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Physics
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The study of matter

Chapter 2:
1 End
Electricity
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Physics: Chapter 2
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Objectives:
(what you will learn)
< Back 1) electric fields & charge flow
Next >
2) electric current & potential difference
3) series & parallel circuits
4) electromotive force & internal resistance
5) electrical energy & power
2 End
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Electric Fields
Electric field: region where a charged body
experiences a force
It is shown by a field pattern that are lines of forces.

line of force = path of a test charge in the field

< Back

Next > direction = motion of a free positive charge

electric field pattern

+ –

3 End
Positive point charge Negative point charge
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Electric Fields
Electric lines of force

Between a positive
and a negative point
< Back
charge
Next >

Between two positive

point charges
4 End
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Electric Fields
Electric field between two
parallel metal plates that are
oppositely charged.

< Back

Next >

Electric field between

5 End
two opposite charges.
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Electric Fields
Experiments to show existence of electric fields.

Ball coated with conductor hangs

+ –
vertically in the centre because it is
neutral.
< Back
Ball oscillating between 2 plates,
Next > + – after it touches one side causing a
+ – force, F to repel the ball due to
F F
like charges.
Positive ions
Negative ions
Candle flame spreading sideways
+ – between 2 plates due to attraction
6 End between oppositely charged ions
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Electric Fields
Electric fields cause charges to move.
Net movement of charges = electric current
In the late 1700s scientists chose the direction of electric current to
be the direction in which positive charges move in an electric field.
< Back
They did not know that electrons and protons were the negative and
positive charge particles, and that the electron moved much more
Next > easily.

In a copper wire, the outer electrons of the copper atom

move relative to the nucleus of the atom.
Current, I electrons
+ -
7 End So, the charge carriers (electrons) move in the opposite
direction to the current.
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Electric Charge
Basic unit of electric charge = Coulomb (C)
Charge of a proton or electron =  ± 1.60 10-19 C
A Coulomb of charge is a lot, at 6.25 x 10 18 electrons – most
objects have charges in the µC (10-6 C) range.
< Back

Next >
Electric charge, Q = It
units Q in Coulomb, I in Ampere, t in second
C=As

Electric current = Rate of flow of electric charge

Q
8 End I=
t
, t = time
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Potential Difference
Potential difference (V) between 2 points in an
electric field = work done (W) in moving 1
coulomb of charge (Q) between the 2 points.
W Work done
< Back V= =
Q Charge
Next >

Potential difference between 2 points

Moving 1 coulomb of charge

A B

Unit of potential difference:

J
9 End Volt (V) =
C
= J C-1
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Electric Current
Ohm’s Law
The current (I) in a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference (V) across the conductor if
the temperature is constant.
V I
< Back = constant
I
Next >
Ohmic conductor 0 V
A conductor that obeys Ohm’s Law.
Switch
I
Rheostat Circuit used to find the
A
Conductor relationship between current I
and potential difference V for a
10 End
V conductor.
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Electric Current
Non-ohmic conductor
A conductor that does not obey Ohm’s Law.
Examples

I I I
< Back

Next > 0 V 0 V 0 V
Dilute sulphuric acid Filament lamp Junction diode

A circuit element is non-ohmic if the graph of current

versus voltage is nonlinear.
A filament lamp is a non-ohmic conductor since its
resistivity, like most materials, varies with temperature.
11 End As the filament gets hot, the resistance increases
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Resistance
The resistance, R of a conductor is defined as the ratio
of the potential difference V across the conductor to the
current I in the conductor.

V
< Back Resistance, R =
I
Next >
The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).
conductor
I I

V
12 End Potential difference, V = IR
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Resistance
Factors that affect the resistance of a conductor:
a. length of wire, l
b. cross-sectional area, A
c. type of material with resistivity, p
d. temperature, T
< Back
Based on a constant temperature:
Next >
pl
Resistance, R =
A

R R

13 End 0 T/oC 0 T/oC

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Series Circuit
When resistors are connected in series:
a. Same current I is in all the resistors
b. Potential difference,

< Back V1 = IR1

Next >
V2 = IR2 I
R1 R2 R3
V3 = IR3
V1 V2 V3
c. V = V1 + V2 + V3 V

d. Effective resistance,
14 End R = R1 + R2 + R3
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Parallel Circuit
When resistors are connected in parallel:
a. Same potential differences across all resistors, V
b. Current in the resistors,
V
I1 = R1 I
< Back R1 I1
V
Next > I2 = R2 R2 I2
V
I3 = R3
R3 I3
c. I = I1 + I2 + I3
V
d. Effective resistance,
1 1 1 1
15 End
R
=
R1
+
R2
+
R3
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Electromotive Force
Electromotive force (e.m.f.), E
Work done to drive a unit charge (1 C) around circuit –
where the unit is
volt, V = J C-1
< Back
Using a high resistance voltmeter
Next > E = 1.5 V
Potential difference V < e.m.f. E because
r
work is done to drive a charge through a
cell with internal resistance, r. I

V
E = V + Ir = I(R + r)
I
R
E R+r r
16 End
V
=
R
=1+
R V
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Electrical Energy
The potential difference V across a conductor is the work
done in moving a charge of 1 C across the conductor.
The work done is transformed into heat which is
dissipated from the conductor.

< Back Energy dissipated, E

From volt, V = J C =
-1

Next > Charge, Q

substitutions
Energy dissipated, E = QV Q = It
= IVt V = IR
= I2Rt I = V/R
V2t
17 End E=
R
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Electrical Power
Energy dissipated
Electrical power, P = E = IVt
Time, t
= IV substitutions V = IR
= I 2R I = V/R
V2
< Back P=
R
Next >
Power rating of an electrical appliance is the power
consumed by it when the stated voltage is applied.
V2
Resistance of the appliance, R =
P
1 unit of electrical energy consumed = 1 kW h
= (1000 Js-1)(3600 s) = 3.6 x 106 J
18 End
Cost of electrical energy = units x cost per unit
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Summary
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What you have learned:

1. Electric fields & charge flow
< Back 2. Electric current & potential difference
3. Series & parallel circuits
4. Electromotive force & internal resistance

5. Electrical energy & power

19 End Thank You

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