!

= "# $ #
$ % # # &

• $ $% ' '
$( ) *
+ , $ $ -

= ⇔ =

. '# (/ ! $ $( $ '

• ' / $% % ' *

=−
1
0
1→

• $% ' = # / 2 ' ( '

$ "3 " !24'4 *

5 2

• 2 $ 6 $ ! $ $% 7 8"9#
$ & # ! # # # * . $( $%
$ $ $
0::;:0<=8

• . % ( #
! $ * 7 : :0 6 ;;" $ $%
66
$

• 2
3 + ' $ / # $ $$ (
$
3 + ' $ ! /
3 !
$ >*
 +(

? $ ' $ $ $ %/ ' $ ' $ (

+( / $% / ' # #
/ ' () ) * % $ $%
() ! ' $% ' ! # # #
. / ' () $ *
2) ( # ( $ / # &

2 ! $ =! # # #
! ⊥ # ⊥ # ⊥ # = = = # ∧ =
@ $ % $ # A
%/ # %$ # B *
= + +

! # #

! # # ( ' $ ' / # # *
= 1− A ! # # # 1! + # + # +
= + +

5 $ $

$ =! # # # $ * $ %
$ $ *
C $ *
C $ %) ! *

ρ= = $ $ ! ρ =
ρ
ϕ =! # ∈ D"E0π D
= = B $ *
# $ $ / !ρ #ϕ # *
ϕ ! ρ# ϕ # $ *

0
 ϕ
ϕ

! ρ # ϕ # / ! $ $$ $ ρ ϕ

+ $
=ρ ϕ
=ρ ϕ
ρ =! ρ ⋅ +! ρ ⋅ +! ρ ⋅
F
= ϕ⋅ + ϕ⋅ +"= ϕ⋅ + ϕ⋅
ϕ =! ϕ ⋅ +! ϕ ⋅ +! ϕ ⋅
F
=− ϕ⋅ + ϕ⋅
= + = ρ⋅ ρ + ⋅
$ (
• $
ρ 7G ( $ ρ $ $ !ρ #ϕ #
1 !ρ + ρ #ϕ + ϕ # +
= ρ! 1 − ρ! = ρ !ϕ + ϕ − ρ !ϕ
- ρ ! # $ ρ

ρ ⋅ ρ = ! ρ ⋅ ρ =" 0 ρ ⋅ ρ =" ρ ⊥ ρ

- ρ HH ϕ E ρ = ϕ⋅ ϕ

ϕ = ϕ ! 1 − ϕ !
HH ρ

ϕ = ϕ
ϕ =− ϕ⋅ ρ

• $
ρ = ! ϕ⋅ + ! ϕ⋅ = ! ϕ ⋅ + ! ϕ ⋅
=− ϕ⋅ ϕ⋅ + ϕ ⋅ ϕ ⋅ = ϕ !− ϕ⋅ + ϕ⋅ = ϕ⋅ ϕ

ϕ = !− ϕ ⋅ + ! ϕ ⋅ =− ϕ⋅ ϕ⋅ − ϕ⋅ ϕ⋅ =− ϕ⋅ ρ

= !ρ ⋅ ρ + = ρ⋅ ρ +ρ⋅ ρ + ⋅ = ρ⋅ ρ +ρ⋅ ϕ⋅ ϕ + ⋅
. $ ' $ ! 6

6
 C

$ ( =! # # #
! %
G ! ! ()
! = ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ *. $ # # $ $ $ $ *
! = ρ! ⋅ ρ ! + ! ⋅
- ( C 7{ ! # ∈ }! $ $$ (

5 G

G $ %$ !
1
=
1−
∆ = 1− → " # $' #' $ $ !
! ! + ! + − !
H! ! = = =
!

2) $ ' '
F ! = ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ + ! ⋅

- H! ! = ! = ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ + ! ⋅

H! ! = ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ + ! ⋅
F ! = ρ⋅ ρ +ρ⋅ ϕ⋅ ϕ + ⋅
- H! ! =ρ⋅ ρ + ρ ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ + ⋅
I $ $ '
# $( ! H! ! = !
$ 7{ ! # ∈ }

! +∆ − ! ! 0
! = = =
H! H! H!

∆
H! 0
∆ = 1 − →"
! !

<
 !
! = = ! ⋅ + ! ⋅ + ! ⋅
H!
- H!
!

H! ! =ρ⋅ ρ + ρ ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ + ρ ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ + ρ ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ − ρ ⋅ϕ ⋅ϕ ⋅ ρ + ⋅

H! ! = !ρ − ρ ⋅ϕ 0 ⋅ ρ + !0 ρ ⋅ ϕ + ρ ⋅ ϕ ⋅ ϕ + ⋅

'
$ $ ∆ () $ ! *

J $

() $ ! #! # ∆*
! = ! ⋅ E H! ! = ! ⋅ E H! ! = ! ⋅

0 ' (

@ ' $ ( =
# H! ! = ⋅ = *- H! ! ="

! − !" = 1= × *- ! = × + !"
"

6 ' ( '

@ ' $ ( ' =
$ $ $ *

# ! − !" = 1= × * ! = × + !"
"

- ! − !" = !1 1= 1 1+ !" 1= 0
+ !" ×
" " "
0

- ! = 0
+ !" × + ! "
0
. ' ' $ (
= # ' ! #
$ # ' $ ! $ *
0
K $ ' ⋅

=
 ⋅
=0 ⋅ =0 ⋅
!

π
⋅ > "# ' !! # <
0
π
⋅ < "# ' $ !! # >
0

< ' L
$

A ! = !ω ⋅ + ϕ # A % $# ω ϕ
% *
! = − ω !ω ⋅ + ϕ
! = − ω0 !ω ⋅ + ϕ = −ω 0 ⋅ !
- +ω0 ="

5 '
$ # () $ !

J $

ρ !
ϕ
$
ρ= =
ϕ =! #
= ⋅ ρ !
- H! ! = ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ # ' ' *
2 H! ! = ⋅ϕ ⋅ ϕ − ⋅ϕ 0 ⋅ ρ

0 ' (

% ' ϕ = ϕ= # ϕ=
ω =ϕ# ' $
ω =ϕ⋅ # ' ' *
= ϕ = ω =
H! = ϕ⋅ ϕ − ω0 ⋅ ρ = − ω0 ⋅ ρ
="
- % # $ ' $
! * ⊥
= ⇔ ="E = ⇔ ⋅ ="