By

Zara Maryem
 Operators
•It is mathematical entity which when operated
on a function, the function changes to another
function.
•It is denoted by Ô, or d /dx , d ²/dx ².
•Ψ is another entity.

Example
Now we operate operator  which is function of
x and ∂/∂x.
Â( x, ∂/∂x)= Â ∂/∂x . X
Now operating above operator on certain
function Ψ.
Â( x, ∂/∂x) Ψ = ( ∂/∂x . X) Ψ
Â( x, ∂/∂x) Ψ= ∂x /∂x . Ψ+ x ∂ Ψ /∂x
Â( x, ∂/∂x) Ψ= Ψ+x ∂ Ψ /∂x
Ψ is an arbitrary function. So
Â( x, ∂/∂x) Ψ= (1+x ∂ /∂x ) Ψ
Â( x, ∂/∂x) = (1+x ∂ /∂x )
This is operator equation.
 Eigenvalue & Eigen Function
When operator is applied to any function, it gives us a
constant value. That constant value is called eigen value.

When operator is applied to any function it also gives

us a function along with eigenvalue , is called eigen function.

We can solve the eigenvalue equation as,

ˆ n  n n


We obtain eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

 Degenerate Eigen value

If same operators operates on different

functions and gives same eigen values then these
same eigen values are known as Degenerate eigen
values,
Example,

Degenerate eigen value

 Simultaneous Eigen Function

If two different operators operate on same

function and functions come out to be same,
then those functions are called Simultaneous
eigen function.

Example:

Simultaneous Eigen Function

 The Momentum Operator

The operator that corresponds to linear

momentum is called momentum operator .
We can construct the corresponding operator
from the substitution:

Classical Mechanics Quantum Mechanics

 
x px xˆ   x ; pˆ x  
i x
 
y py yˆ   y ; pˆ y  
i y
 
z pz zˆ   z ; pˆ z  
i z
Derivation of momentum operator

The wave function in space can be defined as,

Ψ=A eί(kx-ωt)