adding only the magnitudes of impedances 242 – IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
is the total impedance will be artificially high leading to a Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.
lower (and incorrect) calculated short circuit current. This This book contains a table of suggested X/R ratios based on
has the potential of creating a dangerous condition if an transformer kVA size and voltage. The values are based on
For more information about T2G Technical Training Group’s Copyright © 2005 T2G Technical Training Group
programs, contact us at 800-874-8883 or www.t2ginc.com You can contact Jim Phillips, P.E. at: jim@jimphillipspe.com
T2G
jim phillips
It has been said that we only use 10 percent of our brain. Here is some information to
Short Circuit help you fill the other 90 percent. Brainfiller.comtm
For more information about T2G Technical Training Group’s Copyright © 2005 T2G Technical Training Group
programs, contact us at 800-874-8883 or www.t2ginc.com You can contact Jim Phillips, P.E. at: jim@jimphillipspe.com