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Experiment 09: Angular Momentum
Experiment 09: Angular Momentum
Connect output of
tachometer
generator to channel
B of 750.
Connect power
supply.
Red button is
pressed: Power is
applied to motor.
Red button is
released: Rotor
coasts: Read output
voltage using Use black sticker or tape on white plastic
DataStudio. rotor for generator calibration.
Calibrate tachometer-generator
Spin motor up to full speed, let it coast. Measure and plot voltages
for 0.25 s period. Sample Rate: 5000 Hz, and Sensitivity: Low.
Use a 55 gm weight to
accelerate the rotor.
Settings:
¾ Sensitivity: Low
¾ Sample rate 500 Hz.
¾ Delayed start: None
¾ Auto Stop: 4 seconds
mr ( g − rαup )
τ f = I Rαdown IR =
αup − αdown
Fast collision
Delayed
Sensitivity Sample Rate Auto Stop
Start
Low 200 Hz 1 sec Falls below 0.5V
m1m2
µ=
m1 + m2
2 G
G d r
F1,2 ( r ) rˆ = µ 2
dt
Solution of One Body Problem
• Solving the problem means finding the
distance from the origin r ( t ) and
()
angle θ t as functions of time
• Solution: r0
r=
1 − ε cos θ
Constants of the Motion
θ
2 2
G dr d ⎛ dr ⎞ ⎛ dθ ⎞
• Velocity v = rˆ + r θˆ v = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜r
2
⎟
dt dt dt
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
• Angular Momentum dθ
L = µ rvtangential = µr 2
dt
• Energy 1 2 Gm1m2
E = µv −
2 r
1 ⎛ dr ⎞ ⎛ dθ ⎞ ⎤ Gm1m2
⎡ 2 2
E = µ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ r ⎟ ⎥−
2 ⎢⎣⎝ dt ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎥⎦ r
2
1 ⎛ dr ⎞ L2 Gm1m2
E = µ⎜ ⎟ + −
2 ⎝ dt ⎠ 2 µ r 2
r
Reduction to One Dimensional
Motion
• Reduce the one body problem in two
dimensions to a one body problem moving
only in the r-direction but under the action of a
repulsive force and a gravitational force
PRS Question
Suppose the potential energy of two particles (reduced mass µ) is given by
1 L2
U (r ) =
2 µr 2
where r is the relative distance between the particles. The force
between the particles is
L2
1. attractive and has magnitude F=
2µ r
L2
2. repulsive and has magnitude F=
2µ r
L2
3. attractive and has magnitude F= 3
µr
L2
4. repulsive and has magnitude F= 3
µr
One Dimensional Description
2
• Energy 1 ⎛ dr ⎞ 1 L2 Gm1m2
E = µ⎜ ⎟ + − = K + U effective
2 ⎝ dt ⎠ 2 µ r 2
r
2
• Kinetic Energy 1 ⎛ dr ⎞
K = µ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ dt ⎠
• Repulsive Force d ⎛ L2 ⎞ L2
Fcentrifugal =− ⎜ 2 ⎟
= 3
dr ⎝ 2µ r ⎠ µ r
• Gravitational force
dU gravitational Gm1m2
Fgravitational = − =−
dr r2
Energy Diagram
L2 Gm1m2
U effective = −
2µ r 2 r
1. energy is positive, L2
r0 =
µ Gm1m2
L2
2. energy is positive, r0 =
2 µ Gm1m2
L2
3. energy is negative, r0 =
µ Gm1m2
4. Energy is negative, L2
r0 =
2 µ Gm1m2
PRS Answer: Circular Orbit
• The lowest energy state corresponds to a
circular orbit where the radius can be
found by finding the minimum of effective
potential energy
dU effective L2 Gm1m2
0= =− 3 +
dr µr r2
L2
r0 =
µ Gm1m2
• Energy of circular orbit
µ ( Gm1m2 )
2
E0 = (U effective ) =−
r = r0 2 L2
PRS Question
If the earth slows down due to tidal forces
will the moon’s angular momentum
1. increase
2. decrease
3. cannot tell from the information given
PRS Question
If the earth slows down due to tidal forces
will the radius of the moon’s orbit
1. increase
2. decrease
3. cannot tell from the information given
Orbit Equation
• Solution: r0
r=
1 − ε cos θ
where the two constants are
L2
• radius of circular orbit r0 =
µ Gm1m2
1
• eccentricity ⎛ 2 EL2 ⎞ 2
ε = ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜ µ ( Gm m ) ⎟
2
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
Energy and Angular Momentum
1
• Energy: E = E0 (1 − ε )
2 2
E0 = (U effective ) =−
r = r0 2 L2
• Angular momentum
L = ( r0 µ Gm1m2 )
1/ 2
Semi-Major axis
1 1 ⎛ r0 r0 ⎞ r0 Gm1m2
a= ( maximum minimum ) ⎜
r + r = + ⎟ = = −
2 2 ⎝ 1− ε 1+ ε ⎠ 1− ε
2
2E
location of the center of the ellipse
ε r0
x0 = rmaximum − a = = εa
1− ε 2
Semi-Minor axis
b= (a 2
− x0 2 ) = a1/ 2 r01/ 2
Area A = π ab = π a 3/ 2 r01/ 2
Kepler’s Laws: Equal Area
• Area swept out in time ∆t
∆A 1 ⎛ ∆θ
= ⎜r
⎞ ( r ∆θ ) ∆r
⎟r +
∆t 2 ⎝ ∆t ⎠ 2 ∆t
dA 1 2 dθ dθ L
= r = 2
dt 2 dt dt µ r
• Period 2µ 2 µπ a 3/ 2 r01/ 2
T= A=
L L
G G G G
G G G G m1r1 + m2r2 m2 ( r1 − r2 ) µ G
r1′ = r1 − R cm = r1 − = = r
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 m2
G µ G
r2′ = − r
m2