Guide for Building and Classing Motor Pleasure Yachts

February 2000

MISSI09\[

fJfie mission of tfze!Junerican 'Bureau. of SfrW.ng is to seroe the pufIic interest as wefI as t1ie needs

of OUT diems 6y pmmoting tfie seaaiu] of Eft, property and the natural. envirunmmt primarily through tfie deve!opmmt and. wifoation of stantfanfs for the d£sign.

constructionamIopemtiona£ maintenance of mannNe!atec£ jadfities.

QCZ1!4_LPT'l POLl C'l

It is the pilcy of the :4mencan 'Bureau. if shipping to pnnid: quaIity.5l'1'lJias in supp:71t of our mission ami to be ~ to the ituiWUfua[

and ~ neecf; of our diaus

as we![ as those of the pu.6flc at fmge.

~gj[ of our client commitmen1s, supfX7f1ing actions, andsenues cfe!irem[ must be ~as ~ofqua/ibj-

'1# ;fdge to monitor ourpeformana as an ontping ac.tivity anti to suioe for amtinwusimprrnmu:nt.

Guide for Building and Classing Motor Pleasure Yachts

February 2000

American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of the Legislature of the State of New York 1862

Copyright © 2000

American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza

16855 NorthchaseDrive Houston, TX 77060 USA

This Guide represents the latest position of the American Bureau of Shipping in this subject and is being released for trial use. ABS will consider the modification of these requirements as necessary and appropriate.

Foreword

This Guide is applicable to motor pleasure craft 24 m (79 ft) or greater in length overall up to 61m (200 ft) in length, that are not required to be assigned a load line. Application to vessels outside these limits will be specially considered.

The format in Sections 8 to 11 is a change from other ABS Rules in that design loads are defined together with stress/deflection criteria for three materials, i.e. steel, aluminum and FRP. The equations are based on the current design practice and satisfactory service experiences.

The machinery Sections are developed from the Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels Under 90 meters (295 feet) in Length incorporating refinements since 1983.

This Guide is being released modifications will be made appropriate so that formal reasonable period of its trial

at this time, with the intent that as may be found necessary and Rules may be published after a use.

The subject February 2000 edition is a consolidation of the November 1990 edition into which the Corrigenda No.1, dated August 1992 and the Rule Change Notice No. 2 dated January 1997 have been incorporated, together with some minor additional editorial changes for clarification purposes.

Contents

Guide for Building and Classing Motor Pleasure Yachts

Section

1 Scope and Conditions of Classification

2 Definitions

3 General

4 Materials

5 Fabrication and Quality Control

6 Structural Arrangement

7 Details and Fastenings

8 Design Pressures

9 Hull Scantlings, High Speed Craft

10 Hull Scantlings, Displacement Craft

11 Longitudinal Strength

12 Keels, Stems, Stern Frames and Shaft Struts

13 Rudders

14 Closing Appliances and Bulwarks, Rails, Vents, Ventilators and Freeing Ports, Portlights and

Windows

15 Welding

16 Equipment

17 Corrosion Prevention and Protective Coatings

18 Propulsion, Steering Gear and Auxiliary Machinery

19 Shafting and Propellers

20 Pumps and Piping Systems

21 Electrical Installations

22 Fire Extinguishing Systems

24 Surveys after Construction

SECTION 1

Scope and Conditions of Classification

1.1 Classification

1.1.1 Process

The Classification process consists of a) the developmenc of rules, guides, standards and other criteria for the design and construction of marine vessels and structures, for materials, equipment and machinery, b) the review of design and survey during and after construction to verify compliance Wl~n such rules, guides, standards or other criteria, c) the assignment and registration of class when such compliance has been verified, and d ) the issuance of a renewable Classification certificate, with annual endorsements, valid for five years.

The Rules and standards are developed by Bureau staff and passed upon by committees made up of naval architects, marine engineers, shipbuilders, engine builders, steel makers and by other technical, operating and scientific personnel associated wi th the worldwide maritime industry. Theoretical research and development, established engineering disciplines, as well as satisfactory service experience are utilized in their development and promulgation. The Bureau and its committees can act only upon such theoretical and practical considerations in developing Rules and standards.

For classification, vessels are to comply w i. th both the hull and the machinery requirements of the Rules.

1.1.2 Certificates and Reports

a. Plan review and surveys during and after construction are conducted by the Bureau to verify to itself and its committees that a vessel, structure, item of material, equipment or machinery is in compliance with the Rules, Guides, sLandards or other criteria of the Bureau and to the satisfaction of the attending surveyor. JI.ll reports and certificates are issued solely for the use of the Bureau, its committees, its clients and other authorized entities.

b. The

Bureau

will

release

information

from

reports

and

certificates to the Port State to assist in rectification of

deficiencies during port state conerol intervention.

Such

informacion includes text of conditions or classification, survey due dates, and certificate expiration dates. The owner will be advised of any request and lor release of information.

The Bureau w i.L.l release certain .inf o rma t i cn to the ve s se l ' s

hull underwriters ana P,&I clubs --,-'-,,,- unde rwr i t i nq purposes * Such information includes text of overdue conditions of classification; s ur ve y due da r e s , and ce r t i r i.cat.s exp i r a t a on dates. The owners w~~~ be advised of any reauese and/or

release of informaCion.

In the case of overdue conditions of

Sect:ion 1/1

classification, the owners will be given the opportunity to verify the accuracy of the information prior to release.

1.1.3 Representations as to Classification

Classification is a representation by the Bureau as to the structural and mechanical fitness for a particular use or service in accordance with its Rules and standards. The Rules of American Bureau of Shipping are not meant as a substitute for the independent judgement of professional designers, naval architects, marine engineers, owners, operators, masters and crew nor as a substitute for the quality control procedures of shipbuilders, engine builders, steel makers, suppliers, manufacturers and sellers of marine vessels, materials, machinery or equipment. The Bureau, being a technical society, can only act through Surveyors or others who are believed by it to be skilled and competent.

The Bureau represents solely to the vessel Owner or client of the Bureau that when assigning class it will use due diligence in the development of Rules, Guides and standards, and in using normally applied testing standards, procedures and techniques as called for by the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of the Bureau for the purpose of assigning and maintaining class. The Bureau further represents to the vessel Owner or other client of the Bureau that its certificates and reports evidence compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of the Bureau in accordance with the terms of such certificate or report. Under no circumstances whatsoever are these representations to be deemed to relate to any third party.

The user of this document is responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and other governmental directives and orders related to a vessel, its machinery and equipment, or their operat:.ion. Nothing contained in any Rule, Guide, standard, certificate or report issued by the Bureau shall be deemed to relieve any other entity of its duty or responsibility to comply with all applicable laws, including those related to the environment.

1.1.4 Scope of Classification

Nothing contained in any certificate or report is to be deemed to relieve any designer, builder, owner, manufacturer, seller, supplier, repairer, operator, other entity or person of any warranty express or implied. Any certificate or report evidences compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of American Bureau of Shipping and is issued solely for the use of the Bureau, its committees, its clients or other authorized entities. Nothing contained in any certificate, report, plan or document review or approval is to be deemed to be in any 'I'lay a representation or statement beyond those contained in 1 ~ 1. 3. The validity, applicability and interpretat.ion of any ce r t.i t i ce t e r report, plan or document review or appr ova I are governed bv t.he Rules and standards of Ame r i.can Bureau of Shipping who shall remain the sale judge thereof. The Bureau is

Section 1/2

not responsible for the consequences arising from the use by other parties of the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of the American Bureau of Shipping, without review, plan approval and survey by the Bureau.

The term "approved" shall be plans, reports or documents have with one or more of the Rules, criteria of the Bureau.

The Rules are published on the understanding that responsibili cy for s t ab i Li ty and trim, for reasonable handling and loading, as well as for avoidance of distributions of weight which are likely to set up abnormally severe stresses in vessels does not rest upon the COThuittee.

interpreted to mean that the been reviewed for compliance Guides, standards, or other

1.3 Suspension and Cancellation of Classification

1.3.1 Termination of Classification

The continuance of the Classification of any vessel is conditional upon the Rule requirements for periodical, damage and other surveys being duly carried out. The Committee reserves the right to reconsider, withhold, suspend, or cancel the class of any vessel or any part of the machinery for noncompliance with the Rules, for defects reported by the Surveyors which have not been rectified in accordance with their recormnendations, Or for nonpayment of fees which are due on account of Clas sification, Statutory or Cargo Gear Surveys. Suspension or cancellation of class may take effect immediately or after a specified period of time.

1. 3.2

Notice of Surveys

It is che responsibility of the owner to ensure that all surveys necessary for the maintenance of class are carried out at the proper time. The Bureau will notify an owner of upcoming surveys and outstanding recom.rnendations. This may be done by means of a

letter I a quarterly vessel non-receipc of such notice,

status or other ccmmuru cat i.cn . The however, does not absolve the owner

from his responsibility to comply wi t.h s ur ve y requirements for

maintenance of classp

1. 3.3

Special Notations

11: the

survey requirements

related co maintenance

Sgecial

nocaClons are not carried out as required, the suspension or cancellation may be limited to those special nocaticns on~y.

1. 3.4

Suspension of Class

will become invalld,

fram ehe date or anv use, operation,

loading ccnditlcn,

oener application af any vessel for WhlCh

section 1/3

classification or the structural integrity, quality or fitness for a particular use or service.

b Class will be suspended and the Certificate of Classification will become invalid in any of the following circumstances:

1 if recommendations issued by the Surveyor are not carried out by their due dates and no extension has been granted,

2 if Continuous Survey items which are due or overdue at the time of Annual Survey are not completed and no extension has been granted,

3 if the periodical surveys required for maintenance of class, other than Annual, Intermediate or Special Surveys, are not carried out by the due date and no Rule allowed extension has been granted, or

4 if any damage, failure, deterioration, or repair has not been completed as recommended.

c Class may be suspended, in which case the Certificate of Classification will become invalid, if proposed repairs as referred to in 1.25.1 have not been submitted to the Bureau and agreed upon prior to commencement.

d Class is automatically suspended and the Certificate of

Classification is invalid in any of the following circumstances: 1 if the Annual Survey is not completed by the date which is three (3) months after the due date,

2 if the Intermediate Survey is not completed by the date which is three (3) months after the due date of the third Annual Survey of the five (5) year periodic survey cycle, or

3 if the Special Survey is not completed by the due date, unless the vessel is under attendance for completion prior to resuming trading. Under exceptional circumstances, consideration may be given for an extension of the Special Survey,

a provided the vessel is attended and the attending Surveyor so recommends; such an extension shall not exceed three (3) months, or

b if the vessel is at sea on the Special Survey due date, and there is documented agreement to an extension prior to the due date, positive arrangements have been made for a Surveyor to attend the vessel at the first port of call, and the Bureau is satisfied there is technical justification for an extension; such an extension shall be granted only until arrival at the first port of call after the due date.

1.3.5

Lifting of Suspension

a Class will be reinstated after suspension for overdue surveys, upon satisfactory completion of the overdue surveys. Such

b

surveys will be credited as of Class ·J!lill be reinstated after

the original due date.

suspension

for

overdue

reccnrrnenda'Cions ( upon satisfactory comp l e t i.on of the ove r cue

recommendation~

c

Class

will

be

reinstated after

suspension

for

ove r due

continuous survey items, upon satisfactory completion of tne overdue icems.

Sect:ion 1/4

1.3.6

1.3.7

1.4

Cancellation of Class

a If the circumstances leading to suspension of class are not corrected wi thin the time specified, the vessel's class will be canceled.

b A vessel! s class is canceled immediately when a vessel proceeds to sea without having completed recommendations which were required to be dealt with before leaving port.

c When class has been suspended for a period of three (3) months due to overdue Annual, Intermediate, Special, Or other periodical surveys required for maintenance of class; overdue Continuous Survey items; or overdue outstanding recomrnendations I class will be canceled. A longer suspension period may be granted for vessels wh i ch are either laid up, awa i ting disposition of a casualty, or under attendance for reinstatement.

Alternative Procedures for Certain Types of Vessels

Al ternatives to 1/1.3. 4d procedures for automatic suspension of class and 1/1.3.6c procedures for cancellation of class, may be applied to military vessels; commercial vessels owned or chartered by governments which are utilized in support of military operations or service; or laid-up vessels;

Application

This Guide is applicable to motor pleasure craft 24 m (79 ft.) or greater in length overall to 61 m (200 ft) in length as defined in 2.1, that are not required to be assigned a load line. JI.pplication to vessels outside these limits will be specially considered.

For vessels receiving load line assignment see 1.39.

1.5 Alternat~ves

a General

The Conunittee is at all times ready to consider alternative arrangements and scantlings which can be shown, through either satisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based on sound engineering principles! to meet the overall s a f e t y and strength s~andards of ehe Rules.

b Nat~onal Regulations

The comnu ttee w i l l con s ide r special arrangements Dr details of hull, equipment or machlnery which can be shown co comply with

s t ancia ro s recognized in t he country in wn i.c n the ve s s e I is

registered or buile, pravlded they are nee less effective.

c Other Rules

The Comm i, t t>2:'2 ~;.jill consider hull f equipment or machinery bu.i I t

co the satlS!aCClOn -~ the surveyors of che Bureau In

accordance wlth the 91ans that have been approved to ~he Rules

another recognized classificacion society wlch verification

of comp Li e n ce by the Bureau.

;; special comme n t !",rill be

Section 1/5

entered in the Record indicating that classification has incorporated the provisions of this paragraph. Submission of plans is to be in accordance with 1.15 and 1.17.

1.7 Novel Features

Craft that contain novel features of design in respect of hull, equipment or machinery to which the provisions of the Rules are not directly applicable may be classed, when approved by the Committee, on the basis that the Rules insofar as applicable have been complied with and that special consideration has been given to the novel features based on the best information available at the time.

1.9 Effective Date of Changes

1.9.1 Six Month Rule

Changes to the Guide are to become effective on the date specified by the Bureau. In general, the effective date is not less than six months from the date of their publication. However, the Bureau may bring into force individual changes before that date if necessary or appropriate.

1. 9.2

Implementation of Changes

In general, until the effective date, plan approval for designs will follow prior practice unless review under the latest Guide is specifically requested by the party signatory to the application for classification. If one or more vessels are to be constructed from plans previously approved, no retroactive application of the later changes will be required except as may be necessary or appropriate for all contemplated construction.

1.11

Classification Symbols

1.11.1

Hull

a Yach.ting Service Yachts built to t he satisfaction of

the Surveyors to the Bureau to the full requirements of this Guide, or to their equivalent, where approved by the Committee for yachting service will be classed and distinguished in the Record by the symbol ffiAl Yachting Service, indicating compliance with the hull requirements of the Rules.

b Yachts not Built under Survey Yachts not built under

survey to this Bureau, but submit~ed for classification, will be subj ected to special classification surveys. Where found satisfactory and thereafter appr-oved by the Comm.i t t.e e , they w i Ll, be classed and distinguished in the Record by the applicable symbols and notation in 1.11. La , but the mark ffi signifying the survey during construction will be omitted.

Section li6

1.11.2

1.11.3

1.11.4

1.11.5

1.13

Equipmen t Symbol

The s ymbo l, (t;) placed after the symbols of IiiAl a;; Yachting Service, signifies that a anchors and anchor cables complies with Section 16 for that symbol.

classification, e.g. yacht's equipment of the requiremenes in

Machinery

a liiAMS Symbols Machinery constructed and installed to

the sacisfaction of the Surveyors to the Bureau to the full requirements of this Guide, or their equivalent, when found satisfactory after trial and approved by the Committee, will be classed and distinguished in the Record by che symbols ffiAMS.

b AMS Symbols Machinery not constructed and installed

under survey to this Bureau, but suomi tted for classification, will be subjected to special classification surveys. When found satisfactory and thereafter approved by the Committee, the machinery will be classed and distinguished in the Record by the symbols P'.l'1S. The mark Iii signifying the survey during construction will be omitted.

Centralized or Automatic Control Systems

Where, in addition to indi vidual unit controls, remote f centralized, or automatic control systems are proposed to be provided for propulsion units, or essential auxiliaries, relevant data is to be submitted to permit the assessment of the effect of such systems on the safety of the yacht. All controls necessary for the safe operation of the yacht are to be proved to the Surveyor's satisfaction.

Operational Limits

Yaches, by virtue of their service or design features may have limi ts to their mode 0:: operation, their speed, their range of operation or the sea conditions in which they may operate. These may be implied in the design such as in the closing appliances, windows, fittings, fuel oil capacity, etc or in the construction for a particular operation, and are expected to be acknowledged by geod practice and the experience and seamanship of the master and owner of the vessel. Lt; is r ecommended that such limits be

indicated in guidance manuals.

See also 1.19.

Plan Review

The term "approved" shall be interpreted to mean that the plans, reports or documen t s nave be e n r2'\lie~tJed bv .. ~BS for comc Li a nc e

w i, th one or IT1Cre

t.he

Rules,

and o t ne r

Guides,

standards,

criteria of the 8ureau.

Nothing concained in any letter, report,

plan or document reviewed is to be determined to be in any way a representation or s t.a t erne n t; be vo nd t.na t contained in Subsection

1.1~3 above.

The va l Ld.i t y T

aopLi ca t Lon ,

and

app.licability:

Section 1/7

1.15

1.17

are governed by of the Ame r i cari judge thereof.

the Rules, Bureau of

criteria the sole

Guides, standards, or other Shipping who shall remain

Submission of Hull Plans

Plans showing the scantlings, arrangements, and details of the principal parts of the hull structure of each vessel to be built under survey and of each vessel to have Bureau plan approval, are to be submitted and approved. Plans are to be submitted before the work of construction is commenced. These plans are to indicate clearly the scantlings and fastenings, the minimum physical properties of the construction materials, and details of construction. In general, plans should include the following; some of the structural items, where practicable, may be shown on the same plan.

General arrangement

Midship and framing sections

Scantling profile and scantling deck plans Bottom construction, floors, girders, etc. Inner bottom

Shell expansion

Pillars and girders

Watertight and tank bulkheads

Non-tight structural bulkheads

Machinery casings

Engine and main auxiliary foundations

Welding schedule and details, bonding details (FRP) Rudders and steering gear

Shaft struts

Superstructures and deckhouses and their closing appliances Hatches, portlights, windows and closing arrangemen~ Ventilation system exposed to weather

FRP Laminate Lay-up information giving cured ply thicknesses and mechanical properties of cured plies and cured laminate, mechanical properties of cores. Physical and mechanical properties of resins in liquid and cured form.

Submission of Machinery Plans &0 Data

Machinery general arrangement, installation and equipment plans and caLa as detailed below and in the following sections containing machinery requirements, as applicable to each vessel

to be built under survey, are proceeding with the work. dimensions, welding and other

to be submitted and approved before It is desired that the Slzes, details, make and size of standard

approved appliances be shown on the plans as clearly and fully as possible. All welded construction is to mee~ the requiremencs of Part 2, Chapter 4 of the latest edition of ehe Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels.

Section liS

1.19

1. 21

Arrangement and details of propulsion system:

Engine

Engine foundation arrangement, design approval details manufacturer, if not of previous design.

approv-ed

rating, from

Reduction gear

Foundation arrangement, approval details from not of previous approved

rating,

design

manufacturer, if design.

propellers

Material speCifications, design approval details and strength calculations, if not in accordance with Rules.

Propulsion Shafting

See 19.3.

Torsional Vibration Analysis See 18.5
Steering Gear See 18.11.2 and 21. 3
Boilers and Pressure Vessels See 18.3
Piping Systems See 20.3
Electrical Equipment & Systems See 21. 3 Arrangement & Details of Engine Exhaust Systems Arrangement and Details of Fire Extinguishing Systems

Waterjet Units

See 19.27

Plans to be reviewed by an ABS Technical office should generally be submitted in triplicate, one copy to be returned to those making the submission, one copy for the use of the Surveyor whe r e the vessel is being built, and one copy to be retained in the ABS Technical office for record. Add.i tional copies may be required whe r e the required attendance of the Surveyor is anticipated at more than one location. A fee may be charged for the review of plans for which there is no contract of classification.

Loading and Operating Conditions

Approval and classificacion are given with the understanding chat the vessel will be operated wich good seamanship having regard to loading, s t ab i Li.t.y I safety and speed; r ev i.ew and classification of the vessel are on condition t he t; the speed is appropriately reduced w i, t.h .i nc r ea s i.nq Sea. cc nd i t i.ori s wi t.h regard to limiting dynamic hu I L responses en wh.i c h design is based arid r ev.i ew is carried out.

Eui2ding PrOC9SS Description

For fiber rSlnforced plastlc hulls, ~he Duilder lS co submit cha process descrip~ion of the hull conscruccian before construccion

starts~ ~ ~ ?

._,.- ~ J ..... ' •

Decails of chs information co be submitted are given ~~

Sec1:ion :/9

1.23

Trials

A final under-way trial is engineering systems covered steering gear. All automatic affect the vessels propulsion or alongside the dock, to the 18.9, 18.11.11 and 21.31.

to be made of machinery and by classification, including the controls, including trips which may systems, are to be tested underway satisfaction of the Surveyor. See

1.25 Conditions for Surveys after Construction

1. 25.1

Damage, Failure and Repair

Damage, failure, deterioration or repair to hull, macrn.ne r y or equ i.pmant; which affects or may affect classification, is to be submitted by the owners or their representatives for examination by the Surveyor at first opportunity. All repairs found necessary by the Surveyor are to be carried out to his satisfaction. Nothing contained in this section or in a rule or regulation of any government or other administration, or the issuance of any report or certificate pursuant to this section or such a rule or regulation, is to be deemed to enlarge upon their representations expressed in subsections 1.1.1 through 1.1.4 hereof and the issuance and use of any such reports or certificates are in all respects to be governed by subsections 1.1.1 through 1.1.4 hereof.

1.25.2 Notificati.on and Availability for Survey

The Surveyors are to have access to classed vessels at all reasonable times. For the purpose of Surveyor Monitoring, monitoring Surveyors shall also have access to classed vessels at all reasonable times. Such access may include attendance at the same time as the assigned Surveyor or during a subsequent visit without the assigned Surveyor. The Owners or their representatives are to notify the Surveyors on all occasions when a vessel can be examined in dry dock or on a slipway.

The Surveyors are to undertake all surveys on classed vessels upon requestt with adequate notification, of the Owners or their representatives and are to report thereon to the Committee. Should the Surveyors find occasion during any survey to recoIT~end repairs or further examination, notification is to be given immediately to the owne r s or the representatives in order that appropriate acr ion may be taken. The Surveyors are to avail

themselves

of every convenient opportunity for carrying surveys in conj unction w i t h surveys of damages order to avoid duplication of work.

out and

periodical repairs in

:2..25.3

Attendance at Port State Request

It a s r eccqn i.z ed that Pert State authorities legally may have access to a vessel. In cooperacion with Porc States, ASS Surveyors will ac"Cend cn board a classed vessel when so reauested by a Pori.: State, and upon concurrence by the vessel's master will carry cut a su.rve y in order to f ac i Li t a t e the rectification of r e cc r t ad deficiencies or other discrepancies that: affect or ruav

Secti.on 1/l0

1.27

1.29

1.31

1.33

affect classification. ABS Surveyors 'will also cooperate w i, th Port States by providing inspectors with background information, if requested. Such information includes text of conditions of class, survey due dates, and certificate expiration dates.

Where appropriate, the vessel's flag state will be notified of such attendance and survey.

Fees

Fees in accordance 1IJi th normal F ... BS practice will be charged r o r all services rendered by the Bureau. Expenses incurred by the Bureau in connection with these services will be cnarged in addi tion to the fees. Fees and expenses '/Jill be billed co the party requesting that particular service.

Government and Other Regulations

While this Guide covers the requirements for the classificacion of new vessels, the attention of Owners, designers, and builders is directed to the regula1:ions of international f governmental, canal and other authorities dealing with those requirements in addition to or over and above the classification requirements.

IACS Audit

The International Association of Classification Societies (lACS) conducts audits of processes followed by all its member societies to assess the degree of compliance with the lACS Quality System Certification Scheme requirements. For this purpose, auditors from IACS may accompany ABS personnel at any stage of the classification or statutory work which may necessitate the auditors having access to the vessel or access to the premises of the manufacturer or shipbuilder.

In such instances, prior authorization for the auditor's access w i Ll, be sought by the local ABS office.

Limits of Liab~lity

The combined liability of A.merican Bureau of Shipping, its

officers, employees. or damage arisl~g

agents or subcontractors for any from its negllgent per=ormance

non-

los s r

claim

performance of any of its services or from breach of

, '"t. ,

any lmpl.leC

those

services,

from any othe:r

any persoDl

reason,

or

c o r po r a t i.on , pa r t ner s h i.p j business e n t L ty t s ove r e i.qn , c ourrt r v c r

nat.lon,

,tJ}.ll be limited to --:he q r e a te r of

an

~ \ a. ;

$100 ... 000

or b )

amount equal to t e n t i.me s the sum ac t.ua Lly pale: tor the s e r v i c s s

alleged to be deficient.

The limication of liabill

may be lflcreased up

an .3.mou.n~

t:1"~-venty~fi ~7e t i.me s t.ha t; ~u..m paid :c;:: s e r v ice s upc n :C:3C2lpr: o f Client's wrltcen request at or before che cime of performance of

s e r v.i c e s

an

additic~nal

ana

$10.00 for every Sl,OOO.OO increase lfl -~Q Ilmlcation.

Section

"1 /.., ""!

-1>./ ..... .-

1. 35

1. 37

Disagreement

1. 35.1

Rules and Guides

Any disagreement regarding either the proper interpretation of ABS Rules and Guides, or translation of the Rules and Guides from the English language edition, is to be referred to the Bureau for resolution.

1. 35.2

Surveyors

In case of disagreement between the Owners or builders and the Surveyors regarding the material, workmanship, extent of repairs, or application of the Rules relating to any vessel classed or proposed to be classed by this Bureau, an appeal may be made in writing to the Committee, who will order a special survey to be held. Should the opinion of the Surveyor be confirmed, the expense of this special survey is to be paid by the party appealing.

Type Approval

Equipment, fittings, and materials not required to be certificated may be type approved by ABS and included in the ABS List of Type Approved Equipment. Type aooroval comprises a technical review to a designated standard, a plant inspection and a quality assurance verification. ABS type approval eliminates the need for verification of the manufacturer's data and survey for each individual application.

Secti.on 1(12

SECTION 2

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions of symbols and terms are to be understood (in the absence of other specifications) where they appear in the Guide.

2.1 Length

L is the distance in meters or feet on the estimated summer load line or design waterline, from the foreside of the stem to the after side of the rudder post or sternpost; where there is not a rudder post or sternpost, L is to be measured to the centerline of the rudder stock. For use with the Guide, L is not to be less than 96% and need not be greater than 97% of the length on the summer load line or design waterline.

2.3 Breadth

B is the greatest molded breadth in meters or feet.

2.5 Depth

D is the molded depth in meters or feet, measured at the middle of L, from the base line or rabbet line to the underside of the main weather deck at side.

2.7 Draft

d is the draft in meters or feet measured at the middle of L from the base line or rabbet line at its lowest point to the summer load line or design waterline.

2.9 Main 'Q'eather Deck

The main weather deck is the uppermost continuous deck having permanent means for we a che r c i ght; closing of all openings in its weather portions, and below which all openings in the vessels side are equipped with permanent means for watertight closure.

2.11 Strength Deck

The strength deck is the deck that forms the top of the effective hull-girder at any part of its length.

2.13

Superst~~c~ura Deck

The superstructure

deck

is ,the

r i r s c deck

above

main ~,.;eather

de ck and to which che side shell plating ex r.ands , or of which the

Section

sides are fitted inboard of the hull side not more than 4% of the breadth, B.

2 . 15 Bulkhead Deck

The bulkhead deck is the deck to which watertight bulkheads extend.

2.17 superstructure

A superstructure is an enclosed structure on the main weather deck having side plating as an extension of the shell plating, or fitted inboard of the hull side not more than 4% of the breadth B.

2 . 19 Deckhouse

A deckhouse is an enclosed structure on the main weather deck or other exposed deck, having side plating fitted inboard of the hull side more than 4% of the breadth B.

2.21 Rabbet Line (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)

The rabbet line is the line intersection between the outside of a vessel's bottom and the vessel J s keel. Where there is no keel, the rabbet line is the bottom of the vessel.

2.23 Base Line (Steel and Aluminum)

The base line is the longitudinal fore and aft reference line at the upper surface of the flat plate keel on centerline, or in the case of tunnel hulls, the longitudinal line through the lowest point in the transverse section of the hull, excluding keel type extensions. In multi-hulled vessels the base line is to be that of the individual hull.

2.25 Displacement Vessel

A displacement vessel is a craft that is supported by the buoyancy of the water it displaces.

2.27 Semi-Planing and Planing Vessels

A semi-planing vessel is a craft that is supported partially by the buoyancy of water it displaces and partially by the dynamic pressure generated by the bottom surface running over the water; a planing vessel is a craft in which the dynamic lift generated by the bottom surface running over the water supports the total weight of the vessel.

2.29 Hydrodynamically Supported Vessels

A hydrodynamically supported vessel is a vessel of which the weight: or significant part thereof is balanced In at least one mode of operation by hydrodynamic forces.

Sect.ion 2/2

2.31 Motor Pleasure Craft

Motor pleasure craft are those engaged exclusively in recreational, non-revenue earning services. Vessels chartered as motor yachts and considered by the administration as yachts, and not passenger vessels! are considered motor pleasure craft.

2.32 Administration

For use with this Guide, the Administration is defined as the government of the State whose flag the yacht is entitled to fly.

2.33 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

FRP consists of two basic components: a glass-filament or other material fiber reinforcement filament and a plastic, or resin, in which the reinforcing material is imbedded.

2.33.1 Reinforcement

Reinforcement is a strong, inert material bonded into the plastic to improve its strength, stiffness and impact resistance. Reinforcements are usually fibers of glass (a lime-aluminasilicate composition having a low alkali content) or other approved material such as aramid or carbon fiber, in a woven or non-woven form, with a strong adhesive bond with the resin.

a Strand A bundle of continuous filaments combined in a single, compact unit.

b Chopped-strand Mat A blanket of randomly oriented

chopped-glass strands held together with binder.

c Roving A band or ribbon or parallel strands grouped together.

d Woven Roving A coarse fabric woven from ravings.

e Yarn A t.w i s t ed strand or strands sui table for weaving into a fabric.

f Cloth A fabric woven from yarn.

g Uni-directional A woven or non-woven reinforcemem:. with

substantially

more

fibers

in

one

principal

axis

of

the

reinforcing ply

h Bi-axial A woven or non-woven reinforcement with fibers primarily in the principal axes of the reinforcing ply.

i Double Biased A woven or norr-woven reinforcement w i t.h fibers primarily at + 45° to the principal axes of the reinforcing

ply.

j

Tri-axial

A woven or non-woven reinforcement wi~h

fibers running In the ~wo principal axes 0: the ply and addicion, with fibers running at + or - 45° to the warp.

k

Ply Principal Axes

The

t~NO princip-al

axes

of

reinforcing ply are, the axis that is parallel to r ne wa r o and the axis that is parallel to che fill.

Sect.ion 2/3

1 Warp

The roving or yarn running lengthwise in woven

fabric.

m Fill, Weft or Woof The roving or yarn running at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric.

n Binder A substance applied in small quantities to fibers to hold them lightly together in mat form.

o Size A substance applied to fibers at the time of their formation to allow resin to flow freely around and adhere to them, and to protect them from abrasion.

p Finish A substance applied t.o fabrics to promote wetting of the fibers by the resin, to improve adhesion, and to reduce interfilament abrasion.

2.33.2 Resin

Resin is a highly reactive synthetic that in its initial stage is a liquid, but. upon activation is transformed into a solid.

a Accelerator A material that, when mixed with resin, speeds the cure time.

b Catalyst or Initiator A material that is used to activate resin, causing it to harden.

c Crazing Hairline cracks, either within or on the surface of resin, caused by mechanical or thermal stresses.

d Cure To change resin from a liquid to a solid.

e Cure time The time required for resin to change from a liquid to a solid after a catalyst has been added.

f Exothermic Heat The heat given off as the result of the action of a catalyst on resin.

g Filler A material added to resin to modify its working properties or other qualities, or to lower costs.

h Gel A partially cured resin in a semi-solid state similar

to gelatin in consistency. Not to be confused with gel coat

(2.33.3e).

i Gel Time The time required to change a flowable, liquid resin into a nonflowing gel.

j Inhibitor A material that retards activation or initiation of resin, thus extending shelf life or influencing exothermic heat or gel time.

k Polymerization The reaction that takes place when resin is activated or initiated.

1 Pot Life The length of time that a catalyzed resin remains workable.

m Shelf Life The length of time that an uncatalyzed res in maintains its working properties while stored in a tightly sealed, opaque container.

n Tack The degree of stickiness of the resin.

o Thixotropy The property or phenomenon, exhib i ted by some resins, of becoming jelly-like at rest but becoming fluid again when stirred or agitated. This facilitates the application of the resin to inclined or vertical surfaces.

2.33.3

Laminate

A laminate is a material composed of successive bonded layers, or plies~ of resin and fibe= or other reinforcing substances.

Sec'Cion 2/4

2.35

Wood

a Bi-directional Laminate A laminate with fibers oriented primarily in the warp and fill directions in the plane of the laminate and where the mechanical properties in the warp and fill of the laminate are similar. Bi-directional laminates may be constructed of bi-axial, double bias, tri-axial, mat or unidirectional reinforcing layers, or a combination of any of these.

b Uni-directional Laminate A laminate with substantially more of the fibers in the plane of the laminate oriented in one of the two principal axis of the laminate plane so that the physical properties along that axis, are appreciably higher than along the other natural axis.

c Barcol Hardness laminate and thereby the d Delamination The

A measurement of the hardness of a degree of completion of the cure. separation of the layers of material in a

laminate.

e Gel Coat The first resin applied to a mold when

fabricating a laminate. It provides a smooth protective surface for the laminate. For decorative purposes, it usually has a coloring matter added. Not to be confused with gel (see 2.35.2h).

f Layup The process of applying to a mold the layers of resin and reinforcing materials that make up a laminate. These materials are then compressed or densified with a roller or squeegee to eliminate entrapped air and to spread resin evenly. Also a description of the component materials and geometry of a laminate and laminate that has been assembled.

g Peel Ply A partially impregnated, lightly bonded layer of glass, cloth or woven roving used to protect a laminate in anticipation of secondary bonding, providing a clean, fresh bonding surface.

h Secondary Bonding The practice of bonding fresh material to a cured or partially cured laminate.

i Verified Minimum Physical Property The physical properties verified by the appropriate test given in Table 5.1.

j Laminate Principal Axes The two principal axes of a square or rectangular plate panel are for the application of these Rules those perpendicular and parallel to the plate panel edges.

2.33.4 Encapsulation The containment of a core material such as softwoods, including plywood, balsa, or plastic foam between two FRP single- skin laminates. The cores may be structurally effective or ineffective.

2.35.1

Softwood

Softwoods are botanically named Gymnosperms, and fall into the category called conifers, having the seeds exposed, usually in cones.

2.35.2

Hardwoods

Hardwoods are botanically named Angiosperms. They have true

flowers and broad leaves and the seeds are enclosed in fruit.

Section 2/5

2.37

Mechanical Properties

2.37.1 Steel and Aluminum

a Yield Stress Throughout this Guide, yield stress refers to either yield point or yield strength as applicable to the material.

i) Yield Point The yield point is the first stress in a test at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Ordinary strength steels and some higher strength steels have a yield point.

i1) Yield Strength The yield strength is the stress at which a material exhibits an offset strain of 0.2% for aluminum and steel or for steel an extension under load of 0.5%.

b Tens i1e Strength The s tress obtained by dividing the maximum load a specimen sustains during a test by the original crosssectional area of the specimen.

2.37.2

Fiber-Reinforced Plastic

a Flexural Strength The measure of the capability of a plate to withstand a bending load without failing.

b Flexural Modulus The number used to calculate the distance a plate will deflect under a given bending load.

c Tensile Strength The measure of the capability of a plate or stiffening member to withstand a stretching load without failing.

d Tensile Modulus The number used to calculate the amount a plate or stiffening member will increase in length when a stretching load is applied to it.

e Compressive Strength The measure of the capability of a plate or stiffening member to withstand a compressing load without crushing.

f Compressive Modulus The number used to calculate the amount a plate or stiffening member decreases in length when a compressing load is applied to it.

g Shear Strength The measure of the capability of a body such as a plate or stiffening member to withstand a shearing load without one part of the body being forced to slide past the other. h Shear Modulus The measure of the stiffness of a plate or stiffening member when a shearing load is applied to it. Also called the modulus of rigidity.

i Interlaminar Shear The shear strength of the bond between plies of reinforcing material. The measure of the capability of the bond to withstand a shear load without delamination.

2.37.3

Wood

a Modulus of Rupture in Bending A measure of the maximum load carrying capacity. It is obtained by the maximum bending moment that can be carried without rupture divided by the mlnlmum section modulus of the plating or stiffening member. Values given are generally bending parallel to the grain.

Section 2/6

b Modulus of Elasticity The number used to calculate the distance a plate or stiffening member will deflect under a given bending load. Values given are generally for bending parallel to the grain.

c Tensile strength Parallel to Grain The maximum stretching load divided by the initial sectional area of the specimen, parallel to the grain, that a plate or stiffening member can withstand without rupture. As relatively few data are available for this property it may be conservatively estimated, for clear, straight-grained wood, by the modulus of rupture in bending.

d Tensile strength Perpendicular to Grain The maximum stretching load divided by the initial sectional area of the specimen, perpendicular to the grain, that a plate or stiffening member can withstand without rupture.

e Compressive Strength A measure of the maximum compressive load a plate or stiffening member can withstand without crushing. It is obtained by the maximum load that can be carried without crushing, divided by the cross-sectional area of the plate stiffening member. Values given are generally for the compressive stress parallel to the grain.

2.39 Systems of Measurement

This Guide is written in three systems of units, i.e., SI units, MKS units and US customary units. Each system is to be used independently of any other system.

The format of presentation in the Guide of the three systems of units is as follows:

SI units (MKS units, US customary units)

unless indicated otherwise.

section 2/7

SECTION 3

GENERAL

3.1 Materials

The materials of which the hull is constructed will be indicated in the Record as, steel, higher strength steel, (HTS) , or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) . Where advanced composits are substantially used, the material will be identified as FRP, Advanced Composites.

3.3 Structural Arrangement and Details

The structural arrangements and details are to be in accordance with Sections 6 and 7. Major openings such as hatches and large vents are to be avoided in the hull in close proximity to the gunwale. Corners of openings in strength structures are to have generous radii. Compensation may be required for openings.

3.5 Structural Members

The scantling requirements of.this Guide are applicable to either aluminum or steel standard rolled or extruded structural shapes and bars, including flat bars, or fabricated sections, or fiber reinforced plastic members, with or without effective cores. The section modulus of a stiffening member is obtained in association with the plating to which the member is attached. The effective width of plating is given in 3.7. The section modulus of a shape, bar, or fabricated section, or layed-up member not attached to plating is that of the member only.

3.7 Effective Width of Plating

3.7.1

General

The section modulus and moment of inertia of stiffening members are provided by the member and a portion of the plating to which it is suitably attached. The effective width is to not exceed that given in the following paragraphs.

3.7.2

FRP Laminates

Where the plating is an FRP single-skin laminate, the maximum effective width of plating for floors, frames. beams, girders and bulkhead stiffeners etc. is not to exceed either the stiffening member spacing or the width obtained from the following equation, whichever is less. See Figure 3.1.

w - 1St + b

Where

w t b

effective width of plating in rom or in. thickness of single skin plating in rom or in. net width of stiffening member in rom or

in., but not more than 18t

Section 3/1

Where the plating is an FRP sandwich laminate with a flexurally and compressively ineffective (balsa or plastic) core, t in the above equation is the thickness of a single skin laminate having the same moment of inertia per unit width as the two skins of the sandwich, about the neutral axis of the sandwich, excluding the

core.

For a stiffening member along an opening, the maximum effective width of plating is equal to either one-half the stiffening member spacing or the width obtained from the following equation, whichever is less.

w - 9t + b

where W, t and b are as defined above.

3.7.3 Plywood Plating

Where the plating is either plywood or an FRP sandwich laminate with a plywood core, the maximum effective width of plating is equal to either the stiffening member spacing or the width obtained from the following equation, whichever is less.

w - SOt + b

where

wand b are as defined in 3.7.2.

t - thickness of plating in mm or in.

For a stiffening member along an opening, the maximtun effective width of plating is one-half of the effective width given above.

3.7.4 Steel and Aluminum Plating

Where the plating is either steel or effective width of plating is equal to member spacing or the width obtained from whichever is less.

aluminum the maximum ei ther the stiffening the following equation,

w - SOt

where

w is as defined in 3.7.2

t - thickness of plating in mm or in.

For a stiffening member along an opening, the maximum effective width of plating is one-half of the effective width given above.

3.9 Brackets

3.9.1

Steel Brackets

Where brackets are fitted having thicknesses as required by Table 3.1 and a face at approximately 45 degrees with the bulkhead, deck or shell and the bracket is supported by the bulkhead, shell, or deck the length of each member, i, may be measured to a point 25%

Section 3/2

of the extent of the bracket beyond the toe of the bracket as shown in Figure 3.2. The minimum overlap of the bracket arm along the stiffener is not to be less than obtained form the following equation.

x - 1.5y

x length of overlap along member in mm or in.

y depth of member in rnrn or in.

Where a bracket laps a member, the amount of overlap generally is to be not less than 25 rnrn (1 in.)

3.9.2 Aluminum Brackets

Aluminum brackets are to comply with 3.9.1 except that the thicknesses given in Table 3.1 are to be multiplied by 1.45 for the same length of face.

Section 3/3

FiGURE 3.1

Effective Width of FR.? Platinq

9t

b

9t

u: = 1St ... b

Section 3/4

FIGURE 3.2

Bracket

O.25( e -i- x:)

TABLE 3.1

Steel Brackets

Metric

Length of Face f, mm

Thickness, mm Plain Flanged

tJidth of Flange, mm

Not exceeding 305 5.0
Over 305 to 455 6.5 5.0 38
Over 455 to 660 8.0 6.5 50
Over 660 to 915 8,5 8.0 63
Over 915 to 1370 11.0 9.5 75 Inches
Length of Face Thickness, in. tJidth of
f, in. Plain Flanged Flange, in
Not exceeding 12 3/16
Over 12 to 18 1/4 3/16 1 1/12
Over 18 to 26 5/16 1/4 2
Over 26 to 36 3/8 5/16 2 1/2
Over 36 to 54 7/16 3/8 3 Section 315

SECT:t:ON 4

MATER:t:ALS

4 . 1 Al.unU.num Al.loys

The weld filler metals and aluminum alloys used in vessels built to comply with this Guide are to be in accordance with the requirements in Sections 30 and 35 of the "Rules for Building and Classing Aluminum Vessels". Consideration will be given to aluminum alloys of different properties provided they are suitable for marine applications and welding. Care is to be taken that aluminum alloys are insulated where necessary from other metals. Timber and paints containing copper, lead or mercury are not to be used with aluminum alloys.

For guidance, Table 4.1 gives the physical properties of some of the aluminum alloys in Sections 30 and 35 of the "Rules for Building and Classing Aluminum Vessels". The physical properties of other aluminum alloys suitable for marine applications, specified in recognized national or industrial standards, will also be considered. Requirements for welding are given in Section 15.

4.3 Steel

The steel used in vessels built to comply with this Guide are to be in accordance with the requirements for Grade A ordinarystrength hull structural steel or Grade AH higher-strength structural steel in Part 2, Chapter 2 of the latest edition of the "Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels", or steel in accordance with other approved standards. Flat-rolled steel and flat bars less than 5 rum (0.20 in.) in thickness and shapes of cross-section less than 645 mm2 (1 in2l need not be subjected to tensile tests but chemistry consistent with the required tensile properties is to be complied with.

For guidance, Table 4.2 gives the physical properties of Grade A and AH steels. The physical properties of other steels, specified in recognized national or industrial standards, w i.Ll. also be considered. Requirements for welding are given in Section 15.

4.5 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

4 . 5 . 1 General

The basic Lamt.na t e referred to in this Guide is composed of an unsaturated, general purpose polyester resin and fiberglass reinforcement of alternate layers of glass fiber chopped-strand mat and woven roving, having a glass content of approximately 35% of weight: and fabricated by the contact or hand-layup process. Laminates of ot:her compositions and other types of lay-up will be considered on the submission of lay-up details and test data on

Section 4/1

the cured laminate properties. See also Section 17, Corrosion Prevention and Protective Coatings.

4.5.2 Resins

Resins for the basic laminate of this Guide, other than those utilized for gel coats, are to be unsaturated, general-purpose or fire-retardant polyesters suitable for marine use, and are to be catalyzed in strict accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. Other resins, such as epoxy or vinylester, may be used. The properties of a resin are to be for the final form of the resin actually used in production with all additives and fillers included. The amount of silicon dioxide or other material added to provide thixotrophy is to be the minimum necessary to resist flowing or draining. If mineral fillers are added,they are to be of a type recommended by the resin manufacturer. All additives are to be in accordance with the resin manufacturers recommendations. The strain at failure of the cured gel coat resin is generally to exceed that of the cured laminating resin. Relevant details of the resins in liquid and cured form are to be submitted.

4.5.3 Reinforcing Materials

Fiber reinforcing materials are to be as described in 2.33.1. Binders, where used, are to be soluble polyester, epoxy, or vinylester resin, as appropriate for the laminating and gel coat resins. SiZes and finishes are to be of the silane type, and are to be compatible with the laminating resins. Binders, sizes and finishes are to be non-water-soluble.

4.5.4 Laminates

a Basic Laminate The basic laminate consists of generalpurpose polyester resin and alternate plies of fiberglass mat and fiberglass woven roving. The minimum glass content of this laminate is 35% by weight.

b Minimum Physical Properties of Laminate The minimum physical properties of basic laminate are given in Table 4.3 for the warp direction. For all laminates, the properties used in design are to be verified by approved material tests. See 5.3.6h3 and 4.

c Exemptions from the Basic Laminate Gel coats and skin coats of either fiber mat or fiber cloth weighing less than 30 grams per square meter (0.1 ounce per square foot) are considered to be nonstructural, and therefore are not to be included when calculating basic laminate scantlings.

d Laminate Thicknesses For design purposes the average thicknesses are given below for mat and woven roving plies layedup separately.

The cured resin-and-mat thicknesses equal to 0.25 square meter (0.03 inches

plies may be taken to have average millimeters per 100 grams of mat in each per ounce of mat in each square foot) of

Section 4/2

the laminate. taken to have per 100 grams per ounce of laminate.

The cured resin-and-woven roving plies may be having average thickness equal to 0.12 millimeters of woven roving in each square meter (0.0016 inches woven roving in each square yard) of the basic

For mat and woven roving laminate differing from the basic FRP laminate in glass content, the average cured laminate thickness, t, varying with the glass content, can be obtained from the following equations:

t Wk (305 _ 2.690) mm (in.) c fg

Where: k "" 0.35 mm (0.0138 in.)

fg"" the glass percentage content by weight, of one ply of the mat and one ply of the woven-roving of the laminate to be used

c glass content per pair of composite fiberglass reinforcement of basic laminate,

1272 g/m2 or 4.17 oz/ft2

W total weight of fiberglass reinforcement in g/m2 or oz/ft2, of the laminate to be used

Thicknesses obtained form the above equations are average effective thicknesses not including exemptions, see 4.S.4c.

e Composites Differing from Basic Laminate Where bi-

directional reinforced-plastic laminates other than the basic laminate are to be used, the appropriate verified minimum physical properties are to be used in the scantling equations. See 5.3.6h3 and 4. These properties of the laminate, and lay-up detail showing the thickness and weight of the plies are to be indicated on the drawings.

f Laminates utilizing Uni-directional Reinforcing Materials Where uni-directional reinforcing materials are used, a sufficient balance of properties in the warp and fill directions is to be maintained to prevent laminate failure in any direction. For uni-directional laminates the ratios of the verified minimum laminate strengths in the fill direction to the verified minimum strength properties in the warp direction are to be not less than the following:

section 4/3

4.7 Wood

Member

Fill StrengthjWarp Strength

Panel, aspect ratio 1.0 Panel, aspect ratio> 2.0 Stiffening member

0.80 0.61 0.25

For panels with aspect ratios between 1.0 and 2.0, the factors are to be obtained by interpolation.

The required scantlings are to be determined by using the appropriate verified minimum physical properties in the scantling equations. The values of EF/F, Er/r and EC/C in the fill direction are not to exceed the same ratios in the warp direction.

Where the properties of the finished laminates forming the crown, webs or shell or deck flanges of an internal member differ in the direction of bending stresses, the internal is to meet the requirements of Section 9 or 10, as appropriate, for each different strength laminate.

Where the arrangements of the layers and the physical properties of the laminate are such that the laminate meets the definition of a bi-directional laminate it may be considered as such.

4.7.1 General

All wood used is to be of good marine quality, properly seasoned, clear, free of defects adversely effecting its strength and with the grain suitable for the purpose intended. Yood members, except cold-molded wood laminates coated with resin, are to be treated with a preservative.

The strength properties for some such woods are given in Table 4.4. Where o che r woods are to be used, the strength properties are to be based on the recognized national standards.

4.7.2 wood Preservatives

wood preservatives are to be of an approved type. Consideration should also be given that they do not have a harmful effect on coatings or, where used, on synthetic resins.

wood encapsulated in FRP or used in cold-molded wood laminate is not to be treated with a preservative of a type that will prevent adhesion of polyester, or other resin, where used.

4.7.3 wood Glues

wood glues, where used, are to be of a waterproof type having the necessary durability and strength, and are to be mixed and applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Attention is to be given to the application which is to be appropriate to the particular species of wood.

Section 4/4

4.9 Plywood

Plywood is to be of marine quality and manufactured in accordance with a recognized national standard or with ISO standards.

4.11 Core Materials

The minimum shear strength of typical core materials are shown in Table 4.5. Materials other than shown will be subject to special consideration. The shear strength for use in the design is to be verified by test, as required in 5.3.Gh.

4.13 Fastening

Mechanical fastenings are to be of material suitable for the service intended and are to be either galvanically compatible with the materials being fastened or provided with the necessary insulation. Brass fastenings are not to be used. Noncorrosionresistant ferrous fastenings are to be galvanized. Fastenings used with aluminum alloys are to be austenitic corrosion-resistant (stainless) steel or of a suitable aluminum alloy.

Section 4/5

Table 4.~

Properties of Aluminum Alloys Sheet and Plate

Minimum UI ti.m.a te MinLmum Yield Strength
Tensile Strength Unwelded Condition
Alloy Thickness N/mm2 kgf/mm2 psi N/mm2 kgf/mm2 psi
HO Up to 38mm (1.5 in) 275 28.1 40000 125 12.6 18000
H116 Up to 38mm (1.5 in) 275 28.1 40000 215 21. 8 31000
5083 H321 Up to 38mm (1.5 in) 275 28.1 40000 215 21. 8 31000
H112 Up to 12.5 mm (0.499in) 240 24.6 35000 125 12.6 18000
Hl12 Up to 25.5 mm (1.0 in) 240 24.6 35000 110 11.2 16000
5086 Hl16 Up to 51.0 mm (2.0 in) 240 24.6 35000 195 19.7 28000
H32 Up to 51.0 mm (2.0 in) 240 24.6 35000 195 19.7 28000
H34 Up to 25.5 mm (1.0 in) 240 24.6 35000 235 24.0 34000
H32 Up to 51.0 mm (2.0 in) 215 21.8 31000 180 18.3 26000
5454 H34 Up to 25.5 mm (1.0 in) 215 21.8 31000 200 20.4 29000
H1l6 Up to 38 mm (l. 5 in) 290 29.5 42000 215 21. 8 31000
5456 H321 Up to 38.0 mm (1. 5 in) 290 29.5 42000 215 21.8 31000 Table 4.1

Properties of Aluminum Alloys Extrusion

0
5083 HI12
0
5086 H112
0
5456 Hlll
6061 T6
6082 T6
6351 T6 Minimum Ultimate Minimum Yield Strength
Tensile Strength Unwelded Condition
Welded Condition
N/_ kg:f/_ psi N/_ kgf/rrmf psi
275 2B.1 40000 110 11.2 16000
275 28.1 40000 110 1~.2 16000
240 24.6 35000 95 9.8 14000
240 24.6 35000 95 9.8 14000
290 29.5 42000 130 13.4 19000
290 29.5 42000 180 18.3 26000
~65 16.8 24000
165 16.8 24000
165 16.8 24000 Alloy

Section 4/6

TABLE 4.2

Properties of Steels

M.i n i Mum V~ t.i:ma te Tensi~e Strength

Grade

N/mm2

Kg:f/111Irl

psi

A AH32 AH36

400 470 490

58,000 68,000 71,000

41 48 50

Table 4.3

Minimum

Yie~d Strength

N/mm2

235 315 355

Properties of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Basic Laminate

Flexural strength, F Flexural modulus, EF Tensile strength, T Tensile modulus, ET Compressive strength, C Compressive modulus, Ec

Shear strength perpendicular to warp Shear strength parallel to warp, Shear modulus parallel to warp,Es Interlaminar shear strength

Section 4/7

24 32 36

N/111ll12 Kg:f/:rrrrrJ! psi

172 7580 124 6890 117 6890 76 62 3100 17.3

17.5 773 12.6 703 11.9 703 7.7 6.3 316 1. 76

25,000 1.1 x 106 18,000

1. 0 x 106 17,000 1.0 x 106 11,000 9,000 0.45 x 106 2500

psi

34,000 45,000 51,000

'tABU 4.4

Proper~ie~ of Various Wcod~

, Modulu::;-

Tonsile Strength

Perpandicular Compressing Strength

C=u N=e SpQci!ic of Rupture of El.a:st.icity to Grain l'ou:allel to Gr:a.in
of Species Grtl"Vity H/am 2. N/=2. Nfam2. N/ttm 2.
(kg!/:mI 2. psi) (kg!/rrzr? psi) (kgf/llXIl 2 psi) (kg!/llXIl 2
, , , , psi) Ash, White 106 12.00xl03 5.5 !l
0.60 (10.87, 15400) (1228, 1. 74Xl05) (.66, 940 ) (5.22, 7400)
Cadar ,Alaska 76 9.79xl03 2.5 410
0.44 (7.84, 11100 ) (1002, 1.42x106) ( .25, 360) (4.45, 6310)
Cedar, West-am 52 7.65x103 1.5 31
Red 0.3Z (5.30, 7500) (783, 1.11:.1:106) (.lS,220) (3.22, 4560)
Elm., Americ2Ul Sl 9.2.4xl03 4.5 38
0.50 (8.33, 11800) (964, L34X106) (.47,660) (3.90, 5520)
Elm, British 41 7.6jxl03 34
0.55 (4.24, 6000) (783, 1.1lx106) (-, -) (3.53, 5000)
El.::n, Rock 102 10.62xlC3 49
0.53 (l0.45, 14800) (lOB1, 1. 54X1C6) (-, -) (4.98, 7050)
'C"J_ Douglas 86 1:3. 45X103 2.3 50
..... -.
0.48 (8.75, 12400 ) (1376, 1_95xl0S) (.24,340) (5.11. 7240)
Mahogany, C.ntral. 80 10.41:.1:103 46
&; South America - (8.19, 11600) (1066, 1.5lx10S) (- , -) (4.58, 6630)
Oak, E::l&:Lish 66 10.00xl03 50
0.70 (6.78, 9600) (1023, 1.45x106, (- . -) (5.08, 1400)
Oak, Iolhit. 105 12.27xl03 S.S 51
0.68 (10.73, 15200) (1256, 1. 78X106) (_56, 800) (5.25, 7440)
?ine,Langleaf 100 13.65%103 3.2 sS
Yellow 0.59 (10.24, 14500 ) (1398, 1.98%106) c. 33,470) (S.98, 8470 ,
P':"neJ Oregon S6 13. 45xl03 2.3 50
0.48 (8.75, 12400) (1375. 1. 95%106) (.24, 340) (5 .ai. 7240)
Pi:l.e, Westa= 67 10.07X103 35
0.38 (5.85, 9700) (1031 • 1. 46X106) (-, -) (3.56, 5040)
:i.n.J \>lh.ita 59 8.55::103 2. .. 1 33
0.35 (6.07, S60C) (875, 1.24X106) (,22, :l10) (3.39, 4800)
Spruc., Siu.a 70 10.8:3x103 2.6 39
0.40 (7.20, 10200) (1108, 1.57%105) (.26, 370) (3.96. 5610)
T.nk a8 12.41:::103 70
0.63 (9.04, 12800) (12'1~ 1. 80=105) (-, -, (i.06, 100CO)
,
Va.l.u.:s given =9 adjust-ad fo: U: lDOistura contant. Section 4/8

Table 4.5

Core Material Properties

Mininn;xm
Density Shear Strength
Kg/m3 lb/ft3 N/:rzrrrI Kg£/:llml psi
128 8 1.9 0.19* 270*
144 9 2.1 0.21* 300*
80 5 1.0 to 1.2 0.10 to 0.12 145 to 170
100 6.25 1.4 to 1.5 0.14 to 0.15 200 to 215
80-96 5-6 1.2 0.12 170 Materia~

Balsa, end-grain Balsa, end-grain Polyvinyl chloride,

crosslinked Polyvinylchloride, linear

Note: * These values are for Ecuadorian balsa.

Section 4/9

SECTION 5

FABRICATION AND QUALITY CONTROL

5.1 Steel and Aluminum

The requirements of this Guide apply to all-welded vessels; workmanship is to be of good quality. In general, the welding for steel or aluminum vessels is to comply with Section 15.

5.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic

5.3.1 General

The use of fabricating procedures differing from those in this Guide will be specially considered.

5.3.2 Fabrication Procedures

a General The laminate is to be fabricated by the contact or hand-layup process for either single - skin or sandwich construction. Other methods of fabrication will be subj ect to consideration. The resin gel time used in production is to be within the limits recommended by the resin manufacturer.

b Laminate Layup A layer or ply of reinforcing material may consist of a number of pieces. The pieces are to be lapped along their edges and ends. The width of each lap is to be not less than 50 mm (2 in.). Unless otherwise specifically approved, no laps in the various plies of a laminate are to be closer than 100 mm (4 in.) to each other.

Transitions in laminate thickness are to be tapered over a length not less than three times the thickness of the thicker laminate. A gradual transition in fiber reinforcement is to be provided between bi-directional and uni-directional laminates.

c Sandwich Panel Layup Sandwich panels may be laminated with cores that either are effective in resisting bending, compression and deflection (e. g. plywood) or are essentially ineffective in resisting bending, compression and deflection, but capable of carrying shear loads, (e. g. balsa wood and plastic foam) .

All cores are to be effectively bonded to the skins. Joints in core materials are to be scarphed and bonded, or connected by similar effective means.

Where sandwich panels with ineffective cores are used in way of mechanically connected structures, gears and equipment, a core effective in resisting flexure and compression is to be inserted. The inserts are to be bonded to the skins or faces of the sandwich and to the adjacent less effective core.

The ply of skin laminate in contact with each face of a core material is in general to be chopped-strand mat. The mat is to be thoroughly impregnated with resin and the core is to be coated with resin before layup. The use of plies other than chopped strand mat adjacent to the core will be approved with due

SECTION 5/1

consideration being given to the adhesive used to bond the ply to the core.

d Secondary Bonds The surfaces of cured laminates are to

be fresh and free from wax, grease, dirt and dust. The first ply of the secondary layup is to be chopped-strand mat. The final ply of laminate along the bond line of the cured laminate is to be preferably chopped-strand mat.

5.3.3 Building Process Description

The building process description is to be submitted for review by the builder before construction starts.

Information on the following items is to be included.

Description of construction facilities, including environmental control and material storage and handling. Specifications for resins, reinforcing products, and core materials.

Layup procedures, including type, orientation of reinforcements, sequence, resin mixing methods, and resin pot-life limits

Secondary bounding procedures Inspection and quality-control systems

Laminate properties derived from destructive qualification testing

5.3.4 Building Facilities

a. Material Storage Premises

The premises are to be equipped and arranged so that the material manufacturer's recommendations for storage and handling can be followed:

i) Premises are to be cool, clean, dry and sufficiently free of dust so that materials are not contaminated or degraded, materials are to be remain sealed in ctorage as recommended by the manufacturer.

ii)

Before being used, a period of time recommended by the

fiber reinforcements are to be stored for and at a temperature and humidity as manufacturer but not less than 48 hours.

iii) Resins, catalysts, hardeners and accelerators are to be stored in a well-ventilated space at temperatures recommended by the manufacturer. The storage period is not to exceed the shelf lives. Fillers and additives are to be stored in closed containers impervious to humidity and dust. Resin tanks are to be arranged so that they can be stirred at the frequency and time recommended by the manufacturer.

iv) Core materials are to be stored in a dry space and protected against damage; they are to be contained in their protective packaging until immediately prior to use.

SECTION 5/2

b. Laminating Premises

Premises are to be arranged and equipped so that the material manufacturer's recommendations and builder's standards for handling, laminating and curing can be followed:

i) Premises are to be fully enclosed, dry, clean, shaded from the sun, and adequately ventilated and lighted.

ii) Temperature is to be maintained adequately constant at a temperature between l6C and 32C (60F and 90F). The humidity is to be kept adequately constant to prevent condensation and is not to exceed 80%. Where spray molding is taking place the humidity is not to be less than 40%. Temperature and humidity are to be within limits recommended by the materials manufacturer's.

Departures from the foregoing will be considered provided temperatures and humidity are within the limits recommended by manufacturer and are reviewed by the Bureau prior to laminating.

iii) Scaffolding is to be provided where necessary so that all laminating work can be carried out without standing on cores or on laminated surfaces.

5.3.5 Inspection

Inspection is to be carried out by the builders and Surveyors as indicated and approved in the building process description and building quality control manual. A constant visual inspection of the laminating process is to be maintained by the builder. If improper curing or blistering of the laminate is observed, immediate remedial action is to be taken. Inspections of the following are to be carried out.

i) Mold inspection prior to applying releasing agent and gel coat.

ii) Gel coat, check thickness, uniformity and application and

cure before applying laminating resin first layer of

reinforcement.

iii) Check resin formulation and mixing, check and record amounts of base resin, catalysts, hardeners, accelerators, additives and fillers.

iv) Check that reinforcements are uniformly pregnated and well wetMout, and that Lay-up is in accordance with approved drawings and standards of overlaps are complied with.

v) Check and record resin/fiber ratios.

SECTION 5/3

vi)

Check that curing redemial action is blistering is noted.

is occurring as specified. to be taken when improper

Immediate curing or

vii) Visual overall inspection of completed lay-up for defects that can be corrected before release from the mold.

viii) Check and record hardness of cured hull prior to release from mold.

5.3.6 Quality Control

a General A quality-control system is to be set up in

association with the building process description. The objective of the system is to measure and record compliance with approved plans and the process description. Quality-control records are to be carefully kept, and are to be available at all times for review and routine verification by the Surveyor to the Bureau. Prior to conducting the tests described in h, the dates of the tests are to be given to the Surveyors by the builder.

b Receiving As all materials are received by the

builder, they are to be inspected by the builder to assure conformance with the builder's purchase orders, which in turn are to reflect the material specifications on the approved plans and in the process description. Tests are to be carried out as necessary on the resins and results recorded.

c Gel Time The builder is to establish and implement a

resin gel-time control system for the gel-time desired in production. This gel time is to be within the gel-time upper and lower limits recommended by the resin manufacturer. Resin mixes are to be monitored and recorded to assure proper gel times. During layup the temperature and humidity in the laminating area is to be recorded at regular intervals, and the catalyst and gel time are to be adjusted to suit changing conditions.

d Lamination The plies and cores as applicable are to

be layed-up in accordance with the approved plans. This is to be monitored and recorded.

e Laminate Proportions The quantities of resin and

reinforcement going into a laminate are to be monitored and

recorded.

f Laminate Thickness general is not to differ more indicated on the approved plans.

g Defects Defects are to be assessed using a

recognized national standard. Defects deemed by the Surveyors to be repairable without affecting the serviceability and strength of the laminate may be rectified; methods used to make the repairs are to be acceptable to the Surveyors.

The cured laminate thickness in than 15% from the thickness

h Tests

1. Barco1 Hardness Prior to removal from the mold the

laminate is to be checked with a Barcol hardness tester at a suitable number of locations to determine the degree of cure. The

SECTION 5/4

Barcol hardness number of the cured laminate measured on the surface without the gel coat, is to be not less than 40.

2 Burnout and Thickness The builder is to conduct and

record the results of a predetermined, sufficient number of tests for glass/fiber content and thickness checks on cutouts or plugs that have been removed from laminates to make way for through-hull and through-deck fittings. The plugs are to be identified by their location in hull. Each burnout test for glass reinforced laminates is to be made on a sample that is at least 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. A record is to be made of the cured laminate thickness and the glass content by weight. Fiber content measurement for carbon and aramid (kevlar) fiber reinforced laminates are to be carried out by acid tests.

Additionally, a visual inspection of the residue may be required to determine the types and the number of layers of reinforcement used in the laminate.

3 Laminate Properties Determination of laminate

properties (specific gravity, glass content, tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, shear strength, and, where glass content is 40% or more, interlaminar shear strength) is to be made on the basis of destructive qualification tests of panels assembled by the fabricator under environmental conditions and using resin formulations and process techniques simulating the conditions, formulations, and techniques to be used in actual production.

The fabricator is to lay up the test panels at an angle of about 450. All panels are to be tested in the as-cured condition. Test procedures are to be in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications or equivalent. All test results are to be reported. Bureau review of laminate design will be predicated on the quality of laminate produced by the fabricator. Laminate properties derived from qualification testing of sample panels, which are to be witnessed as necessary by the Surveyor are to be included in the process description. Test samples may be taken also from hull cut-outs or plugs or hull laminate extension tabs.

In series production, maintenance of laminate quality in vessels subsequent to the prototype vessel is to be demonstrated by an approved method of assembling and testing panels, in accordance with the following frequency schedule or as required by the SU~leyor. Test panels may be either layed up as a qualification test sample at the time of boat lay-up, or may be taken from hull cut-outs or hull laminate extension tabs.

SECTION 5/5

Length (L) Frequency
m ft of testing
Under 9.1 Under 30 Every 12th vessel
9.1 to 12.2 30 to 40 Every 10th vessel
12.2 to 15.2 40 to 50 Every 8th vessel
15.2 to 18.3 50 to 60 Every 6th vessel
18.3 to 21.3 60 to 70 Every 4th vessel
21.3 to 24.4 70 to 80 Every other vessel
24.4 and over 80 and over Every vessel The tests associated with the laminate properties are shown in Table 5.1. Tests alternative to those listed will be specially considered.

4. Test Results One copy of the test results is to be

forwarded promptly to the technical office doing hull plan approval. Where test results are less than laminate design properties indicated on approved plans, this is to be drawn to the attention of the technical office. One copy of all test results is to be filed. in the classification survey report.

In the case of advanced composites, one copy of all test resul ts is to be forwarded to the technical hull plan approval staff.

5. Tests

electrical tests requirements.

Hull hydrostatic, hose tests and machinery and are to comply with applicable Rule or Guide

Section 5/6

TABLE 5.1

Teata for Physical Properties of F.R.P. L.minates

Single Skin

Core

Sandwich Composite (Structural Test)

Property

Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus Tensile Strength Tensile Modulus Compressive Strength Compressive Modulus

Shear Strength, Perpendicular to Warp Shear Strength, Parallel to Warp Interlaminar Shear Strength

ANSI/ASTH D 790 or D790M ANSI/ASTH D 790 or D 790M

ANSI/ASTM D 638 or D538M or ASTH D 3039 ANSI/ASTM D 638 or D638M or ASTH D 3039 ANSI/ASTM D 695 or D 695M or AS'l'M D 3410 ANSI/ASTM D 595 or D 59!!'! or ASTM D 3410 F'I'MS 406 1041

F'I'MS 406 1041

ASTH D 3845

Shear Strength Shear Modulus

ASTH C 273 ASTM C 273

Tensile Strength, Facings Compressive Strength, Facings Flexural Strength, Composite Shear Stiffness, Composite Shear Strength, Compos! t.. Bond Strength, Core to 11' acings

AS'IM C 393 ASTH C 393 AS'l'M C 393 ASn! C 393 AS'l'M C 393 ASTH C 393

Section 5/7

SECTION 6

STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

6.1 ALL MATERIALS

6.1.1 Framing, Webs. Girders. and Non-tight Structural Bulkheads a. General

The shell, main weather, or freeboard deck, and the sides and tops of long superstructures are in general to be longitudinally framed; depending on vessel length, speed and structural stability, vessels may also be transversely framed. Short superstructures, deckhouses and bulkheads may be longitudinally or transversely framed.

Bulkheads, partial bulkheads or web frames are to be arranged in the main hull and in long superstructures or deckhouses to provide effective transverse rigidity. They are to be provided also in the main hull under the ends of superstructures or deckhouses.

Longitudinal frames are to be supported by transverse web frames, transverse bulkheads or other transverse structure. Longitudinals are in general to be continuous in way of transverse supporting members except at transverse bulkheads where they may be intercostal provided continuity of strength and end fixity are maintained. Depending on boat length and details, special consideration will be given to longitudinals being intercostal at transverse webs. With transverse framing. deck and bottom girders are to be provided. Girders may be intercostal at transverse bulkheads provided continuity of strength is maintained and end fixity is provided.

Transverses are to be arranged as continuous web rings and girders are to be aligned with stiffeners at bulkheads. Alternative arrangments that provide fixity at the ends of transverses and girders will be specially considered.

Engines are to be supported and secured by substantial girders, suitably stiffened, supported against tripping and supported at bulkheads. Foundations for auxiliary machinery are to provide for secure attachment of the equipment and are to be effectively attached to the hull structure.

h. Attachments and stiffenings

At supporting members, the attachment of all internal structural members is to provide end fixity, and effective load transmission. Special consideration will be given to reduced end fixity where the alternative structure has equivalent strength.

The webs of all members are to be effectively attached to the shell, deck or bulkhead plating, to their supporting members and to face bars.

6.1.2 Watertight Bulkheads a. Collision Bulkhead

Vessels having a length, as defined in Section 2, of or exceeding 15 m (50 ft) are to be provided with a collision bulkhead fitted

Section 6/1

not less than O.OSL abaft the stem at the design load waterline. This bulkhead is to extend to the main weather deck, and may be stepped, provided the forward end of any step is not less than O.OSL, measured horizontally, from the stem. In vessels having long superstructures at the forward end, the bulkhead is to be extended weathertight to the superstructure deck. Provided the extensions are not less than O. OSL abaft the stem at the design load waterline, they need not be fitted directly over the collision bulkhead; in such cases, the part of the deck that forming the step is to be weathertight.

One door or opening with a watertight closing appliance may be fitted in the collision bulkhead below the freeboard or main weather deck of vessels less than 30.5 m (100 ft) in length. This door or closure is to be kept closed and secured at sea.

b. Engine Room

The engine room is to be extending to the main weather consideration may be given enclosing the engine space.

enclosed by watertight bulkheads deck except that for smaller vessels to the extent and arrangement of

c. Chain Locker

Chain lockers located abaft collision bulkheads or extending into forepeak tanks are to be watertight.

6.1.3 Tanks

The arrangement of all integral tanks, their intended service, and the heights of the overflow pipes are to be indicated clearly on the drawings submitted for approval.

Where potable water tanks are fitted, water closets are not to be installed on top of the tanks nor are soil lines to run over the top of the tanks. Pipes containing nonpotable liquids are not to be run through the tanks. Attention is directed to the regulations of national authorities that might gevern the location, construction or design of such tanks.

Scantlings of pressurized tanks will be subject to special consideration.

Baffle or swash plates are to be provided on light scantling

tanks.

6.1.4 Means of Escape

At least two means of escape to the main weather deck are to be provided from the main hull spaces. They are to be as far apart as practicable, and are to be operable from both sides.

6.3 Additional Requirements for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Hulls

6.3.1 Tanks

Where integral tanks are of sandwich construction, the cores are to be approved end grain balsa or approved closed cell polyvinylchloride foam. With balsa, each block is to be individually set with the spaces around it filled with resin. No

Section 6/2

stiffeners within integral tanks are to penetrate the tank boundaries. No gasoline tanks are to be fitted integrally_

All internal surfaces of FRP tanks are to be covered with fiberglass chopped strand mat weighing at least 600 grams per square meter (2 ounces per square foot). This covering is to be in addition to the scantlings required by this Guide" A heavy coat of the laminating resin, or other suitable coating, is to be applied to this covering, alternatively a suitable thickness gelcoat is to be applied.

6.3.2 Encapsulation

a. Wood Softwoods encapsulated in FRP are considered effective structural materials where used in the shell above the waterline and clear of tanks. They are not recommended for use in the shell below the waterline or in or as boundaries of tanks. If used in these locations they are to be considered nonstructural core

materials.

Hardwoods are not to be used or tank boundaries except that locations. Consideration will encapsulation in decks.

b. Plywood Plywood encapsulated in FRP is considered an effective structural core. The required inertia of the laminate is to meet the requirements for FRP _ The structure is to be considered as a composite section with the areas adjusted for modulii, and stresses in the plywood and FRP determined by distance from neutral axis and strain. Resulting stresses are not to exceed allowable design limits.

c Bonding Effective wood or plywood cores are to be bonded to the encapsultory member and to the shell, deck or bulkhead plate, at joints in the core and at end connections.

as core materials in balsa may be used be given to the

the shell

in these hardwood

Section 6/3

SECTION 7

STRUCTURAL DETAILS AND FASTENINGS

PART A Steel or Aluminum Hulls

7A.l Structural Details

7A.l.l General

Structural details are to be designed and constructed to minimize hard spots, notches and other structural discontinuities. Care is to be taken to ensure structural continuity; sharp corners and abrupt changes in sections are to be avoided; toes of brackets and ends of members are not to terminate on plating without attachment to an adjacent member, unless specially approved.

7A,1.2 Openings In Internal Members

Openings in webs, girders> and other structural internal members are to be arranged clear of concentrated loads or areas of high stresses. Slots in transverses and girders for longitudinals or beams in these areas are to be fitted with filler plates.

Access and lighting holes are to be arranged clear of areas of load concentration of high stresses with suitably radiused corners. The depths of holes are generally not to exceed 0.5 times the depth of the members and the lengths of the holes 0.75 times the depth of the member. Air and limber holes are to be arranged to eliminate air pockets and avoid any accumu~ation of water of other liquids. In general the depths of limber holes are to be not less than 40 mm (1 1/2 in.) or 1/3 the depth of the member whichever is less.

7A.l.3 Longitudinals and Stiffeners

Deck, bottom and inner bottom longitudinals are in general to be continuous unless specially approved otherwise, but in way of bulkheads they may be intercostal provided continUity of strength and end fixity are maintained by the end brackets. The end connections are to provide fixity and load transmission to the supporting member. Alternative structure with equivalent strength may be considered.

7A.L 4

Girders and Transverses

Girders and transverses are to have depths not less than twice the depth of slots for longitudinals and beams or other openings. In general, stiffeners on bottom transverses are to be fitted at every other longitudinal.

Section 7/1

.#.i

7A.3 Fabrication

7A.3.1

General

The requirements in this Guide apply to vessels of welded construction. Aluminum rivets, where desired, are to be in accordance with 7A.3.2. Expanding rivets may be used within the limitation in 7A.3.3.

See also Section 15 for welding and Section 17 for corrosion prevention.

7A.3.2

Aluminum Rivets

Non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable aluminum alloy cold heading rod and wire for use in manufacturing rivets is to be in agreement with a specification equivalent to ASTM Designation B316. Material differing from ASTM B316 in chemical compos i.t i on , mechanical properties or he at.treatment may be specially considered.

7A.3.3 Expanding Rivets

Rivets of the expanding type (blind or "pop" rivets) may be used for lightly loaded connections where lack of accessibility prohibits the use of through fastenings. Such rivets are not to be used for permanently joining components having a total thickness exceeding 12.5 mm (0.50 in.) nor for joining decks to hulls.

Section 7/2

PART B FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC HULLS

7B.1 Structural Details

7B.1.1

General

Structural continuity is to be maintained and where changes in thickness or structural section occur, they are to be gradual to prevent notches, hard spots and other structural discontinui ties. The requirements below are for the basic laminate given in 4.5.1; special consideration will be given where other laminates or resins are used. The ends of all internal structural members are to provide end- fixity and load transmission to the supporting member, departures from this may be considered where the alternative structure has equivalent strength.

7B.1.2 Openings, Holes and Raw Edges

Access and lighting holes with suitably radiused corners are to be arranged as necessary and clear of areas of load concentration or high stresses. Their depths and lengths are generally not to exceed 0.5 and 0.75 times respectively the depths of the members. Air and limber holes are to be arranged to eliminate air pockets and avoid any accumulation of water or other liquids. In general they are to be not less than 40 rum (1 1/2 in.) or 1/3 the depth of the member whichever is less. All exposed edges of FRP single - skin laminates are to be sealed with resin. Edges of sandwich panels and edges of holes in sandwich panels are to be sealed with resin- impregnated mat. Ferrules installed in sandwich panels or stiffeners for drains or wire penetrations are to be set in bedding compound.

7B.l. 3

Stiffeners

a General Stiffeners, frames, girders, deck beams, bulkhead stiffeners, etc. used to support FRP panels may be entirely of FRP, FRP laid over nonstructural cores or forms, composites of FRP or other approved structural materials such as plywood or wood. See also S.3.2c.

b Stiffeners without Cores or with Nonstructural Cores Unless specially approved, stiffeners without cores and stiffeners laid over nonstructura1 cores or forms, including ineffective wood cores, are to conform to Figure 7.1, and the thickness of the crown and web of the stiffeners is to be not less than obtained from the following equation.

t - h/30

tl ~ thickness of stiffener crown

t thickness of stiffener webs

w width of stiffener crown

h height of stiffener webs

Section 7/3

Where the stiffeners are of laminates with properties differing from the basic laminate, the thickness is to be modified by the factor

Eb - compressive modulus of basic laminate given in 4.S.4b. E = compressive modulus of proposed laminate.

Sub- ultimate compressive strength of basic laminate given in 4.S.4b.

Su - ultimate compressive strength of proposed laminate.

Lesser thicknesses may be considered where shear strength and a panel stability are satisfactory.

Hat-section stiffeners constructed by laying FRP over premolded FRP forms (Figure 7.2a) are to conform with Figure 7.1 and the above equations; the premolded forms may be considered structurally effective if their physical properties are at least equal to those of the overlay laminates.

Premolded stiffeners bonded to the laminates with FRP angles, flanges or tapes (Figure 7.2b) are also to conform to Figure 7.1 and the above equations. The thickness of each bonding angle, flanges or tapes, is to be not less than the thickness of the webs of the stiffeners, and the legs of the bonding angle, flange or tape, are to be of equal length in accordance with 7B.3.4. Joints in premolded stiffeners are to be scarphed and spliced or otherwise reinforced to maintain the full strength of the stiffeners.

c Stiffeners with Structural Cores Where approved polyvinylchloride, balsa, or other approved core material is used, thicknesses less that given above may be accepted provided the buckling stresses of the stiffener skins comply with the buckling stress criteria in 9A.3.4d and the following requirements are met.

The use of encapsulated wood or plywood (Figure 7.2c) is to be in accordance wi th 6.3.2. The thickness of FRP webs and crowns encapsulating effective cores is not subject to the limitations in 7B.l.3b but is to be at least 3 mID (0.12S in.). The thicknesses of the flanges or tapes are to be not less than the thickness of the webs.

7B.1.4 Girders and Longitudinals Frames

Girders and longitudina1s frames are to be continuous through floors and web frames. Except in way of integraltank end bulkheads, girders and longitudinal frames are also to be continuous through transverse bulkheads. Where such members are intercostal, attention is to be given to minimizing structural discontinuities.

Section 7/4

An acceptable type of continuous girder and longitudinalframe FRP connection is shown in Figure 7.3. The laps of the connections onto the supporting structure are to be not less than the over-all widths of the structural members including flanges, and the thicknesses of the connections are to be not less than the thicknesses of the structuralmember flanges or tapes.

7B.1. 5

Shell Details

a Keels Plate keels are to meet the Figures 7. 4a and 7. 4b and vertical keels comply with Figures 7.5a and 7.5b.

requirements in or skegs are to

b Chines and Transoms Chines and transoms are to meet the requirements in Figure 7.6.

7B.l.6 Engine Foundations

The engine beds are to be of thicknesses and widths appropriate to the holding-down bolts, are to be set in mat putty or resin putty to assure uniform bearing against the girders, and are to be bolted through the webs of the girders. Figure 7.7 shows several typical, acceptable engine foundations.

7B.l.7 Deck Fittings

Deck fittings such as cleats and chocks are to be bedded in sealing compound or gaskets, through-bolted, and supported by either oversize washers or metal, plywood, or wood backing plates. Where washers are used, the laminate in way of the fittings is to be increased at least 25% in thickness.

7B.I.S Piping and Wiring in Foam

Piping and wiring passing through foam-filled spaces is to be installed in plastic tubing to facilitate removal and replacement.

7B.1. 9

Mast Reinforcement

Where masts are fitted, they are to be suitably stepped with web frames or transverse bulkheads, and suitable means of transmitting the chain plate and stay loads into hull are to be provided. The structure around the mast opening is to be suitably reinforced. Where the deck is of sandwich construction, a single skin laminate or approved high density core is to be fitted in way of the mast.

7B.3 Fastening

7B.3.1 General

Components may be fastened with bolts, machine screws or self-tapping screws. Where machine screws or self-tapping screws are used, they are not to have countersunk heads. Shanks of all threaded fastenings are to be long enough to pass through the joints. Where watertight joints are

Section 7/5

required, suitable sealants or bedding used in addition to the fastenings. fastenings, see 4.13.

compounds are to be For materials of

7B.3.2 Bolts or permits. equal to fastened.

Bolts and Machine Screws

machine screws are to be used where accessibility The diameter of each fastener is to be at least the thickness of the thinner component being Bolts and machine screws less than 6.5 rom (0.25

in.) in diameter are not to be used. Fasteners are to be spaced at a minimum of 3d center to center and are to be located at a distance from the edges of laminates not less than 3d where d is the fastener diameter.

In way of bolts and machine screws, low-density core materials are to be replaced with structurally effective inserts. Diameters of fastening holes are not to exceed fastening diameters by more than 0.4 rom (0.016 in.).

Washers or backing plates are to be installed under all fastening heads and nuts that otherwise would bear on laminates. Washers are to measure not less than 2. 25d in outside diameter and O.ld in thickness. Nuts are to be either of the self -Tock i.ng type r , or other effec t i ve means are to be provided to prevent backing off.

Care is to be taken to ensure that the bolt, nut or other components into which the bolt is screwed are of materials having the same mechanical properties. Where materials of different strength are used, this is to be considered in determining the length of thread engagement between members.

7B.3.3 Self-tapping Screws

Self-tapping screws having straight shanks may be used for lightly loaded connections where lack of accessibility prohibits the use of through fastenings. Self-tapping screws are not to be used for joining laminates either of which is less than 5 rom (0.20 in.) thick. Where used, selftapping screws are to have coarse threads.

7B.3.4 Boundary Angles, Flanges or Tapes

a FRP to FRP Secondary bonding of FRP components by means of double boundary angles, flanges or tapes is to be in accordance with 5.3.2d. Typical boundary angles, flanges or tapes for FRP components are shown in Figure 7.8. At the end connections of sandwich laminates the core shear strength is to be effectively developed.

The thickness of each boundary angle flange or tape is to be not less than obtained from the following.

1. Single-skin to Single-skin One-half the thickness of the thinner of the two laminates being joined.

2. Sandwich to Sandwich The greater of the mean thicknesses of the skins of the sandwich panels being attached.

3. Sandwich to Single-Skin Either one-half the thickness

Section 7/6

of the single-skin laminate or the mean thickness of the skins of the sandwich panel being attached, whichever is less.

The thickness of each FRP-to-FRP boundary angle also is to be not less than obtained from the following equation,

t - O.llL + 1.0 rom t - 0.00132L + 0.04 in.

but need not exceed 6 rom (0.24 in).

where L

length, in m or ft, as defined in Section 2

The width of each flange is to be at least 10 times the thickness given above or 50 rom (2 in.) if that be greater and the width including the end taper, 13 times the thickness given above.

b Plywood or Wood to FRP Plywood or wood girders, plywood floors, and bulkheads are to be bedded in foam, a slowcuring polyester putty, a microballoon-and-resin mixture, or other approved material. Boundary angles of FRP are to be applied over fillets made of the bedding material. The nominal size w of each fillet is to be 9.5 mm to 12.5 rom (0.375 in. to 0.50 in.). The boundary angles are to be at least equal in thickness to one-half the thickness of the laminate, and the width of each flange is to be as shown in Figure 7.9a. Secondary bonding of these angles to FRP is to be in accordance with 5.3.3.

Where plywood floors and structural bulkheads are to be secured with boundary angles and bolts or machine screws, it is to be as shown in Figure 7.9b. Each boundary angle is to be at least equal in thickness to one-half the thickness of the laminate, secondary-bonding to the laminate, and both bonded and bolted to the plywood. Fastening diameters are to be in accordance with 7B.3.2. The width of the boundaryangle bolted flange is to be at least 6 times the diameter of fastening. The minimum width of the other flange is to be as shown in Figure 7.9b. Bolts are to be single-spaced; the maximum spacing is to be in accordance with Table 7.1. Intermediate values may be obtained by interpolation.

7B.3.5

Deck-to-Hull Joints

a Weather Joints Typical acceptable deck-to-hull weather joints are shown in Figure 7.10. Where joints differing from those shown are submitted, they will be subject to special consideration. All j o Int.s are to be lapped and bolted unless otherwise specifically approved. Where flanges are used, the hull flanges are to be equal in thickness to the hull laminates and the deck flanges are to be equal in thickness to the deck laminates. Faying surfaces are to be set in bedding compound, polyester putty, or other approved material. Minimum widths of overlaps,

Section 7/7

m1n1mum bolt diameters, and maximum bolt spacing are to be in accordance with Tables 7.1 and 7.2. Intermediate values may be obtained by interpolation.

,FRP bonding angles, where used", are to have flanges that are at least one-half as thick as the hull or deck laminate, whichever is thicker. The widths of the flanges are to be in accordance with the widths of overlaps in Table 7.2. Each joint is to be protected as shown in Figure 7.10 by a guard, molding, fender, or rail cap of metal, wood, rubber, plastic, or other approved material. The size and ruggedness of this protective strip are to be consistent wi th the severity of the service for which the vesse I is intended. The strip is to be installed in such a manner that it may be removed for repair or replacement without endangering the integrity of the deck-to-hull joint.

b Interior Joints Interior decks are to be joined to the hulls by shelves, stringers, or other structural devices that resist vertical and horizontal loads. Alternatively, glassed-in interior decks will be considered.

7B.3.6 Joints in Wood or Plywood Longitudinals

Glued jOints in wood or plywood girders, shelves, clamps, and other longitudinals are to be scarphed. Bolted joints in wood members are to be scarphed and nibbed, and may be hooked, key-locked, or hooked and key-locked. The slopes of the scarphs are to be not greater than 1 in 12. The depth of each nib and hook and the width of each key are to approximate 25% of the depth of the member (see Figure 7.11). In a member having two or more scarphs, the scarphs are to be not less than 1.5 m (5 ft) apart.

In a bolted joint the bolt diameter is to approximate 17% of the width of the member. Each scarph is to be fastened with at least four bolts. 'Washers, essentially of the same material as the bolts, are to be installed under all bolt heads and nuts. Bolt holes are to be prebored and are to provide neat, smooth, tight fits so bolts can be inserted by tapping lightly.

Section 7/8

FiGURE 7.1 Proportions of Stiifeners

1

L I

u.

"- Mini::num an = aJ!.~ or sa mm. (2 ±:l.). vrril.U:::ieve: is ~ haweve:- Jan t£ in exc=:s of

50 lllm (2. iil.) need !lOt be ~ ti:w:l. lOt,

t. I lo I

\ I I

" Minimw:IJ 1aa = lO/2

01' SO mm (~. in..).. •

~is

~

.'

Section·7/9

._ Section

FIGURE 7.2 Stiffener Variations :

7/10

Form .

I

..

- ..

e MMmtliated wood or piywcocl

FiGURE 7.3

Connection of Longitucinals to Transverses

______ l~-~

\

Section 7/11

.. '

FiGURE __ ' 7. 4a

Plate Kee! in One-Piece Hull

f

. ,

~

13/10

t.

I

FiGURE : 7. 4b

Plate Kee! in HuH Mckee in Halves

Section. 7/12

F! G U R E :". 7 _Sa

Vertical Keel or Skeg

FiGURE 7 .5b '

Ballasted Vertical Keels

Section

7/13

__ -

. - .

FiGURE -._ 7.6

Chine Or Transom

· FiGURE 7.7 En~ine Foundations

.--- ':"-g:me ~

L-_- "U::;?ping b~

< ,

, .........

Section 7/15

F1GURE 7.8

Bouncary Ang!es for FF\P Components

o

FiGURE 7.9

Boundary' Angles Ccrinectinq Plywocd or Wood to F'RP

0..5:

, .

:

'1

Boit dla. = :- or 6..5'

mm (~ i,n.) wi:tici:.eve:-

~ gn:a.ter

t

1

Il.

Y

Section- 7/16

FIGURE 7.10 Deck-to-Hull Weather Joints

Flanged or "shoe-box" joint

Bonding angle

1.5t

clamp

Wood rail cap

Double-Hanged joint

Section 7/.17

Bonding angle

t

l.5t

Lag bolts

-ft-- t

Section

FiGURE 7.11 Bolted Scarph Joints

Nibbed
i , <
.....
r-

Nibcec. ana. =.coi=i
( -- = (
-
,.-

N"lboed and h!!v-4o~
" ~
\ :~ =
r-'

Nibbed. ~~ = ~-tc~ l
l -u.. I
.=
r-'

L;rs are doubie w~
~: Ii
7/18

TABLE 7.1 Maximum Bolt Spacing

Metric Units

I..mgth of V_l L.m

9 12 15 18 21

24 Z7 JO 33 36

Inch Units

Un~d Limited

SeroIa ~

152.5 228.5

165.0 241.5

1i7.5 254.0

190.5 266.5

203.0 279.5

216.0 228.5 241.5 254.0 266.5

292.0 305.0 317.5 330.0 343.0

I..ength of V_eol

L.ft

30 40 50 60 70

80 90

100 no 120

Section 7/19

Unrestrici«l

5flrotu

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8,0

8.5 9.0 9.5

10.0 10.5

I..,i.mimd ~

9.0 9.5 10.0

10.5 11.0

ll.5 12.0 l2..5 1::1.0 13.5

TABLE 7.2
Deck-to-Hull Joints
Metric Units
Length Minimum Width Minimum Bolt
of Vessel of Overlap, Diameter,
L, m mID mID
9 63.5 6.50
12 75.0 7.75
15 87.5 9.00
18 100.0 10.25
21 112.5 11.50
24 125.0 12.75
27 137.5 14.00
30 150.0 15.25
33 162.5 16.50
36 175.0 17.75
Inch Units
Length Minimum Width Minimum Bolt
of Vessel of Overlap Diameter,
L, ft in. in.
30 2.5 0.25
40 3.0 0.30
50 3.5 0.35
60 4.0 0.40
70 4.5 0.45
80 5.0 0.50
90 5.5 0.55
100 6.0 0.60
110 6.5 0.65
120 7.0 0.70 Section 7/20

SECTION 8

DESIGN PRESSURES

8.1 Semi-Planing and Planing Craft

8.1.1 Bottom Structure Design Pressure

The minimum bottom design pressure is to be the greatest of a, b or c as given in the following equations, for the location under consideration. Lesser pressures may be used for operation limited to protected or partially protected waters.

Pb - Nt

(1 + n) FD Fn kN/mz (tt/mz,psi)

a.
b.
c.
Where:
n
Nl
Nz
!:J.
L...,
B
T
f3
V
Fa LwB 7.5kl NdFpFv2

kN/mz (rt/mz, psi)

kN/mz,PD - (D+l.22) tt/m2,PD = 0.44(D+4)psi

Po

9.8 (D+1.22)

(50 - f3 ) V2 B2 !:J.

0.1 SI units (0.01 MRS units, 0.069 US units)

0.0046 SI units (0.0046 MRS units, 0.00094 US units)

displacement, stationary, in kg or Ibs, at design waterline

length on design waterline, stationary, in m or ft

maximum beam, in m or fr,

- running trim at V, in degrees, but generally not to be taken less than 4, unless verified by the designer

- deadrise at LeG, degrees;

- maximum design speed in calm water knots,

design area factor given in Figure 8.1 for given values of AD and AR. FD for Pi is not to be taken as less than 0.19.

FVl vertical acceleration distribution factor as given in Figure 8.2

kl 9.8 SI units (1.0 MKS units, 0.44 US units)

SECTION 8/1

Fn Vertical acceleration distribution factor given in Figure S.3

AD design area, cm2 (in2); for plating it is the actual area of the shell plate panel but not to be taken as more than 2 S2. For longitudinals, stiffeners, transverses and girders it is the shell area supported by the longitudinal stiffener, transverse or girderi for transverses and girders the area

need not be taken less than 0.33 e2•

AR reference area, cm2 (in2), 6.95 .1/d cm2

1. 61 .6./d in2

s spacing of longitudinals or stiffeners, in cm or in.

d stationary draft in m or ft, vertical distance from outer surface of shell at centerline to design waterline at middle of design waterline length, but generally not to be taken as less than 0.04L.

N service dynamic factor, depending on displacement, speed and sea conditions, in general to be taken not less than 1.00 except that where the sea and speed induced vertical acceleration at LCG may exceed 9. S06 m/sec2 (32.2 ft/sec2), an appropriately higher value is to be used. Where the vertical acceleration at LCG will be less than 9.806 m/sec2 (32.2ft/sec2) appropriately lesser values of 1. 00 may be

specially considered. In both cases designers are to submit details of speed, displacement, running trim, sea conditions and predicted vertical acceleration at LeG. Operational guidance may also be required on board.

o molded depth, in m or ft, as defined in 2.5.

Special consideration will be given to Pb where any of the vessel parameters are outside the following ranges:

.6.T

~ 3600 to 9000 metric units 100 to 250 ft/ton units

whe r e

maximum displacement in metric tons (long tons)

L/B =

3 to 5

3 to 7

10 to 30

V in knots from 3.62.fi to 10.87 JL, L in meters

Section 8/2

V in knots from 2~

to 6.;L; L in feet,

8.1.2 Side Structure, Design Pressure

The side design pressure, Ps is to be not less than given by the equation

Where: kl

h

as defined in 8.1.1

distance in m or ft, from lower edge of plate panel or from center of area supported by the longi tudinal or transverse, to the freeboard or main weather deck at side, but not less than O.SD.

Pb

design pressure given in 8 .l.la, except that FVl may be taken as 1.0 for forward 0.4SL.

molded depth in m or ft as defined in 2.5.

D

8.1.3. Deck and Deck House Structure Design Pressure

The design pressures, Pd. are to be as given in Table 8.1.

8.1.4. Bulkhead Structure. Design Pressure

a Tank Boundaries The design pressure for tank boundaries is to be not less than given by the following equation

Where: kl

h

as defined in 8.1.1 greatest of distances plate panel or the stiffener, to:

in m or center

ft from lower edge of of area supported by

1. A point located above the top of the tank, at a distance of two~thirds the height from the top of the tank to the top of the overflow.

2. A point located at two-thirds of the distance to the main weather deck.

3. A point located above the top of the tank. not less than the greater of the following,

a. O.OlL + 0.15 m or O.OlL + 0.5 ft

b. 0.46 m or 1.5 ft

The heights of overflows are to be clearly indicated on the plans submitted for approval.

SECTION 8/3

The heights of overflows are to be clearly indicated on the plans submitted for approval.

Pressurized tanks will be subject to special consideration.

b Watertight Boundaries The design pressure for watertight boundaries is to be not less than given by the following equation:

Where: kl h

as defined in 8.1.1

distance in m or ft from the lower edge of the plate panel or the center of area supported by the stiffener to the bulkhead deck at centerline

8.3 Displacement Craft

Where the maximum speed in knots is less than 2.36~ L in meters or 1.30JL, L in ft, the design heads are to be as given in Table 8.2.

8.5 Hydrofoils, Air Cushion Vehicles, Surface Effect Craft, and Multihull Vessels

Design pressures for shell, bulkheads and decks are to be not less than given in 8.1. 1, 8.1.2 and 8.1.3. Those from 8 .1. 1 may be obtained using N values appropriate to vessel service and type. Design calculations for the external design pressures due to sea loading for the various operational modes and for structures peculiar to the vessel type such as hydrofoil struts and foils etc, are to be submitted for review.

SECTION 8/4

TABLE 8.1

DECK AND DECKHOUSE DESIGN PRESSURES, Pd

Exposed Main Weather Deckr and Superstructure deck for O.25L from forward

Main Weather deck inside enclosed houses and superstructures

Exposed Superstructure deck elsewhere and internal decks

Internal accorr~odation only decks, platform decks and house tops 2nd tier

Superstructure and Deckhouse Front

Plating

Stiffeners

Sucerstructure and Deckhouse

Af~ End and House Sides

Plat:ing

Stiffene!'s

House Tops, Forwara, Placing and S::iffeners

Aft, Placing and Stiffeners

kN/.rrr,c

psi)

(O~-020L+O_46t

0.0088L+0.66)

(0.010L+0.46,

O.0044L+O.66)

0.lL+4.5

(O.OlOL+{J.46,

O.0044L+-G.66)

( ~ 35,

0.50)

L=12.2m & less

(40 ft & less)

(100 to

?/If!

._ -J v

3 Ij ( 1 4 1 2 0 2 ~ ~ , 2 8 , 4 " \
- ~ , J , 0 \ , U
1 0 3 ( . 0 5 1 "' i 1 .., 2 ! 1 7 2 5 )
~ , , ; '" r lO~3 (1.05, 1.5)

10.3 (1.05,

i n \

_:._ • -_J i

0.0

G.70,

6~9 (O~70, .L.u)

obtained by interpola:~on.

For vesse~s between 12.2 and 30.Srn ~u and lOOf:

design cressure ~s -n be

Section 8/5

TABLE 8.2 Displacement Craft, Design Heads, h

Member

Bottom Structure

distance to main weather deck at side, from lower edge of plate panel for plating and from center of area supported for internals, but not less than L/IO or 2.15 m (7.05 ft) whichever is greater.

Side Structure

distance to main weather deck at side, from lower edge of plate panel for plating, and from center of area supported for internals, but not less than O. 5D or L/20 whichever is greater. For first. tier above main weather deck, h is that required for deckhouse fronts.

Deep Tanks

distance from lower edge of plate panel for plating or from the center of area supported for internals to the greater of the following,

1. a point at two-thirds the distance to the main weather or bulkhead deck.

2. a point at two-thirds of the distance from
the top of the tank to the top of the
~1
overt_ow.
3. a point above the top of the tank, not less
than O.OlL + 0.15 m (O.OlL + O.Sft) or 0.46
m (1. 5 ft). Watertight Bulkheads

distance from the lower edge of the plate for plating or from the center of area supported for internal to the main weather or bulkhead deck at centerline.

DECKS

Main weather Deck

and Superstructure Deck Forward of 0.25L

Superstructure Decks elsewhere internal decks

0.02L + 0.46

(0.02L + 1.5)

O.OlL + 0.46 O.OlL + 0.30

(0. OIL + 1. 5) (O.OlL + 1.0)

DECKHOUSE TOP
1st Tier O.OlL -e- 0.30
2nd Tier O.OlL + 0.15
3rd Tier (& 2nd tier weather Cover) O.OlL (O.OlL + 1.0 (O.OlL ..1.. 0.5 (O.OlL)

SUPERSTRUCTURE
Front Q 050L 0 ,. , (0 050L 2 0)
OJ.
AFt- End 0 015L 0 30 (0 OlSL + 1 0)
- ~
DECKF!OUSE
Front 0 027L + 0 £J.6 t'! G27L ... . ~ )
\.1
Aft End 0 015L .,.. 0 30 n O15L ""- 1 (}
v
Side 0 O15L n 30 0 OlSL + 1 G
'''''; Section 8/6

..
:.:::: 10
3
9
8
1
5
5
4
3 ~
Q
I F'
V
/I
i r
I ! , , , f i
, j 1 / I
I i I !~I I i /' I ~ , I I :__!_ -
1 I ' I ! ' i C
9 ~ §§ <;!Ii::>
<;:.
a c:.
7
c;:..
5 c:;:.
5
:::r
=
4 Q
Q
~ ~
!.<
0
~ <::"-
() =
m ~
, ~
~
ttl
Q.1 I
!.< , I I
-< , l- I , I i I I
, : I· : ! 1 1 : ! I I , , I .
; , , C ! -:5
eo ' J/' , I I ! ; : ! , i , , , I , I , , I .0
1 i 1 '....! I I
~ §
s til c:>
¢
Q.1 ¢
R Q ....
7 ~
I! :s.
-
5
-
..::0
4 '?
-
3
e-t
c::>
., '?
-
!
I I I
I I 1 I i I 1 i ; , I
, i 1 ,
,I , I ! 1 I ... ! ! , i ; ! ' ! I I ! I i I
I . I i , I I I ! C
i I I 1 I I I : ! I I I I II!!' -: i I I I I I , I ; I c::.
! , I I I
I i l I 1 I C
I t : 1 I I· . I I !I J I I I I
f I !
• • J I I I I I ~
Seml-~rtthm' e Section 8/7 C? ~ <:.Q r-:- ...;:... ... :-- :;- -o .0
'vd~ T to tn th .. inl.""h ,-.... r<; ~ ,...... ......, """' •.•. ~~!,- ~ •

'>'~~~~~.~ ~~

Section 8/8

:::::

§

=!~ Ii

~

:::::

::::: ::::: :::::::

::::: ::::

=

=::

=

-

=

::::::: = ::::

, I

~

:::::

=

":1: .

:-,pC'J"lOn of

=

=

==

= :::: --=

I

-

Section 9

Hull Scantlings, High Speed Craft

9.1

Application

This section applies to crafts having maximum speed (in knots) not less than 2.36 JL (1.30 JL) where L is the length in m (ft) as defined in 2.1.

Part A

Plating

9A.l

AJ.um.inum or Steel

9A. 1 . 1 General

The bottom shell is to extend to the chine or upper turn of bilge. The thickness of sea chests, where installed, is to be not less than required for the bottom shell. In general the side shell is to be of the same thickness from its lower limit to the gunwale. All openings are to have well rounded corners and generous radii are to be provided at hull breaks. Thick plating of sufficient breadth to prevent damage is to be fitted around hawse pipes. The plating is to be effectively protected against corrosion.

9A.l.2 Thickness

The thickness of the plating is to be not less than given by the greater of the following equations,

a All Plating

b Strength Deck and Shell

t = (c, + O. 042L) .{ci. mm

t "" (CI + O.0005L) .{ci. in

L is generally to be taken no~ less than 12.2 m (40 tt)

c Strength Deck and Bottom Shell, wi thin O. 56L Amidships, L 2: 30. 5m

s

r--fav

V ~

in mm or ::"11

t

d All Plating

0.012s but 4.0 mm (0.16in) minimum for: aluminum 0.015 but 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) minimum for steel

Section 9/1

where:

p - k -

q -

a =

S~SMAE = kb-

the spacing, in mID or in, of the shell, deck, superstructures, deckhouse or bulkhead longitudinals or stiffeners, and always the lesser dimension of the plate panel

design pressure, in kN/m2, (cf/m2, psi) given in Section 8 plate panel aspect ratio factor, given in Table 9A.l design stress, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) given in Table 9A.2 vessel length in m or ft as defined in 2.1

factor for service and location, given in Table 9A.3 235/ay SI units (24/ay MKS units, 34000/ay US units) yield stress of material in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi). required hull-girder section modulus given in Section 11 proposed hull-girder section modulus of midship section modulus of elasticity in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

with longitudinal framing, 2.5

with transverse framing, 1.5 for i/s - 2.0 or above with transverse framing, 2 for 1/5 - 1.0

Shell thickness in way of skegs and shaft struts is to be not less than 50% greater than the required thickness for the bottom shell from equa tion a, us ing the pressure Pb in 8.1.1 and actual frame spac ing . Suitable framing reinforcement is to be provided in way of shaft struts.

9A.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic

9A.3.1 General

The shell, decks and bulkheads may be either single skin or sandwich construction. Where both are used, a suitable transition is to be obtained between them.

The bottom shell is to extend to the chine or upper bilge turn. A suitable transition is to be obtained between the bottom and side shell plating. The thickness in way of the keel is to be at least 50% greater and in way of shaft s~ruts and skegs it is to be at least 100% greater than the required thickness for bottom shell, given in equation using the presssure Pb in 8.1.1 and actual frame spacing. Suitable framing reinforcement is to be provided in way of shaft struts.

The shell, deck or bulkhead laminates may be bi-directional, having essentially same strength and elastic properties in the two inplane principal axes of the shell, deck or bulkhead panels or the laminate may be uni-directional, having different strength or elastic properties in the two principal axes of the shell, deck or bulkhead panels. Bonding angles, flanges or tapes are to have essentially same strength and elastic properties as the plating laminate being bonded, and are in general to be in accordance with 7B.3.4.

9A.3.2 Fiber Reinforcement

The basic laminate given in 4.5.4 or other approved laminate of glass, aramid or carbon fiber in mat, woven roving, cloth, knitted fabric or non·woven uni-directional reinforcing plies may be used. For the shell and deck a sufficient number of plies are to be layed-up with the warp in the 00 (longitudinal) axis, with the warp and fill being as close as practicable, parallel to the longitudinal and transverse edges of the

SECTION 9/2

9A.3.3

shell and deck panels. Depending on the directionality and fiber orientation of these plies, other plies may be required or permitted in the 90° (transverse) axis; reinforcing plies in other axes such as ± 45° (diagonal) may also be used, when approved.

Where the strength and stiffness in the two principal axes of the panel are different, panel bending in each of the panel principal axes is to be considered. See 9A.3.3b and 9A.2.4b.

Single Skin Laminate

a Wi th essentially same properties in 0° and 90° axes.

The thickness of the plating is to be not less than given by the following equations.

1. All Plating

t :::; sc~ in

2 All Plating

t :::;

rom

t

3 strength Deck and Shell

t kJ (c , + O.26L) .Jq; rom

t k3 (Cl + O.0031L) F: in

L is generally to be taken not less than l2.2m (40 ft)

4 Strength Deck and Bottom Shell, Wi~lJ.in 0.66L Amidships,
L 2: 30.5 m (100 ft)
S /O.6<Jue ~ in
t = in mrn or
kb V Ee
Ac Where:

s

the spacing longitudinals stiffener and

or superstructure, deckhouse always the lesser dimension of

in

in

of

the

shell or deck. or bulkhead the plate

mm

or

panel~

c

factor for plate cu rva t.ur e in the direction parallel to s, q i.veri oy (1-.2-../3) I but is not "Co be taken less ':han 0.70

Section 9/3

A

p

distance in mm or in. measured perpendicular from the chord of length, s, to the highest point of the curved plate arc between the panel edges

design pressure, given in Section 8

k or kl == co-efficient varying with plate panel aspect ratio as

given in Table 9A.l

as defined in 9A.l.2

design stress, given in Table 9A.S.

for shell, deck and bulkhead=O.OlSi for superstructures and deckhouse fronts=O.020

flexural modulus of laminate, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) . vessel length in m or ft as defined in 2.1

factor for service and locationr given in Table 9A.4 170/F S1 untts (17.S/F MKS unit, 2S000/F US units) minimum flexural strength of laminate, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,psi)

Que minimum compressive strength of laminate in N/mm2

(kgf/mm2 I psi) .

Ec compressive modulus of elasticity in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

kb as defined in 9A.1.1.

SMR required hull-girder section modulus given in Section 11

SMA proposed hull-girder section modulus of midship section

kb
Ga
k2
EF
L
Cl & k3
ql
F b With Different properties i.n 0° and 90° Axes

For laminates with different strength and elastic properties in the 0° and 90° (principal panel) axes where the strength is less, or the stiffness greater in the direction perpendicular to Sl the thickness is to be also not less than given by the following equations

1.

2.

Where

t = sc

1000 cras

mm

s, cf and p are as defined above and

co-efficien~ for plate panel aspect racio, given in Table 9A.IA.

Gas"" design stress, given in Table 9A.5, based on strength properties in the direction parallel to s

f Le xu r a l mcdu l us of'; Lam i.na t e in N/~m: r kc f z'mm '

_L ~ '" ~ ...... .L .,;_ ...L c:. 1 cr ~ f _...... ~H,i_i_~ ." '-j.L f J.H.h ,

psi) !

in the

Section 9/4

direction parallel to s

Oaf. design stress, given in Table 9A. 5, based on strength properties in the direction perpendicular to s

E, flexural modulus of laminate, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2r p s L) , in the direction perpendicular to s

9A.3.4

Sandwich Laminate

a Laminate With Essentially Same Bending Strength and

Stiffness, in 0° and 900 Axes

In general the outer and inner skins are to be similar in lay-up and in strength and elastic propertiesr each with similar tensile and compressive strengths and modulii. Special consideration will be given where this is not the case. In general, single skin laminate is to be used in way of the keel and in way of hull appendages such as shaft struts, skegs and rudders and in way of deck fittings, bolted connections, and other areas of concentrated local loads. AlternativelYr cores effective in flexure and compression may be considered in these locations.

The section modulus and moment of inertia about the neutral axis of a strip of sandwich panel, 1 em (1 in.) unit width, are to be not less than given by the following equations

l. (sc)2pk
SMa 6X105crao em)
2. (sc)2pk
SMi "" cm3
6xl05 cra1
3. ." ,
(SC)-pK1 .s
I em'
12 Oxl 05 k2ETC where:

(SC)2pk .,
SMa "" in-
6crao
..,
(s cr pk .,
SMi"" in-
6Ci al
( \3 1
I sc, PKl in4
12kZETC s,c,p,k,kt and k: are as defined in 9A.3.3

reauired section modulus lr1 em or ~.; .0-" outer s kin
t .J...i ... , l..v
reauired section modulus ~ of -:" r..) inner skin
, lD em" -ni..- ~ J.. f to SMi

~ V_:;.o

design S1:.ress,

~ required moment- of inertia, in em or r.n

in Table 9A~5!

. . .

ou~er sK~n, g~ven

based cn

strength of auter skin in direc~lcn parallel to s

Secti.on 9/5

Oai= design stress, for inner skin, given in Table 9A.5, based on strength of inner skin in direction parallel to s

ETC = O. 5 (Ec + ET)

Ec mean of compressive modulii of inner and outer skins, in N/mm2 (kgf /rnm2, psi)

ET mean of tensile modulii of inner and outer skins, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

b Laminates with Different Bending Strength and Stiffness in 0° and 90° Axes

For laminates with different properties axes the section modulus and moment of strip of sandwich panel, 1 cm (1 in.) than given by the following equations.

in the 0° and 90° (principal panel) inertia about the neutral axis of a unit width, are to be also not less

1

In direction parallel to s
SMo (sc)2pks cm3
"" 6xlO5Gaso
In direction parallel to f!
SMo = (SC)2Pke ~ cm3
5
6xlO Gaeo s
In direction parallel to s
SMi = (sc)2pks cm3
5
6xlO Gasi
In direction parallel to e
SMi = (sc)2Pke ~ em3
r -r 05
ox i GaCi s
In direction parallel to e
I (se)3pk1 4
= (12 Oxl 05 k2Es ) em I

. 3 In

2

3

SMo (se)2Pke Jr' 3
In
6Gaeo s
SMi (SC)2pks in3
60" asi 4

5

-,

(serpk1

(12k2Es)

, 4

In

Where:

s, C, P and K: are defined in 9A.3.3

SMa required section modulus, in cm~ or in3, to ou~er skin

Section 9/6

SMr
ks, k~ =
Oase
Oaf 0
Oasi
Can =
t;'
>-Is
Ep
ETs' ECs required section modulus, in cm2 or in3, to inner skin

co-efficient for plate panel aspect ratio, given in Table 9A.IA. design stress, for outer skin, given in Table 9A.S based on strength properties in direction parallel to s

design stress, for outer skin, given in Table 9A.S based on strength properties in direction perpendicular to s

design stress, for inner skin, given in Table 9A.S based on strength properties in direction parallel to s

design stress, for inner skin, given in Table 9A.5 based on strength properties in direction perpendicular to s

0.5 (ETs + Ecs)

0.5 (Em + ECM)

mean of tensile modulii of inner and outer skins, and mean of compressive modulii of inner and outer skins, in N/mm2 (kgf /mm2,

psi) in direction parallel to s, respectively

mean of tensile modulii of inner and outer skins, and mean of compressive modulii of inner and outer skins, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

psi) in direction parallel to f, respectively

c. Shear Strength

The average thickness of core and sandwich laminate is to be not less than given by the following equation. Special consideration will be given where cores differing from those in 4.11 are proposed. See also 9A. 3. 4e for minimum thickness of skin.

2

vps 1000 1:

mm

vps

in.

Where:

overall thickness of sandwich, excluding gel coat, in mrn or in.

do
de =
V thickness of core, in mm or in.

co-efficient varying w i t.h plate panel aspect ratio, given in Table 9A.6. Where the elastic properties of the skins are different in the

principal axes,

v is to be taken

not

less

than

s lesser dimension of plate panel, in IThl1 cr in~

Section 9/7

I

p

design pressure in kN/m2 (cf/m2, psi), except that AD is to be taken not less taken not less than 0.75.

as given in Sec tion 8, than s2 and FD is to be

design stress, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) ultimate shear strength of core material.

is 0 .40 times minimum See 4.11.

d Skin Stability

The skin buckling stress, ac, given by the following equation, is in general to be not less than 2.0 0ai and 2.0 0ao

wnere:

compressive modulus of skins, in N/nun2 (kgf/mm2, psi) in 00 and 900' in-plane axis of panel

Ec - compressive modulus of perpendicular to skins

Gc - core shear modulus, in N/mm2 (kgf/rom2, psi), in the direction parallel to load

core,

in

(kgf/mm2,

psi),

e. Minimum Skin Thickness

After all other requirements are met, the thickness of the outer skin, tos and inner skin, tis, is in general to be not less than given by the following equations.

0.Sk3 (Cl + 0.26L) rom 0.35k3 (Cl + 0.26L) mm

tos- 0.Sk3 (Cl + 0.0031L) in. trs- 0.3Sk3 (el + 0.0031L) in.

wnere:

Cos - thickness of outer skin in mm or in. ~:s thickness of inner skin in mm or in.

k3 & r: factors for service and 1 ~. given in Table 9A.4
"1 _ocal..lon,
T vessel length in m or ft, as defined in ') 1 generally
~ • ..i.. ,
not to be taken as less than 12.2 m (40 ft) . SECTION 9/3

TABLE 9A.l

Aspect Ratio Co-efficient For Isotropic Plates

Panel Aspect Ratio

Us k kl
> 2.0 0.50 0.028
2.0 0.497 0.028
1.9 0.493 0.027
1.8 0.487 0.027
1.7 0.479 0.026
1.6 0.468 0.025
1.5 0.454 0.024
1.4 0.436 0.024
1.3 0.412 0.021
1.2 0.383 0.019
1.1 0.348 0.017
1.0 0.308 0.014
s = shorter edge of plate panel in mm or in £ = longer edge of plate panel in ~~ or in

TABLE 9A.1A

Aspect Ratio Co-efficient for Orthotropic Plates

(t/s) VE / E£ ks kl
S
>2.0 .500 .342
2.0 .497 .342
1- 9 .493 .342
1.8 .487 .342
1- -r .479 .342
I
, 6 .468 .342
..L •
1 ~ 5 .454 .342
1.4 .436 .342
1.3 .412 .338
1.2 .383 ,,333
1 1 .348 <"~
.__.t:...:5
<, n 308 .308
..;... .. v Section 9/9

TABLE 9A.2

DESIGN STRESSES I 0" I ALUMINUM AND STEEL PLATING

ALUMINUlwf

STEEL

SHELL

DECKS

O. 6 Oy

SUPERSTRUCTURE & DECKHOUSES

FRONTS, SIDES & ENDS 0.78 O'y/0.65 Ou Oy
TOPS 0.50 Oy /0.42 au 0.6 Oy
TANK BHOS 0.50 Oy /0.42 au 0.6 Oy
W.T. BHOS 0.75 a, /0.62 au 1.0 Oy Oy = yield stress of steel or unwelded aluminum, in N/mrn2 (kgf/mm2, psi) ou= ultimate tensile strength of welded aluminum, in N/mm2 (kgf/rnm2, psi)

Note: lThe lower of the indicated values is to be used.

Section 9/10

TABLE 9A.3

ALUMINUM AND STEEL FACTOR Cl

Steel rom (in)

Aluminum rom (in)

Bottom Shell Side Shell Strength Deck

2.5 (0.10) 2.00 (0.08) L80 (0.07)

3.5 (0.14) 3.0 (0.12) 2.7 (0.11)

Consideration will be given to lesser values for vessels limited to service in relatively sheltered waters.

Section 9/11

TABLE 9A.4

FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC FACTOR Cl and k3

Bottom Shell

Side Shell & Deck

nIDI (in)

3.2 (0.125)

1.1

1.0

Consideration will be given to lesser value of Cl for vessels limited to service in relatively sheltered waters.

Section 9/12

TABLE 9A.S

DESIGN STRESSES FRP, aa

Bottom Shell

O.33au

Side Shell

O.33au

Decks

O.33au

Superstructures and Deckhouses

Front Sides, Ends Tops

O.33au

Tanks Bhds

O.33au

W.T. Bhds

O.50au

Core Shear

O.Sru

au for single skin laminate, minimum flexural strength, in N/mm2 Ckgf/mm2, psi)

for sandwich laminates;

for shell or deck outer skin, minimum tensile strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

for shell or deck inner skin, minimum compressive strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

for bulkhead, less of tensile or compressive strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

ru minimum core shear strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

au and r u are to be verified from the approved test results. See 5.3.6h3 and 4.

Section 9/13

r :

TABLE 9A.6

Coefficient v for FRP sandwich panels shear strength

Plate Panel Aspect Ratio
£/s.
>2.0 0.500
2.0 0.500
1.9 0.499
1.8 0.499
1.7 0.494
1.6 0.490
1.5 0.484
1.4 0.478
1.3 0.466
1.2 0.455
1.1 0.437
1.0 0.420
s shorter edge of plate panel in nun or in.
£ longer edge of plate panel, in nun or in. Values of v less than 0.5 may be used only where the inner and outer skins have essentially same strength and elastic properties in the 00 and 900 axes.

s e c t i o n 9/14

Part B

Internals

9B.1

Aluminum and Steel

9B .1.1

General

Structural arrangements and details are to be in accordance with Sections 6 an 7.

9B.1. 2

Section Modulus

The section modulus of each longitudinal, bearn, transverse frame, stiffener, transverse web, stringer or girder is to be not less than given by the following equation.

8M - 83.3 psi2 cm3 SM - 144psi2 in3

where

p design pressure in kN/m2 (tf/m2, psi) given in Section 8

s - spacing in m or ft, of longitudinal, bearn, transverse frame, stiffener, transverse web or girder

i length, in m or ft, of the longitudinal stiffener, transverse web or girder, between supports; where bracketed end connections are supported by bulkheads, shell or decks, i may be measured onto the bracket, the distance, 0.5 x bracket length from the toe of bracket, provided both bracket arms are about the same length

aa- design stress, in N/mm2 Ckgf/mm2, psi) as given in Table 9B.l

9B.l.3 Proportions

a. Aluminum

For built-up sections, the web depth to thickness ratio is not to exceed 55 and the flange width to thickness ratio is to be not more than 12. For flat bar stiffeners the depth to thickness ratio is in general not to exceed 12. For all members, the web depth is to be not less than twice the depth of any web cut-out.

The webs of girders and transverses are to be suitably supported to provide lateral stability.

b. Steel

For built-up sections the web depth to thickness ratio is not to exceed 70 and the flange width to thickness ratio is to be not more than 15. For flat bar stiffeners the depth to thickness is in general not to exceed 15. For all members, the web depth is to be not less than twice the depth of any cut-out.

The webs of girders and transverses are to be suitably supported to provide lateral stability.

Section 9/15

, -

9B.3 Fiber Reinforced Plastic

9B.2.l

General

Structural arrangments and details are to be in accordance with Sections 6 and 7.

Laminates may be bi-directional, having comparable strength and elastic properties in the two, in-plane, principal axes of the panel or they may be uni-directional, having different strengths and elastic properties in the two, in-plane, principal axes of the panel. Bonding angles, flanges or tapes are to have strength and elastic properties same as the laminates of the plating and internal being bonded.

9B.3.2

Fiber Reinforcement

The basic laminate given in 4.5. 4a, or other approved laminate, of glass, aramid, or carbon fiber, in mat, woven roving, cloth knitted fabric, or woven or non-woven uni-directional reinforcing plies may be used. The plies are in general to be layed-up parallel to the direction of the internal. The strength of the laminate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the internal is in general not to be less than 25% of the warp strength except for the uni-directional caps of the flange or crown of the internal members. In way of continuous longitudinal members, the section modulus and moment of inertia of transverse members is to be attained by the shell or deck plating and that part of the transverse member that is continuous over the longitudinal member.

Where higher strength or higher modulus plies are used in the flange or crown of the internal, it may be advisable to provide similar higher strength, higher modulus local plies in the shell or deck plating, in the direction parallel to the internal to balance the strength and stiffness of the high strength and high modulus plies in the flange or crown of the internal.

9B.3.3 Strength and Stiffness

a. Section Modulus

The section modulus of each longitUdinal, stiffener, transverse web and girder including the plating to which it is attached is to be not less than given by the following equation

SM - 83.3ps22 cm3 °a

SM - 144ps12 in3 °a

where

p,s,l and oa are as defined in 9B.l.2.

In calculating the section modulus and inertia, where the shell, deck or bulkhead plating, and the webs and flange and crown of the member are constructed of different strength or elastic property laminates, consideration is to be given to the effect of the different modulii laminates in calculating the moment of inertia; the required section

Section 9/16

modulus is to be considered at each different strength laminate of the member.

b. Moment of Inertia

The moment of inertia of each longitudinal, stiffener, transverse web, stringer or girder, including the plating to which it is attached, is to be not less than given by the following equation

I 260pse3 ern" I 54ps£3 Ln"
k4E k4E
where:
p, s , and £ are as given in 9B.1. 2 0.015 for bottom, side, deck and bulkhead internals 0.020 for superstructure front and house front internals

E

tensile or compressive modulus 1 representative of the laminates inertia calculation.

in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2 t psi) used in the moment of

c. Shear Area

The web area, A, of the member is to be not less than given by the following equation

I

7.5psf

A

l08ps£ 't

where:

Pls,and £ are as given in 98.1.2

A net web area in cm2 or in: at location being considered

1: design shear stress in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi), to be taken not less than 0.4 1:u

lesser of ultimate shear strength in N/mm= (kgf/mm2, psi) in either warp or fill of the web laminate

9B.3.4 Proportions

The thickness of webs and 78.1.3.

-'"

.LJ..anges

are to be

in accordance with

section 9/17

9B.S Stanch~ons

9B. 5 . 1 General

Supports under stanchions are to be of sufficient strength to distribute the loads effectively. Stanchions above are to be arranged directly above stanchions below wherever possible; where this is not possible, effective means are to be provided for transmi tting the loads to supports below. Stanchions in double bottom tanks and under the tops of deep tanks are to be metal and of solid cross section. Stanchions are in general not to be used in the bottom or double bottom structure where subjected to high impact loads in service.

9B.5.2

Stanchion Load

The load on a stanchion is to be obtained from the following equation:

W <= pbs kN (tfl

W = O.064pbs Ltf

W load in kN (tf, Ltf)

b "" mean breadth in m or ft of area supported

s mean length in m or ft of area supported

p design pressure in kN/m2 (tf/m2, psi) given in Section 8. Where a stanchion supports two or more decks, p is to be the design pressure for the deck at the top of the stanchion plus the sum of the design pressures for all complete decks and one-half the design pressure for all tops of deck-houses above the deck being directly supported.

9B.5.3

Permissible Load

The load a stanchion may carry is to be equal to or greater than the load on the stanchion obtained in 9B.3.2. This permissible load is to be obtained from the following equations.

a. Mild Steel Stanchions

Wa (12.09 - 4.43 fir) A kN

Wa (1.232 - 0.452elr) A tf

Wa

(7.83 - 0.345ilr) A

Ltf

b. Aluminum-Alloy Stanchions

Wa (10.00 - 5.82 fir) Aay/165 kN

Wa (1.02 - 0.593i/r) Aay /17 tf

Wa (6.49 - 0.452flr) Aay/24000 Ltf

where:

Wa

permissible load in kN (tf, Ltf)

least radius of gyration of stanchion in em or in. area of stanchion in cm2 or inz

r A

f unsupported length of stanchion in m or ft

oy minimum yield strength of aluminum alloy under consideration, given in Table 4.1

Section 9/18

The adoption of aluminum-alloy test values higher than given in Table 4.1 will be subject to special consideration.

9B.S.4

FRP Stanchions

Normally FRP is not considered to be a material suitable for stanchions. If for special reasons FRP stanchions are contemplated, they will be subject to specially consideration.

9B.S.S Support by Bulkheads

Bulkheads supporting girders or bulkheads fitted in lieu of stanchions are to be stiffened to provide supports not less effective than required for stanchions.

Section 9/19

TABLE 9B.l

DESIGN STRESSES

ALUMINrJM"

Bottom Longitudinals

0.55 oy/0.46 au

Side Longitudinals

0.55 Oy/O. 46 au

Deck Longitudinals

0.55 oy/0.46 au

House/Superstructure Stiffeners

0.70 oy/0.58 au

Bottom Transverse and Girders

0.55 Oy/0.46 au

Side Transverse and Girders

o .55 oy/O. 46 au

Deck Transverse and Girders

0.70 oy/0.58 au

W.T. Bulkhead Stiffeners

1 . 00 Oy/O. 83 au

Tank Bulkhead Stiffeners

0.60 oy/0.50 o.,

W.T. Bulkhead Webs and Stringers

o .75 Oy/O. 62 au

Tank Bulkhead Webs and Stringers

0.60 oy/0.50 au

STEEL

FRP

O. 80 Oy 0.50 au

o . 72 Oy 0 . 40 au

o . 50 Oy 0 . 40 au

0.700y 0.33 au

0.80 Oy 0.33 au

0.800y 0.330u

0.70 Oy 0.33 au

1.00 Oy 0.55 au

O. 75 Oy 0 • 33 au

o .75 aY 0 .50 au

o . 75 ay 0 . 33 au

Oy yield strength, unwelded condition, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

0'0 ultimate tensile strength, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

for aluminum, the value in the welded condition is to be used.

Note; lThe lower of the indicated values is to be used.

Section 9/20

SECTION 10

HULL SCANTLINGS, DISPLACEMENT CRAFT

10.1 Appl~cat~on

This section applies to crafts having maximum speed in knots less than 2.36JL ~.30JL) where L is the length in m (ft) as defined in 2.1.

Part A

Plating

lOA. 1 Aluminum and Steel.

10A.1.l General

The bottom shell is to extend to the upper turn of bilge or to the chine. In general the side shell is to be of the same thickness from its lower limit to the gunwale. All openings are to have well rounded corners. The thickness of sea chest, where installed, is to be not less than required for the bottom shell. Thick plating of sufficient breadth is to be fitted around hawsepipes to prevent damage.

10A.1.2 Thickness

The thickness of the plating is to be not less than given by the following equations:

a All Plating

t "" s# + 0.08 495

in

b Strength Deck and Shell Plating t = (C1 + o. 042L).Jq rom

t = (Cl + O. 0005L) jq in.

c Strength Deck and Bottom Shell, Within L 2: 30. 5m (100 ft)

where:

s
h =:
L ::;;;
q
oy
C1
Kb 0.66L Amidships,

t =

rom or in.

smaller dimension of plate panel in rom or in design head as given in Table 8.2, in m or ft

vessel length as defined in 2.1 but in general not LO be taken less than 12.2 ill (40 ft)

235/oy SI units (24/oy MKS units, 34,OOO/CY2 US Units) minimum yield strength of material in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

factor for service and location, given in Table 10.1 2.5 with longitudinal framing

1.5 with transverse framing, £/s = 2.0 or above

Section 10/1

2.5 with transverse framing, l/s - 1.0

required hull-girder section modulus given in Section 11 proposed hull-girder section modulus of midship section

After all other requirements are met the thickness is in general not to be less than 4.0 rom (0.16 in) for aluminum and 2.5 mID (0.10 in) for steel.

Shell thickness in way of skegs, rudder horns and shaft struts is to. be at least 50% greater than the required thickness for the bottom shell from equations a and b. Suitable framing reinforcement is to be provided in way of shaft struts and rudders horns.

lOA.3.

Fiber Reinforced Plastic

lOA.3.l General

The shell, decks and bulkheads may be either single skin or sandwich construction. Where both are used a suitable transition is to be obtained between the two.

The bottom shell is to extend to the chine or upper bilge turn.

A suitable transition is to be obtained. between the bottom and side shell plating. The thickness in way of the keel is to be at least 50% greater and in way of shaft struts and skegs it is to be at least 100% greater than the required thickness for bottom shell, given in equation lOA.3.3, a, b or c and actual frame spacing. Suitable framing reinforcement is to be provided in way of shaft struts and rudder horns.

The shell, deck or bulkhead laminates may be bi-directional, having essentially same strength and elastic properties in the two inplane principal axes of the shell, deck or bulkhead panels or the laminate may be uni-directional, having different strength or elastic properties in the two principal axes of the shell, deck or bulkhead panels. Bonding angles, flanges or tapes are to have strength and elastic properties essentially same as the plating laminate being bonded, and in general are to be in accordance with 7B.3.4.

10A.3.2

Fiber Reinforcement

The basic laminate given in 4.5.4 or other approved laminate of glass, aramid or carbon fiber in mat, woven roving, cloth, knitted fabric or woven or non-woven uni-directional reinforcing plies may be used. For the shell and deck a sufficient number of plies are to be layed-up with the warp in the 00 (longitUdinal) axis, with the warp and fill being as close as practicable, parallel to the longitudinal and transverse edges of the shell and deck panels. Depending on the directionality and fiber orientation of these plies, other plies may be required or permitted in the 900 (transverse) axis; reinforcing plies in other axes such as ± 450 (diagonal) may also be used, when approved.

Where the strength and stiffness in the two principal axes of the panel are different, panel bending in each of the principal panel axes is to be considered. See lOA.3.3b and lOA.3.4b.

Section 10/2

10A.3.3

S~ngle Sk~n Laminate

a W~th Essent~ally Same Properties Ln 0° and 90 a Direction

The thickness of the shell, deck and bulkhead plating is to be not less than given by the greatest of the applicable equations in the following.

1 All Plating

2 All Plating

t """ O. 015sc .,jkhql rom

t

0.084sc .,jkhql in.

t = 0.0518 sc 3 Jk1hq2 rom

3 Strength Deck and Shell

4 Strength Deck and Bottom Shell, Within 0.66L Amidships, L > 30.5m (100 ft)

Where:

t =

rom or in.

Ec, SMr, SMA
s ==
C ""
A
h ""
ki & k ==
ql ==
q2 =
F =
EF=
C1 & k3
O'u = Kb is defined in IOA.l.2

are as defined in 9A.3.3a

smaller dimension of plate panel, in rom or in, correction factor for curved plating, (I-A/s), not to be taken less than 0.70

distance in rom or in measured perpendicular from the chord length 3 to the highest point of the curved plating arc between panel edges

design head as given in Table 8.2, in m or ft co-efficient varying with plate panel aspect ratio, given in Table 9.1

l70/F 31 units (l7.5/F MKS units, 25000/F US units) 7580/EF S1 units (773/EF MKS units 1.1xI06/EF US units) flexural strength of laminate in N/rom2 (kgf/mm2, psi) flexural modulus of laminate in N/rom2, (kgf/mm2,psi) factors for service and location given in Table 10.2 minimum compressive strength of laminate in N/rom2,

( kgf /rnm", psi)

b W~th D~fferent Properties in 0° and 900 Direction

Where the stiffness is greater in the plate panel direction perpendicular to Sf than that in the direction parallel to s, the thickness is to be also not less than given by the following equations whichever is greater.

Section 10/3