Furniture Making

A FOUNDATION COURSE
 
The complete Furniture Making Book by John Bullar
 192 page guide to Making Furniture
 432 detailed color photos of Furniture Making
 Step by step Woodworking advice and
examples 
             
 Jargon busting glossary of Woodworker's terms
 Tables of Cabinetmaking facts and figures
Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders

techniques Make your own furniture w

   
ed illustrated woodworking p

   

ons teach the essential

Make elegant  furniture fro
s using woodworking
like this elm cabinet. Learn
tools, creating precision
choosing the good timber
more ....
 
 In this complete Furniture Making Book, John Bullar
presents everything you need to start building beautiful
furniture with the minimum of woodworking jargon ...

   

Build this Mission style be

oak stool.
Find out how to construct
ojects with simplified
How to cut a dovetail joint for a drawer, a box or a oak bedroom furniture to m
more ....
cabinet. When is it best to use hand tools and when is it  
best to use a router jig? more ....

     

 
   
Detailed photos and diagrams at every stage and clear Safe and efficient use of m
writing make techniques like using Dovetail Jigs easy to woodworking bandsaw is
understand more ....
 
 
llenging work - make a
airs more ....

 
 
  Index of the book 'Furniture Making'
 

Furniture Making
A FOUNDATION COURSE
Order direct from Fox Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders
 
his book is also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Cours

Home

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
 Read inside the new
Furniture Making Book by
John Bullar
 192 page guide to
Making Furniture
 432 detailed color
photos of Furniture
Making
 Step by step
Woodworking
advice and
examples 
 Tables of
Cabinetmaking facts
and figures
Order direct from Fox
Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders
also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster A to B
 
Air-dried - converted by removing water with natural ventilation
anemometer - meter to measure air speed, used for checking
dust extractors
arbor - spindle or axle on which a machine blade turns
Arbortech - rotary carver or toothed disk for rapid wood chipping
removal, attached to an angle-grinder
arris - long, sharp corner where face of a board meets the edge
 
Bailey - hand plane, commonest type for smoothing with depth
adjustor under back of blade
Bedrock - version of a Bailey hand plane with improved frog
fixings
biscuit-  beech-wood segment pressed in pair of slots to form a
rapid joint
blast gate - air valve used to control flow from machines to an
extractor
block plane small hand-plane without frog used for trimming
bowed - board curved from end to end, usually due to tension in
the tree
bridge guard - protection shield over cutter block of surface
planer (jointer)
bridle joint - open-sided mortice and tenon or slot joint
bull-nose - hand plane with blade near front end, or half-round
edge on table top etc
burnisher - steel rod used to flatten scraper edges
burr (burl) - knotty wood produced by excess twig growth,
popular for veneers
 
C↓
 

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
Read inside the new Furniture
Making Book by John Bullar
 192 page guide to Making
Furniture
 432 detailed color photos of
Furniture Making
 Step by step Woodworking
advice and examples 
 Tables of Cabinetmaking
facts and figures
Order direct from Fox Chapel
Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders

 
also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster C to D
 
case hardened - voids inside wood due to poor drying,
'honeycombing' revealed when sawn, can make board useless
caul - semi-rigid mould or former used for pressing veneer
checks - cracks visible on outside of a board due to poor drying
conditions
contractor-saw - lightweight circular saw table
cool-block -  metal block guides for bandsaw blades
cramp (clamp) - portable screwed jaws for pressing pieces of
wood together
crosscut - cutting across the fibres (fibers) so they are severed
crown-sawn - board converted by flitch sawing towards the
edge of a log
cubic foot - (twelve board-foot) common measure for buying
wood. 35.3 cubic feet equals one cubic metre (meter)
cupped board-  curved from side to side due to uneven
shrinkage
cutter block - rotating cylinder holding the knives of a planer
(jointer) or thicknesser (planer)
cutting gauge - marker with a stock, stem and blade for scoring
a fine line parallel to an edge
 
dimension saw - sawbench with large arm for cutting sheet
material, also called panel saw
domino - rectangular beech-wood block pressed in pair of slot
mortices to form a rapid joint
dovetail - finger joint with tapered teeth, suited to drawers and
boxes
dowel - cylinder of wood pressed in pair of holes for a rapid joint
drift - unintentional movement of sawblade away from the line
dust and chipping extractor - type with impellor feeding filter
above collecting bag
 
E↓
 
 

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
Read inside the new
Furniture Making Book by
John Bullar
 192 page guide to
Making Furniture
 432 detailed color
photos of Furniture
Making
 Step by step
Woodworking
advice and
examples 
 Tables of
Cabinetmaking facts
 and figures
Order direct from Fox
Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders
also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster F to L
 
feed rate - speed of wood fed into blades on a machine
ferrule - metal ring often used to stop wood splitting
Flitch cut  - board sawn from one side of trunk to the other
frog - movable iron wedge on a hand plane that the blade is
fixed to
 
glue line - visible line after wood pieces are glued together
gullet - gap between saw teeth
 
haunch - extra part on tenon shoulder to prevent twisting
heartwood - older growth towards middle of tree trunk, usually
harder than sapwood
HE PA - High Efficiency Particulate in Air filter, removes very fine
dust
honing - flattening the edge of a blade with fine abrasive
HSS - High Speed Steel used for machine cutting tools that may
run hot
 
inch thick  - (four quarter or 4/4) 25.40mm thick, common
thickness for converted timber
 
kerf - slot left by a sawblade
kickback - wood thrown from machine when it catches on a
blade
kiln-dried - converted by removing water in a controlled warm
enclosure
l
amina - thin slice or laminate used to form lamination when
several are glued together
lapped - dovetail (half-blind) recessed dovetail used for drawer
fronts
 
M↓
 
 
 

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
Read inside the new Furniture
Making Book by John Bullar
 192 page guide to Making
Furniture
 432 detailed color photos of
Furniture Making
 Step by step Woodworking
advice and examples 
 Tables of Cabinetmaking
facts and figures
Order direct from Fox Chapel
Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders

 
also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster M to P
 
machining - (milling) initial sizing and smoothing to prepare
wood for fine work
marking gauge - marker with a stock, stem and pin for scoring
line parallel to an edge
MDF - Medium Density Fibreboard (Fiberboard) dense, uniform
sheet manufactured from compressed wood particles
mitre - sloping end or edge, can be paired to form a right angle
moisture content - quantity of water in wood as a percentage of
dry weight
mortice - hole to receive a tenon and form a joint, usually
rectangular
mortice gauge - marker with block, stem and two independently
moved pins for scoring a pair of lines parallel to an edge
muntin - a vertical frame division
 
Norris  - hand plane with combined depth and level adjuster
above blade
 
panel saw - hand-saw for general use, also machine sawbench
similar to dimension saw
paring - slicing along the grain with a chisel
PCD - Poly Crystalline Diamond, fine, hard abrasive used for
long-life cutting edges
pistol grip - saw handle with open underside pitch distance
between saw teeth etc
pith - centre of tree trunk produced by first growth, often
discarded
planer - (jointer) machine for smoothing surface of timber
plywood - composite manufactured board with thin layers of
wood glued in alternate grain directions
PPE - Personal Protection Equipment such as safety glasses,
ear defenders, breathing masks
pressure pad - block used to push wood over surface of a
planer (jointer)
protractor - angle-measuring gauge, often semicircular
push stick - forked-end tool, normally wooden or plastic, for
moving wood into a machine cutter without risk to hands
 
Q↓
 
 

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
 Read inside the new
Furniture Making Book by
John Bullar
 192 page guide to
Making Furniture
 432 detailed color
photos of Furniture
Making
 Step by step
Woodworking
advice and
examples 
 Tables of
Cabinetmaking facts
and figures
Order direct from Fox
Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders

also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications

as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster Q to S
 
quarter-sawn - stable boards produced by sawing at an angle
close to the radius of the trunk
 
rake-angle - angle of saw teeth to direction of blade movement
reaction wood - wood distorted or patterned by stress in
growing tree
re-saw - cut boards thinner after they have bee dried, also a
specialist bandsaw for this job
rip-cut - sawing along the grain direction
riving knife - (splitter) metal fin behind sawblade to prevent
wood catching there
rod - a full-sized drawing to la: 0 and angles
rowed - striped wood with naturally alternating grain direction
 
sanding block - cork or softwood to wrap abrasive paper around
for use by hand
sapwood - newer growth in outer tree rings, often softer than
heartwood
sash cramp - (sash clamp) Screwed jaws on long rail for pulling
together joints in frames or sash windows
saw bench - circular saw with a large metal table
scoring blade - small circular sawblade for shallow cut ahead of
main blade to prevent splitting
scraper - flat steel plate used for fine surface smoothing,
especially on difficult grain, sometimes fitted in a plane type-body
scratch stock - small scraper for shaping edges or rebating
ready to receive inlay
set - sideways offset between alternate saw teeth to prevent saw
jamming
Shaw-guard - sprung pressure blocks on a machine to hold
wood against cutters
site saw - lightweight circular saw bench for portable use
skip-tooth - bandsaw blade with widely spaced teeth to allow
more dust collection in deep cuts
sledge - sliding carriage on machine table to carry wood over
blades
snatch - wood accidentally caught on machine blade and quickly
dragged off course
snipe - end of board unintentionally reduced in thickness by
thicknesser (planer)
spelching (tear-out) - wood grain torn from surface or underside
stile - vertical rail forming part of a frame
stock - wood as a raw material or sliding block on a gauge
substrate - groundwork or solid wood beneath veneer
 
T↓
 
 
 

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
Read inside the new Furniture
Making Book by John Bullar
 192 page guide to Making
Furniture
 432 detailed color photos of
Furniture Making
 Step by step Woodworking
advice and examples 
 Tables of Cabinetmaking
facts and figures
Order direct from Fox Chapel
Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders

 
also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
 
Furniture Making Jargon-buster T to W
 
table saw - circular saw fitted beneath large flat surface, often
cast iron
tail - tapered fingers of a dovetail joint
TCT - Tungsten Carbide Tipped, hard composite material used
for teeth and blade edges
template - pattern cut out of board to provide shape for
components
tenon -  peg to be pressed into a mortice to form a joint, usually
rectangular
Tersa knife - disposable blade for planer (jointer) or thicknesser
(planer)
thicknesser - (planer) machine for smoothing one side of wood
against a reference surface on the other side
through and through sawn - (flat-sawn) plain sawn logs
converted to boards as a simple series of slices
through dovetail - joint where tail fingers are visible on both
side and end
through tenon - square pegged joint that protrudes right through
timber - (lumber) wood as a raw material
timber yard  - (lumber yard) storage and sales place for
converted wood
tpi - teeth per inch, a way of expressing the pitch of a saw
tracking - adjusting the alignment of bandsaw wheels
try-square - for checking right angles, thin steel rectangular
blade with its end set in a thick rectangular stock
tyre (tire) - rubber or similar covering on rim of a bandsaw wheel
 
vice (vise) - screwed jaw fixed to bench for securing wood while
working on it
 
waney - natural uneven edge on board formed by outside of the
tree left attached
waterstone - composite grinding block with hard particulates in a
soft base material, to be lubricated with water
wet and dry - abrasive paper suitable for lubrication with water,
can be used on metals
whetstone - grindstone or sharpening stone

Furniture Making  A
FOUNDATION COURSE
Read inside the new
Furniture Making Book by
John Bullar
 192 page guide to
Making Furniture
 432 detailed color
photos of Furniture
Making
 Step by step
Woodworking
advice and
examples 
 Tables of
Cabinetmaking facts
and figures
Order direct from Fox
Chapel Publishing USA
or Amazon.com
or Barnes & Noble
or Borders
Also published in UK by Guild of Master Craftsman Publications
as 'Cabinetmaking - A Foundation Course'
 
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cheer
 
Dictionary: cheer   (chîr)
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary
n. Click here for more free books!
1. Lightness of spirits or mood; gaiety or joy: a happy tune,
full of cheer.
2. A source of joy or happiness; a comfort.
3.
a. A shout of approval, encouragement, or congratulation.
b. A short, rehearsed jingle or phrase, shouted in unison by a squad of
cheerleaders.
4. Festive food and drink; refreshment.

v., cheered, cheer·ing, cheers.

v.tr.
1. To make happier or more cheerful: a warm fire that cheered us.
2. To encourage with or as if with cheers; urge: The fans cheered the runners on.
See synonyms at encourage.
3. To salute or acclaim with cheers; applaud. See synonyms at applaud.

v.intr.
1. To shout cheers.
2. To become cheerful: had lunch and soon cheered up.

[Middle English chere, expression, mood, from Old French chiere, face, from Late Latin
cara, from Greek kara, head.]

cheerer cheer'er n.
cheeringly cheer'ing·ly adv.

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Thesaurus: cheer
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Thesaurus

noun

A condition of supreme well-being and good spirits: beatitude, blessedness, bliss,

cheerfulness, felicity, gladness, happiness, joy, joyfulness. See happy/unhappy.

verb
 1. To give great or keen pleasure to: delight, enchant, gladden, gratify, overjoy,
please, pleasure, tickle. Archaic joy. See happy/unhappy, like/dislike.
2. To impart strength and confidence to. buck up, encourage, hearten, nerve, perk
up. See help/harm/harmless.
3. To impart courage, inspiration, and resolution to. animate, embolden, encourage,
inspire, inspirit, motivate. See help/harm/harmless.
4. To express approval, especially by clapping: applaud, clap, root. Idioms: give
someone a hand. See praise/blame.

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Idioms: cheer
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Idioms

Idioms beginning with cheer:

cheer on
cheer up

See also three cheers.

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Antonyms: cheer
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Antonyms

Definition: applause, supportive yell

Antonyms: boo
v

Definition: encourage in activity

Antonyms: discourage, dishearten, dissuade

Definition: make someone feel happier

Antonyms: bring down, depress, dishearten, make unhappy

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Word Tutor: cheer
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Spelling & Usage

IN BRIEF:n. - The quality of being joyful and dispelling gloom. v. - Show approval or
good wishes by shouting.

The best way to cheer yourself is to cheer up somebody else. — Mark Twain
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Translations: Translations for: Cheer
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations

Dansk (Danish)
v. tr. - gløde, opmuntre, juble over
v. intr. - fatte mod, råbe hurra
n. - hurraråb, humør, munterhed, opmuntring

idioms:
  cheer on    opmuntre med tilråb
 cheer up    fatte/give nyt mod

Nederlands (Dutch)
(juich)kreet, opbeuring, (goede) bui, blijheid, gejuich, (mv) Proost!, (mv) Bedankt, (mv)
Tot kijk!, juichen, bemoedigen, toejuiching

Français (French)
v. tr. - acclamer, applaudir, réjouir, remonter le moral à
v. intr. - acclamer, applaudir, lancer des acclamations
n. - hourra, acclamation, bravos, à votre santé, (GB) à bientôt, (GB) merci, bonne
disposition d'esprit

idioms:

 cheer on    encourager (qn) par des acclamations

 cheer up    s'égayer, remonter le moral, éclaircir
 cheer up!    reprenez courage, resaississez vous

Deutsch (German)
v. - ermutigen, jubeln
n. - Aufmunterung, Beifallsruf, Prost!, Danke!, Tschüß!

idioms:

 cheer on    anfeuern
 cheer up    aufheitern
 cheer up!    Kopf hoch!, nun lach doch mal!, nur Mut..!

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - ζητωκραυγάζω, επευφημώ, ενθαρρύνω, εμψυχώνω
n. - ζητωκραυγή, επευφημία, (καλή ψυχική) διάθεση, ευδιαθεσία

idioms:

 cheer on    ενθαρρύνω με επευφημίες, εμψυχώνω

 cheer up    χαροποιώ, φτιάχνω το κέφι, ευθυμώ, σκάω χαμόγελο, (στην προστ.)
κουράγιο, μη στεναχωριέσαι

Italiano (Italian)
evviva, incoraggiamenti, confortare, incoraggiare, esultare, giubilare, applaudire,
incoraggiamento, acclamazione, applauso

idioms:

 cheer on    incoraggiare
  cheer up    rallegrare, riconfortare

Português (Portuguese)
v. - animar, aplaudir
n. - disposição (f), incentivo (m), alimento (m)

idioms:

 cheer on    incitar
 cheer up    encorajar

Русский (Russian)
подбодрять, радоваться, ободрение, приветственные возгласы, (множ.) ваше
здоровье!

idioms:

 cheer on    подбадривать
 cheer up    приободриться

Español (Spanish)
v. tr. - alegrar, animar, alentar, infundir ánimo a, dar gritos de alegría
v. intr. - alegrarse, animarse
n. - vítores, aclamaciones, aplauso, ¡salud!, ¡salud y pesetas!

idioms:

 cheer on    animar, alentar

 cheer up    levantar el ánimo, alegrar
 cheer up!    levanta el ánimo!, anímate!

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - muntra upp, hurra för, hurra
n. - bifallsrop, glädje, uppmuntran, sinnesstämning, undfägnad (litt.)

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))

使振奋, 欢呼, 喝彩, 感到振奋, 感到高兴, 愉快, 激励

idioms:

 cheer on    鼓励
 cheer up    使振奋, 感到振奋

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))

v. tr. - 使振奮, 歡呼
v. intr. - 歡呼, 喝彩, 感到振奮, 感到高興
n. - 愉快, 歡呼, 激勵

idioms:

 cheer on    鼓勵
 cheer up    使振奮, 感到振奮

한국어 (Korean)
v. tr. - 갈채를 보내다, 기운을 북돋우다
v. intr. - 갈채하다, 기운이 나다
n. - 환호, 응원, 격려

idioms:

 cheer on    격려하기 위해 큰소리 치다

 cheer up    격려하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 励まし, 喝采, 乾杯, さよなら, 食べ物, 気分, 陽気, 食物
v. - 機嫌をよくさせる, 慰める, 元気づける, 声援する

idioms:

 cheer on    勇気づける, 声援する

 cheer up    励ます, 元気づく

‫( العربيه‬Arabic)
‫ تهليل‬,‫ أبهج (االسم) هتاف‬,‫ فرح‬,‫ هلل‬,‫(فعل) هتف‬

‫( עברית‬Hebrew)
v. tr. - ‫עודד‬
v. intr. - ‫הריע‬
n. - ‫ תודה‬,‫ עליזות‬,!‫ (ברבים) לחיים‬,‫ שמחה‬,‫תרועה‬

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hiss
perk up
ire

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Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the

English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000
by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights
reserved.  Read more
Thesaurus. Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition
by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary
Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights
reserved.  Read more
Idioms. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by
Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine
Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin
Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Antonyms. © 1999-2009 by Answers Corporation. All
rights reserved.  Read more
Word Tutor. Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle
Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights
reserved.
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1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity.

All happiness bechance to thee in Milan!

Shak.

2. An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious
happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which
is attended with enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction;
felicity; blessedness.

3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; -- used especially of language.

Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,

For there's a happiness, as well as care.
Pope.

Syn. -- HAPPINESS, FELICITY, BLESSEDNESS, BLISS. Usage: Happiness is generic, and is

applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; felicity is a
more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with
elevated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from
the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted
delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven.

O happiness! our being's end and aim!

Pope.
Others in virtue place felicity,
But virtue joined with riches and long life;
In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease.
Milton.
His overthrow heaped happiness upon him;
For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little.
Shak.

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      “The best way to cheer yourself is to try to cheer someone else up.”

 Mark
Twain quotes (American Humorist, Writer and Lecturer. 1835-1910)
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      “May God grant you always...A sunbeam to warm you, a moonbeam to

charm you, a sheltering Angel so nothing can harm you. Laughter to cheer you. Faithful
friends near you. And whenever you pray, Heaven to hear you.”

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Blessings quotes
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      “These
things I warmly wish for you Someone to love, some work to do, A
bit o' sun, a bit o' cheer, And a guardian angel always near”

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      “May
you always have walls for the winds, a roof for the rain, tea beside the
fire, laughter to cheer you, those you love near you and all your heart might desire.”

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      “The unselfish effort to bring cheer to others will be the beginning of a

happier life for ourselves”

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       “Be
of good cheer. Do not think of today's failures, but of the success that
may come tomorrow. You have set yourselves a difficult task, but you will succeed if
you persevere; and you will find joy in overcoming obstacles. Remember, no effort that
we”

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      “`Pipe a song about a Lamb!' / So I piped with merry cheer.”

 William Blake quotes (English visionary Mystic, Poet, Painter and Engraver. 1757-1827)

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      “May you always have work for your hands to do.

May your pockets hold always a coin or two.

May the sun shine bright on your windowpane.

May the rainbow be certain to follow each rain.

May the hand of a friend always be near you.

And may God fill your heart with gladness to cheer you.”

 Irish
Blessings quotes
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      “If
more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be
a merrier world.”

 J.R.R. Tolkien quotes (English Writer and Author of richly inventive epic fantasy The Lord of the
Rings, 1892-1973)
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      “For there is no friend like a sister, in calm or stormy weather, to cheer one on
the tedious way, to fetch one if one goes astray, to lift one if one totters down, to strengthen
whilst one stands.”
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 Plywood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Softwood plywood made from spruce

Plywood is a type of engineered board made from thin sheets of wood, called plies or
wood veneers. The layers are glued together, each with its grain at right angles to
adjacent layers for greater strength. There are usually an odd number of plies, as the
symmetry makes the board less prone to warping [1], and the grain on the outside surfaces
runs in the same direction. The plies are bonded under heat and pressure with strong
adhesives, usually phenol formaldehyde resin,[2] making plywood a type of composite
material. Plywood is sometimes called the original engineered wood.[3]

The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern, due to the off gassing of
the formaldehyde. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic, so
their use is undesirable. Many manufacturers are turning to "Greener Products" as
government regulations become stronger against the use of these adhesives. [4]

A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking,
shrinkage, twisting/warping, and its general high degree of strength. In addition, plywood
can be manufactured in sheets far wider than the trees from which it was made. It has
replaced many dimensional lumbers on construction applications for these reasons.
Birch plywood

Contents
[hide]
 1 Types
 2 Production
 3 History
 4 Advantages
 5 US plywood grades
 6 Applications
o 6.1 Softwood plywood applications
o 6.2 Birch plywood applications
o 6.3 Tropical Plywood Applications
 7 See also
 8 References

 9 External links

[edit] Types

Average-quality plywood with show veneer

High-quality concrete pouring plate in plywood

A vast number of varieties of plywood exist for different applications. Softwood plywood
is usually made either of Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively known as
Spruce-pine-fir), and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes.[5]

Hardwood plywood is used for some demanding end use. Birch plywood is characterised
by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear
strength and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and
wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel carrying capacity. Birch
plywood has excellent surface hardness, damage and wear resistance. [2]

Decorative plywood is usually faced with hardwood, including red oak, birch, maple,
lauan (Philippine mahogany) and a large number of other hardwoods.

Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive urea-formaldehyde glue which
has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine grade plywood are designed to
withstand rot, and use a water resistant phenol-formaldehyde glue to prevent
delamination and to retain strength in high humidity.

The most common varieties of softwood plywood come in three, five or seven plies with
a metric dimension of 1.2 m × 2.4 m or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet ×
8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1/10" through 1/6" depending on the panel thickness.
Roofing can use the thinner 5/8-inch plywood. Subfloors are at least 3/4-inch depending
on the distance between floor joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue
and grooved. The mating edge will have a "groove" notched into it to fit with the adjacent
"tongue" that protrudes from the next board. This keeps the boards from slipping past
each other providing a solid feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. Tongue &
groove flooring plywood is typically 1" in thickness.

High-strength plywood, known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany and/or

birch, and uses adhesives with increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used for
several World War II fighter aircraft, including the British-built Mosquito bomber which
was nicknamed the wooden wonder.

Certain plywoods do not have alternating plies. These are designed for a specific purpose.
One such plywood is known as "Bendy Board". This is very flexible and is designed for
making curved parts.In the UK this is known as "Hatters Ply" as it was used to make
gents stovepipe hats in Victorian times. However these may not be termed as plywood in
some countries because the basic description of plywood is layers of veneered wood laid
on top of each other with the grain perpendicular on each layer.

Marine plywood is specially treated to resist rotting in a high-moisture environment.

Marine plywood is frequently used in the construction of docks and boats. It is much
more expensive than standard plywood; costs for a typical 4 foot by 8 foot 1/2 inch thick
board is roughly $75 to $100 US or around $2.5 per square foot, which is about three
times as expensive as standard plywood.
Marine plywood can be graded as being compliant with BS 1088, which is a British
Standard for marine plywood. There are few international standards for grading marine
plywood and most of the standards are voluntary. Some marine plywood has a Lloyd's of
London stamp that certifies it to be BS 1088 compliant. Some plywood is also labeled
based on the wood used to manufacture it. Examples of this are Okoume or Meranti

Other types of plywoods are fire retardant, moisture resistant, sign grade, pressure
treated, and of course the hardwood and softwood plywoods. Each of these products are
designed to fill a need in industry.

In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are
becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as
concern for our natural resources. There are several certifications available to
manufacturers who participate in these programs. FSC certified, Leeds Certified, FSI
certified, and Greenguard certified. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the
manufacturer, as well as the end user.[6]

[edit] Production

Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and
larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a
sawmill. The log is peeled into sheets of veneer which are then cut to the desired
dimensions, dried, patched, glued together and then baked in a press at 140 °C (280 °F)
and 19 MPa (2800 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched,
resized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended.

[edit] History

Plywood output in 2005

Plywood has been made for thousands of years; the earliest known occurrence of
plywood was in Ancient Egypt around 3500 BC when wooden articles were made from
sawn veneers glued together crosswise. This was originally done due to a shortage of fine
wood. Thin sheets of high quality wood were glued over a substrate of lower quality
wood for cosmetic effect, with incidental structural benefits. This manner of inventing
plywood has occurred repeatedly throughout history. Most high quality English furniture
makers working in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (and since) have used
veneering as a technique. In addition to making the most out of the highest quality
materials available, it reduces prices and improves stability of construction. The
irregularities of grain which confer decorative interest often result in uncontrollable
warping and cracking if any attempt is made to use the wood in thicknesses much greater
than those characterizing cabinet-making veneers (typically 1-2mm).
Modern in which the veneer is cut on a rotary lathe from softwood logs, is of relatively
recent origin, invented by Immanuel Nobel. The first such lathes were set up in the
United States in the mid 19th century. Plywood has been one of the most ubiquitous
building products for decades.

One of the earliest applications of mass-produced modern plywood manufacturing in the

United States was recorded in Portland, Oregon by the Portland Manufacturing
Company. The owner, Thomas J. Autzen helped develop a bonding technology, which
greatly shortened the drying and manufacturing process. His early engineering
contribution played an important role in making plywood one of the most abundant and
affordable building products ever produced.[citation needed]

In India, waterproof plywood is also known as "kitply". Though Kitply is a brand, it has
become a genericized trademark, since the company that makes it pioneered the use of
waterproof plywood in India.

The landscape historian John Stilgoe has theorized that the 4' x 8' dimensions of a
standard sheet are due to the space required for moving a mule into a barn[citation needed].

[edit] Advantages

1. High uniform strength: Wood is 45 times stronger along the grain than across the
grain. Crossing the adjacent sheets tends to equalise the strength in all directions.

2. Freedom from shrinking, swelling and warping: Solid wood exhibits considerable
movement across the grain but generally negligible shrinkage or swelling in a
longitudinal plane. The balanced construction of a plywood panel with the grain direction
of adjacent veneers at right angles tends to equalise stress, thus reducing shrinkage,
swelling and warping.

3. Non-splitting qualities: Solid wood splits fairly readily along the grain. Plywood by
crossed laminations can be nailed or screwed near the club without damage from
splitting.

4. Availability of relatively large sizes: Sawn timber can be obtained in fairly long
lengths but only in relatively narrow widths. Plywood can be sold in sizes up to 6 ft * 25
ft and by the scarf jointing of small sheets up to 6 ft *40 ft, however 8 ft*4 ft is the most
common size.

5. Economical and effective utilisation of figured wood: Twenty sheets of veneer can
be sliced from 1 inch of solid wood. When glued to a core of cheaper material a high
grade panel is produced. This procedure thus affects distinct economies in the use of
figured or the more valuable woods. In addition, it facilitates the use of attractive but
fragile face veneers to give results which cannot be duplicated in solid construction.
Matching the veneer so that the regularity or symmetry of the design enhances the
decorative effect due to the natural figure in the wood allows it to be used more
effectively.

6. Ease of fabrication of curved surfaces: The trend of modern architectural design is to

feature curved surfaces. The desired shapes can be readily fabricated in plywood
construction, utilising male and female forms, or a single forming a vacuum press or
autoclave

7. Reduction of waste: One of the important aspects in the manufacture of plywood is

that it results in the conservation of timber by the elimination of the waste which occurs
in sawing e.g. sawdust. Waste is confined to the small core which remains after peeling,
from the veneer which is lost in rounding up the log, and the elimination of such defects
as knots and splits.

8. Weight reduction: Dense woods can be sliced and bonded into plywood panels for
use in furniture construction whereas furniture fabricated from solid timber would be far
too heavy.

[edit] US plywood grades

Plywood grades are determined by a veneer quality on the face and back of each panel.
The first letter designates quality of face veneer (best side), while the second letter
denotes the surface quality of the back of the panel.[7] The letter "X" indicates the panel
was manufactured with scrap wood as the center plies, not "exterior" as is commonly
thought. The A-D rating is only good for construction (softwood) plywood, not for
hardwood plywoods such as oak or maple.

"A": Highest grade quality available. Can be defect free or contain small knots, providing
they are replaced with wooden plugs (the fillers having a "boat" or an "American
football" shape) or repaired with synthetic patch. This grade may contain occasional
surface splits that are repaired with synthetic filler. The surface is always sanded and
provides for smooth paintable face quality.

"B": Second highest quality veneer grade. Normally a by-product of downgraded "A"
quality veneer. Solid surface, but may contain small diameter knots and narrow surface
splits. Normally repaired with wooden plugs or synthetic filler. The surface is normally
sanded smooth.

"C": Considered to be a lower end face quality, but a reasonable choice for general
construction purposes. May contain tight knots up to 1½ inches diameter, some open knot
holes, some face splits, and discoloration. Some manufactures may repair the defects with
synthetic filler. Panels are typically not sanded.

"D": Considered to be the lowest quality veneer and often used for the back surface for
construction grade panels. Allows for several knots, large and small, as well as open
knots up to 2½ inches diameter. Open knots, splits, and discoloration are acceptable. "D"
grade veneers are neither repaired nor sanded. This grade is not recommended for
permanent exposure to weather elements.

[edit] Applications

Plywood is used in many applications that need high-quality, high-strength sheet

material. Quality in this context means resistance to cracking, breaking, shrinkage,
twisting and warping.

Exterior glued plywood is suitable for outdoor use, but because moisture affects on the
strength of wood, optimal performance is achieved in end uses where woods moisture
content remains relatively low. On the other hand subzero conditions don't affect on
plywood's dimensional or strength properties which opens some special application
possibilities.

Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. It has been
used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. Most notable is the British De
Havilland Mosquito bomber, which was primarily made out of wood. Plywood is
currently successfully used in stressed-skin applications.[citation needed]. The American
designers Charles and Ray Eames and Phil Bolger are famous for their plywood-based
furniture.

[edit] Softwood plywood applications

Typical end uses of spruce plywood are:

 Floors, walls and roofs in house constructions,

 Wind bracing panels,
 Vehicle internal body work,
 Packages and boxes,
 Hoarding,
 Fencing

There are coating solutions available that mask the prominent grain structure of spruce
plywood. For these coated plywood there are some end uses where reasonable strength is
needed but lightness of spruce material is a benefit e.g.:

 Concrete shuttering panels

 Ready to paint surface for constructions

[edit] Birch plywood applications

Coated special birch plywood is typically used as a ready to install component e.g.:

 Panels in concrete formwork systems

 Floors, walls and roofs in transport vehicles
  Container floors,
 Floors subjected to heavy wear in various buildings and factories,
 Scaffolding materials

Birch plywood is used as a structural material in special applications e.g.:

 Wind turbine blades

 Isolation boxes for liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers

Smooth surface and accurate thickness combined with the durability of the material
makes birch plywood a favourable material for many special end uses e.g.:

 Die cutting boards

 Supporting structure of parquet
 Playground equipment
 Furniture
 Sign and fences for demanding outdoor advertising
 Musical instruments
 Sport equipments

[edit] Tropical Plywood Applications


o Common Plywood
o Concrete Panel
o Floor Base
o Structure Panel
o Container Flooring
o Lamin Board
o Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Tropical Plywood are widely available from the South East Asian region mainly by
Malaysia and Indonesia. Tropical Plywood boasts its premium quality, and strength.
Depending on machineries, tropical plywood can be made with high accuracy in
thickness, and is a highly preferable choice in America, Japan, Middle East, Korea, and
other regions around the world.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Plywood

Look up plywood in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 Engineered wood
  Fiberboard
 Glued laminated timber
 Hardboard
 Masonite
 Marine plywood
 Medium-density fiberboard
 Oriented strand board
 Particle board
 Pressed wood

[edit] References
1. ^ Epoxyworks magazine, Vol. 18: Plywood
2. ^ a b Handbook of Finnish plywood, Finnish Forest Industries Federation, 2002, ISBN
952-9506-63-5 [1]
3. ^ "Milestones in the History of Plywood", APA - The Engineered Wood Association.
Accessed October 22, 2007. "plywood is often called the original engineered wood
product because it was one of the first to be made by bonding together cut or refashioned
pieces of wood to form a larger and integral composite unit stronger and stiffer than the
sum of its parts."
4. ^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com
5. ^ O'Halloran, p.221.
6. ^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com
7. ^ Education - Plywood

[edit] External links

 Material Uses Pro Woodworking Tips.com

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"

Categories: Engineered wood
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 Dining Room make the most of
Furniture usable space. 
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Set One of the earliest and the most popular materials
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used for making furniture is wood. That is because
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to work with.
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materials like stone, mostly benches and other
Ch outdoor items are made exclusively of stone. Stone
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o Chi is however used frequently as a component of
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Pine, Cedar, Cherry, Maple, Mahogany, Teak,
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 Living Room leathers, fabrics and stone it is possible for skilled
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Laminates are another all too popular material for
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Sof
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o Lea Bamboo Furniture, Laminated Furniture,
Mahogany Furniture, Maple Furniture, MDF
the See All Furniture Furniture, Oak Furniture, Teak Furniture,
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Veneer Furniture, Wood Furniture, Cherry
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Materials: 
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 Furniture
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mp
ute
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ute
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any
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nit
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 o Ma
ple
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o MD
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k
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190
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