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Density of States and Fermi Energy.: Rohlf Ch. 12 Sec.12.6
Density of States and Fermi Energy.: Rohlf Ch. 12 Sec.12.6
dN Vm 3/2 1/2
Density of states: = E
dE 2π
2 3
2/3
(3 / π ) h 2 2/3
Fermi energy: EF = ne
8m
Application of zero point energy
to astrophysics.
CN 5/3 BN N2
Ee = EG = −
R2 R
CN e5/3 BN N2
E = Ee + EG = −
R2 R
dE 2CN e5/3 BN N2
=− 3
+ 2 = 0
dR R R
2CN e5/3
R = = 7.2 × 10 3 km
BN N2
Exercises
Density and gravitational energy of white dwarf
M
ρ
V
BN N2
EG = −
R
5 Ee
EF =
3 Ne
2 × 10 30 kg
ρ = 1.28 × 10 9 kg-m -3 = 1.28 × 10 6 gm-cm -3
( )
4 3
π 7.2 × 10 6 m3
3
EF =
5 CN e2/3
=
(
5 1.36 × 10
−38
0.6 × 10 )( )
57 2/3
= 3.1× 10 −14 J = .194 × 10 6 eV
( )
3 2 3 2
R 7.2 × 10 6
N e5/3
R=
N 2N
CN e5/3 N e5/3 RW
2
10 5/3 61 63
Ee = Ee = 5/3 2 EeW = 2.2 × 10 = 4.8 × 10 eV
R2 N eW R 0.46 2
EF =
5 Ee
=
(
5 4.8 × 10 63 ) = 1.3 × 10 eV 3m c
6 2
3 Ne (
3 6 × 10 57 ) e
Relativistic number of states up to k. Fermi energy.!
π 3 π3
Volume up to k vk = k . Volume per state vs = 3 .
6 L
vk L3 3
Number of states up to k : N= = 2k .
vs 6π
Number of states up to E :
2
k =
p2
=
E 2 − me2 c 4 N
=
k3
=
( 2
1 E − me c )
2 4 3/2
2
c2 2 V 6π 2
6π 2 c 3 3
At T=0, electrons fill all states, 2 per state, to the Fermi energy
Ne
=
( 2
EF − m c )
2 4 3/2
V 3π 2 c 3 3
Relativistic number of states up to k. Fermi energy.!
Density of states:
1 dN dn
= = 8π
E −m c ( 2
)
2 4 1/2
E
E >> m
8π
E 2
V dE dE c 3h 3 3c 3h 3
dne 8π
= 3 3 E 2
dE c h
Total zero point electron energy:
Ef Ef
dN e
∫ E
dE
dE ∫ E 3 dE
3
Total energy = N e E = N 0
e Ef =N 0
e Ef = N e EF
dN e 2 4
∫ 0
dE
dE ∫E
0
dE
Repeat of previous analysis for relativistic electrons.
1/3
( )
EF = 3π 2 1/3 ⎛ Ne ⎞
c ⎜
⎝ V ⎟⎠
dN e 8π V 2
= 3 3E
dE c h
3
Total energy = N e E = N e EF
4
Compare Fermi and gravitational energies.
3
Total zero point energy Ee = N e E
4 eF
1/3 1/3
( )
EeF = 3π 2 1/3 ⎛N ⎞
c ⎜ e ⎟
⎝ V ⎠
= 9.75 × 10 −26 ⎛ Ne ⎞
⎜⎝
V ⎟⎠
3
( ⎛N ⎞
Ee = N e 9.75 × 10 −26 ⎜ e ⎟ )
1/3
=
(
3 9.75 × 10
−26
N 4/3 )
4 ⎝ V ⎠ 4 ⎛4 3⎞
1/3 e
⎜⎝ π R ⎟⎠
3
−26 N e4/3 N e4/3
= 4.54 × 10 =α
R R
−26 N e4/3
Ee = 4.5 × 10
R
Gravitational energy
3 GM 2 3 Gm N2 N N2
EG = − = −
5 R 5 R
( )( ) N N2 β
2
⎛ 3⎞ 2 −64 N N
= − ⎜ ⎟ 6.67 × 10 −11 1.67 × 10 −27 = − 1.1 × 10 = −
⎝ 5⎠ R R R
N e4/3 N e4/3 −64 N N2 N N2
Ee = = α EG = −1.1 × 10 = −β
R R R R
N e4/3 N N2 α N e4/3 − β N N2
E = Ee + EG = α −β =
R R R
dE
dR
=−
α N e4/3 β N N2
R 2
+
R 2
=
1
R 2 (
−α N 4/3
e + β N 2
N)= 0.
Gravity always wins out over the Fermi energy and the star collapses.
1
−1.1 × 10 −64 N N2 > 4.5 × 10 −26 N e4/3 N e = NN
2
N ≈ 1.2 × 10 57 M 1.7 M
For a more accurate measure, should not assume E >> mc 2 .
A more careful calculation gives the Chandrasekhar mass M 1.4 M
Compare a white dwarf’s energy with a neutron star.
3 GM 2 2 2
3 GmN NN BN N N2
EG = − =− =−
5 R 5 R R
Use the following data to find Bn and Cn for the neutron star.
m N = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg me = 9.1× 10 31 kg G = 6.67 × 10 −11 m 3kg-1s −2
M = 2 × 10 30 kg N N = 1.2 × 10 57 h = 6.63 × 10 −34 J-s
2C N N N5/3
R = = 12.3 × 10 3 m = 12.3 km
BN N N2
−1
2⎛ 2GM ⎞ 2 ⎛ 2GM ⎞
2
ds = c ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dt − ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dr 2 − r 2 dθ 2 − r 2 sin 2 θ dφ 2
⎝ c r ⎠ ⎝ c r ⎠
For M → 0,
ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 − dr 2 − r 2 dθ 2 − r 2 sin 2 θ dφ 2
= c 2 dt 2 − dx 2 − dy 2 − dz 2 → flat spacetime.
−1
⎛ 2GM ⎞ ⎛ 2GM ⎞
Radial motion: ds 2 = c 2 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dt 2 − ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dr 2
⎝ c r ⎠ ⎝ c r ⎠
Light: ds 2 = 0,
⎛ 2GM ⎞ dr ⎛ R ⎞ 2GM
dr = c ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dt = c ⎜1 − S ⎟ RS =
⎝ c r ⎠ dt ⎝ r ⎠ c2
RS = Schwartzschild radius.
dr dr
When r = RS = 0 When r < RS is always negative. → Black hole.
dt dt
2GM
Schwartzschild radius: r =
c2
(event horizon)
−1
⎛ 2GM ⎞ ⎛ 2GM ⎞
Radial motion: ds = c ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ dt 2 − ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟
2 2
dr 2
⎝ c r ⎠ ⎝ c r ⎠
−1 −2
2 2 2⎛ 2GM ⎞ ⎛ 2GM ⎞
c dt = ds ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ + ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ dr 2
⎝ c r ⎠ ⎝ c r ⎠
dr dr
cdt = ± =±
2GM R
1− 1− S
c2 r r
t r ⎛
dr r − RS ⎞
∫ cdt =t − t0 = ± ∫ RS = ± ⎜⎝ r − r0 + RS ln r0 − RS ⎟⎠
t0 r0 1 −
r
ct = ± ( r + RS ln r − RS + Const )