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(tpövmrfh0g'oabmw&m; oifcef;pm - 1)
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 2

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 3

omreftodOmPf&o
dS t
l aeeJaY wmif oabmaygufem;vnfEidk w
f t
hJ csufyjJ zpfygw,f/

tcef; (1)
aumif ; uif b H k o d k Y y if h r ,l j cif ; jyóem

txufyged'gef;pum;tusO;f csKyfuadk zmfjyNy;D aemuf? wrefawmftq

D m onf aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd
uk,
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qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf/

vlom;\touf&SifaexkdifrIb0ESifh r&Paojcif;w&m;onf þurÇmavmuESifhom

aES m if w nf ; ywf o uf r I & S d \ /

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlUrsdK;qufwpf&yfvHk;ukd ñTef;qkdNyD; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rdefYMum;azmfjy

xm;awmfrlonfrSm -

]]toif (vlUrsdK;quf0if) wko

Yd nf rdrw
d \
Ydk vlUb0ukd urÇmajray:rSmyif ausmif;vSr;f Muum?
þurÇmajrrSmyif toifwo
Ydk nf aojcif;w&m;qku
d Mf u&rnfjzpf\/}} (uk&t
f mef 7;26)

þtm,wfawmfwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlom;cyford ;f wkt

Yd wGuf &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm rdeMYf um;
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tajctaeESpf&yfqkdufa&mufp&m&SdaMumif; txift&Sm;yif/ wpfrsdK;u touf&Sifaexkdifjcif;
tajctaejzpfNyD; usefwpfrsdK;u aojcif;w&m;qkdufa&mufaomtajctaejzpfonf/

,ck ar;p&mMuHKvmonfrmS wrefawmftq

D m onf vlom;wpfO;D rQomjzpfygvQuf b,fEh ,
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vkyfNyD; cE¨mukd,fESifhwuG aumif;uifwufNyD; oDwif;oHk;ae&ygovJ/ wrefawmftDqm tm;
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t&Siq
hf ;kH jzwfcsuf Oya'jzpfaom ]vlom;wdo
Yk nf rdrw
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Ykd touf&iS af exkid rf b
I 0ukd urÇmajray:rSmyif
 4

ausmif;vSr;f ae xkid Mf u&rnfjzpfNyD;? urÇmajray:rSmyJ aoMu&vdrrhf nf} [lonfudk arhxm;cJah voavm/

(etlZkdbdv’m[f)

xkaYd emufwpfzef tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ rkuy© gXfawmfvm&Sjd yefonfrmS -

]]todkYenf;? igt&Sifjrwfonf yx0DajrBuD;ukd &Sifolrsm;ESifh aoolrsm;ukd qGJaqmifí rdrdüom

&yfwefYxm;&mtjzpf jyKxm;awmfrlonfr[kwfavm/}} (uk&ftmef 77;26-27)

onftm,wfawmfu ueOD;azmfjyaom tm,wfawmfukd vif;jyvkdufonfhES,fjzpfygonf/

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu igt&Sijf rwfonf yx0DajrBuD;wGif touf&iS o
f w
l EYkd iS hf aoolwt
Ydk m; rdrEd iS t
hf wlwuG
pkaygif;zGUJ pnf;íxm;&efEiS fh vlUuk,
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d jyifyoko
Yd mG ;a&mufapcGirhf jyKaom pGr;f tm;ukd xnfo
h iG ;f
ay;xm;awmf r l \ [k rd e f Y M um;xm;ygonf / þtm,wf a wmf u vnf ; wref a wmf t D q m
aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd wufomG ;onf[al om tqku
d dk ,kwrdå wefaMumif; om"ujyvQuf&adS eygonf/

r[mwrefawmfjrwf u rdrdvlom;jzpfjcif;tm; aumif;uifbHkodkY

ukd,fcE¨mESifhwuG wufa&muf zkdY&mtwGuf t[efYtwm;jyKaMumif;jyqkd

xkaYd emufwpfzef xkx

Yd ufwpfqifw
h ;dk í azmfjy&acsaomf? r,HMk unfjiif;y,fol ]umzJ&}f wku
Yd
r[mwrefawmfjrwf tm; tu,fíom toifonf tu,fpifppf wrefawmfjzpfcyhJ gvQif aumif;uif
bHo
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Ykd ufjyyg/ xko
d w
Ydk ufjyygvQif uREkyf w
f Ydk rqkid ;f rwGyif ,HMk unfMuygrnf[k awmif;qkcd MhJ uavonf/
xkt
d cg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]tdk - igt&Sijf rwf\ wrefawmf olwt
Ydk m; ajzMum;vku
d yf gav[kred v
Yf suf
tckvdk tajzay;apawmfrcl ahJ yonf/

]]uREkyf t
f m; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral om uREkyf \
f t&Sio
f nf (toifwaYdk wmif;qkad omta[modu
taMumif;rsm;rS) oefY&Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlyg\/ uREkfyfrSmrlum; vlom;wrefawmfwpfyg;rQomjzpfyg\/}}
(uk&t
f mef 17;94)

azmfjyygtm,wfawmfwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlom;wpfO;D tzdYk touf&iS v

f QufEiS hf cE¨muk,
d f
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H Ykd wufa&muf&efrmS t&Sijf rwf\ ]qGEo
é }f "r®e,
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hf wdjywf
uwdpum;rsm;jzifh ajzmifah jzmifBh uD;qefu
Y siaf yonf/ odjYk zpf&m tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu,
dk af wmfwidk u
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jzpfayonf/ r,HkMunfoltm&AftrsdK;om;wkdYu r[mwrefawmfjrwfuJhodkYaom r[mvlom;xHwGif
 5

aumif;uifoYkd cE¨muk,
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vlom;wpfOD;rQomjzpfaMumif;ESifh r[mwrefawmfjrwf xuf rjrwfaom
vlom;wrefawmftqifüh om&Sad Mumif;ukd ,HMk unfvufcx
H m; ygvsuf wrefawmftq
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vm;vm;rQ vufcHEkdifp&mtaMumif;r&Sdyg/

r[mwrefawmfjrwf u ]]umzJ&}f } r,HMk unfjiif;y,fow

l t
Ydk m; uREkyf rf mS rlum; vlom;wpfO;D
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hf uG aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd
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onf aumif ; uif b H k w G i f trS e f wu,f touf & S i f v suf cE¨ m uk d , f t wå a bmBuD ; ES i f h w uG
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d abmtm;jzifh wrefawmftq
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f q
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jyefvnfajzMum;&Sif;jy&eftwGuf rGwfpvifwkdYwGif wpfpHkwpf&m tajzpum;r&SdjzpfvQuf acgif;idkuf
pkdufcsxm;Mu&½HkrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrS&Sdrnfr[kwfacs
 6

arh t f & m*sf \ jzpf & yf r S e f

þae&mwGif ]]usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu wrefawmfjrwfBuD; tm;

ukd,fcE¨mESifhwuG toufxif&Sm;&SdvQuf aumif;uifbHkodkY wufa&mufa&;udpörSm ukd,fawmfjrwf\
vlom;jzpfjcif;u t[efYtwm;jyKaeonf[k azmfjyxm;awmfrlcJhygvQif ]arhtf&m*sf} jzpfpOfwGif
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf tb,foaYkd umif;uif,cH &D;vSnv
hf nfcyhJ goenf;}} [laom ar;cGe;f wpf&yfrmS
obm0tavQmuf ay:aygufvmp&m&Sdygonf/

onfar;cGe;f twGuf tajzukd taotcsmzwf½u

I m aumif;pGmrSwyf u
dk ef m;vnfxm;zkv
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,if;jzpf&yfrmS um; tvGeo
f rd af rGUeuf½idI ;f vSaom ]u&Szf }f (Asm'dw½f yl g½H)k wpfrsdK;ukd wrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm;
jrifrufapcJhjcif;omjzpfygonf/ tdyfrufjrifrufpOftwGif; vlom;onf tcsdKUtcgrsm;wGif rdrd\tdyf,m
xufwiG f vJavQmif;vQuf &Sad evifu
h pm; a0;vHacgifzsm; t&yfrsm;odw
Yk idk f vSnv
hf nfomG ;vmcJ&h onfEh ,
S f
þ ]u&Sfzf} wGif jzpfay:cJh&jcif;omjzpfygonf/ ]qvfazqGmav[D;ef} a&S;olawmfpifyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tkyfpk
wpfpu
k ,
dk üf uyif wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ ]arht&f m*sf} rSm cE¨muk,
d Ef iS w
hf uGjzpfaom jzpf&yfr[kwrf í
l
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; ESihf uk,
d af wmfjrwf\ tGro
® o
f m;wynfrh sm; aESmif;acwfwiG w
f ;dk wufpnfyif
atmifyGJqifMu&rnfh tajctaersm;ukd ½Ijrifod&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; tm;
aumif ; uif , H c&D ; vS n f h v nf a pcJ h a om od r f a rG U euf e J v S o nf h ]u&S f z f } (Asm'd w f ½ l y g½H k )
jrifuGif;wpfckomjzpfaMumif;? tcdkif trm tqkdjyKcJhMuygonf/ rGwfpviftcsdKUu ]arhtf&m*sf} jzpf&yfu
cE¨mukd,fESifhwuG <ujref;jcif;jzpfonf[k qkdMuolrsm;vnf; trSefyif&SdMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif
usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf rSeu
f efaom ['D;qfawmf rsm;u tqkyd gtawG;tjrifudk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm
qefYusifvQuf&Sdaeygonf/

yxr - txufwiG af zmfjycJah om tm,wfawmf(17;94)onfyif xko

d aYdk om tawG;tjrifudk wGe;f z,f
xkwv
f su&f adS eygonf/ tu,fíom uk,
d cf E¨mESiw
hf uG aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd wufEidk af cs&cdS yhJ gvQif uk,
d af wmf
jrwfBuD; u tb,faMumifh ruúm[fNrdKUom; r,HMk unfow
l t
Ykd m; qefu
Y sifbuftajzukad y;cJNh yD;
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vufvw
G q
f ;kH ½I;H &avatmifjyKcJ&h ygoenf;/ tu,fí ]arht&f m*s}f jzpf&yfrmS ½kycf E¨mESiw
hf uG jzpfc½hJ ;kd rSev
f Qif
r,HMk unfol ]umzJ&}f rsm;\ xku
d o
hJ Ykd aomawmif;qkcd sufrmS omrefty&duudpo
ö mjzpfaomaMumifh
þwefcdk;jym#d[medrdwfBuD;ukd vufawGU jyocJhrnftrSefjzpfygonf/ odkYpifvsuf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
onf vlom;jzpf&jcif;ukd taMumif;jyvQuf rdrdtaejzifh aumif;uifbHkodkY ½kyfcE¨mESifhwuG
wuf j yEk d i f j cif ; r&S d a Mumif ; uk d azmf j ycJ h a vonf / þonf t m; jzif h ]arh t f & m*sf } jzpf & yf r S m
 7

cE¨muk,
d t
f wåabmESiw
hf uG aumif;uif,cH &D;vSnv
hf nfco
hJ nfr[kwaf Mumif; om"uxif&mS ;ayawmhonf/
xkdYxufykdrkdí vif;0if;xif&Sm;pGm od&Sdem;vnfEkdifonfrSm pl&m[fbeD tpö&mtDvf(pl&m[f17)\
ueOD;tprSmyif wrefawmfjrwf \ c&D;pOftaMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;awmfrlonf jzpf&m?
þpl&m[f(17)twGif;rSmyif aumif;uif,HodkY vlom;rwufEkdifaMumif; azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm uk&ftmef
usrf;zwfyk*¾dKvfwdkYtzkdY odkYavm odkYavm tawG;ray:&avatmif &Sif;jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

xkjYd yifwpf0 usrf;jrwfu&k t

f mefwiG f ]arht&f m*sf} jzpf&yfudk ]½kt
d ,
hf m} [laom pum;vH;k jzifv
h nf;
(þql&m[füyif) &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/

]]igt&Sijf rwfu toift

h m; ]½kt
d ,
hf m} tdyrf ufreS f jrifrufapcJo
h nfrmS vlom;wkt
Yd zk&Yd m prf;oyfrI
wpf&yftjzpfomvQifjzpfayonf/}} (uk&ftmef 17;61)

þwGif ]½kdtfh,m} [laom pum;ukd azmfjyvQuf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ ]arhtf&m*sf} jzpf&yfrSm

omreftyd rf ufrQomr[kwf xl;uJjrifjh rwfvaS om ]u&Szf }f (Asm'dw½f yl g½H)k jrifuiG ;f ½Iuu
G w
f pf&yfjzpfaMumif;ESihf
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ emrfw&m;tajctaewk;d wufjrifrh m;rIudk vif;jyvQuf&adS yonf/ xkrd w
S pfyg;
tjcm;tm,wfawmfwpfy'k w
f iG v
f nf; -

]]pdwfESvHk;onf jrifawGUcJhonfrsm;ukd rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjyjcif;r&Sdacs/}} (uk&ftmef 53;12)

þtm,wfawmfuvnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD; jrifawGUcJah om ]arht&f m*sf} rSm [',pu©K(0g)

ESv;kH om;rsufpjd zifh jrifcahJ Mumif;? rHopu©K½kyrf sufpjd zifh jrifcjhJ cif;r[kwaf Mumif;ukd jyqkv
d Quf&adS eygonf/
taMumif;rlum;?

========

]]½kyfpu©Krsm;onf xkdt&Sifjrwftm; jrifEkdif (xdawGUiHkrdEkdif)jcif; r&Sdacs/}} (uk&ftmef 6;113)

[laom t&Sifjrwf\ jy|mef;csufOya'&Sdxm;aomaMumifhyif/

þwGirf Qru ouf0if,MkH unfol ]rkt

Yd rf ife}f wk\
Yd rdcifreG v
f nf;jzpf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;xH touf
t&G,f EkysdKpOfuwnf;u teD;uyfoifwef;qif;cJ&h olvnf;jzpfNyD;? omoemawmf\ ta&;udpx
ö uf0uf
rQukd aumif;pGmwwfyeG o
f [
l k olawmfpiftaygif;u wpfnw
D pfñw
G w
f nf; qH;k jzwfjcif;ukcd &H ol ][Z&of
tmat&Sm[fqpG 'f u
D m[f} ocifrBuD;rS qifjh yefcsuv
f m&Sx
d m;onfrmS ]arht&f m*sn
f Ofw
h iG f uk,
d af wmf
 8

jrwf B uD ; \ oef Y & S i f ; aom ½k y f c E¨ m rS m urÇ m ajrBuD ; ES i f h ruG J r uG m &d S a ecJ h a om[l \ /}
(qD&oftpfAae[d&Srfusrf; ? wGJ-1) þqifhjyefcsuftm;jzifh ]arhtf&m*sf} jzpf&yfrSm ½kyfcE¨mukd,ftm;jzifh
r[kwrf í
l ud,
k af wmfjrwfBuD; tm; ]u&Sfzf} ½lyg½HkAsm'dwf jrifuGif;½IuGufwGif jzpfavh&SdouJhodkY
odrfarGUaomtjcm;emrfcE¨mwpfckukd ay;oem;cJhjcif;omjzpfaMumif; om"uxif&Sm;ayawmhonf/

xkaYd emuf ]blcg&D} usr;f awmfBuD;rSm ]['D;qf} usr;f wkw

Yd iG f trSeu
f efq;kH usr;f rsm;[k owfrw
S &f mwGif
yxrtrSwpf OfwiG &f adS Mumif; ynm&Sit
f m;vH;k wpfoabmwnf; wpfnw
D pfñw
G w
f nf; owfrw
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f m;aom
usrf;jrwfwpfqjl zpfygonf/ xku
d srf;awmfBuD;wGif urÁn;f xk;d rSww
f rf;wifxm;cJo
h nfrmS -

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I u
G t
f m;vH;k ukd ½Ijrifc&hJ NyD;aemuf Ek;d xvm
cJah yonf/ xkpd Ofu uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;onf ][&mrf} 0wfausmif;awmfwiG f &Sad ecJah yonf/}}

þonftm;jzifh txift&Sm; od&Sdem;vnf&onfrSm ]arhtf&m*sf} jzpf&yfrSm wrefawmfjrwfBuD;

(rEkd;xrDjrifrufcJhaom) tvGefw&m odrfarGUeuf½Idif;vSonfh ]½kdtfh,m} Asm'dwf½lyg½HkjrifuGif;½IuGufom
jzpfaMumif;ESihf ½kycf E¨muk,
d jf zifh (aumif;uif,cH &D;vSnv
hf nfapNy;D ) jyojrifawGUapcJjh cif;r[kwaf Mumif;wnf;/
(tus,fw0ifo
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kd Qif uREfyk w
f t
Ykd zGUJ rS xkwaf 0NyD;aom ]wrefawmfjrwf\ tpö&mtfEiS hf artf&m*sf}
udkzwf&SKavhvmEdkifygonf/

&mzgtfatvv’m[f[dk ukd 0dN*dKvfjyKjcif;

vk&d if;ukd wk&d iS ;f pGmazmfjy&aomf usr;f jrwfu&k t

f mefu vlom;wpfO;D wpfavukrd Qyif ½kycf E¨muk,
d Ef iS hf
wuG touf&iS v
f suEf iS fh aumif;uifbo
kH w
Ykd ufa&mufjcifudk vm;vm;rQvufrcHrí
l ,if;ESihf qefu
Y siaf om
pum;ukdom &Sif;vif;jywfom;aompum;vHk;rsm;jzifh aMunmvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ odkY&Sdjim;vnf; t[fr'f
ociftm; qefu
Y siforl sm;u wrefawmftq
D m ukd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu touf&iS v
f sufEiS yhf if
aumif;uifbHkodkY yifhrawmfrlvkdufonf[laom usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefrS tm,wfawmfwpfyk'fukd
taxmuftxm;jyavh&MdS uygonf/ xkt
d m,wfawmfrmS -
 9

]],[l'w
D rYdk mS wrefawmftq
D mtm; vkyMf uHowfjzwfjcif;ukv
d nf;rjyK? xkjYd yif vuf0g;uyfwikd w
f iG f
csdwq
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f nfum; þodw
Yk nf;/ wrefawmftq
D m
onf ,if;olw\
Ydk tjriftm½Hrk sm;wGif towfc&H olEiS hf vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif csw
d q
f í
JG f uGyrf sucf &H olEiS hf
½k;d rSm;oHo,jzpfp&mtjzpf jyKvkyjf cif;ukd cHvu
dk &f ayonf/ --- od&Yk mwGif ,if;olwo
Ydk nf wrefawmf
l J tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu t&Sif
tDqmtm; vkyMf uHowfjzwf&mwGif vm;vm;rQ pGr;f aqmifEidk cf jhJ cif; r&Srd b
jrwftxHawmfodkY yifhrac:aqmifawmfrlvkduf\}} (uk&t
f mef 4;158-159)

þtm,wf a wmf u k d uk d ; um;NyD ; wref a wmf t D q m tm; tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u

aumif;uifbHkodkY yifhr,laqmifawmfrlvkdufonf[k qkdaeMuavonf/ trSefaomfum; tu,fí
taotcsm *½k"r®jyKum pOf;pm;awG;ac:Munfyh gvQif þonfu
h ;dk um;wifjycsuw
f iG f tm;enf;aysmn
h jhH cif;ukfd
txift&Sm;jrifawGU vm&ygvdrrhf nf/ wrefawmftq
D m ]&zgtf} jzpfcJhonfrSm trSefwu,fyif/
tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f ]&zgtf} [laom pum;vH;k rSm txift&Sm;&Sad eNyD; ,if;ukd
jiif ; csuf r xk w f E k d i f a om aMumif h j zpf o nf / ok d Y p Of v suf ar;p&mtcsuf r S m ]]tb,f u J h o d k Y E S i f h
tb,ft&yfodkY&zgtfjyKvkyfcJhygovJ}} usrf;awmfjrwfyg 0gusrSm þodkYjzpfygonf/

]]tv’m[fonf ]rqd[}f tm; rdrx

d o
H yYkd ifrh cJ\
h /}}

,ck tu,fí tv’m[f\bufoYkd yifrh vku

d jf cif;\ teufudk aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd yifrh oGm;onf[k
jyefqcdk v
hJ Qif xyfNy;D ar;p&may:aygufvmonfrmS ]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu aumif;uifbakH y:rSmom owfowf
rSwrf w
S af eom;wus oDwif;oH;k aexkid af wmfryl govm;/ t&Sijf rwfu urÇmajray:rSm oDwif;oH;k awmf
rrlb;l vm;/ tpövmrft
h qH;k trtm;avsmfpmG tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu TIME AND SPACE tcsdefumvESifh
tmumo[if;vif;jyif (tcsed Ef iS Xhf me) [laom abmiftueft
Y owfr&Sd ae&mXmewkid ;f wGif tcsed t
f cgra&G;
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S hf
r[kw&f rvJ/ tifrwef rSeu
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D m
tm; rdrdtxHawmfodkY yifhrac:aqmifawmfrlcJhavonf[laom 0gus\ qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜg,fudk
rnfo,
Ykd &l ygrnf enf;/ þar;cGe;f ykpmä ukd pdwaf useyfavmufapaom tajz&&S&d ef tvkiYd gS uREyfk w
f t
Ydk aejzifh
þtm,wfawmf\ 0gusoGm; 0guszGJUyHkpepfukd *½k"r®jyKavhvm&ef vdkygonf/

&[l'w
D u
Ydk rdrw
d o
Ykd nf rqd[f (wrefawmftq
D m) tm; vuf0g;uyfwidk w
f iG f csdwq
f í
JG uGyrf suf
vku
d af csNyD[k aMunmcJMh uNyD; rqd[o
f nf usdejf cif;ukd cH&aomaojcif;jziffh aoqH;k oGm;cJNh yD[al om&v'fudk
xkwaf zmfcMhJ uavonf/ (etlZb
kd v
d m’ [f) taMumif;rlum; ]awmif0&f mwf} "r®a[mif;usr;f vmoifjycsuEf iS hf
tnD ]]opfwidk ;f ü qGx
J m;jcif;cH&aomolonf usdejf cif;ukd cH&aomoljzpf\}}/ (w&ma[m&musrf;21;23)
 10

þodjYk zifh wrefawmftq

D mtm; &efowKjyKol &[l'rD sm;u rqd[f (wrefawmftq
D m) tm; ]vmhtef of}
usdepf m oifo
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l oufaojyMuavonf/ (etlZb
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Yd r[kwrf w&m;,d;k pGyaf om tqku
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Y u
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rqd [ f ( wref awmf t D q m)onf vuf 0 g;uyf w k d i f (um;pif ) ay:wG i f vH k ; 0(vH k ; 0)
toufcsKyfaoqH;k cJjh cif;r&Srd í
l tv’m[f t&Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd olUtm; ]&zgtf} jyKjcif;cH&avonf[k
rd e f Y M um;&S i f ; jyawmf r l j cif ; jzpf o nf / qk d v k d o nf r S m toif ( &[l ' D ) wk d Y u wref a wmf t D q mtm;
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h nf;
toifw\
Ydk BudK;yrf;tm;xkwrf rI sm;ukd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu oJxaJ &oGeo
f vkd tcsnf;ES;D jzpfapawmfrcl NhJ yD;
wrefawmftq
D monf usdejf cif;cH&olw\
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l J
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu olUtm; rdrt
d xHawmfoYkd ]&zgtf} jyKawmfru
l m tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftxHawmfwiG f
]0dnmOfykdif;qkdif&m&zgtf} ukd &&Sdapawmfrlvkdufjcif;jzpfay onf/ þuJhodkYaom emrfw&m;tajctae
0dnmOfykdif;qkdif&m ]&zgtf} rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tyg;awmf NrJcGifh&olwkdif;ukd usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif
azmfjyxm;awmfrlbdouJhodkY &&SdNrJyifjzpfonf/ jrwfuk&ftmefwGifvm&SdonfrSm -

]]tdk --- b,fh? Nidrfoufjcif;&Sdaom pdwf0dnmOf? rdrdtm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf

txHawmfoYkd toifu,
dk w
f idk u
f vnf; auseyfEpS o
f ufpmG &Sv
d Quf tv’m[fuvnf; ESpNf rdKUtm;&pGm&Sad wmf
rlaom tajctaejzifh jyefívmayavmh/ xkjYd yif igt&Sijf rwf\ emcHawmfrsm; (tpktzGUJ ) wGif 0ifa&mufNyD;
igt&Sifjrwf\ ]*sEéwf} O,smOfawmfwGif pHjref;avavmh/}} (uk&ftmef 89;28-29)

þtm,wfru
k y© gXfawmftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ eef;wGif 0ifa&muftyg;awmfNrJciG &fh &SMd u
ukeaf om ]olawmfpifoal wmfjrwf} wkid ;f onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd þyHþ
k enf;jzifh ]&zgtf}
jyKjcif;cHMu&aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfMu&ayonf/

xkaYd emufwpfzef ]&zgtf} \ teufonf ,ckazmfjyOD;rnft

h m,wfawmftm;jzifv
h nf; vH;k vH;k BuD;
vif;0if;xif&Sm;vm&jyefygonf/

a&S;ueOD;wGif olaumif;wpfO;D jzpfco

hJ l wrefawmfrq
l m tm; qefu
Y sifaom yk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D ESihf
 11

pyfvsOf;í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu rdefYawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ tXuxm&SifwkdY\ qifhjyefvif;jycsufrsm;wGif

xko
d \
l trnfudk ]bvftrfbmtl;&f} [k azmfjycJMh uavonf/ ,if;ESiphf yfvsOf;í rkuy© gXfawmfvm&So
d nf
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d edrw
d v
f u©Pmawmfrsm;tm;jzifh ,if;oltm;
]&zgtf} jyKvkycf rhJ nfjzpf\/ ok&Yd mwGif xko
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l ,
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f yx0DajrBuD;\bufoYkd ñGwo
f mG ;cJah vonf/}}
(uk&t
f mef 7;177)

þwGif vm&Sad om ]&zgtf} ukd emrfw&m;qkid &f m ]&zgtf}jzpfaMumif; wpfnw

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emrfw&m;tajctaejzifh ]&zgtf} jrifrh m;jcif;tqifu
h dk rwufvrS ;f Ekid cf ahJ cs[k ½IUH csjypfwif pum;wif;qkad e
cJMh uavonf/ odaYk Mumifh ,if;tqku
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d mOf
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f jYdk rifawGU
aeMu&ygvsufu,fESifh þae&mwGif tu,fíom uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh ½kyfykdif;tm;jzifh ]&zgtf}(yifhrjcif;)
[k t"dygÜ ,faumuf,v
l u
dk yf gvQif tm,wfawmfcsay;&jcif;wGif wpfpw
kH pf&m t"dygÜ ,f&adS wmhrnfr[kwaf cs/
&[l'w
D u
Ydk wrefawmftq
D monf um;piftwifccH &hJ aomaMumifh emrf0n
d mOfa&;qkid &f m ]&zgtf} (*kPjf yK
csD;ajr§mufjcif;) ukd cH&jcif;rS vufvTwfqHk;½IH;cJh&½Hkrnfumrwår[kwf? usdefjcif;(vmhtfeof) cH&jcif;jzifh
taoqk;d ESihf aoqH;k cJ&h onf[k ½IUH csjypfwifaecJMh uonfudk ]tJovkrd [kwyf gbl;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
touf&iS v
f sufeb
YJ J olUukd rk;d aumif;uifoYkd yifrh ac:aqmifomG ;cJw
h myg} [laom tajzrsdK;ukd jyefvnf
ajzMum;ygvQif ckwf&mwjcm; &S&mwjcm;jzpfovkd tar;ESifh tajzrukdufnDbJ &Sdayawmhrnf/ þwGif
omreftodOmPf&o
dS w
l pfO;D aomfrS ]ig[m apm'u0ifvmwJph um;ukd wdusNyD; b0ifusavmufwt
hJ ajzukd
ay;aewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf rqDrqkid w
f t
hJ ajzukd ajzMum;aewmvm;} qko
d nfudk pOf;pm;rdrnfrmS aocsm
vS\/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwdkYtm; twkduftcHjyKMuolwkdY\f bmomjyefqkdrIrSm apm'u0ifxm;onfu
emrf0dnmOfykdif;qkdif&m ]&zgtf} taMumif;ESifh ywfoufaejcif;jzpfNyD; y&d[m&jyKajzMum;onfu ½kyfcE¨m
ukd,fukd yifhroGm;jcif;taMumif;jzpfaejcif;rSm tHhMop&maumif;aeygawmhonf/

odjYk zpf&m wrefawmftq

D m tm; ]&zgtfatvv’m[f} jyKjcif;qko
d nfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
tyg;awmfNrJcGihf& (0g) t&SifjrwfESifh eD;pyfcGihf&ukefaom olawmfpifolawmfjrwftaygif;ukd jyKouJhodkYyif
 12

wrefawmftq
D mtm;vnf; ]&zgtf} jyK csD;jr§iahf jr§mufpm;*kPjf 'yfrsm;ay;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ ½kycf E¨mtm;jzifh
yifhrjcif;r[kwfygacs/

qkv
d &dk if;oabmum;? (1) tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ZmwdawmfrmS rk;d aumif;uifüom tueft
Y owf
tm;jzifh abmifcwfowfrw
S af y;xm;jcif;cH&aom t&Sirf [kwrf í
l t&Sijf rwfonf ae&mXmetoD;oD;wGif
jzefu
Y suv
f rT ;f rk;d tkypf ;kd vsu&f adS wmfral om teEÅwefc;dk awmf&iS jf zpfayonf/ odjYk zpf&m tv’m[f\txHawmfoYkd
]&zgtf} jyKjcif;\ teufoabmrSm emrf0n
d mOfa&;qkid &f m ]&zgtf} (jrifjh rwfaom*kPt
f qifu
h dk csD;ajr§mufr)I
jyKjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;aom t"dyÜg,fudk jyefqkdvkdYr&Ekdifyg/

(2) 'kwd,tcsufrSm &[l'DwkdY\ jypfwif½IHUcsapm'u0ifxm;csufu emrfw&m;tajctaeqkdif&m

]&zgtf} jyKjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;íomjzpfNyD; ½kyfcE¨mtm;jzifh ]&zgtf} (yifhrjcif;) r[kwfacs/ odkYaMumifh
xkdapm'u0ifcsufukd acsyajzMum;rIwGif ½kyfcE¨mtm;jzifh yifhr ]&zgtf} jyKjcif;ukd wifjycJhygvQif
tusdK;r&Sd½kHomru teEÅOmPf awmf&Sifjzpfawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh qufpyfajymqkd
Ekdifvdrhfrnfvnf;r[kwfyg/

(3) wwd,tcsufrmS tu,fí ]&zgtfatvv’m[f} ukd ud,

k cf E¨mESiw
hf uG aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd
yifrh jcif;[k teufoabm&,lcyhJ gvQif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfEiS hf eD;pyfaygif;pnf;cGi&hf &SMd uukeaf om olawmfreG f
olawmfjrwftm;vH;k (tm;vH;k ) wkrYd mS touf&iS v
f sufEiS yhf if aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd yifrh ,laqmifomG ;jcif;cHMu
&onf[k vufc,
H MkH unf&rvkjd zpfaeygonf/ taMumif;rlum;-

]] tkb
d ,f?h Nird o
f ufjcif;&Sad om pdw0f n
d mOf rdrt
d m;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral om t&Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd
jyefvnfí vma&mufavavmh}} [k rdefYxm;awmfrlaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ (ñTef;NyD; 89;28-29)

(4) pwkwt
¬ csurf mS um; usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefu,
dk üf u ]&zgtf}\ t"dygÜ ,foabmukd emrfyidk ;f qkid &f m
]&zg} jzpfaMumif;jzifh wrefawmfrq
l m \ acwfu ]bvftrfbmtl;&f} ESihf pyfvsOf;í tv’m[ft&Sif
jrwfukd,fawmfwkdif rdefYxm;csufukd -

]]tu,fíom igt&Sijf rwfu tvk&d adS wmfrcl yhJ gvQif rdr\

d edrv
d u©Pmawmfrsm;tm;jzifh ,if;oltm;
]&zgtf} jyKcJrh nfjzpf\/ od&Yk mwGif xko
d u
l ,
dk w
f idk u
f yx0DajrBuD;\bufqo
D Ydk ñGwo
f mG ;cJah vonf}}
[k azmfñTef;vif;jyxm;ygonf/ (ñTef;NyD; 7;177)

]&zgtf} \ t"dygÜ ,f,wåudk txift&Sm; vif;jyxm;onft

h m,wfawmfwpfy'k u
f dk tv’m[ft&Sif
jrwfu þokYdazmfjyxm;awmfrlygonf/
 13

]]tv’m[fred MYf um;awmfr\

l / tkd --- tDqm? igt&Sijf rwfonf toift
h m; obm0tavQmuf
oufwef;aphaeapNyD;rS uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;jzifh b0qHk;apawmfrlrnf/ xkdYjyif toifhtm; igt&Sif
jrwftxHawmfodkY yifhrawmfrlrnf/ (uk&t
f mef 3;56)

þtm,wfawmf\ 0gusoGm;? 0guszGUJ pnf;yHt

k m;avsmfpmG ]&zgtf} ukd ]rdw
k 0zæu
D }\ aemufwiG f
xm;&Sdayonf/ þodkYjzifh ]&zgtf} \ teufrSm txift&Sm; vif;0if;í vmayawmhonf/ aoqHk;jcif;
r&Pa&muf&NdS y;D aemuf aumif;jrwfaomolawmfpify*k Kd¾ vfw\
Ydk touf0n
d mOfrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf
txHawmfoYkd ]&zgtf} jzpfíoGm;Mu&avonf/ xkaYd emuf xk0d n
d mOfrsm;ukd ]*sEéw}f O,smOfjrwfqo
D Ykd
0ifa&mufapum jrifjh rwfaom tqift
h wef;wGif ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;ukd cH&ayonf/ ok&Yd mwGif raumif;
qk;d ,kwaf om 0dnmOfrsm;rSmum; wpfpw
kH pf&mjrifjh rwfaom tqift
h wef;bufqo
D rYdk Q ]&zgtf} tjyKrcH
&rlbJ xd0k n
d mOfrsm;onf ]*s[Eér}f t0Dpw
d iG ;f odo
Yk m ypfcsjcif;cHMu&avonf/ odjYk zpf&m þonfo
h abm
w&m;tm;avsmfpmG tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq
D m tm; usqif;edrfhusaomtajctaerS
tum uG,jf yKay;awmfru
l m rdrt
d xHawmfoYkd u,f,al wmfrv
l u
dk jf cif;jzpfonf[v
l /dk

xkrd w
S pfyg; þtm,wfawmfrmS yif qufvufívm&Sx
d m;onfrmS -

]]xkdYjyif ]umzJ&f} r,HkMunfjiif;y,folwdkY (\apm'u0ifrItm;vHk;) rS

uif;oefaY pawmfrrl nfxrdk w
S pfyg; toift
h m;vku
d ef mMuolwo
Ydk nf tMuif
jiif;y,fuefu
Y u
G Mf uolwt
Ydk ay:]au,mrofaeY}wkid f vTr;f rk;d apawmfrrl nf/ xkaYd emuf (toifwo
Ydk nf)
igt&Sifjrwf\ txHawmfokdYomjyefvmMu&ayvdrfh rnf/ xdktcg igt&Sifjrwfu
toifw0Ydk 0d g'uGMJ uaom tMuiftaMumif;t&mrsm;ukd toifw\
Ydk tMum;wGif
pD&ifqHk;jzwfawmfrlrnfwnf;/}} (uk&ftmef 3;56)

þ0gusoGm;ukd pepfwus taotcsmzwf½MI unfyh gvQifvnf; r,HMk unfjiif;y,fuefu

Y u
G Mf uukef
aom &[l'DwkdY\ apm'u0iftjypf&SmrI[lorQrS uif;a0;oefYpifatmif jyKay;awmfrlrnfhtaMumif;ukd
]&m;aztku
d m} \ aemufwiG f qufvufazmfjy½Ho
k mru ]]0g*smatvGvZ’ ;D eofoabtl;uazmif;uv’ZeD m
uz½ltv
d ma,mifrv
d af u,mr[f}} toif (wrefawmftq
D m)tm; vku
d ef mMuolwo
Ydk nf tMuifjiif;
 14

y,fuefu
Y u
G &f efjyKolw\
Ydk txufwiG f ]au,mrofaeY} wkid af tmifEidk v
f rT ;f rd;k apawmfrrl nf/ qkv
d o
dk nfrmS
wrefawmftq
D m tm; apm'u0ifxm;csufawGtm;vH;k rS uif;oefaY pawmfrNl yD; t&Six
hf aH wmfyg;wGif
jrifhrm;aom *kPfj'yftqifhtwef;ukd csD;ajr§mufawmfrl½Hkrnfumrwår[kwf? wrefawmf tDqm
tm; trSew
f u,f vku
d ef mMuum tepfemcHcMhJ uolrsm;ukyd if r,HMk unfow
l \
Ydk txufwiG f ]au,mrof}
urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wkid o
f nftxd 0ifx
h nfpmG xm;&Sad wmfrrl nfjzpfaom[l\/

xkdYjyifwpf0 a&SUykdif;wGif aqG;aEG;wifjycJhNyD;jzpfaom ]bvf&mzt[kv’m[kdtdvkdif;a[} (4;159)

[lonfh tm,wfawmfrmS vnf; ,ckvuf&adS zmfjyaeaom tm,wfawmf(3;56)ukd tajzay;vif;jyaom
taejzifh usa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf/ þwGif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]td-k --tDqm? igt&Sijf rwfonf
toift
h m; (vlom;wk\
Yd vkyMf uHowfjzwfrjI zifh aoapawmfrrl nfr[kwrf b
l )J igt&Sijf rwf\ trdejYf zifo
h m
aoapawmfrlrnfjzpfNyD;? igt&SifjrwftxHawmfodkY csD;yjr§ihfwifawmfrlrnfjzpf\} [k uwday;awmfrljcif;
jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif ]&mzgt[kvm’ [dt
k v
d idk ;f [d} (4;159) wGif wpfzef tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu igt&Sijf rwfonf
uwdawmfxm;&So
d nfh tm;avsmfpmG wrefawmftq
D mtm; csD;yjr§iw
hf ifawmfrNl yD[al om xku
d wdpum;ukd
jynfph akH pawmfrjl cif;tm; ñTe;f qkad wmfrjl cif;jzpfonf/ þonft
h jyifvnf; uREyfk w
f jYdk yefqakd om oabmouef
t"dygÜ ,f,w¬udk axmufco
H nfh tjcm;rsm;jym;vSaom tm,wfawmfEiS hf ['D;qfawmfrsm; use&f ydS gao;onf/
,if;wdt
Yk euf jrwfu&k t
f mefrS tm,wfawmftcsdKUukd qufvuf½pI m;Muapvkyd gonf/

]]oef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfaompum;rsm;onf xkt

d &Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd wufa&mufomG ;ayonf/ xkjYd yif
aumif;jrwfaom usifMh uHtm;xkwrf rI sm;onfomvQif vlom;wkt
Yd wGuf ]&zgtf} jzpfp&mtaMumif;cHjzpf
\/}} (uk&ftmef 35;11)

onftm,wfawmfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu aumif;jrwfaom vloal wmfaumif;wkid ;f olw\

Ydk
ukov
dk af umif;rIrsm;aMumifh tv’m[fx
h aH wmfoYkd ]&zgtf}jyKjcif;ukd cH&apawmfro
l nf[k azmfjyxm;wmaMumifh
aumif;jrwfaomvlom;wkid ;f onf aumif;uifoYkd toufxif&mS ;&Sv
d suEf iS hf yifrh ac:aqmifjcif;cHMu&aMumif;
ukd qkv
d jdk cif;r[kwo
f nfrmS xif&mS ;ygonf/

xdkYjyifwpf0 tv’m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfodkY oGm;a&mufjcif;\teufoabmrSm wrefawmf

tpfb&m[if(rf)(t)\ þonfhpum;jzifh &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;vmapygonf/
 15

]]uREkyf o f m; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral om t&SifjrwftxHawmfodkY oGm;a&mufayawmh

f nf uREkyf t
rnf/}} (uk&t
f mef 37;100)

xkaYd emufwpfzef þtm,wfawmfjzifv

h nf; rGwpf viftaygif; oabmaygufxm;MuNy;D jzpfygonf/

]]uREkyf w
f u
Ydk u f idk yf g\/ xkjYd yif tv’m[f\ txHawmfodkYom uREkyf w
dk m; tv’m[fomvQif ydik q f Ydk
jyefMu&rnfwnf;}} (uk&ftmef 2;157)

odjYk zpfay&um; þwGif tv’m[f\txHawmfoYkd oGm;a&muf&jcif;\ oabmouefrmS uREyfk w

f o
Ydk nf
aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd t&Siv
f wfvwfyifrh ac:aqmifomG ;onfudk cH&jcif;tm; qkv
d o
dk nfr[kwaf Mumif; vif;0if;
xif & S m ;pG m od & S d e m;vnf M u&ygonf / xk d Y a emuf w pf z ef ]['D ; qf } awmf w G i f vm&S d x m;onf r S m
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u? rdrd\OD;&D;awmf [Z&of[AÁm;pf tm;?

]]tkd OD;&D;awmf tv’m[fonf OD;&D;awmftm; ]&zgtf} jyKvkyfay;awmfrlygap/}} (uefZkvf

tGr®vfusrf;)

onf['D;qfawmfrmS wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u rdrOd ;D &D;awmf\ *kPjf 'yftqift

h wef;jrifrh m;ap&ef
]'kdtm} qkyefay;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ ,ckcsufcsif;yif cE¨mukd,fESifhwuG rkd;aumif;uifodkYyifhrac:aqmif
oGm;ap&ef qkawmif;yefxmG jcif;r[kwyf g/ þodjYk zifh ]&zgtf} qko
d nfrmS emrfw&m;qkid &f m *kPjf 'yfcsD;yjr§ihf
wifajr§mufpm;í t&Sijf rwfEiS hf eD;pyfaygif;pnf;cGi&hf apjcif;omjzpfaMumif;rSm aerif;yrmxif&mS ;vmygawmh
onf/ taMumif;rlum; tAÁm;pfociftm; tb,ftcgüaomfrS ½kyfcE¨mukd,fESifhwuG ]&zgtf} jyKjcif;rcH
cJh&aomaMumifhwnf;/

xkdYaemufwpfzef wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u ]qGvmof} 0wfjyKqkawmif;cef;rSm &Gwfzwf&ef

uREkyf f wkt
dY m; oifjyxm;cJah om ]'dt
k m} qkawmif;wpfc&k jdS yefonfrmS -

]]tkd - uRefawmfrsdK;wkdY\ tv’m[ft&Sif? uRefawmfrsdK;wkdYtm; Muifemoem;yg? w&m;vrf;rSef

jyyg? ]½kdZD} &du©may;oem;yg/ xkdYjyif uRefawmfrsdK;wkdYtm; ]&zgtf} jyKawmfrlyg}}1
 16

þ ]'kt
d m} qkawmif;ukd wrefawmfjrwfBuD; ud,
k af wmfwidk v
f nf; tcsed Ef iS hf wajy;nDqak wmif;
yefxGmvsuf&SdawmfrlcJhygonf/ ,ck tu,fíom ]&zgtf}\ t"dyÜg,foabmukd cE¨mukd,fESifhwuG
yifrh jcif;[k teuf,o
l nf&adS omf? r[mtcuftcJBuD;wpf&yfudk &ifqidk v
f u
dk o
f vkjd zpfayvdrrhf nf/ xkjYd yif
tqkyd g tcuftcJrmS wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf rdrdb0wpfavQmufvHk;wGif ]&zgtf} jyKay;yg&ef
]'kt
d m}qkyefvsu&f adS eayr,fv
h nf;? xkq
d ak wmif;rjynfch o
hJ nft
h jyif uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD; tm; cE¨muk,
d f
ESifhwuG yifhrac:aqmifawmfrljcif;ukd cH&aom r[muHxl;&Sifb0ukd r&&SdcJhjcif;wkdYyifjzpfonf/
(etlZdkbdv’m[f)

þwGifru ]rlz&m'gaw&mCdAf} usrf;rSm usrf;jrwfu&k t

f mefqidk &f m tvGeaf usmfMum;í ckid v
f kH

pd w f c s&qH k ; aom tbd " mef B uD ; wpf q l j zpf y gonf / xk d u srf ; wG i f \

t"dygÜ ,fudk -

]]þtm,wfawmfjzifh tv’m[fu wrefawmftDqm tm; *kPfj'yftqifhtwef;

jrifrh m;apawmfrl onf}} [kí t"dygÜ ,f&ayonf[k vif;jyxm;avonf/ xdrk w
S pfyg;tvGeaf usmfMum;
vlodrsm;aom]vDqmEGvftm&Af} tbd"mefusrf;BuD;wGifvnf; tv’m[ft&Sif jrwftm; ]&mazGUtf}
*kPfawmfukd xm;&Sd&jcif;rSm[k tpcsDvsuf-

++++++

]]xkt
d &Sijf rwfonf ]rkt
Yd rf ife}f ouf0if,MkH unfow
l t
Ydk m; ukov
dk af umif;rItm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;?
]atmifav,m} (t&SifhtaqGawmf) yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; tyg;awmfNrJeD;pyfcGihfay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
t&SifhtxHawmfodkY csD;yifhajr§mufpm;awmfrlaomaMumifhjzpfonf}} [k azmfjyxm;avonf/

þodt
Yk eufjyef&jcif;rSm usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f -

]]xdt
k &Sijf rwfonf *kP&f nftqift
h wef;rsm;ukd jr§iahf y;awmfral om jrifjh rwfaom*kP&f nftqifh
twef;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom ]t&f&Sf} yv’ifawmfukd pkd;ykdifawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfyifjzpfawmfrl\}}
(40;15) [k vm&Sdxm;aomaMumifhwnf;/

tcsKyfqadk omf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\Asm'dw(f pum;)ESihf ]eAD} wrefawmfw\

Ydk aeYpOfo;kH bmoma&;
toH;k tEIe;f pum;pkrsm;wGif ]&zgtf} [k qkjd cif;rSm emrf 0dnmOfa&;tajctaeqkid &f m *kPjf 'yfcs;D jri§ ahf jrm§ ufpm;
 17

jr§ifhwifí tyg;awmfwGif eD;pyfaygif;pnf;cGifhay;jcif;omjzpfaMumif; (tpfAaerm*sm[fusrf;)ESifh

cE¨ m uk d , f t wå a bmBuD ; ES i f h w uG aumif ; uif b H k o d k Y y if h r ac:aqmif o G m ;jcif ; r[k w f a Mumif ;
oH o ,0D p d u d p ö m ewd ¬ j zif h od & S d e m;vnf x m;Ek d i f ygaMumif ; / xk d Y j yif w pf 0 tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf \
Asm'dwfpum;rsm;wGif zefqif;cHtapawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; ]&zgtf} pum;vHk;ukd oHk;pGJavwkdif;yif
,if;\teufoabmrSm emrf0n
d mOfyidk ;f qkid &f m ]&zgtf} eD;pyfciG u
fh dk &&Sad om csD;jr§iahf jr§mufpm;jcif;rSwpfyg;
tjcm;r[kwfaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdYtaejzifh &J&J0Hh0Hh aMunmarmif;cwf EkdifMuygonf/ þwGifrQru
emrfw&m;qkdif&m tajctaejrifhrm;apawmfrljcif; ]&zgtf}wGif wrefawmf tDqmtm; jyKjcif;cH&ojzifh
wpfpw
kH pf&m xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmr&Syd g/ olawmfpifoal wmfjrwftm;vH;k wku
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tajzukd ajzMum;&ygvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu rdrdESifh pyfvsOf;í þodkY azmfjyxm;awmfrlygonf/

1/ ]]rk;d aumif;uifrsm;wGiv
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kd af wmfwidk f zefqif;xm;awmfral om rd;k aumif;uifrsm;xuf tv’m[f\ t&G,yf rmP
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 18

4/ þodYk okaYd vm odaYk vm awG;awmEkid pf &mtcsufrsm;&Sad omaMumifyh if okawoDwu

Ydk tv’m[f
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 19

þodkY &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;cJhygonf/

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 20

jzpfygonf/ þudpu
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 21

taejzifh &[l'rD sm;onf wrefawmftq

D mtm; tvsif;rowfjzwfEidk cf MhJ u½Hrk Qr[kwrf í
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 22

apm'uwpf & yf

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq

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k a© &mufaprIrsm;rSm þuJo
h aYkd om 'kuc© &H rIrsKd ;ukd tjcm;wref
awmfwpfyg;wpfavukad omfrQ a&mufcjhJ cif;r&Syd g [lí uk,
d af wmfjrwf uk,
d w
f idk \
f a&TEw
I af wmfxu
G f
pum;ESifhtnD tjyif;txefqHk;aom qif;&J'ku©rsm;ukd cHcJh&&Smygonf/ ppfyGJwpfyGJwGif udk,fawmfjrwf
\ oGm;awmfrsm; (&S[D;'fjzpf)usdK;cJh&\/ ]wGmtdzf} ESifh ]tk[k'f} ppfyGJtjctaeESifh trsdK;rsdK;aom
yHkpHrsm;jzifh qif;&J'ku©tzHkzHkudk enf;rsdK;pHkpGmcHpm;cJh&&Smyg\/ odkYjzpfcJhaomaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu
wref a wmf jrwf B uD ; tm; jyKcJ h a om uwd p um;rS m vG J a csmf c J h N yD [ k qk d & ygrnf a vm/
þodkYrqkdEdkifygaomaMumifh ]igt&Sifjrwfonf toif(wrefawmftDqm)tm; £oa&vvlrsdK;wdkY\
 23

tEÅ&m,frS vHjk cHKrIay;xm;awmf rl\} [lonfrmS vnf; &[l'b

D mom0if £oa&vvlrsdK;rdpmä 'd|w
d \
Ykd
xda&mufaom ab;tEÅ&m,fqkduf a&mufaprIrsm;(0g)rdrdtm; um;pifwifí uGyfrsufokwfoifum
(vmtfeofus) usdefpmoifhjcif;cH&olwkdY\ taoqkd;jzifh aoqHk;b0csKyf&avatmif MuHaqmifrIrsm;rS
vG w f a jrmuf a pum ,if ; vl r d k u f w k d Y \ tMuH tpnf u k d oJ x J a &oG e f j zpf a pawmf r l r nf [ k
rdefYawmfrljcif;omjzpfygonf/

taMumif;aomfum; ]awmif0&f mwf} "r®a[mif;usr;f wGif ]rkom;wrefawmfonf taoowfjcif;ukd

cH&rnf} [lívnf;aumif; vuf0g;uyfwikd w
f ifí taoowf (uGyrf suf)jcif;ukd cH&olonf ]vmtfeof}
usdefjcif;ukd cH&ol[kvnf;aumif; vm&Sdxm;aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ (w&m;a[m&usrf; ? 18;20? 21;23)

xkaYd emuf &[l'rD sm;ESihf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;u wpfnw

D pfñw
G w
f nf;aom oufaoxGuq
f dk
csufrmS ]b,fvrdk qkd wrefawmftq
D m onf vuf0g;uyfwidk t
f wifc&H onfrmS aocsmyg\}
[laom ckdifvHkonfh oufao&Sdaeygonf/ xkdYjyif þjzpf&yfwGif trSefwu,f tajccHusus
ouf a oxG u f q k d E d k i f o l wk d Y r S m þtrsd K ;om;ES p f p k o nf o m &S d y gonf / a&S U quf j zpf a om
wref a wmf t D q mvuf 0 g;uyf w k d i f a y:wG i f aojcif ; raojcif ; qk d i f & m qH k ; jzwf c suf u awmh
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif wrefawmftDqm vuf0g;uyfwkdif ay:rSm raocJhaMumif; twdtvif;
oufaojycsuf&adS eygonf/ þrQomru ]tife*f sDv}f "r®opfusrf;ukd aocsmaphizk wf½jI cif;tm;jzifv
h nf;
]wrefawmftq
D mvuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGirf ao} [laom om"uukd &&Sjd yefygonf/ odpYk ifvsuf þae&mwGif
,if;taMumif;&yfudk tus,fw0ifah qG;aEG;wifjyzkYd r&Syd g aomaMumifh twkcd sKyfrw
S x
f m;Muapvko
d nfrmS
-

1/ wrefawmftq
D m(t)onf oH;k av;em&DcefrY Qavmufaom vuf0g;uyfwidk t
f wifc&H ½Hjk zifh oefrmxGm;
BudKif;í ysdK&G,af om vlwpfa,muftzkYd toufaoqH;k &efrmS vHak vmufaomtaMumif;,kwrdå &Sjd cif;/
(&Sifa,m[efc&pf0if 19;14? &SifróJ 27;46 ESifh &Sifrmuk 15;34 rsm;½I)

2/ wrefawmftq
D m(t)ESit
hf wl um;piftwifc&H aom w&m;cHEpS af ,muf\ t½d;k tqpfrsm;ukd ½ku
d cf sKd ;
cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif wrefawmf\t½kd;rsm;ukdrlum; xHk;pHtwkdif; ½kdufcsdK;cJhrIr&Sdjcif;/
(&Sifa,m[efc&pf0if 19;32)

3/ xkdtcsdefu ]ajrwpfjyifvHk;ü arSmifrkduftwd} jzpfaecJhjcif; (róJ 27;45) ESifh

4/ ydvwfrif;\ZeD;jzpfou
l wrefawmftq
D mrSm ajzmifrh wfojl zpfaMumif;ESihf olUukv
d w
T af y;&eftyd rf uf
jrifrufcJhjcif;/ (róJ 27;19)

5/ vuf0g;uyfwidk w
f ifaomaeY\ aemufaeYrmS Oykoaf eYjzpfí w&m;awmft& vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif
 24

tavmif;aumifukd csdwfqGJrxm;&jcif;/ (a,m[ef 19;31)

6/ ydvwfrif;u ukd,fawmfukd vTwfvkdcJhjcif;/ (a,m[ef 19;12)

7/ wrefawmfa,½Iudk,fwkdifu ]tdk - tb? tvkdawmf&SdvQif þcGuf (tcsdef)ukd tuREkfyfrS

vTJawmf rlyg} [lí ]jyif;pGmaoma0'emukdcHvsuf txl;ojzifh BudK;pm;íqkawmif;cJhjcif;}

8/ ydvwfrif;u a,½Iaoonfukd tHhMocJhjcif; (&Sifrmuk 15;44)

9/ a,½Iu rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd (ig;BuD;0rf;xJo;kH &ufaecJ&h NyD; aemufq;kH touf&iS v
f sufxu
G v
f mcJah om)
a,me (wrefawmf,lEGwfpf)ESifh ckdif;EIdif;Oyrmay;cJhjcif;/

10/ a,½I\taygif;tazmfrsm;u ¤if;tm;rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qdk vGwaf jrmufvma&;twGuf BudK;yrf;

cJhMujcif;/ (rmuk 10;43)

11/ ¤if;wkdYu ocifa,½Itm; vuf0g;uyfwkdifay:rScsNyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;xHrS ol\ukd,fcE¨mukd

awmif;,lcJhMuNyD; olUtm; avt0iftxGuf&Sdaom vIdPf*lyrm&Sd ocsÐKif;*lopfwpfckwGif xm;&SdcJhjcif;/
(róJ 27;60? vkum 23;54)

12/ ocifa,½I\ cE¨muk,

d u
f dk vSjH zifx
h ;dk vku
d af omtcg aoG;pdr;f a&rsm; xGuu
f svmcJjh cif;/ (a,m[ef
19;34)

13/ ocif a ,½I E S i f h p yf v sOf ; í EI w f y d w f v Qd K U0S u f x m;&ef t wG u f ppf o l & J t apmif h t Muyf w d k Y t m;
aiGrsm;ukd(wHpdk;tjzpf) ay;cJhjcif;/ (róJ 28;12)

14/ vuf0g;uyfwidk w
f ifaomjzpf&yfBuD; jzpfNy;D aemuf ocifa,½Ionf vQKd U0Supf mG jzifh ocsKÐ if;*ltwGi;f rS
aysmufq;kH oGm;cJjh cif;/ rdro
d nf tcsdKUaomwynfrh sm;ESihf awGUqHjk cif;ESihf ¤if;wkt
Yd m; 'Pf&mrsm;ukd jyoum
xkdxkdþþokdY toGm;tvmjyKonfukd jrifawGUcJhMu&jcif;/ (a,m[ef 20;19-20? 27? 21;1/ vkum
24;42-43)

15/ ocifa,½I\ temw&jzpfusefcJhaom'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;udk vdrf;usHukoay;cJhaomaq;0g;rSm

&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u aq;0g;ukxHk;usrf;rsm;wGif ]r&f[rftDqm} (OINTMENT OF JESUS)
[laomtrnfjzifh txifu&&SdaecJhjcif;/ (vkum 23;56/ rmuk 16;1/ a,m[ef 19;39)

rSwfcsuf/ þaq;enf;ukd oD;jcm;pmrsufESm zGifhíazmfjyxm;ygonf/

16/ xkdrSaemufwGif ocifa,½Iukd,fwkdifu þokdYrdefYawmfrlcJhaMumif;od&Sd&jcif;/

]]uk,
d af wmfuvnf; £oa&vtrsKd ;t0if aysmufviG ahf omod;k rsm;rSwyg; tjcm;aomtrsKd ;&S&d modYk
 25

ighukdrapvTwf[k rdefYawmfrl\/}} (róJ 15;24)

]]xkrd w
S yg; vlom;onf aysmufaomolwu
Ydk dk u,fwiftahH omiSg <uvmownf;/ tb,foYkd
xifMuoenf;/ od;k wpf&m&Sad omolü od;k waumifonf vrf;vGí
J aysmufvsif? xko
d o
l nf ud;k q,fu
h ;kd
aumifaom ok;d wku
Yd dk awmifay:rSmxm;cJNh yD;rS vrf;vGí
J aysmufaom od;k wpfaumifuo
dk mG ;í&Smwwfonf
r[kwfavm}} (róJ 18;11-12-13/ a,m[ef 10;16)

a,½I z a,mif ; usuf

Ointment of Jesus

1 Gum Ammonieum

2 Arista Lochia Longa

3 Plumbi Oxidum

4 Olibanum

5 Resin

6 Resin of Pimuslongifolia

7 Galilamum

8 Sul Aeetate of Copper

9 Gum Gugal

10 Myrrh

11 Wax

12 Olive Oil

þum; ]bltvDpDem} a&S;a[mif;ukxHk;usrf;yg aq;enf;jzpfygonf/ þaq;zHkwGifyg&Sdaom

aq;tr,ftcsKd U\ tmedoifxufrsurf rI sm;ukd oH;k oyfjcif;jzihf þfaq;0g;rSm wrefawmftq
D m(t)temw&
 26

jzpfusefcahJ om 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;twGuf rnfuo

hJ Ykd tmedoifxufrsufpmG tusdK;jyKcJah Mumif; oufao
&&Sdapygonf/

yxrESpfrsdK;jzpfaom trSwf(1)ESifh (2)wkdYrSm 'Pf&m(odkY) tem\ twGif; (odkY) tjyifykdif; tem\

tpdwftykdif;rsm;rS (ref;&nfukdcrf;í) ajcmufap&ef taumif;qHk;ESifh txda&mufqHk; aq;bufjzpfonf/

xked nf;wl aq;buftrSw(f 11)ESihf (12)wkrYd mS tqdyjf zpfapaom yd;k rTm;rsm;ukd aoapNyD; temwGif
teHYqdk;rsm; rjzpfay:&atmif umuG,fay;onf/ wpfenf; Antiseptic jzpfonf/

xkdYjyif aq;buftrSwf(4)ESihf (9)wkdYrSm aoG;xGufjcif;ukd &yfwefYaponfhtjyif aq;buf

trSw(f 4)rSm temukd ajcmufap½Ho
k mru tom;wufaponf/

xkw
Yd l aq;buftrSw(f 8)rSm Irritant emusif ,m;awmufapaom tqdyfukdy,f\/ (11)ESifh
(12)wkrYd mS Ointment aq;za,mif;usuftwGuf Base tajccHaq;0g;tjzpf toH;k jyKjcif;jzpfayr,fv
h nf;
'Pf&mtemw&jzpfjcif;twGufvnf; aysmufuif;atmifjyKay;Ekdifaom tmedoif&Sdayonf/

þfodkY aq;buf0ifypönf;rsm;\ tusdK;tmedoifrsm;ukd od&Sd&ojzifh ]tavmif;ukd vdrf;jcif;iSg

eHYomrsdK;ukd0,fí vdrf;usHaponf} r[kwfrlbJ 'Pf&mtemw&jzpfaeaomtemrsm;ukd vdrf;usHay;NyD;
'Pf&mrsm;ukd oufomaysmufuif;ap&ef aq;0g;azmfpyfí vdr;f usHuo
k cJjh cif;omjzpfaMumif; txift&Sm;
od&Sdem;vnf&ayownf;/

xdjYk yif aq;usrf;tm;vH;k wkw

Yd iG f txufazmfjyygaq;enf;ESihf þaq;0g;onf wrefawmftq
D m
rqd[\
f ][0g&D} wynfo
h m0ursm;u uk,
d af wmft
h wGuf azmfpyfcahJ omaq;enf;jzpfonf[k qk½d rkH Qom
r[kwfrlí þaq;azmfenf;rSm Asm'dwfcsay;jcif;tm;jzifh &&SdcJhonf[líyif qkdcJhMuaMumif;ukd &yfoyf
tHhMojcif;BuD;pGmjzifh od&Sd&ygonf/

orm;awmfBuD;rsm;u rdrw
d jYkd yKpkp&D ifcahJ om aq;0g;tbd"mefrsm;(0g)aq;buf0iftr,frsm;ESihf ukx;kH
enf;ya'omusr;f rsm;wGif rGwpf vif&[l'ED iS hf c&pf,mefbmom0iform;awmfrsm;tm;vH;k u þaq;enf;ukd
a&;om;azmfjycJhMu&mwGif þaq;enf;rSm rqd[f(wrefawmftDpm)\ temrsm;twGuf azmfpyfcJhaom
aq;jzpf aMumif;ukd wpfpHkwpf&m uG,f0Sufjcif;r&SdbJ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfjyxm;cJhMuayonf/
þonfEiS phf yfí tausmfa#;,s&Sv
d aS om orm;awmfBuD;ESpyf g;\f tqku
d dk azmfjyvku
d yf gonf/

emrnfBuD;orm;awmfBuD; bltvDpDemu azmfjycJhonfrSm -

]]þaq;za,mif;usufwiG f yg0ifaom aq;r,fwpfq,fEh pS rf ,frmS wpfq,fEh pS yf g;aom ][0g&D}

wynfrh sm;ESihf ES;D EG,rf &I o
dS nf[k qkpd rSwjf yKMu\/}} (umEGe;f aq;tbd"mef? wG-J 5)

u&mbm'if;efum'&Dusrf;BuD;wGiv
f nf; þaq;za,mif;usufEiS hf pyfvsOf;í azmfjyxm;onfrmS -
 27

]]rqd[(f wrefawmftpD m)twGuf uk,

d af wmf\wynfh ][0g&D}rsm;u þaq;za,mif;usufudk
azmfpyfcJhMujcif;jzpfonf}} (u&mbm'if;efum'&Daq;0g;tbd"mefusrf;? tcef;-22? pm-463)

xkjYd yifwpf0 ]t[fr'focifBuD;} u rdrad &;om;jyKpkxw

k af 0cJah om tvGeaf usmMf um;vSonfh ]rqd[f
tdE,
d´ rSm} (JESUS IN INDIA) usr;f wGif þaq;enf;um; yg&Sad om aq;usr;f tcsKd U\ trnfrsm;pm&if;ukd
azmfjycJyh gonf/ ¤if;usrf;rsm;rSm axmifcsDí&So
d nft
h euf (33)usrf;rQuko
d m erlemtaeESihf azmfjycJyh gonf/
þwGif ,if;rS(10)usrf;\ trnfrsm;ukd azmfjyvkdufygonf/

1/ orm;awmfBuD; bltvDpDem pD&ifaom ]umEGef} (aq;buf0ifypönf;rsm;ESifh ukxHk;usrf; wGJ-3?

pm-133)

2/ tv’mrm[fuGofbGwf'if;ef&SD&mZD\ ]&S&m[fumEGef} ukxHk;enf;Oya'usrf;? wGJ-3/

3/ tvDbifet
f vftAÁm;pftvfr*sLpD\ ]umrDvt
f vf'gG t[f}? wG-J 2? pm-602/
4/ r[fr'G rf [
dk r®'t
f pr®mtDvf ]r*sfrt
l [fobmtD} usrf;? wG-J 2? pm-497/
5/ &Sw
d cf 'f g0k't
f vftZDZ?f tvf-tifwmG uD\ ]oufZu
f &D m[ftv
l v
G t
f vfbmbfusrf;}? pm-303/
6/ ]u&mbm'if ; ef ½ l r D } aq;tbd " mef u srf ; BuD ; wref a wmf t D q m \acwf E S i f h
ra0;aomumvrSmyif jyKpkcJhNyD;jzpfvsuf? rmrGef&&SD;'fvufxufwGif tm&ADbmompum;(pmay)jzifh
jyefqkdxkwfa0cJhonf/ ta&jym; a&m*ga0'emu@wGif½I/

7/ t[fr'fbife[
f wfqeftvf-&&S;D 'f tvf-[uD;rf\ ]tGr'f wkvrf [
dk w
f m;*su
f sr;f BuD;} þusr;f BuD;wGif
]r&f[rftDqm} (Ointment of Jesus) ponfh aq;enf;rsm;ukd wpf&mrQruaom tjcm;usrf;rsm;rS
ukd;um; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkdYjyif xkdusrf;tm;vHk;wdkYrSm jyifopfbmompmayusrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

8/ [uDrfrkd[r®'ftuúb&ftD&fZmeD\ zg&pD(yg&Sif;)bmomjzifh jyKpkxm;aom aq;tbd"mefusrf;BuD;

ta&jym;a&m*gu@½I/

9/ &Szgtkvftdpfumrfusrf; (wGJ-2? pm-230)

10/ [uD;rfexl;&Sm[f\ r&mtfwGuf&Szgtfusrf;? ta&jym;a&m*gtcef;/

useaf omaq;tbd"mefux
k ;kH usr;f rsm;\trnfrsm;ukd ][wfqefr[
kd r®'cf gef; tJr?f at} tl&'f b
l mom
jzifh jyKpkaom ]rkduwf'wfpfuzef} (The Holy Shroud of Christ) pmtkyf? pmrsufESm-122 rS 124 wGif
½Iygukef/

txufazmfjyyg taMumif;&yftpHktvifu wrefawmftDqm onf vuf0g;uyfwidk o

f Ykd
twif cH&aomfjim;vnf; ,if;tay:csdwfqGJxm;pOf toufrcsKyf uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhjcif;r&Sdrlí
 28

udk,fawmf onf 'Pf&mjyif;xefpGm&&SdcJhonfh a0'emaMumifh arharsmowdvpfaeaom tajctaejzifh

&Sad ecJjh cif;om jzpfaMumif;ukd xif&mS ;vSaomoufao&&Syd gonf/ od&Yk mwGif uk,
d af wmftm; aumif;pGmrGepf mG
*½k w pk d u f jyKpk u k o ay;cJ h j cif ; aMumif h 'Pf & mrsm;aysmuf u if ; ouf o mcJ h N yD ; rd r d \ arG ; &yf a jruk d
wdww
f qdwpf eG cYf gG ajymif; a&TUvsuf ]beDtpö&mtDv}f £oa&vvlrsKd ; aysmufviG afh omok;d rsm;ukd azG&mS cJ&h if;
tjcm;t&yfa'orsm;odkY xGufcGmoGm;cJhjcif;omjzpfygaMumif;/
m m m

aemuf c H o rk d i f ; aMumif ;

tpö&mtDv(f £oa&v)qko
d nfrmS wrefawmf,mukyf (,muGAf ) *kP&f nfbUJG xl;jzpfygonf/
¤if;wGif om;awmfwpfq,fEh pS yf g;&SNd yD; om;awmf ]av0d}onf &[ef;cH&rnfh rdom;pk0ifrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh
tarG&ydik cf iG rhf &Scd ahJ cs/ tjcm;wpfbufwiG v
f nf; ]a,moyf} (wrefawmf,q
l zG f )\ om;awmfEpS yf g;
jzpfaom (wrefawmf,muGA\
f ajr;awmfrsm;jzpfMuonf)h ]{z&dr}f ESihf ]rema&S} wkrYd mS rdrw
d \
Ydk trnfrsm;jzihf
rSnfhac:xm;aom vlrsdK;pkESpfck\ acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;jzpfMuavonf/ þodkYjzifh ],mukyf}\ om;awmf
wpfq,fhESpfyg;jzpfaom ]½kAif? &Sdarmif? 'ef? Aif,mrdef? eóvd? *'f? tm&Sm? ,k'? £ocg? ZmAkvkefESifh
ajr;awmfESpfyg;jzpfaom {z&drf? rema&S} wdkYonf £oa&vvlrsdK;pk wpfq,fhESpfpkwkdYukd wnfaxmifcJh
Muaom rsdK;quf&SifBuD;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ (urÇmOD;usrf; 35;23-26)

]arma&S} (wrefawmfrq
l m t) ukd qufcaH om ]a,m½I} u jrifjh rwfaom e,fajrukd £oa&v\
om;ajr;rsm;tm; cG J j crf ; í a0iS a y;avonf / (a,m&S K rS w f p m-14;1) yd k r k d u s,f j yef Y a om
awmifykdif;ygvpöwdkif;e,fajrrsm;wGif ],k' ESifh Adef,mrdef} vlrsdK;pkrsm; aexkdifMuavonf/
usefvlrsdK;pk(10)pkwkdYrSm ajrmufykdif;ygvpöwkdif;wGif tajccs aexkdifMuum ¤if;wkdY\NrdKUawmfrSm ]&Srm&d}
ü jzpfonf/ xkjd ynfaxmifpEk pS cf \
k yxrOD;qH;k £oa&v{u&mZf jzpfol ]a&Smvk&iS b
f &k if} ewf&mG pHaomf
jynfe,fESpfcktMum; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ]'g0d'f bk&if} wrefawmf'g0k'f ) onf
vlrsKd ;pktm;vH;k ukd wpfpnf;wpfv;kH wnf;jyKum rdr\
d tkycf sKyfrv
I ufatmuf odYk odr;f oGi;f xm;Ekid cf ahJ vonf/
'g0d'\
f om;awmf ]a&Smvrke}f (wrefawmfqv
l idk rf ef t) ewf&mG pHNy;D aemuf bDp(D 975)wGif ykeu
f efrBI uD;wpf&yf
jzpfvmcJhjyefonf/ ,if;uJhodkY ta&;tcif;BuD;jzpfcJhjcif;aMumif; £oa&v vlrsdK;pkwpfq,fhESpfpkteuf
ESppf rk w
S pfyg; useftm;vH;k aomvlrsdK;pkwrYdk mS ]'g0d'}f \ aqGrsdK;qufudk vufvw
G f qH;k ½I;H í ]a,a&maAmif}
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 29

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 30

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 31

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 32

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 33

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 34

onf/}}(uk&ftmef 7;176 ñTef;NyD;)

]]xkdYjyif (tkd - eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wkdYa&SU0,fþ) usrf;*efrS (eADwrefawmf) ]tD'f&Dpf} \
taMumif;tw¬KyÜwådukd zwfMum;ygav/ {ueftrSefyif ,if; ]tD'f&Dpf} onf opöm0g'DjzpfcJh\/ eADwref
awmfjzpfcJh\/ xkdYjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if; ]tD'f&Dpf} tm; jrifhjrwfaomae&mXmeodkY csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;
awmf rlownf;}} (uk&ftmef 19;56-57)

rSwfcsuf þwGif ]wrefawmftD'f&Dpf} ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; ]&zgtfem[l} ukdyif oHk;pGJxm;onfomru

]aetdr}f [k teufjyefqEdk idk pf &m&Sad om ]rumef} [lonfh pum;vH;k ukyd g oH;k pGaJ zmfjyxm;ay&m wrefawmf
]tD'&f pD }f tm; tkwo
f aJ usmuf t*Faw? opfponfwjYdk zifh aqmufvyk x
f m;aom taqmuftOD;wGif
cE¨muk,
d Ef iS w
hf uG toufxif&mS ;&Sad epOf aumif;uif,o
H Ykd yifrh vsuf oDwif;oH;k aexkid af pawmfro
l nf[í
l
um; rnfolrQvufcH,HkMunfxm;jcif;r&Sdacs/

]](,if;rSet
f rd o
f nf) tMuiftrd af wmfrsm;wGi&f \
dS / tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf xkt
d rd af wmfrsm;ukd
csD;ajr§muf&efvnf;aumif; xkt
d rd af wmfrsm;ü tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ emrawmfukd atmufarhwo&efvnf;
aumif;? trdex
Yf w
k jf yefxm;awmfr\
l }} (uk&t
f mef 24;36)

rS w f c suf / / þwGif ]wk&zf t} [lonfh pum;vH;k ukd ]aetdr}f rsm;ESihf ES;D EG,q
f ufpyfo;kH pGx
J m;onf/
t"dygÜ ,frmS xkad etdrrf sm;ukd cs;D jri§ ahf jrm§ ufpm;jcif;[k &&Sv
d su?f tqkyd gaetdrrf sm;ukd ½kyjf 'yfu,
dk x
f nftm;jzihf
jr§iw
hf ifvu
dk o
f nf/ yifrh í aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd wif,v
l u
dk o
f nf[k teufrzGiq
hf Mdk uyg/

]]pifMu,foefY&Sif;aompum;&yfrsm;onf xkdt&SifjrwftxHawmfodkYom wufoGm;Muayonf/

¤if;jyif aumif;jrwfaomtusifo
h v
D [lonf xkpd ifMu,foef&Y iS ;f aom pum;rsm;ukd yifah jr§mufyaYkd qmifí
ay;avonf/}}1 (uk&ftmef 35;10 )

1/ aumif;jrwfaompum;rsm;onf rlvADZobm0tavQmuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;odkY

wufMuonf/ tu,fí aumif;jrwfaompum;ESit
hf wl aumif;jrwfaomtusiho
f v
D &Syd gu xkad umif;
jrwf a omtusif h o D v onf xk d o nf h a umif ; jrwf a ompum;uk d yd k í yif ]r}wif a y;avonf /
tv’m[fhxHawmfyg; odkYwuf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaponf/ þonfukd axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzihf
aumif ; jrwf a ompum;ES i f h aumif ; jrwf a omtusif h o D v onf tb,f r Qta&;BuD ; aMumif ;
aumif;pGmod&SdEdkifayonf/ odkYjzpf&m rnfolrqkd tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;rS *kPfodeftvkd&Sdu
 35

aumif;jrwfaompum;rsm;ukd qkí
d aumif;jrwfaomtusiho
f v
D rsm;ukd qnf;yl;&rnfomwnf;/
(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef jrefrmbmomjyef? z['fbk&ifyHkESdyfatmufajcrSwfcsuf½I)

rS w f c suf þtm,wfawmfwiG f aumif;jrwfaompum;rsm;ukd ]qGt'} pum;vH;k jziffh t&Sijf rwfxo

H Ykd
wufomG ;aMumif; azmfjyawmfrNl y;D aemuf aumif;jrwfaomtusio
hf v
D [lonf aumif;jrwfaompum;rsm;ukd
]&zt} pum;vHk;jzifh yifhajr§mufydkYaqmifonf[k azmfjyxm;awmfrlavonf/ odkYjzpf&m ]aumif;jrwf
aompum;} ESifh ]aumif;jrwfaomtusihfoDv} wkdYrSm ½kyfj'yftm;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfjyEdkifaom
txnfu,
dk &f o
dS nfh t&mrsm;r[kwaf omaMumifh xkEd pS rf sKd ;vH;k rSm taiGUtjzpfu;l ajymif;um rk;d aumif;uifoYkd
ysHwufomG ;jcif;ukd qkv
d o
dk nfr[kwrf í
l t&Sijf rwfxaH wmfyg;rS *kPo
f ed cf sD;jr§iahf jr§mufpm;jcif;ukd &&Sad ponf
jzpfaMumif; txift&Sm; od&SdEdkifygonf/

]],if;tjzpftysufonf tcsdKUtm; edrfhapí (tcsdKUukd) jrifhaprnf/}} (uk&t

f mef 56;3)

1/ ud,mrwfonf tcsdKUukd edru

hf saponf/ tcsdKUukd jr§iw
hf ifay;rnf/ qkv
d o
dk nfum; þypöuw
© iG f
armufrmyvTm;0g<um;í trdeaYf wmfudk aoGznfqefu
Y sifcahJ om ol,w
k rf mrsm;onf ud,mrwfaeYwiG f
t&Suw
f uGJ tusdK;enf;jzpfMu&ayrnf/ *s[Eérif &J\atmufq;kH tedrq
hf ;kH tqifw
h iG f vm;Mu&rnf/

þypöuw
© iG f trdeaYf wmfuedk mcHum uRKd ;EGpH mG aexkid cf MhJ uaom rktrf ifeo
f al wmfpifrsm;rSmum; rdrw
d \
Ykd
rSefuefaom tDrmef,HkMunfrIESifh aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDvrsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifh ab;roD&efrc
t&Suw J usdK;enf;rjzpf&bJ *kPfodu©m&SdpGmjzifh *sEéwf\ tvGefjrifhpGifhaombHkrsm;wGif tNrJ
f uGt
xm0pOf p H p m;vsuf & S d M uayrnf /
(uk&t
f mefusrf;jrwf jrefrmbmomjyef? 'kw?JG pm-2676? u@-56? tm,wfawmf-3?
atmufajc&Sif;vif;csuf½I)

rS w f c suf / þwGif *sEéof\tvGefjrifhpGifhaombHkrsm;wGif pHpm;Mu&rnfrSm ½kyfcE¨mjzifhr[kwfrlbJ

emrfcE¨mrsm;jzifhomjzpfaMumif; tm;vHk;od&SdvufcHxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/

]]xkdrSwpfyg; (¤if;wkdYonf) jrihfpGifhvSpGmaomovGefrsm;? tcif;tusif;rsm;? arGU&mrsm;ay:ü

&SMd uayrnf}} (uk&t
f mef 56;34)
 36

]]t&Sijf rwfonf toifwt

Ydk euf rktrf ifeo
f uf0if,MkH unfow
l t
Ydk m;vnf;aumif;? todynmcsD;
jr§ifhay;oem;jcif;cHcJhMu&aom olwkdYtm;vnf;aumif; tqifhtwef;rsm;pGmjr§ihfwifay;awmfrlrnf}}
(uk&t
f mef 58;11)

rS w f c suf / tqifhtwef;qkdonfrSm *kPfodu©m&mxl;XmeEÅ&jzpfí pdwåZemrfjzpfygonf/ ½kyftm;jzifh

taumiftxnfazmfjyEdik pf &m r&Syd g/ odaYk Mumifh tqift
h wef;rsm;pGm jr§iw
hf ifay;awmfrjl cif;[lonf ½kyyf ikd ;f
t& yifrh onfudk qkjd cif;r[kwaf Mumif; txifom;tjrifom; txift&Sm;od&EdS ikd yf gonf/

]](,if;t&Gufrsm;onf) jrifhjrwfaom pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom (t&Gufrsm;jzpfonf)}}

(uk&t
f mef 80;14)

]]xkdrSwpfyg; igt&Sifjrwfonf toif\ *k P f o wif ; uk d ausmf M um;apawmf r l c J h o n

nf
r[kwfavm}}
(uk&t
f mef 94;4)

rS w f c suf / þtm,wfawmf\ atmufajc&Si;f vif;csufuv

dk nf; (usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefjrefrmjyef? 'kw?JG
z['fb&k ifyEkH ydS w
f u
dk x
f w
k )f ½IMuyguke/f

['D;qfawmfvm &ztm

]]bE´mtapawmfonf ESrd chf susdK;EGjH cif;ukjd yKaomtcg (tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\a&SUawmfarSmufwiG f

ysyf0yfOD;csjcif;ukd jyKvQif) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu xkdoltm; aumif;uifckESpfxyfodkY ]&zg} jyKvkyaf wmfrl
onf/}} (uefZkvftGr®mvfusrf;? tykdif; 2? pm 25)

rS w f c suf þ['D;qfawmfrmS bmompum;ajymqko

d ;kH pGaJ eus t"dygÜ ,foabmtm;avsmfpmG ]bvf
&ztm[kvm’ [dak tvkid ;f [d} ukd t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf &dk ef odomjrifom xif&mS ;vSpmG jyefqEdk idk af om om"uwpf&yf
jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rlum; þwGif ]&ztm} pum;vHk;vnf; yg&SdaeNyD; ]&ztm} jyKrnfholrSmvnf;
tv’m[ft&SifjrwfomjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
 37

xkjYd yif þwGif txl;azmfjyp&m&Syd gonf/ ]&ztm} [laomBud,myk'w

f iG f ]atvm} [laom
Relative partical qufpyfrIjy tñTef;yk'fvnf;yg&Sdaeygojzifh ]bvf&ztm[kv’m[dkatvm[d} wGif yg&Sd
xm;ouJo
h yYkd if ]&ztm} Bud,myk'\
f qufpyfrjI y tñTe;f yk'rf mS vnf; ]atvm;} om vm&Sx
d m;aomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ tykdpum;ydk'fyg&Sdjcif;rSmum; þwGif ]aumif;uifckESpfxyf} [laom pum;omjzpfygonf/
]twfqrm;atqmabtwd} [líwnf;/ ]bvf&ztm[kvm’ [dak tvkid ;f [d} (4;159) [laom tm,wf
awmfwiG f vm&Sad om ]&zgtf}rSm ]tv’m[f}\ txHawmfo[
Ykd í
l om ñTe;f qkad eygonf/ xkjYd yif ]0g[k0v’m[k
zdprö m0g;ao 0gzdvt
f &f'}dG (5;3) tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf rd;k aumif;uifrsm;ESihf urÇmajrwGif wnf&adS wmf
rlaomt&Sijf zpfaMumif;ukd uREyfk w
f o
Ydk ufaojycJNh yjD zpfaomfvnf; ,ck azmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfwiG f ]rk;d aumif;
uif} [laom pum;vHk;vnf; yg&Sdaeygvsuf ynm&Sifwkdif;taeESifh þonfukd emrf0dnmOfykdif;qkdif&m
tajctae\ ]&ztm} (0g) emrfw&m;tajctaeqkid &f m *kPo
f &d jf rifrh m;jcif;[líom teuf,Ml uygonf/

okdYjzpf&m wrefawmftDqm uJo

h aYkd om olawmfpif olawmfjrwf tv’m[ft
h &Sit
hf cspfawmf
yk*Kd¾ vfrsdK;twGuf ]&ztm} [laom pum;vH;k ukd oH;k pGjJ cif;rSm *kPjf 'yftqift
h wef;jrifrh m;pGm csD;jr§iahf jr§muf
pm;jcif;omjzpfNyD;? aumif;uifbHkodkY tvQif;r[kwfaMumif;ukd taMumif;,kwådckdifrmpGm od&Sdem;vnf&yg
ownf;/

]]tMuifoo
l nf tv’m[f\a&SUarSmufErdS chf sñGww
f mG ;ysyf0yfemcHjcif;ukjd yKvQuf tv’m[fuolUtm;
]&zg} jyKay;jcif;rcH&ol[lí wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdacs/}}
(rGwfpvifusrf;? wGJ-2? pm-321? tD*spfjynfyHkESdyf)

rS w f c suf / þwGiv
f nf; ]&ztm[kvm’ [f} [k azmfjyxm;onfudk *½k"r®jyKí txGuw
f iG af zmfjycJah om
['D;qfawmfESifh rSwfcsufukd apm'emjyKum oabmaygufem;vnfEkdifygonf/

]]tkd - uREkfyf\ OD;&D;awmf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toifhtm; ]&zg} jyKawmfrlygap}}

(uefZv
k t
f rG m® vfusrf;? wG-J 7? pm-68 ñTe;f NyD;)

]]usdKUiJhESdrfhcsed0gww&m;&Sdjcif;onf vlom;tm; tqifhjrifhrm;ap\/ odkYjzpf&m toifwkdYonf

usdKUiJhEdSrfhcsrIukd jyKMuukef/ tv’m[fonf toifwkdYtm; ]&zg} jyKay;awmfrlrnf/
 38

(uefZkvftGr®mvfusrf;? wGJ-2? pm-26)

]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ a&SUawmfarSmufwiG f 0yfcsvku

d af omoltm; tv’m[fu ]&zg} jyKay;awmf
rl\/}} (uefZv
k t
f rG m® vf? wG-J 2? pm-25)/

tma&Astbd"mef ESifh ]&zt} a0g[m&

]&zt} [lonf wpfpw

kH pfcak om t&m0w¬Ktm; teD;tyg; (odaYk &mufatmif) jyKjcif;[l\/
(qG[m[fa*smif;[&D? wGJ-1? pm-594)

]]bk&ifrif;jrwfu ]&zt} jyKonfqjdk cif;rSm xko

d t
l m; bk&ifrif;jrwf\tyg;awmf0if (cHpm;)cGijhf yKí
csD;ajr§mufonf[l\/}} (tuú&bkvfrk0g&d'ftbd"mef? wGJ-1? pm-418)

]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ (*kP)f emrHawmfrsm;wGif ]&mazht}f [lí &S\

d / taMumif;rlum; xkt
d &Sif
jrwfonf csD;ajr§mufjr§iw
hf ifay;awmfral omaMumifjh zpfonf/ ]rktrf ife}f ouf0if,MkH unfot
l m; uHaumif;
axmufrrIjyKapjcif;jzihfvnf;aumif; t&Sifjrwf\taqGawmfrsm;ukd eD;pyfapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;jzpf\/
xkdYjyif ]&zt} [lonf t&m0w¬Kwpfckukd tjcm;t&m0w¬Kwpfck\ teD;tyg;wGif&Sdapjcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;jyif usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tv’m[f\Asm'dwv
f m&Sx
d m;onfrmS vnf; xkt
d &mtm;*kPjf yKcs;D ajrm§ ufjcif;ukd
cH&rnf[lvkd}} (vDqmEGvftm&Aftbd"mef? wGJ-9? pm-488)

rS w f c suf / tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf rdr\

d tapawmf emcHawmf taqGcifyeG ;f wkt
Yd m; t&Sijf rwfEiS hf
eD;pyfaygif;pnf;jcif;ESihf wpfv;kH wpf0wnf;jzpfapjcif;wkt
Yd wGuf ]&zg} jyKay;awmfral omaMumifh ]&mazht}f
[laom *kPaf wmfudk trSew
f u,fyidk q
f idk x
f u
dk o
f jl zpf&aMumif;ukd vif;jyvsuf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mef (24;36) wGif rdex
Yf m;awmfral om ]wk&zf tk}Yd [lonfph um;vH;k rSmvnf; *kPo
f ed f
 39

csD;jr§ifhjcif;ukd ñTef;qkdaMumif;ukd &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfayonf/ (tvfae[m,mrf-&zt u@vnf;½I)

]]&zgtf}} [lonf ]0oGmtf} xm;&Sjd cif;\ qefu

Y sifbufpum;jzpfonf/ ['D;qfawmfwiG f tkd
uRefawmfrsdK;wkdYtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sif? uRefawmfrsdK;tm; ]&zgtf} jyKawmfrlyg[laom'dktm
(qkawmif;pum;) vm&Sdxm;ouJhodkYjzpf\}} (wm*Rvftl½kpftbd"mef? wGJ-5? pm-357)

rS w f c suf / þ 'dt
k m(qkawmif;)ukd ]tkd t&Sijf rwf uReaf wmfrsKd ;tm; yifrh awmfryl g} [laom oabmjzifh
awmif;qkjd cif;r[kwrf í
l uReaf wmfrsKd ;tm; *kPo
f ed t
f qift
h wef;rsm;ukd cs;D jri§ ahf jrm§ ufpm;ay; oem;awmfrNl y;D
t&Sifjrwf\tyg;awmfNrJcGifhjyKyg[lí awmif;qkdjcif;omjzpfygonf/

usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef t |uxmusrf ; rsm;rS &zg\teuf

]]tMuiftcg0,f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu t&Sijf rwf\wrefawmf tm; t&Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd

ac:,lawmfrNl yD;oumvt&Six
hf aH wmfoYkd ]&zg} jyKawmfr\
l /}}
(&St
D m[f"r®rw
d af qGrsm;\ #Dumusrf;? ozæq&D t
f vfqmG zD? pm-113? rk[
d r®'o
f nf wrefawmfwpfyg;rQom
olUtvsif wrefawmfrsm; uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhavNyD) (3;144) tm,wfawmf\&Sif;vif;csuf½I/)

]]&m;aztdu
k matvkid ;f [m}} \ t"dygÜ ,foabmrSm igt&Sijf rwfonf toif\ usiMfh uHtm;xkwrf I
rsm;ukd jri§ w
hf ifawmfrrl nft
h &Sijf zpfonf[\
l / þonfrmS tv’m[f\Asm'dwaf wmfjzpfaom ]tvkid ;f a[,qGf
t'kvu
f avrGww
f KdG ifa,bk} (35;10) uJo
h o
Ykd mjzpfonf/ xkjYd yif þtm,wfawmf\ qkv
d &dk if;rSmum;
 40

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq

D m tm; ol\aumif;rIuo
k v
kd rf sm;ukd vufco
H abmwlawmfrl
aMumif; owif;aumif;Mum;ajymawmfrljcif;jzpfayonf/}} (tvfozæqD&fa&uAD;&f? wGJ-2? pm-690?
atrmrfzc&Gwf'if&mZD? ([pf*s&D 544 vGef) \ #Dumusrf;BuD;)

xkaYd emuf qufvufí &Si;f jycJo

h nfrmS -

]]rqd[\
f ]&zg} jzpfaMumif; taxmuftcH&&Sad om þtm,wfawmftm;jzifh þonfrmS ]'&f*s[}f
*kPfj'yftqifhtwef;wkd;wufjrifhrm;apjcif;ESifh *kPftoa&\ ]&zg} ukd qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ Spase

ae&m XmetmuoESifh Time tcsdefem&D (umv-a'o) \ owfrSwfcsufukd qkdvkdjcif;r[kwfacs/

(¤if;usrf;? wGJ-2? pm-691)

xdkYjyif ozæqD&f ]*smartGvfb,mef}? pm-52 wGifvnf;

]]rdrd\ *kPfod&f&Sdapaom ae&mXmebufodkY toifhtm; ]&zg} jyKawmfrlrnfht&Sifjzpfawmfrlk\}}

qkv
d o
dk nfrmS ]]tdb
k ,f?h Nidro
f ufjcif;&Sad om pdw0f n
d mOf rdrt
d m;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral om t&Sif
jrwfxaH wmfoYkd toifwu
Ydk ,
dk w
f idk u
f vnf; auseyfEpS o
f ufpmG &Sv
d suf tv’m[fuvnf; ESpNf rdKUtm;&pGm
&Sdawmfrlaom tajctaejzifh jyefívmayavmh/ xkdYjyif igt&Sifjrwf\ emcHawmfrsm; (tpktzGJU) wGif
0ifa&mufNyD; igt&Sijf rwf\ ]*sEéw}f trweef;wGif pHjref;avavmh} (89;28-29) [k t&Sirhf u
k y© gXfawmf
vm&Sdxm;ouJhokdYwnf;/

xkdrSwfpyg; ozæqD&f ]½lvf[kvfb,mef} wGJ-1? pm-331 wGif wpfzef -

 41

awmhrnf} [k wrefawmf tpfA&m[ifrf u ajymMum;cJah om pum;uJo

h Ykd xl;jcm;av;eufaponfh
oabmrQomjzpfygonf/ trSeaf omfum; wrefawmftpfA&m[ifrf rSm tD&wfEidk if rH o
S nf qD&;D ,m;
EkdifiHqDodkY [pf*s&wfjyK ajymif;a&TUjcif;omjzpfonf/}}

rS w f c suf / tqkyd gt|uxm (#Dum) usrf;BuD;rsm;u ]&zg} [laom a0g[m&\teufudk wdwyd y

*CeP em;vnfMuapjcif;tvkiYd gS ]tvfu&k t
f mEk,
d zdk wfaq½kb
d mtf'[
G al bbmtf'iG }f (uk&t
f mefru
k y© gXf
awmfrsm;onf wpfcku tjcm;wpfckukd &Sif;vif;zGifhqkd\) [laomrlESifhtnD vif;jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
odjYk zpf&m jrwfu&k t
f mef? ['D;qfawmfEiS hf tma&Asbmompum; tbd"mef&f iS ;f vif;csupf v
kH ifpmG jzifh xifom
jrifom txift&Sm; &Si;f jyxm;csurf sm;ukd tav;teufxm; zwf½MI uNy;D trSeu
f dk vufcMH u&ef? raESmifah ES;
MuzdYk wku
d w
f eG ;f tyfygonf/

m m m

Ek Z l v f [ l a oma0g[m&\teuf

xkdrSaemufwGif wrefawmftDqm \ ]&zgESifhEkZlvf} wkdYESifh qufpyfESD;EG,fvsuf&Sdaom

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f Ydk aqG;aEG;wifjyvufptaMumif;t&mukd qufMuygOD;pd/Yk uREkyf w
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oufqif;&rnfjzpfaMumif; oufao&&SdNyD; olonf aumif;uif,HrS qif;oufygvQif olUtm;
aumif;uif,HodkY cE¨mukd,fESifhwuG yifhrodrf;,lxm;jcif;aMumifhomjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf[k
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(rkd;aumif;uif)[lonfh pum;vHk;ukd xnfhoGif;azmfjyum rkd;aumif;uifrS oufqif;vdrfhrnf[laom
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ocif u? tu,fíom wrefawmftq
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 42

rdefYMum; cJhaom rSefuefonfh ['D;qfawmfukd wifjyEdkifcJhvQif qkawmfaiGwpfaxmifcsD;jr§ifhygrnf[k

zdwaf c:cJyh gonf/ (1889^1900 jynfEpS t
f csed u
f ½lyaD iG wpfaxmif jzpfygonf/) odpYk ifvsuf ,aeYxufwidk f
rnfonft
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tajzxkwo
f abmaygufvrd rhf nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/

þwGirf u ]EkZv
l }f \ t"dygÜ ,fuv
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]]{uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf toifwx

Ydk H ]qH;k rpm} (uk&t
f mefusrf;awmfjrwf)ukd csay;
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hJ / (xkrd w
S pfyg;) &plvw
f refawmfwpfyg;ukd (apvTwaf wmfrcl &hJ m) xk&d plvw
f refawmfonf
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(uk&ftmef 65;10-11)

rS w f c suf / þjrefrmbmomjyefqkdcsufrSm qkdvkdaom oabmouefukd xdxdrdrd rodem;rvnf

&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;oabmraygufEikd rf nfudk pd;k &draf omaMumifh z['fb&k if uk&t
f mefusr;f jrwfyEkH ydS w
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===============

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 43

crnf;awmf tAÁ'v
k m’ [f r,fawmftmarem[fwrYdk S ruúm[fNrKd UawmfwiG f zGm;jrifoefpY ifvmcJah Mumif; tm;vH;k
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l }f paom pum;vH;k rsm;ukd oH;k EIe;f azmf jy&jcif;rSm
vlom;wkt
Yd wGuf ESpyf &dapä'Mumanmif;pGm tusdK;jzpfxeG ;f aprnfjzpfaMumif;ukd wpf*P
k w
f pfx;l od'O¨ ;D pGm
azmfjyvkdí jzpfaMumif; odaptyfygonf/ þonfukd ykdrdkí vif;0if;xif&Sm;pGm oabmaygufap&ef
tjcm;tm,wfawmfwpfy'k u
f dk qufvuf½pI m;apvkyd gonf/

]]xkrd w
S pfyg; igt&Sijf rwfonf oHow¬Kudk csay;awmfrcl \
hJ / ,if;oHow¬Kü BuD;us,fjyif;xefvS
aom pGrf;tif&Sdayonf/ vlom;wkdYtzkdY tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ (uk&ftmef 57;25)

þwGif oHudk ]emZDv}f jyKonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/ trSeaf omfum; urÇmajray:rS wl;azmfxw

k f
vky&f ,lvsuf&adS Mumif;ukd vlwidk ;f jrifawGUvsuf&MdS uygonf/ xkaYd emufwpfzef -

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Ydk t&Suu
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f nfh
Ydk yS atmifqif,if&ef) t0wfwefqmukd zefqif;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (uk&t
t0wftpm;ukd (toifwv f mef
7;26)

rS w f c suf / þtm,wfawmfwiG f t0wftxnfrsm;ukd ]emZDv}f jyKvkyo

f nf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
trSeaf omfum; t0wftxnfrsm;rSm 0g*Gr;f ? csnfxnf? yk;d xnfwjYdk zifh urÇmajray:rSmyif ,ufvyk v
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k )JG
&SpfrsdfK;ukd csay;awmfrlcJh\/}} (uk&ftmef 39;6)

txufazmfjyyg tm,wfawmftm;vH;k wkw

Yd iG f ]EkZv
l }f \ teufrmS tNrJyif ]oufqif;jcif;} [k
r[kwrf b
l J tcgrsm;pGmwGif ]EkZv
l }f [laom pum;vH;k ukd tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftxHawmfrS vlUrsdK;quf
wpf&yfvHk;odkY aumif;usdK;csrf;omwpfcktjzpf ay;oem;csD;jr§ifhjcif;twGuf oHk;pGJ avh&SdaMumif;
xif & S m ;od o mayawmh o nf / taMumif ; rl þuJ h o d k Y ]aeY t f r of } aumif ; usd K ;csrf ; omrsm;onf
vlom;wkt
Yd wGuf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ txHawmfrS (tpDtrHjzif)h om &&So
d nfjzpfí ,if;ukd ]EkZv
l }f
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 44

tcsdKUtcgrsm;wGif tma&AsvlrsdK;wk\
Yd trsm;olig ajymqko
d ;kH pGaJ euspum;jzihf ]EkZv
l }f [laompum;vH;k ukd
ay:vGix
f if&mS ;apjcif; ay:xGe;f jcif;t"dygÜ ,fuo
dk m vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; xGuaf y:apygonf/ xkjYd yif c&D;oGm;ol
c&D;onfuv
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rqd[)f ESihf pyfvsO;f í ]btp} ESihf ]ck½;l *s}f [lonfph um;vH;k jzifv
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l }f [lonfph um;vH;k \ t"dygÜ ,foabmukd xifomjrifom
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qif;oufvmvdrrfh nf[k oabm&,ljcif;rSm? todOmPf&o
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då if;rJph mG jzifh tb,faMumifh avxJt½kyaf &;aeMu&ygrnfenf;/

tcef; (2)
wrefawmftDqm tedpöa&muf ra&mufao;jcif;jyóem

vuf&w
dS ifjyaqG;aEG;vQu&f adS om taMumif;t&m\ 'kw,
d ykid ;f rSm ]wrefawmftq
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tck d i f t rmjzpf a p&ef usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef r S tm,wf a wmf r sm;ES i f h wref a wmf j rwf \
['D;qfawmfvm&Sdcsuf rsm;ukd pHkpHkvifvifwifjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;OD;taejzifh tu,fíom
pdwaf t;vufomxm;Ny;D ? *½k"r®jyKum pOf;pm;cJyh gvQif tpövmrfo
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 45

aerif;yrmxif&mS ;pGm OmPftvif;&&Sv

d mrnfrmS aocsmvSygonf/ ,ckqufvufí ]wrefawmftq
D m
onf uG,fvGeftedpö a&mufjcif;} taMumif;&yfukd aqG;aEG;wifjyygawmhrnf/

wrefawmfjrwf \tvsif ay:xGef;cJhavorQ

wref a wmf t m;vH k ; uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf c J h M uNyD

usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ rkuy© gXfawmfvm&Sx
d m;onfrmS -

]]trSeaf omfum; (wrefawmf) rl[r®'f onf &plvw

f refawmfwpfyg;rQomjzpfonf/ xk(d &plvf
wrefawmf) rl[r®'f \tvsif (tjcm;) &plvfwrefawmfrsm;(vnf;) rvGJ{uef vGefcJhMuavNyD/
od k Y j zpf a y&m tu,f í om xk d (&pl v f w ref a wmf ) rk [ r® ' f onf ( vnf ; ) uG , f v G e f
aoqH;k cJv
h Qiaf omfvnf; aumif;? odw
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Ydk nf
(ppf a jrjyif r S j zpf a p? tpö v mrf o moemawmf r S j zpf a p) rd r d w d k Y ajczaemif h b uf o d k Y jyef v S n f h í
qkwcf mG oGm;Murnfavm}} (uk&t
f mef 3;144)

&S m aeEk Z l v f ork d i f ; aemuf c H

þtm,wfawmfrSm tk[k'fppfyGJjzpfyGm;í tpövmrfhwyfBuD; tEkdif&NyD;rS wpfzef &efolrsm;bufrS

tvpf0ifwu
dk jf cif;ukd cHvu
dk &f aomaMumifh tpövmrfw
h yfom;tajrmuftrsm;omru wrefawmfjrwf
onf y if ppf y G J w G i f usoG m ;cJ h N yD [ l a om aumv[vay:xG u f c J h a yonf / od k Y a Mumif h
om0uBuD ; rsm;aomf r S ,l B uH K ;r&jzpf M um y&d a '0rD ; awmuf a vmif v suf ppf y G J u k d
qufvufwkdufckduf&efpdwfr&SdawmhbJ jzpfukefMu avonf/ xkdpOftcgwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu
þtm,wf a wmf u k d wref a wmf j rwf xH o d k Y yd k Y c scJ h j cif ; jzpf onf / ]]tu,f í om
xkd&plvfwrefawmfrl[r®'f onf(vnf;) uG,v
f eG af oqH;k cJv
h Qifaomfvnf;aumif;? toifwo
Ydk nf
(ppf a jrjyif r S j zpf a p? tpö v mrf o moemawmf r S j zpf a p) rd r d w d k Y ajczaemif h b uf o d k Y ( ausmck d i f ; um)
jyefvn
S q
hf w
k cf mG oGm;Murnfavm}} [laompum;jzifh rGwpf vifwt
Ydk m; wyfveS EYf ;dI aqmfawmfrcl jhJ cif;jzpfonf/
(uk&ftmefusrf;jrwf\tvif;jyusrf;? tapmif(4)? jpm 70-71? 'k-tBudrfyHkESdyf½I)

&S i f ; vif ; csuf þt,mwfawmfu wrefawmfjrwfBuD;onfvnf; a&S;tqufqufuyGiahf y:cJah vorQ

aom wrefawmfrsm;uJo
h yYkd if wrefawmfwpfyg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r[kwaf yaomaMumifh a&S;&plvef ADwrefawmf
 46

tm;vHk; uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhMuNyDjzpfaomaMumifh wrefawmfuG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhonf&Sdaomf

usef&pfaom omoem0ifwrYdk S omoemhtvHawmfudk vufqifu
h rf;vTix
hf x
l m;vQuf&MdS u&rnfqo
dk nfudk
od&Sdem;vnfapjcif;jzpfygonf/

xkjYd yif þtm,wfawmfu wrefawmfjrwfxuf apmapmydik ;f u yGiahf y:cJah vorQaom eAD-

&plvf wrefawmftm;vHk;(tm;vHk;)uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;ukd &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm azmfñTef;
jyovQuf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;jyif wrefawmfwpfyg;rQomjzpfaomaMumifh xkdwrefawmfonfvnf; rkcsyif
uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; rvTJraoGvufcHMu&rnfomjzpfygonf/

tu,fí þtm,wfawmfwGif vm&Sdaom ]u'fcvof} rSm ]cvm;} [laom yk'frSjzpfí

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1/ tma&Asbmompum;(pmay)wGif \ t"dygÜ ,frmS (xko

d al oqH;k cJNh yD) [lívnf;
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2/ 'kw,
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teufoabmukd

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 47

jzpf&rnfyh ykH rmwnf;/ qkv

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 48

onfvnf; avmuBuD;ukd pGecYf mG í oGm;ayvdrrhf nf/}} (tvf[w

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 49

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wrefawmftDqm uG,v
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k mru -
 50

[lí ajzMum;ajymqkdvsuf&SdaeygaomaMumifh 0rf;enf;jcif;jzpf&yg\/ odkYaomf txufygpum;twGuf

&Sif;vif;ajzMum;&efvkdtyfvSonfh pum;wpf&yfrSmum;-

ukdif;a&SUqufMuygOD;pdkY-

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f mefwiG v
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uku
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 51

uav;rsm;yrm rdr\
d ae&mrsm;wGif tpDt&D oDu;kH xm;vQuf&adS eygonf/ odaYk Mumifh usrf;awmfrS pum;pOf
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]vmtfeof} usdefjcif;ukdjyKawmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/

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 52

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f mefukd tajymif;tvJjyK&ef toifjh yifqifcMhJ uayr,fv
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jrwfu&k t
f mef\ tHzh ,
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d Bf uD;jzpfaeaMumif;ukd oH;k oyf&efvydk gonf/ xkjYd yif ]&m;aztku
d } [laom
0gpuFpum;vHk;ukd rdrdwnf&Sd&mae&mrSxkwf,lum tjcm;ae&mwpfae&mwGif xnfhoGif;&ef wpfpHkwpf
ckrQaom ae&mrQvnf;r&Syd g/ vufxnf0h ifa&mufpu
G zf uf&ef ae&mr&S&d atmifudk ae&mwkid ;f wGif yHpk jH znfx
h m;
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rS w f c suf - ,ck a zmf j yygpum;&yf r sm;jzif h od & S d & onf r S m uwd a wmf v mrqd [ f
t[fr'focif\vufxufwiG &f cdS MhJ uaomtwku
d t
f cHjyKolomoemhynm&Sif trnf
 53

cHy*k Kd¾ vfrsm;onfusr;f jrwfu&k t

f mefrt
S m,wfawmfrsm;\ 0gusx;kH zGUJ rItpDtpOfrsm;ukd
txufatmuf ajymif;jyefveS v
f adk om qE´jzpfay:cJMh uaMumif;uko
d &d &dS ygonf/

tcsKyfqkd&ygaomf uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh rvTJomí ajymMum;vkdonfrSm OmPfynmtajrmftjrifESifh

todw&m; BuD;jrifah wmfrv
l aS om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mef\pum;vH;k rsm;ukd tpDt&D
pepfwus xm;&Sdawmfrlonfjzpf&m ,if;ukd auseyfpGmvufcHMuapvdkygonf/ rdrdwdkYtaeESifh uk&ftmef
topfwpfapmifjzpfvmatmif rjyKvkyMf uygvif/h odjYk zpf&m aemufyidk ;f u uwdpum;oH;k rsdK;vH;k rSm tm;vH;k
vufcNH y;D jzpfonft
h m;avsmpf mG jynfph ckH NhJ yjD zpfygaomaMumifh wrefawmftq
D m tm; aoapawmfrrl nfEiS hf
pyfvsOf;í jyKawmfrcl ahJ om yxrOD;qH;k uwdpm;rSmvnf; jynfph ckH NhJ yDjzpfaMumif;ukd rjiif;omawmhbJ vufczH Ydk
om&Syd gawmhonf/ wpfqufwnf;rSmyif þtm,wfawmfyg ]&zgtf}\ t"dygÜ ,foabmrSmvnf; ]&zgtf}ukd
]o0yæ}D [lonfh uwdpum;\ aemufwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f rdeMYf um;xm;onfjzpfí þae&mwGif ]&zgtf}
[lonfhpum;vHk;ukd ]tkdb,fh Nidrfoufjcif;&Sdaom pdwf0dnmOf? rdrdtm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaom
t&Sijf rwftxHawmfoYkd toifu,
dk w
f idk u
f vnf; auseyfEpS o
f ufpmG &Sv
d Quf tv’m[fuvnf; ESpNf rKd Utm;&pGm
&Sdawmfrlaom tajctaejzifh jyefívmayavmh/ xkdYjyif igt&Sifjrwf\ emcHawmfrsm;(tpktzGJU)wGif
0ifa&mufNyD; igt&Si\
f ]*sEéw}f O,smOfawmfjrwfwiG f pHjref;avavmh/}} (89;28) [lonfh tm,wfawmfyg
oabmw&m;twkid ;f jzpfcahJ Mumif;ukd azmfjyaeaMumif; odomxif&mS ;vSygonf/ qkv
d o
dk nfrmS aojcif;r&P
qku
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jyKjcif;cH&aomfvnf; qk;d &Gm;,kwn
f ahH om touf0n
d mOfrsm;rSm tv’m[fxaH wmfoYkd ]&zgtf}jyKjcif;rcH&aom
oabmoueftm;jzifh wrefawmftDqm tm; ]&zgtf} jyKjcif;ukd cH&ayownf;/

rdko0zæDu\ t"dyÜg,f

þtm,wfawmfEiS hf pyfvsOf;í twku

d t
f cHjyKoltcsdKUu ]rdo
k 0zæu
D } jzpf&yfjzpfonf/ ¤if;\
t"dygÜ ,frmS aoqH;k uG,v
f eG af pjcif;r[kwrf b
l J ]tjynft
h pHrk ,lvu
dk jf cif;} jzpfonf[k qdMk ujyefygonf/
þpum;ukd uREkfyftaejzifh tbd"mefrS tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh ]o0zæD}\ t"dyÜg,fqkdvkd&if;ukd razmfjyrD
þjiif;csufxkwfapm'u0ifrIukd t[fr'focifBuD;a&;om;&Sif;jyxm;cJhaomtcsufukd azmfjyygrnf/

[Z&ofrD&fZm*dkvmrft[fr'focif azmfjyonfrSm-
 54

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmef\ (23)ckaomae&mrsm;wGif ]o0zæD} ukd

towfEw
I af om tajctaetwGuf oH;k pGx
J m;ayonf/ usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tprStqH;k wkid f
wpfae&müaomfrS toufEw
I jf cif; aoqH;k apjcif;rSví
JG tjcm;t"dygÜ ,fjzifh azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Syd g/ xkaYd emuf
oufaotay: oufaoxyfí &Sv
d monfrmS ]qG[[
D b
f cl g&D} usrf;BuD;wGif om0uBuD; tAÁm;pf ocif
\ om;awmfrS ]rko
d 0zæu
D } t"dygÜ ,frmS ]rkrd ;D oku
d } [lí azmfjyxm;jyefygonf/ þonft
h wkid ;f yif
]ozæq&D af zmifZv
k u
f AD;&f} usrf;BuD;uvnf; þonft
h "dygÜ ,frsdK;uko
d mazmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkjYd yifwpf0
]tkid ef o
D zæq&D b
f ck g&Dusrf;(bkcg&D\tvif;jyusrf;)wGiv
f nf; þtqku
d dk axmufcí
H zGiq
hf x
dk m;ygonf/
['D;qfamwfrsm;wGiv
f nf; rnfonfu
h m&uyk'w
f iG rf qkd yg&Sv
d Qif ['D;qfynm&Sirf sm;odNyD;jzpfonft
h wkid ;f
,if;rSm ]aoapjcif;} teufjzifo
h m vm&Sx
d m;ygonf/ xkrd w
S pfyg; o'´gynmwGiv
f nf; tv’m[ft&Sif
jrwfu jyKvkyo
f (l uwåm;)jzpfNyD; vlom;(½ky)f u jyKvkycf &H ol(uH)jzpfvQif aoapawmfrjl cif;rS vGí
J ]rko
d 0zæ}D
twGuf tjcm;t"dygÜ ,fr&Sad Mumif;ukd ynm&Sit
f m;vH;k wpfoabmwnf; vufct
H wnfjyKxm;onfu
h pd ö
jzpfygonf/ tma&AsuAsmvuFmtm;vH;k uvnf; þudpt
ö wGuf oufaocHvQuf&jdS yefygonf/ usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefu toHukefjr§ifhwifí rdefYqkdaeygvQuf rnfolurQ em;raxmifMujcif;rSm þonf x uf
vGefuJaom? w&m;rQwrIukd csdK;azmufjcif; tjcm;tb,frSm&SdygOD;rnfenf;/ ['D;qfawmfuvnf;
oufaojyaeygvQuf wpfO;D wpfa,mufurS tav;rrlMuyg/ tma&Aso'´gynm&yfu oufaocHvsuf&dS
aeygonf/ þrSmbufoYkd acgif;iJMh unfo
h w
l pfO;D wpfavrQyif r&Syd g/ tma&AsuAsmtzGUJ tEGUJ rsm;u þpum;
vHk;\ t"dyÜg,fxl;pum;ukd azmfjyaeygaomfvnf; rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ em;raxmifMuyg/
(od[
k zf m *dv
k m&f0,
D m[f? pm-4)

xdkYxufykdrdkí pdwfauseyfrI&Sdapjcif;tvkdYiSg tm&ADo'´genf;us&Sif;vif;csufukd ½Ipm;vSnfhygOD;/

 55

omrefty&du tbd"mefusrf;rS om"ujycsufqv

dk Qif uRekyf w
f \
Ydk omoemhynm&Sit
f rnfcyH *k Kd¾ vfrsm;
taeESihf vTzJ ,fypfaumif; vTzJ ,fEidk rf nfjzpfygaomaMumifh uREkyf w
f t
Ydk aejzifh tBuD;qH;k tausmfMum;qH;k ESihf
pdwt
f cs&qH;k tbd"mefusrf;BuD;jzpfonfh ]om*Rvft&k w
G pf }f ukd oufaojy&ef wifjyvku
d yf gonf/

]]o0zæg[kvm’ [f[o
l nf tv’m[fu xko
d \
l touf0n
d mOfudk EIwo
f rd ;f vku
d Nf yD[í
l t"dygÜ ,f&&Sd
onf/}}

xkdYjyif -

]]o0zæzD vm;EGef teufrmS tMuify*k Kd¾ vf uG,v

f eG t
f edpaö &mufNyD[\
l }} [k qufvufazmfjyxm;
ygonf/

xkaYd emuf tv’mrm[fZrcf&&S u

D ]ozæq&D u
f &Sm;zf} #Dumusrf;BuD;wGif ]rko
d 0zæu
D } \ t"dygÜ ,f
oabmukd

]]igonf toifhtm; obm0tavsmufaoqHk;jcif;jzifh uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufapawmfrlrnf}}

jzpfaMumif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

xkjYd yif tBuD;us,ftcefx

Y nfq;kH rSmum; qG[[
D b
f cl g&Dusrf;awmfBuD;wGif t*¾r[m om0uBuD;
tAÁm;pf \ om;awmf tAÁ'v
k m’ [f\ ]a&0g,of} qifjh yefajymjycsufudk þodu
Yk rÁn;f wifarmfueG ;f
xkd;xm;vQuf&Sdygonf/

]]rko
d 0zæu
D [lonf rkrd ;D odu
k (igonftoift
h m; aoaprnf) jzpf\/}} (blcg&Dusrf;udwmAkvf
ozæqD&f)

okjYd zpf&m ,ck aqG;aEG;wifjyvsuf&adS om ]tif;eDro

dk 0zæu
D m} \ teufoabmrSm ]ig(t&Sijf rwf)
onf? toift
h m; aoapawmfrrl nf} [líomjzpfonfrmS "d|trSeyf ifjzpfayownf;/
 56

]o0zæD} \ &if;jrpft"dyÜg,frSm twkdif;twmwpfckavmuftxd ]tdyfaysmfjcif;} vnf;jzpfNyD;

touf0dnmOfukd EIwfodrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ okdYjzpfí ]o0zæD} a0g[m&ukd tcsdKUtcgrsm;wGif tdyfaysmfaepOf
0dnmOfudk EIwo
f rd ;f xm;jcif;teufoufoufuv
dk nf; jyqkyd gonf/ ok&Yd mwGif þonfh t"dygÜ ,f,w¬azmf
jyEkid af pjcif;iSg pum;tquftpyf&&dS ef rjzpfrae vkt
d yfayonf/ odrYk [kwyf gu pum;tquftpyfr&Sb
d J
þpum;vH;k ukd oH;k pGx
J m;Ny;D tv’m[fujyKvkyo
f l (uwåm;um&u)jzpfvsuf vlom;jyKvkycf &H ol(uH)jzpfygvQif
rjzpfrae þonf\ t"dygÜ ,foabmrSm aoapjcif;omjzpfcsdrrhf nf/ t[fr'D,mtzGUJ ukd wnfaxmifol
[Z&ofr&D Zf m*dv
k mrft[fr'focif u twku
d t
f cHjyKaom omoemhynm&Sit
f rnfcyH *k Kd¾ vftaygif;ukd
xkdolwkdYonf usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmef (odkY) ['D;qfawmf (odkY) ckdifvHkaomtma&AspmaywpfckckrS
tv’m[fu(uwåm;)jyKvkyfoljzpfNyD; azmfjyyg vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u jyKvkyfcH&ol(uH)jzpfygvQif ]o0zæD}\
t"dygÜ ,foabmrSm ]toufEw
I jf cif;} rSví
JG tjcm;oabm&Sad Mumif; azmfjy&ef zdwaf c:cJyh gonf/ odpYk ifvQuf
,aeYxufwidk v
f nf; twdu
k t
f cHjyKol omoemhynm&Sit
f rnfcyH *k Kd¾ vfwpfO;D wpfa,mufaomfrS ajzMum;
jcif;rjyKEkid Mf uyg/

xkx
Yd ufwpfru
l m;? aqG;aEG;vufp tm,wfawmfuvnf; ]rko
d 0zæu
D } \ t"dygÜ ,foabmukd
uGi;f uGi;f uGuu
f u
G af zmfjyvQuf&adS eygonf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf ]rko
d 0zæu
D } \ teufrmS ]tjynft
h pHk
r,lvu
dk jf cif;} [lonfh t"dygÜ ,fudk &&Scd yhJ gvQif ]&maz;tku
d } qko
d nfh pum;vH;k ukd oD;jcm;xyfí azmfjy
jcif;jzifh rnfoaYdk om tusKd ;oufa&mufr&I adS omaMumifeh nf;/ þtm,wfawmfwiG f ]&maztku
d } pum;vH;k rSm
]rko
d 0zæu
D } pum;vH;k onf ]&m;aztdu
k } pum;ESihf oD;jcm;oabmukd aqmifaeaMumif; taMumif;,kwdå
ckdifvHkaomoufaojzpfygonf/

xdaYk emuf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmfjrwfBuD;(qG)tm; þodrYk ed q

Yf x
dk m;ygonf/

]]tu,fí igt&Sijf rwfonf ¤if;wdt

Yk m; igt&Sijf rwf uwdxm;awmfrcl ahJ omjypf'PftcsdKUukd
toiht
f m; jyawmfro
l nfjzpfap? odw
Yk nf;r[kwf igt&Sijf rwfonf toift
h m; (xkt
d jypf'Pfrusa&mufr)D
aoqHk;apawmfrlonfjzpfap/ (10;46)

xkaYd emufwpfzef usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t

f mefrmS yJ -----

]]tkd - uRefawmfrsdK;wk\
Yd t&Si?f t&Sijf rwfonf uRefawmfrsdK;wkt
Yd ay:ü MuHUckid rf u
I dk oGe;f avmif;í
 57

ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ ¤if;jyif t&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsdK;wkdYtm; (rGwfpvifrf) trdefYawmfukd vkdufemol

rsm;tjzpf aoqHk;apawmfrlyg }} (7;126) [k azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tcsKyfqkdaomf ]o0zæD} [laom pum;vHk;ukdqGJukdifvsuf r&t&jiif;cHkaejcif;rSm tvGefrSyif

w&m;rJah omvky&f yfomjzpfygonf/ xkjYd yif tHMh ovkrYd ukeEf idk b
f jJ zpf&onft
h jzpfrmS um; þonfph um;vH;k ukd
tjcm;wpfyg;aomyk*Kd¾ vftwGuf oH;k EIe;f azmfjyygvQif ]aoqH;k apjcif;} [k teufziG Mhf uayr,fh wrefawmf
tDqm ESihf pyfvsOf;í ]o0zæ}D pum;vH;k ukd toH;k jyKvQif raES;tjref ,if;\t"dygÜ ,fudk ]aumif;uif
bHo
k yYkd ifrh oGm;onf} [k jyefqv
dk u
dk Mf ujcif;yifjzpfygonf/ wrefawmfx#G af cgif eADw\
Ydk OD;aoQmifjzpfawmf
rlaom r[mwrefawmfjrwfESifh pyfvsOf;írl aoqHk;apawmfrljcif; t"dyÜg,f&&SdapMu\/ odkYaomfvnf;
wrefawmftq
D m ESihf ywfoufvmvQifru
l m; aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd r,lomG ;onf[í
l t"dygÜ ,fjyefqcdk hJ
Muavonf/ þonfrSm tb,fuJhodkYaom w&m;rQwonfhf csdefcGifvQmygvdrhf/ tb,fuJhodkYaom
apmifha&Smuf&ef pdwfoefrIygvdrfh/ (etl;Zdkbdv’ma[rifefZmvduf? þtjzpfrsdK;rS vGwfuif;&ef
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxH ckv
d yHI g\)

wrefawmftDqm u rdrduG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;
rd r d u k d , f w k d i f 0 ef c H j cif ;

wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufjcif;ESihf pyfvsO;f í uREyfk w
f aYdk &;om;azmfjyavorQaom
tm,wfawmfrsm;tm;jzifh wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG cf NhJ yDjzpfaMumif; uGuu
f u
G u
f iG ;f uGi;f oufao
taxmuftcHrsm;ukd &&SNd y;D jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif þonfEiS hf ES;D ET,v
f Quf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ oufaocHawmf
rlcsufrsm;ukd txufwiG f azmfjycJNh yD;jzpfonf/ trSew
f u,fawmh tu,fíom w&m;rQwrIr&Sad om
rsufESmzHk;rJBuD;ukd rsufpdxufrScRwfcsNyD; yuwdrsufvHk;rsm;jzifh ½IjrifygvQif wrefawmftDqmuG,fvGef
tedpaö &mufjcif;udprö mS oHo&m0JMoCtwGi;f usa&mufp&mr&Sad paom xifomjrifom txift&Sm;jzpf
onfh udpw
ö pf&yfomjzpfygonf/ odaYk omf vufrcHvadk om tMuifow
l u
Ydk awmh tb,frQyif w&m;csygap
vufrcHbo
J m&SMd uygonf/ okaYd Mumifh ,ckwpfzef xyfqifBh udK;pm;aomtaejzifh wrefawmftq
D m
uk,
d w
f idk u
f rdru
d ,
G v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yDjzpfaMumif;ESiEhf ,
T í
f 0efcx
H m;aom oufaojycsufudk qufvuf
wifjyygOD;rnf/ tu,fí tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ oufaocHcsufudk tjynft
h 0 pdwaf useyfp&mr&Scd MhJ uvQif
wrefawmftq
D m \ rdru
d ,
dk w
f idk f ajzmifch suaf y;cJah ompum;u aysmufaeaomvrf;ukd jyefawGUap&m
jzpfaumif;jzpfapjcif;iSg? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS tm,wfawmfwpfyk'fukd wifqufvkdufygonf/
 58

tMuiftcg0,f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf (þod)Yk rdeMYf um;awmfrt

l /Hh ]]td-k ]r&f,rf}\om; ]tDpm}
toifu vlwt
Ydk m; toifwo
Ydk nf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftjyif uREkyf (f tDpm)ukv
d nf;aumif; uREkyf \
f r,f
awmf(r&f,rf) ukv
d nf;aumif;? uk;d uG,&f m(bk&m;)ESpyf g;tjzpf rSw,
f Ml uavuke[
f k ajymMum;cJyh goavm}}

xkdtcg tDpm onf (þod)Yk avQmufxm;jyefMum;aytH/h (td-k -t&Si)f t&Sijf rwfonf

oefY&Sif; pifMu,fawmfrlyg\/ uRefawmfrsdK;rSm rdrdrajymxkdufaompum;ukd ajymqkdcGifhtvsif;r&Sdyg/
tu,fíom uRefawmfrsdK;onf xkdpum;ukd ajymqkdrdcJhygrl? t&Sifjrwfonf xkdajymqkdonfukd
rkcsod&SdawmfrlNyD;yifjzpf ygonf/

t&Sijf rwfonf uReaf wmfrsKd ;\pdww

f iG ;f ü&So
d rQwu
Ydk dk (t<uif;rJ)h od&adS wmfryl g\/ ok&Yd mwGif uReaf wmf
rsdK;rSmrlum; t&Sijf rwf\pdww
f iG ;f ü &So
d nfwu
Ydk rdk odyg/ {uefpifppf t&Sijf rwfonfomvQif tuG,üf
&SdorQwkdYukd t<uif;rJhod&Sdawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlygownf;/

uRefawmfrsdK;onf ¤if;wku
Yd dk t&Sijf rwfu uRefawmfrsdK;tm; rdeaYf wmfro
l nf(h twkid ;f ) ]tk-d -
tcsif;wk?Yd toifwo
Ydk nf uREkyf \
f t&Siv
f nf;jzpfawmfral om? toifw\
Ydk t&Siv
f nf;jzpfawmfral om
(wpfqw
l nf;aom) tv’m[ft
f &Sijf rwftm;om uk;d uG,Mf uavuke}f [laom pum;rSty tjcm;rnfonfh
pum;ukdrQ ajymqkdcJhonfr&Sdyg/ xkdYjyifw0 uRefawmfrsdK;onf ¤if;wdkYtxJwGif &SdaeorQumvywfvHk;
¤if;wk(Yd \taMumif;)udk od&o
dS jl zpfonf/ wpfzef t&Sijf rwfon
f f uRefawmfrsdK;tm; yifrh ,laqmifomtcg
t&Sio
f nfyifvQif 4if;wd\
Yk taMumif;udk od&adS wmfro
l nft
h &Sijf zpfawmfrcl yhJ gonf/ trSepf ifppfaomfum;
t&Sifjrwfonf t&mcyfodrf;wkdYukd odjrifawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfyifjzpfawmfrlygonf/ (5;116-117)1

1/ uk&t
f mefusrf;jrwf jrefrmbmomjyef ?y? wG?J tapmif (1)rS (15)xd z[m'fb&k if yHEk ydS w
f u
kd x
f w
k rf S
wdkuf&dkuful;,laz:jyxm;ygojzifh t&Sdtwdkif;az:jyvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ a&SUydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;csufudk
zuf½SK&ygvdyfrnf/

þtm,wf a wmf u wref a wmf t D q m \ aoqH k ; uG , f v G e f N yD ; jzpf a Mumif ; tay:

oufaojycsuf twGuf aerif;wpfqlxGef;vif;apouJhodkY jzpfygayonf/
]]uGe;f (ef)odt
Yk vkid ;f [if(rf)&S[;D 'efrm;'Ge;f (rf) odzYk ;D [if(rf)? zvr®mo0zæKd if;oeD}} [laom pum;vH;k rsm;wGif
 59

wrefawmftDqm onf ESpfckwnf;aom b0rQukdom azmfjyxm;ygonf/

wpfcNk yD;wpfcjk zwfausmfc&hJ onfh yxrb0rSm wrefawmftq
D monf rdrt
d m; vku
d ef molw\
Ydk twGi;f
&Sad ecJah Mumif; 'kw,
d b0rSm tMuifyxrumvb0ESihf ES;D EG,yf wfouf vsuf&adS om wrefawmftq
D m
uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyD;aom b0jzpfaMumif;wkdYukd od&SdEdkifygonf/

,ckrl wrefawmftq
D m onf tu,fíom aumif;uifbakH y:odYk <ujref;cJ½h ;dk rSev
f Qif-

]]uReaf wmfrsKd ; olwt

Ydk wGi;f ü&Sad eorQumvywfv;kH uReaf wmfrsKd ;onf rdrw
d ynfah emufvu
dk w
f t
Ydk m;
tkyx
f ed ;f oltjzpfEiS hf &Scd yhJ gonf/ xkaYd emuf t&Sijf rwfonf uRefawmfrsdK;tm; touf&iS v
f sufEiS yhf if
aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd yifrh ,laqmifvu
dk af vaomtcg ----------}} [lí tajzay;jyefMum;&rnfjzpfygonf/
odkYaomf wrefawmftDqm \ tajzay;jyefMum;avQmufxm;csufrSm þodkYr[kwfrlí wrefawmf
tDqm onf rdr\
d wynfo
h m0ursm;\tv,fwiG f aexkid cf &hJ aom b0\aemufwiG f 'kw,
d ajrmuf
b0rSm rdrduG,fvGefNyD;b0udkomazmfñTef;vQuf&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh wrefawmftDqm rSm
aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd <ujref;roGm;&rlbJ tjcm;aom rEkócyford ;f ukd uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yDjzpfonfh
twkid ;f yif? olonfvnf; uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yjD zpfaMumif; oufao&&Syd gonf/ ,ck wifjyvsu&f adS om
tm,wfawmfukd txift&Sm;jzpfonfhpum;vHk;rsm;jzifh azmfjyygtHh/ wrefawmftDpm \ yxrydik ;f
b0(0g) rdrdwynfhom0ursm;\tv,fwGif aexdkifoDwif;oHk;vQuf&SdcJhaom b0ukd tqufjzwfNyD;
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D m\
(]]rm'Ge(f rf)odzYk ;D [if(rf)zvr®mo0zæKd if;oeD}} [laom pum;vH;k rsm;u txift&Sm;jyvsu&f adS om) tu,fí
yxr vl U avmuwG i f oD w if ; oH k ; cJ h & aom b0ud k jywf p J a ponf h b0rS m aumif ; uif , H o d k Y
wufoGm;&aomb0omjzpfcJhygvQif wrefawmftDqm\ tajzay;jyefMum;avQmuf xm;csufrSm
vHk;0rSm;,Gif;jcif;odkY a&muf&Sdaeygonf/

xdaYk emuf þrQomruao;bJ þtm,wfawmfwiG f wrefawmftq

D m u rdru
d ,
G v
f eG t
f edpö
a&mufaomtcsdefumvukdvnf; uREkfyfwkdYtm; azmfaeygonf/ taMumif;rlum; ]uRefawmfrsdK;onf rdrd
trsdK;om;wkt
Yd m; uREkyf Ef iS hf toifw\
Ydk bk&m;ocifuo
dk m uk;d uG,Mf uygrlíom oifMum;ydcYk scJyh gonf/
xkjYd yif uReaf wmfrsKd ;ESihf ¤if;wkt
Yd Mum;wGi&f adS eorQomolwt
Ydk m; tkyx
f ed ;f oljzpfyg\} [k ajzMum;avQmufxm;
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[laom teufoabm&&Syd gojzif?h wrefawmftq
D m onf rdr\
d aemufvu
dk t
f rsKd ;om;rsm; vrf;vGí
J
]'GgvD;ef} b0ukd a&muf&SdcJhMujcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rod&Sd&aMumif;ukd azmfjyaeaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
 60

þtcsuf\t"dygÜ ,frmS ]tDqmtD} wko

Yd nf wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG cf NhJ yD;aemufro
S m vrf;vGw
J rd ;f acsmf
]'GgvD;ef} b0ukd a&muf&cdS MhJ ujcif;jzpfonf[v
l /dk

odaYk omf usrf;jrwfu&k t

f mefu azmfjyvsuf&adS eonfrmS -

]]{ueftrSef tMuifow
l o
Ydk nfvnf; ]umzd&}f rsm;yif jzpfomG ;cJMh uuke\
f / xko
d rl sm;u ]trSef
pifppf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf (bk&m;) oH;k qlteuf wwd,(bk&m;)jzpfonf} [lí ajymqkcd MhJ uuke\
f }}/
(5;73)

odjYk zpfay&um; wrefawmftq

D m onf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ vufxufawmfxuf
a&SUOD; tvsif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; rD;armif;BuD;xkd;jyvkdufovkd xif;vif;oGm;ygawmhonf/
taotcsm *½kjyKpOf;pm;MunfhMuapvkdygonf/ wrefawmftDqm tajzay;avQmufxm;aom
þpum;&yfu ]tDqmtD} wko
Yd nf wrefawmftq
D m aoqH;k uG,v
f eG cf NhJ y;D rS vr;fvcJG MhJ uaMumif;ukd
oufaojyKvQuf &Syd gonf/,ckar;p&may:vmonf]tDqmtD} rsm;onf vrf;vGw
J rd ;f acsmfaeMuoavm/
vrf ; rvG J M uao;bl ; avm/tu,f í vrf ; rvG J c J h M uao;vQif a wmh wref a wmf t D q mvnf ;
touf&iS v
f Quf&adS umif; &Syd gvdrrhf nf/ od&Yk mwGif tu,fí ,if;olwrYdk mS vrf;vGv
J suf&cdS NhJ yD;jzpfvQif
odkYr[kwf vrf;vGJcJhMuNyD;jzpf ygaomaMumifh wrefawmftDqm rSmvnf; uG,v
f eG cf NhJ yD;jzpfaMumif;ukd
vufrcHp&menf;vrf;r&Sdawmhyg/

xkjYd yifrw
S pfyg; tu,fí wrefawmftq
D m onf ,ckxw
d idk f aumif;uifbw
kH iG f oufawmfxif
&Sm;&Sad eao;aMumif;ESihf urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wGif ]au,mrof} rwkid rf u
D av;tcsdef jyefvnfqif;ouf
vmrnfjzpfaMumif;wku
Yd dk ,HMk unfvufcv
H u
dk yf gvQif ,if;ESit
hf wl olonf ]au,mrof} (&Sijf yefxajrmuf
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dS mG ;rnfjzpfaMumif;ESihf
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jiif;csurf xkwEf ikd b
f J vufcMH u&ygawmhrnf/ ok&Yd adS y&m þyHpk jH zifq
h ydk gvQif wrefawmftq
D monf todv
Yk sif
rdrt
d rsKd ;om;rsm;\ta&;ESihf ywfoufí rod&adS Mumif;ukd azmfjyEkid yf gawmhrnfenf;/ þodq
Yk ydk gvQif olonf
urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wGif jyefvmcJNh y;D rdrt
d rsKd ;om;wk\
Yd jzpf&yfrsm;ukd jrifawGUod&NdS y;D aomfrS rod&&dS ygaMumif;
ajzqkjd yefMum;avQmufxm;cJyh gaomf þonfrmS trSeyf if wrefawmftq
D monf xif&mS ;vSaomrkom;ukd
qk&d ma&mufygvdrrhf nf/ (etlZb
dk v
d m’ [f) tvGew
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t&Sijf rwf\ a&SUawmfarSmufwiG f vdrn
f mavQmufxm;zk&Yd m &J0rhH nfr[kwyf gyJvQuf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\
tcspfawmftaptyg;wpfO;D vnf;jzpf? t&Sijf rwf\ ]&plv}f wrefawmfvnf;jzpfygvsufu,fEiS hf þodYk
 61

aomajAmifvrd rf BI uD;ukd tokv

Yd Qif jyqkEd idk yf gtHeh nf;/ odjYk zpfygí þudpu
ö dk taotcsm pOf;pm;oH;k oyfMunfh
yg? uREkfyfwkdY\ wifjycsuftay: oHo,uif;uif;ESifh apmaMumyg[k yefMum;vkdygonf/

['D;qfawmfwGif þtm,wfawmf\ozæqD&f
['D;qfawmfwpfy'k u
f vnf; þtm,wfawmf(5;117)\ t"dygÜ ,foabmukd aerif;yrm xif&mS ;pGm
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xkjYd yif xk[
d 'D;qfawmfü vm&Sx
d m;onfrmS ]]au,mrofaeYawmfBuD;wGif uREkyf o
f nf
]aumifp&f} a&uefteD;wGif &yfaernfjzpfNyD; uREkyf \
f wynfah emufvu
kd rf sm;tm; þr*Fvm&Sad omprf;a&
wGi;f rS a&Munfrsm;ukd a0iSvsuf&adS eygrnf/ xkt
d cg vlwpfpo
k nf uREkyf af &SUarSmufoYkd ½kww
f &ufa&muf&dS
vmayvdrrhf nf/ tMuifow
l t
Ykd m; aumif;uifwrefrsm;u tjcm;bufqo
D Ykd wGe;f í ac:aqmifvQuf&adS e
rnf/ uREkyf u
f ¤if;wkt
Yd m;jrifawGUvQuf ]tkd - qGKd if[mbD-tk-d qGKd if[mbD} þolwrYkd mS uREkyf \
f taygif;
tazmftrsdK;om;rsm;omjzpfMuygonf[k BuD;aomtoHESifhajymayrnf/ þtcgaumif;uifwrefrsm;u-

]]þolrsm;rSm ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;\aemufydkif;wGif bmawGjyKvkyfcJhonfukd ukd,fawmfrodyg

þolrsm;rSmum; uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;r&Sad wmhonfah emufwiG f rdrw
d \
Ykd ajczaemifrh sm;bufov
Ykd n
S í
hf (ausmcdik ;f )
oGm;cJMh uygonf}} [k qkMd uvdrrhf nf/

þonfukdMum;od&NyD;? uREkfyfu aumif;jrwfaomtapawmfwpfOD;jzpfonfh r&f,rf{/f

fom;awmfwrefawmftDqm ajymMum;aom

]]uRefawmfrsdK;onf xko
d w
l \
Ydk txJwiG f &Sad ecJo
h rQumvywfv;kH xko
d w
l t
Ydk m; xde;f ausmif;vQuf&dS
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t&Sijf rwfonfom ¤if;wdt
Yk m; tkyx
f ed ;f apmifah &Smufojl zpfygonf [líom avQmufxm;rnf}} [k wrefawmf
jrwfBuD; u rdeMYf um;awmfrcl ahJ yonf/ (blcg&Dusrf;? udwmbkvo
f zæq&D )f

þwG i f ½I p m;vS n f h M uyg/ wref a wmf j rwf B uD ; uvnf ; wref a wmf t D q m

oHk;pGJcJhaompum; vHk;rsm;ukdyif rdrdESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; oHk;pGJxm;ygonf/ ,ckaomf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
rS m aumif ; uif bH k o d k Y w uf < uroG m ;cJ h r l b J aojcif ; w&m;uyif uk d , f a wmf j rwf B uD ; tm;
uk,
d af wmf\wynfrh sm;ESifh uGu
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D m
 62

ESihf ywfoufvmcJv
h Qifvnf; þonft
h "dygÜ ,foabmuko
d m ,lMu&rnfjzpfygonf/

xyfí pOf;pm;Munfah pvko

d nfrmS ? wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf rdr\
d jzpftifudk r&f,rfocifr\
om;awmf wrefawmftDqm \ jzpftifjzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpf&yftjzpf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
uk d , f a wmf j rwf BuD ; u ]]r&f , rf \ om;awmf wref a wmf t D q mu rd r d \ rod & S d r I u k d
xkwaf zmfjyoouJo
h yYkd if uREyfk o
f nf vnf; rdr\
d rod&rdS u
I dk xkwaf zmfrnf}} [líouJo
h yYkd if uREyfk o
f nfvnf;
rdrd\ rod&SdrIukd xkwfazmfrnf}} [lí rdefYMum;cJhygonf/ xkdYjyif tu,fí wrefawmftDqmonf
urÇ m h a emuf q H k ; aeY r sm;wG i f ouf q if ; vm cJ h y gvQif ? ol o nf ]au,mrof } rwk d i f r D r S m yif
rdr\
d trsKd ;om;wynfah emufvu
dk rf sm; ysuq
f ;D ,k,
d iG ;f vTJ acsmaf eonft
h aMumif;ukd od&o
dS mG ;&rnfjzpfonf/
olUtwGuf ]au,mrof} aeYa&mufwJhtcgrSm rdrdrod &Sd&ygaMumif; xkwfazmfajymqkdjcif;rSm
txufwGifazmfjycJhNyD;jzpfovkd xif&Sm;aom vdrfnmrIomjzpfygvdrfh rnf/

wrefawmftq
D m \ trsdK;om;rsm;rS yk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D OD;u xNyD; ]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf? þwref
awmfrSm rkd;aumif;uifESifh urÇmajrBuD;yif aygufuGJvkbeef;jzpfaom vdrfnmrIBuD;wpf&yfukd t&Sifha&SU
awmfarSmufwiG f ajym0Ho
h jl zpfygonf/ olonf urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wGif avmuBuD;odYk 'kw,
d tBudrf
jyefvmcJNh yD; uRefawmfrsdK;wkt
Yd m; olUukd bk&m;tjzpf ,HMk unfu;dk uG,af eMuaMumif;ESihf vlwumwku
Yd v
dk nf;
,HMk unfu;dk uG,Mf u&atmif aqmfMovQuf&adS ecJMh uaMumif;ukd jrifawGUoGm;cJyh gonf/ ,if;odaYk Mumifv
h nf;
ol(wrefawmftq
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dk rf u
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d pum;ukd jiif;y,fí remcHMuolwt
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l t&Six
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*dv
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f sií
f twku
d t
f cHjyKjcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ BuD;us,jf rifjh rwfvS
ayaom wrefawmfwpfyg;ukad omfrS r[kwrf w&m;pGypf jJG cif;ukyd if r&yfwchH ½hJ o
kH mru rD&Zf mqGm[db(f \tqk)d
ukd rSeu
f efaMumif; vufc&H efrQukv
d nf; rvkv
d m;cJjh cif;jzifh tb,frQaom rsufuef;awmwd;k rsm;jzpfaeMu
bdoenf;/ usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefu todv
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d v
f aS ompum;ukd qkx
d m;ygvdr/hf

]]aMomf----tMuifuRerf sm;(\tajctaerSm) 0rf;enf;aMuuGzJ ,

G &f maumif;vSygbdwum;/ ¤if;wkx
Yd H
rnfonfh ]&plv}f wrefawmfwpfyg;rqkd a&muf&v
dS monf&adS omf ¤if;wko
Yd nf xkd ]&plv}f wrefawmftm;
 63

jyuf&,fajymifavSmifcJhMuonfcsnf;omjzpf\}} (36;30)

,ckwifjyaqG;aEG;vsuf&adS om tm,wfawmfrS ]o0zæ}D \ teufoabmuvnf; txift&Sm;

jyvQuf&Sdygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf rdrdta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í
]zvr®mo0zædKif;oeD} t&Sifjrwfu uRefawmfrsdK;tm; aoapawmfrlvkdufaomtcg [laom pum;
vH;k uko
d m oH;k pGcJ ahJ omaMumifjh zpfygonf/ tu,fí ]o0zæ}D \ t"dygÜ ,frmS ]aoapawmfrjl cif;} om
r[kwrf í
l wpfbufuajymqkad eMuonft
h wkid ;f ]yifrh ,laqmifjcif;} om jzpfcyhJ gvQif wrefawmfjrwf
BuD; u þpum;vHk;ukd rdrdESifh ESD;EG,fí vm;vm;rQoHk;pGJajymqdkrnfr[kwfyg/ taMumif;aomfum;
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rSm aumif;uifbHkodkYyifhrjcif;ukd rcH&rlbJ tjcm;vlom;rsm;uJhodkYyif
urÇmajray:rSmyif aojcif;\t&omukd jrnf;prf;oGm;cJh&aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

tu,fí rqd[ftm;? bk&m;ociftjzpf rSwf,lvkdufvQifvnf;yJ olonf

r&Puk d a &S m if u G i f ; Ed k i f rnf r [k w f y g/

þae&modkYa&mufvmonfhtxdawmh rqd[f(wrefawmftDqm)tm; vlom;wpfOD;tjzpftae

omvQif azmfjyvmcJyh gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefrmS rnfonfw
h pfpw
kH pfcrk Qaom ½Iaxmifh
rsdK;ukrd S rvGwaf paom NyD;jynfph v
kH o
S nfh usrf;awmfjzpfygonf/ xkjYd yifwpf0 urÇmay:&Sd tpdwt
f ydik ;f BuD;
wpf&yfrmS vnf; ]rqd[}f tm; bk&m;ociftjzpfrw
S ,
f x
l m;Muygonf/ odjYk zpfí þonhf tajctaeü
aomfrQvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefu tbufbufrS aqG;aEG;wifjyrIjynfph o
kH mG ;&avatmif aoqH;k uG,v
f eG f
aMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Asm'dwaf wmfvm&So
d nfrmS -

]]pifppfrmS rlum; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\tjyif ¤if;wk[

Yd pfac:Muukeaf omolwo
Ydk nf wpfpw
kH pf&mukrd Q
zefqif;Edik Mf urnfr[kw/f ¤if;wkYd (uk,
d w
f idk )f onfyifvQif zefqif;jcif;udck cH MhJ u&ayownf;/ (¤if;wko
Yd nf)
olaorsm; (oufrJhrsm;yif) jzpfMuukef\/ &Sifolrsm;r[kwfMuay/ xkdrSwpfyg; ¤if;wkdYrSm rdrdwdkYonf
rnfonfhtcsdeftcgü &Sifjyefxapjcif;cHMu&rnfukdyif rodMuacs/ (16;20-21)

þtm,wfawmfu wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \vufxufawmfwiG f uk;d uG,&f mtjzpf ud;k uG,f

qnf;uyf? &Scd ;dk OD;csjcif;ukcd &H aomyk*Kd¾ vftm;vH;k wk\
Yd aoqH;k rIowif;ukd azmfjyaeygonf/ xkjYd yif ]rqd[}f
wrefawmftDqm rSmvnf; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGif;rSwpfOD; jzpfvQuf&SdaMumif; jrifomxifom
xif&Sm;pGm&Sdaeyg onf/
 64

tu,fírsm; vlwpfcsdKUu þtm,wfawmfwiG f ½kyq

f if;wkponfw\
Ydk taMumif;uko
d m azmfjy
xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ bk&m;tjzpf uk;d uG,cf &H aom vlom;ukd azmfjyxm;onfr[kwyf g[k jiif;csufxw
k f
cJyh gvQif þonfrmS vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f ygvdrrhf nf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu þtm,wf
awmfwiG f ½kyq
f if;wkponfw\
Ydk taMumif;udo
k m azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tb,fh aMumifq
h adk omf
tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u þtm,wf a wmf w G i f ]0rm;,&S f t k d ½ l ; emtk d u f , m;em,G b f t qG e f ; }
tMuif&cdS ;dk OD;csuk;d uG,Mf ujcif;ukd cH&olwrYkd mS ¤if;wko
Yd nf rnfonft
h csdet
f cgü &Sijf yefxapjcif;cHMu&rnf
ukyd if rodMuacs[k &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm azmfjyxm;aomaMumifjh zpfygonf/ ,ck xif&mS ;onfrmS &Sijf yef
xajrmufjcif;onfum; tkwfcJausmufcJwkdYjzifh xkvkyfxm;aom ½kyfqif;wkponfwkdYrygbJ(ppfaq;í
qkvmbfEiS jhf ypf'Pfupdk pH m;cHpm;&ef&MdS uaom)vlom;wko
Yd nfomvQif aoNy;D aemuf&iS jf yefxajrmufMu&rnf
jzpfygonf/

xkrd w
S pfyg; þtm,wfawmfwiG f ]tvfvZD;em} [laom pum;vH;k ukd oH;k pGaJ zmfjyxm;ojzifh
tma&Aso'´gt& oufr½hJ yk 0f w¬KtwGuf roH;k pGrJ b
l J ouf&v
dS nf;jzpf todOmPf&o
dS v
l nf;jzpfaom vlom;
wkt
Yd wGuo
f m oH;k pGaJ vh&ydS gonf/ odaYk Mumifv
h nf; þwGif tkwaf usmufponfwu
Ydk dk qkv
d jdk cif;r[kw&f yg/
,ck þod k Y v Qif wref a wmf j rwf B uD ; \ vuf x uf a wmf ü uk d ; uG , f q nf ; uyf j cif ; uk d
cH M u&aomt&mrsm; ES i f h pyf v sOf ; í þtm,wf a wmf u vl o m;rsm;tm;qk d v k d j cif ; jzpf a Mumif ;
oufao&aomaMumifh wrefawmftq
D m onfvnf; þ (bk&m;&Sit
f jzpftud;k uG,cf &H )olww
Ydk iG f
pm&if;0ifjzpfaMumif;ukd rjzpfraevufcHMu½HkrnfumrwårQr[kwf/ wrefawmftDqm onf
wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ acwfESifh tvGefeD;pyfvQuf&SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; vlom;tm;
bk&m;tjzpfukd;uG,ftylaZmfcH&olwkdYwGifvnf; vlrsm;&mpkwkdYrSm ]rqd[f} (wrefawmftDqm)ukdom
ukd;uG,fvQuf&SdMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; taMumif; aMumif;ukd axmufcsifhwGufcsufjcif;tm;jzifh
xGufay:vmaomtajzpm&if;t& yxrOD;qHk;aomyk*¾dKvfrSm ]rqd[ftDqm} omjzpfaeygonf/
odkYjzpfygaomaMumifh ]rqd[f-tDqm}onf ]]trf0g;oGef*kdif;&mtm[f
,m;tif00f ,m;,&St
f ½dk ;l emtku
d ,
f m;em,bftqGe;f }} ],if;onfwrYdk mS aoolrsm;omjzpfMu\/ &Sio
f rl sm;
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h cg &Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfuydk if rod&MdS uay/} [k tMuifoEl iS hf
ES;D EG,í
f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf rdeMYf um;xm;awmfral omolww
Ykd iG f ]rqd[-f tDqm}onf 0daooxl;jcm;pGmjzifh
txift&Sm;&Sdaeygownf;/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf y&d,m,fa00kpfjzifh MuHaqmifolrsm;xuf

taumif ; qH k ; MuH a qmif a wmf r l a omt&S i f j zpf \ /

q&mBuD;rsm;tcsdKUu -
 65

(3;54)]],if;(tpö&mtDvDrsdK;EG,fwkdYteuf wrefawmftDqmtm; r,HkMunfaom) olwdkYonfvnf;

(wrefawmftDqm ukd owfjzwf&eftvkdYiSg y&d,m,frm,ma00kpftm;jzihf) vdr®myg;eyfpGm
MuHpnfcJhMu\/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfvnf; (eADwrefawmftDqm tm; ,if;olwdkY\
ab;&efcyfodrf;wdkYrS uif;vGwfapawmfrljcif;iSg) y&d,mfa00kpfjzifhyif MuHaqmifawmfrlcJhavonf/ trSef
aomfum; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf y&d,mfa00kpjf zifh MuHaqmiforl sm;xuf taumif;qH;k MuHaqmifawmf
rlaom t&Sijf rwfyifjzpfawmfral yownf;/}} (3;54) [lonfh tm,wfawmfudk jyefvnfaxmufjyMuum
]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf y&d,m,fa00kpjf zifh MuHaqmiforl sm;xuf taumif;qH;k MuHaqmifawmfral omt&Sif
jrwfyifjzpfawmfro
l wnf;} [lonfh pum;yk'd u
f yif ]wrefawmftq
D m tm; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
vHkjcHKat;csrf;pGmjzifh aumif;uifbHkodkYwif,lawmfrlvkdufNyD; ol\ae&mwGif olESifhqifwl½kd;rSm;jzpfaom
vlwpfa,mufudk ,if;(ppfo&l )J wku
Yd vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wifcahJ yonf/ odjYk zifh igwko
Yd nf wrefawmftq
D m
tm; vuf0g;uyfwidk w
f ifí uGyrf sufEidk cf NhJ yD[k xifrw
S f aecJMh uonf/ odaYk Mumifh wrefawmftq
D mrSm
aumif;uifow
Ykd if,o
l rd ;f qnf;xm;jcif;cH&onfrmS trSef jzpf\/ ]ruú&eG }f [lonf tm&ADbmompum;ü
tvG e f o d r f a rG U vQd K U0S u f z H k ; uG , f p G m jzif h jyKvk y f a omtMuH tpnf u k d qk d a yonf / xk d Y j yif
þonfht"dyÜg,foabmtm;avsmfpGm þwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ]ckdif;&Gvfrmau&if;ef} [k
Asm'dwfay;rdefYMum;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k apm'u0ifwwfavh&Sdygonf/ (z['fbk&if yHkESdyfwkdufxkwf?
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef tl&f'lbmomjyef? pm-148/ (3;54)? atmufajcrSwfcsuf(3)½I/

þtm,wfawmfwiG f ]ruú&}f [laom tma&Asa0g[m&ukd oH;k pGx

J m;ygonf/ okaYd Mumifh tcsKd Uaom
apm'u0ifow
l u
Ydk ? tv’m[fonfvnf; ]ruúm;&f} jzpfayoavm[lí tl&'f pl um;(pmay)tm;jzifh tjypf
&SmaxmufjyMuygonf/ ]ruúm;&f} [lonfh tl&'f pl um;vH;k rSm ]vdrv
f nfvn
S zhf sm;uvdeu
f sol} [k qkyd g
onf/ (etlZb
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d m’ [f) okjYd zpfygaomaMumifh ]0gru½l} ]0grmu&v’m[f} [lonft
h m,wfawmfygpum;
vH k ; ES p f c k u k d jyef q k d & mwG i f wref a wmf t D q m tm; vd r f v nf v S n f h z sm;uvd e f j cH K usí
r[k w f r [wf v k y f Z mwf awG q if u m r&t& um;pif a y:wif í uG y f r suf & avatmif
MuH p nf o l w d w å d w uú w G e f ; wk d Y \ vk y f & yf E S i f h ]0grmu&v’ m [f } tv’ m [f o nf v nf ;
MuHpnfawmfrl\[laomvkyf&yfukd t"dyÜg,fobmwlnDpGmjzifh azmfjy vkdufygvQif tv’m[fonfum;
]ruúm;&f} jzpfayoavm[k apm'u0ifolrsm;twGuf vrf;zGifhay;ovkd jzpfygvdrfhrnf/

odjYk zpf&m ]ruú&}f [laom tma&Asbmompum;\ a0g[m&teufrmS aumif;aomtpDtrH

tMuHtpnfEiS hf npfywf,w
k n
f ahH om tpDtrHtMuHtpnfEpS &f yfv;kH twGuf oH;k EIe;f ajymqkad zmfjyMuonfudk
owdcsyfoifyh gonf/ odjYk zpfygí tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ]ruú&}f MuHpnfrrI mS ]wdww
då uúweG ;f rdpmä rku
d }f
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Yd npfay,kwn
f rhH oefjY yefaY om tMuHtpnfEiS hf vm;vm;rQ yrmjywkzufEidI ;f ,SOzf ,
G rf &Syd g/ tv’m[fonf
 66

]uGwf'l;pf} csdKUwJhjcif;uif;? oefY&Sif;awmfrlaomt&Sifjzpfygonf/ ]umzD&f} r,HkMunfol rdpäm'd|rsm;u

wrefawmftq
D m tm; b,fenf;ESirhf qkd vkyMf uHowfjzwfEikd af &;twGuf y&d,m,f? a00kp?f rm,m
ponfrsm;ukd toH;k jyKí uvdraf phjirf;qifru
I dk vkyMf u\/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfuvnf; rdrEd iS hf rdr\
d
wrefawmfwkdYrSm atmifEdkifvTrf;rkd;&rnfom[lí owfrSwfxm;NyD;jzpfonfESifhavsmfnDpGm (58;21) rdrd\
wrefawmfudk tEÅ&m,f&efp,
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u,fwifawmfrlcJhygonf/

Oyrm - tu,fíom wrefawmftq

D m tm;? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu? vlom;rsm;\MuHpnf
vkyMf uHowfjzwfjcif;ab;rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf (t&Siq
hf EG o
é af wmfuckd sdK;azmufí) olEiS hf qifw,
l ;kd rSm;
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d J tpm;xk;d ay;Ny;D olUukd rk;d ay: rçwifxm;vku
d &f atmif bmtxl;taMumif;
&Sv
d yYdk gvJ/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf&UJ pDru
H ed ;f BuD;ukd atmifjrifatmif raqmif&u
G &f ao;wmaMumifh tjcm;enf;
jzifh u,fwifz&Ydk m tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfrmS enf;vrf;&SmrawGUvkYd uref;uwef;r,lNy;D odr;f xm;vku
d w
f mvm;/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu olvw
dk refawmfrsdK;(od)Yk olUxufomwJw
h refawmfrsdK;ukd aemufxyfzefqif;apvTwf
EkdifcJhwefckd;awmfr&SdawmhvkdYvm;/ ponfh ponfhar;cGef;rsm; woDwwef;BuD; xGufay:vmygonf/

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf rdr\

d tcspfawmfwrefawmftm; u,fwif&eftvdiYk gS ]]olEiS q
hf ifw½l ;kd rSm;
jzpfapol vlom;wpfa,mufudk zefqif;vku
d Nf y;D olc&H rnfu
h m;pifwifjcif;udpu
ö dk xkt
d opfpufpufzefqif;
jcif;cHvkduf&wJhvlom;tm; bkrodbrodbJ um;pifwifí uGyfrsufapawmfrlcJh½kd;rSefvQif}}(4;157-
jrefrmjyefu&k t
f mef z['fb&k ifyEkH ydS ?f atmufajc&SK) txufrmS azmfjy cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f tv’m[fonf ]ruúm;&f}
r[kwfr[wfwJh vkyfZmwfqifol[k pGyfpGJEkdifp&mjzpfoGm;rnfukd q&mBuD;rsm; rpOf;pm;rdavoavm/
rdrdwdkYpum; twnfjzpfa&;udkom t"duxm;NyD; ighpum;trSef&zkdYu y"me[k vkyfjcif;ayavm/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf rdr\
d tcspfq;kH ESihf zefqif;cHw\
Ydk t"dywd? &plv?f eADwrefawmfcyford ;f wd\
Yk
rukd#foif;uspfjzpfawmfrlaom r[mwrefawmfjrwfrl[r®'focif tm;? wrefawmftq
D mxufyif
qk;d 0g; aomtajctaejzifh zrf;qD;í vkyMf uHowfjzwfypfMu&ef r,HMk unfjiif;y,fol rdpmä rku
d rf sm;jzpfMuonfh
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þonfudk vH;k 0OóHt
k vH;k pHo
k jd rifawmfral om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfuvnf; rdrw
d refawmftm; vHjk cHKNidr;f
csr;f pGm u,fwifawmfr&l ef MuHpnfcahJ vonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf MuHpnfawmfr&l mwGif txG#t
f acgif
jzpfawmfrlonfhtm;avsmfpGm? wrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm; ruúm[fNrdKUrS vGwfajrmufapawmfrlí r'DemNrdKUodkY
ydaYk qmifay;awmfrcl o
hJ nf/ þwGiv
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 67

]]¤if ; jyif (tk d - eAD w ref a wmf toif o nf jyef v nf í owd & ygav) tMuif t cgü ]umzd & f }
r,HMk unfaoGznfjiif;y,faomolwo
Ydk nf toifEiS yhf wfoufí toift
h m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifMu&efaomfvnf;
aumif;? toift
h m; owfjzwfMu&efaomfvnf;aumif;? toift
h m; (ruúm[fNrdKUrS) ESix
f w
k Mf u&efaomf
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(xkpd Oftcg0,f) ¤if;wko

Yd nf (rdrw Ykd tMuHtpnfrsm;uk)d MuHpnfvQuf&SdMuavonf/ tv’m[f
d \
d MuHtpnfu)dk MuHpnfvQuf&Sdawmfrl\/ pifppfwrlum; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf
t&Sijf rwfonfvnf; (rdrt
taumif;qHk;MuHpnfEkdifawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrlayownf;/}} (8;30)

þudpöwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu wrefawmfjrwfr[m rl[r®'frGwfpfwzg uJhodkYaom

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ urÇmph rD u
H ed ;f BuD;\ t"duyk*Kd¾ vfBuD;ukad wmh ruúm[fro
S nf r'Demodw
Yk idk rf Qaom
c&D;wmuav;ukdaomfrQ rkd;ysHapawmfrlNyD; psmef&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; ]rkda*sZm} wefckd;jym#d[mukd
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wpfa,mufwnf;rQjzifh tcuftcJaygif;pHkukd ausmfjzwfí r'Demta&muf ukef;aMumif;c&D; avQmufoGm;
cJh&&Smygonf/ &efolwdkY\ab;rS rnfodkYrnfyHk vGwfoGm;cJh&aMumif;ukd usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefjrefrmjyef? ywGJ?
pmrsufESm-915? (8;30) atmufajc(1)ukdvnf;aumif;? CmZDa&; wrefawmfjrwfpmrsufESm (178-
185) ukv
d nf;aumif; ½Ipm;Muyguke/f odu
Yk vkd wrefawmfjrwfBuD; tm; obm0ususu,fwifawmf
rlcahJ om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf wrefawmftq
D mMuHKawGUae&aom tEÅ&m,frS vGwaf jrmuf&eftwGuf
obm0usus ru,f w if c J h b J ? tbuf b uf r S axmuf u G u f j yp&m tjypf t emtqmAvyG E S i f h
u,fwifygrnfavm/ pOf;pm;yg/ OmPfukdvTmítoHk;csum tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh
rndpGef;&avatmif awG;ac:ajrmfjrifMuygvkdY? av;pm;pGmyefMum;vdkygonf/

r,HMk unfjiif;y,fMuukeaf om rdpmä rku

d w
f u
Ydk wrefawmftq
D m tm; vkyfMuHowfjzwf&ef
enf;aygif;pHkjzifh MuHpnfcJhMuNyD; um;pifay:wifí uGyfrsufa&;udpöukd atmifjrifatmif BudK;yrf;cJhMu\/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfuvnf; wrefawmftq
D mMuHKawGU&rnfh t&Sit
hf wGuf ]uk&b
f meD} tepfemcH&rnfh
ta&;ukd BudKwiftoday;awmfrlaomaMumifh t&SifhxHyg;c,0yfwGm; OD;ESdrf½kdusdK;í ]]'l;axmufvsuf?
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f dk tuREkyf rf v
S aJT wmfryl g/ odaYk omfvnf; tuREkyf t
f vk&d o
dS nftwkid ;f
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l / acR;xGuaf wmfro
l nfum; ajray:üusaom aoG;puf
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k mc&pf0if 22;42-44) xkpd Of tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfuvnf; wrefawmftq
D m\
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uk,
d af wmfonf tuREyfk pf um;ukd em;axmifawmfral om aus;Zl;awmfBuD;vSyg\/ uk,
d af wmfonf tuREyfk f
 68

pum;ukd tpOfrjywfem;axmifawmfrlonfukd tuREkfyfodyg\/}} (&Sifa,m[efc&pf0if? 11;41-42) [k

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u,fwifzdkY&m BudKwifpDrHxm;NyD;jzpfonf/

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h m; emcHvu
dk f
emí tepfemcHcMhJ uolwt
Ydk m; toifu
h dk remcHrvku
d ef mMuolwt
Ydk ay: urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wkid f txufp;D rS
&Sad pawmfral yOD;rnf/}} (3;55)[lí ,HMk unfpw
d cf sí pdw\
f oufom&mukjd zpfapaom Asm'dwaf wmfudk
ydkYcsawmfrlcJhonf/

xko
d t
Ydk &Sijf rwftxHawmfrS trSew
f u,f tppftrSef Nidro
f ufjcif; r*FvmtwdjzifNh yD;aom Asm'dwf
awmfusa&mufvmonfEiS t
hf nD t&Sijf rwfonf wrefawmftq
D m tm; axmifah ygif;pHrk S tjynft
h 0
vGwfNidrf;cGifhukday;oem;awmfrlum aysmufvGifhaeaom £oa&vtrsdK;om; okd;rsm;&Sd&m uoQ
rD;,m;(u&Srf ;D &f)okw
Yd idk f ab;b,mvGwu
f if;pGm ydaYk qmifay;awmfru
l m t&Sijf rwf\ pDru
H ed ;f ukad tmifjrif
pGmaqmif&u
G í
f touf(120)txd oufwef;aphaeNyD; obm0tavQmuf wrvGepf cef; t&Siehf ef;odYk
<ujref;oGm;apawmfrlcJhayownf;/
 69

a&S ; txuf u srf ; *ef & &S d o l w k d Y t euf wpf a ,muf r usef
wrefawmftDqmruG,fvGefrD ,HkMunfMuukeftHh[laomtm,wfawmf\tvkdoabm

txufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mef\ tm,wfawmfrsm;ESihf &Si;f vif;csufrsm;tm;jzifh wrefawmf
tDqm onf aumif;uifbHkodkY <ujref;oGm;jcif;r&Sdrlí vloltrsm;uJhodkYyif rdrdtoufwmb0ukd
ouf w rf ; aph a eí uk e f q H k ; apum urÇ m ajrüyif uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf c J h j cif ; jzpf a Mumif ; uk d
aumif;rGe&f iS ;f vif;pGm oabmaygufMu rnf[k arQmfvifyh gonf/ odpYk ifvQuf þae&mwGif uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m;
twk d u f t cH j yKol w k d Y b uf r S wref a wmf tD q m touf & S i f v Quf & S d a o;aMumif ;
oufaojyaomtm,wfawmfwpfyk'f usef&Sdygao;ojzifh þjyóemukdvnf; b,fenf;ESifhrqkd
&S i f ; vif ; NyD ; jzpf o G m ;apjcif ; tvk d Y i S g twk d c sH K U&S i f ; jy&ef v k d o nf [ k xif r S w f ygaomaMumif h
tenf;i,f&Sif;jyvkdygonf/

usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ Asm'dwaf wmfvm&Sx
d m;onfrmS -

[líjzpfNyD; þtm,wfawmfukd t[fr'Dr[kwaf omynm&Srd sm;u a,bl,stm;jzifh þodt

Yk "dygÜ ,fziG q
hf dk
Muygonf/

]]¤if;jyif a&S;txufusrf;*efudk &&So

d (l ,[l')D wkt
Yd euf wpfa,mufrusef eADwrefawmf rqd[f
tDqmruG,v
f eG rf D xked ADwrefawmf rqd[t
f q
D mtm; ,HMk unfMuuke\
f /}} (4;159)

,if;tm;jzifh xkdyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wrefawmftDqm rSm ,ckxufwidk f touf&iS v

f Quf&adS eNyD;
urÇ m h aES m if ; umvrsm;wG i f txuf r k d ; aumif ; uif a y:rS ouf q if ; vmrnf j zpf o nf / xk d t cg
a&S;txufusr;f *ef& oltm;vH;k wkrYd mS wrefawmftq
D m tm; r&raeouf0if,MkH unfvm&atmifjyKjcif;
cH&ayvdrhfrnf/ wpfenf;"m;rkd;í 0g'jzefYvdrfhrnf[laom tajzukd xkwfMuygonf/

od&Yk mwGif uREkyf w

f o
Ydk nf todOmPfudk pk;d pOf;uav;rQ toH;k csí pOf;pm;Munfv
h u
dk ½f rkH QESiyhf if
xko
d ufaojycsuf\ tm;enf;csuftm;vH;k yGio
fh mG ;ygvdrrhf nf/ usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefrS tm,wfawmfvm&Sd
yHrk mS -

[lí jzpfygonf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]>cif;csufr&Sd a&S;usrf;*ef&ol[l[lorQ} jzpfonf/ ,ck

 70

tu,fí wrefawmftq
D m rk;d aumif;uifrS oufqif;vmcJNh yyD q
J Mdk uygpk/Yd xkt
d cg &S&d o
dS rQ a&S;usr;f *ef
&&S d o l (&[l ' D r sm;)tm;vH k ; >cif ; csuf r &S d wpf a ,muf r Qrusef b J wref a wmf t D q m tm;
,HMk unfvufcv
H u
dk f vQifvnf;yJ? ]]tifrift[
hJ v
f v
d u
f w
d m;bf} \oabmt"dygÜ ,fjynfph rkH nfr[kwyf g/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf odef;oef;uka#ruaom&[l'Drsm;rSm þtm,wfawmfusa&mufNyD;onfESifh
wrefawmftDqm <ua&muf rvmrD pyfMum;umvwGif uG,fvGefcJhMuNyDjzpfí ,if;olwkdYfrSm
tb,f u J h o d k Y ,H k M unf v uf c H c G i f h & &S d M uyg rnf e nf ; / ,if ; ol w k d Y r S m rnf o nf h e nf ; ES i f h r qk d
>cif;csufom&Sdaernfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf tm,wfawmfyg pum;vHk;rsm;u ]wpfpHkwpf&m>cif;csufr&Sdap&}
acs/ odjYk zifh þtm,wfawmfudk bmomjyefqjdk cif;wGif wpfcck rk mS ;aeaMumif;; odomxif&mS ;vmygawmhonf/
xkjYd yifwpf0 usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f uREkyf w
f Ydk jrifawGU zwf½MI u&onfrmS -

]]odkYjzpfay&m igt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wkdYwGif ]ud,mrwf} &SifjyefxrnfhaeYwkdifatmif &efNidK;xm;

rIEiS hf rke;f wD;rIwu
Ydk dk xnfo
h iG ;f ay;awmfrcl ahJ vonf/}} (5;14)

þonftm;jzifh xif&mS ;onfrmS ]&[l'}D a&m ]tDqmtD} trsdK;om;wkYd tm;vH;k wdrYk mS vH;k vH;k vsm;
vsm; aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;rnhu
f mv wpfpw
kH pf&mrQ r&S½d rkH Qr[kwrf í
l ¤if;wko
Yd nf ]au,mrwf}aeYwidk f
wnf&MdS uayvdrf rfh nf/ þtm,wfawmftjyif aemufxyftjcm; tm,wftajrmuftrsm;tm;jzifv
h nf;
]&[l'}D rsm;rSm au,mrwfaeYtxd&MdS uOD;rnfjzpfaMumif;ESihf vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;Murnfvnf;
r[kwaf Mumif;ukd txift&Sm;jyovQuf&adS eygonf/ odjYk zpf&m ,ckwifjyaqG;aEG;vQuf&adS om tm,wf
awmf(4;159)ukd ]]&[l'w
D t
Ydk euf wpfa,mufrusef eADwrefawmfrqd[t
f q
D mruG,v
f eG rf D xked ADwref
awmfrqD[t
f q
D mtm; ,HMk unfMuuke\
f }} [k jyefqjdk cif;rSm usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mef\ oifjycsufjzifh
vHk;0(vHk;0) 0da&m"djzpfaeygonf/

odjYk zpfygvQif tm,wfawmf\qkv

d &dk if;t"dygÜ ,fu rnfo&Ykd ydS goenf;[laom ar;cGe;f twGuf tajzukd
ra&;om; razmfjyrD? uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKolrsm;\ jyefqcdk sufudk a&S;ynm&Sirf sm;\ oabmBudKuf
nDrrI &So
d nfomur þtm,wfawmf\ ]ozæq&D }f #DumzGiq
hf rdk rI sm;wGiv
f nf; ynm&Sirf sm;\tMum;wGif
trsm;tjym; 0d0g'uGjJ ym;vQuf&cdS ahJ Mumif;ESihf wpfcsdKUuwpfrsdK; tjcm;yk*Kd¾ vfwpfcsdKUu wpfrsdK;jzifh tqkjd ym;
vQuf&SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; odapvdkygonf/ xdkjyif þtm,wfawmf\t"dyÜg,foabmtrSefrSm
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ]rkd[furm;of} rajymif; rvGJay:vGifxif&Sm;jywfom;í teuft"dyÜg,f
wpf r sd K ;wpf p m;wnf ; xG u f a omtm,wf a wmf r sm;ES i f h rqef Y u sif 0 d a &m"d r jzpf a omt"d y Ü g ,f u d k
jyefqkdjcif;onfom trSefqHk;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/ xkdYjyif tm,wfawmf \ 0gusoGm;?
 71

0guszUJG rItpDtpOfEiS v
hf nf; uku
d n
f &D ygrnf/ odaYk Mumifh ,ck þtm,wfawmf\0gusomG ; ukd Munf½h yI gvQif
þtm,wfawmf\ tvsif &[l'rD sm;u wrefawmftq
D m tm; vuf0g;uyfwidk af y: wifí
uGyrf sufjcif;ü atmifjrifNyD[k a<u;aMumfcMhJ uaMumif;? ,if;ukd y,fcsaomtaejzifh tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu
tjzpfrSefonfum; wrefawmftDqmonf um;pifay:wGif raocJhrlbJ &[l'DwdkYu txiftjrif
arSmufrmS ;cJjh cif;omjzpfaMumif;? odaYk omf jyif;xefvaS om 'Pf&mtemw&jzpfjcif;\ tusKd ;oufa&mufrjI zifh
vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wifí uGyrf sufjcif;ukd cHc&hJ avNyD[k xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfomG ;apavmufaomtajc
taeod k Y a&muf a vmuf a tmif owd v pf a rh a rsmíoG m ;cJ h o nf / od k Y a Mumif h v nf ; &[l ' D w k d Y u
wref a wmf t D q monf trS e f w u,f y if vuf 0 g;uyf w k d i f ay:wG i f aoqH k ; cJ h a vonf [ k
xif a ,mif x if r S m ;jzpf v Quf & S d c J h M ujcif ; jzpf o nf / od k Y a omf &[l ' D w k d Y u þud p ö w G i f
CPaocsmpGmpHpk rf;avhvmjcif;rjyKrlí txiftjrif t,ltqa&mf&rf;rSe;f qrIwpf&yf\aemufoYkd aumuf
aumufygatmif vku
d af ecJMh uavonf[k ajzMum;awmfral om tm,wfawmfvm&Sx
d m;jcif; jzpfygonf/

þonf (rkuy© gXfawmf)\aemufwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]tifrfrifeftJ[fvdvfudwm;ab

tdv’mv,ktfrdeefembd[DuAÁvmarmif0fao[D} a&S;usrf;uefudk &&SMd uukeaf omoltaygif;wko
Yd nf
rdrw
d \
Ykd r&Pra&mufrt
D vsif (wrefawmftq
D mvuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif trSeyf ifaoqH;k cJNh yDjzpfaMumif;
uk)d ,HMk unfvufcv
H Quf&MdS uayrnf/ od&Yk mwGif ¤if;wk\
Yd þ,HMk unfcsufrmS ¤if;wkaYd oqH;k rnfu
h mvtxd
&SMd uayvdrrhf nf/ xkjYd yif aoqH;k Ny;D aemufrS ,if;olwt
Ydk ay: jzpf&yftrSef yGiv
hf if;vmrnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;
rl jzpf&yfrSefrsm;rSm aoNyD;aemufwGif yGifhvif;xif&Sm;vm&onfjzpfonfhtjyif vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\
trSm;rsm;ukd od&MdS u&avaomaMumifw
h nf;/

þonfh t"dygÜ ,fjyefqrdk rI mS tb,frQ&Si;f vif;í 0gusoGm; 0guszGUJ yHt

k pDtpOfEiS hf tb,frQ
tcsdK;nDí tb,frf Q tH0ifciG u
f s o[ZmwjzpfaeaMumif;ukd ½Ipm;apvkyd gonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
rdefYMum;awmfrlonfrSm þavmuDb0wGifawmh a&S;usrf;&oltm;vHk;wkdYrSm (0g) &[l'DwkdYrSm wrefawmf
tDqmtm; vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif tedpaö &mufcNhJ yD[k trSeyf ifawG;qvQufom&SMd uayvdrrhf nf/ odaYk omf
þ,HMk unfcsuftawG;tac:rSm ,if;olw\
Ydk aoqH;k aomumvtxdom wnf&rdS nfjzpfonf/ xdo
k w
l Ydk
aoqH;k uG,v
f eG cf MhJ uNy;D aemuf wrefawmftq
D m onf trSew
f u,ftm;jzifh vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif
raoqH;k cJah Mumif;ESihf olw\
Ydk tawG;tac:t,ltqrSm rSm;,Gi;f cJah Mumif;ukd aumif;pGmod&MdS u&ayvwåUH /

xkrd w
S pfyg; þtm,wfawmfudk uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKolwrYdk S t"dygÜ ,fjyefqrdk t
I & þtm
,wfawmfonf &[l'w
D t
Ydk zdYk tvGev
f Qif okwrd *Fvm&Spd &mjzpfvmayonf/ taMumif;rl xko
d w
l t
Ydk m;vH;k
wkrYd mS ]rkt
Yd rf ife}f ouf0if,MkH unforl sm;tjzpfudk &&So
d mG ;Mu&rnfjzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/ tajctaerSef
rSmum; þtm,wfawmfxuftvsifEiS hf aemufyidk ;f &St
d m,wfawmfrsm;u &[l'w
D \
Ydk qk;d ,kwrf rI sm;ESihf
 72

uHraumif;taMumif;rvSrrI sm; yg0ifvQuf&adS eygonf/ odjYk zpfygí tv,fryS g&Sad eaom þonft
h m,wf
awmfukd todkYvQif 0rf;ajrmufzG,fowif;aumif;tjzpf rSwf,lEkdifygtHhenf;/

þfwGifru þtm,wfawmfwGif ]armif0fao[D} [lí vm&Sdxm;csufrSm ]ozæqD&fbkdif'Gg0DESifh

u&Sf&Sm;zf} (uk&t
f mef#u
D m)usrf;ponfw\
Ydk &Si;f vif;csufrsm;tm;jzifv
h nf; uREkyf w
f \
Ykd t"dygÜ ,fjyefqrdk I
twGuf xyfavmif;í axmufccH sufrsm;&&Sjd yefygonf/ xkt
d qkrd sm;t& xif&mS ;onfrmS ]armif0af o[D}
[laom emrfpm;yk'rf mS wrefawmftq
D mbufoYkd rñTe;f qdrk b
l J ]tJ[af vhuw
d mAf}rsm;bufoo
Ykd m ñTe;f qkd
vsuf&adS Mumif; xif&mS ;ygonf/ xkjYd yif ]bd[}D [lonfh emrfpm;pum;vH;k rSmvnf; ]tJ[af vhuw
d mAf}wd\
Yk
]wrefawmftq
D mvuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif aoqH;k cJNh yD} [laom pum;bufoYkd ñTe;f qdak eayonf/ tb,f
aMumifq
h adk omf þtm,wfawmfxuftvsif þonft
h aMumif;t&muko
d m rdeq
Yf adk zmfjyxm;ygonf/

,ck uREkyf w
f aYdk qG;aEG;&Si;f jyvQuf&adS om þtm,wfawmf(4;159)\ t"dygÜ ,fjyefqrdk t
I m; þtm
,wfawmf\aemufq;kH ykid ;f uvnf; wpfceJ ufaxmufct
H m;ay;vsuf&adS ejyefygonf/ tm,wfawmfvm&Sd
onfrmS -

]]wrefawmftq
D monf trSew
f u,fyif vuf0g;uyfwidk af y:wGif aoqH;k cJah vNyD[al om tawG;
tjrifüom tJ[favudwmAfwkdYonf pGJNrJpGm&SdaeMuayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
aooltm;vH;k &Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfh ]au,mrof} aeYawmfBuD;wGif wrefawmftq
D m u xko
d w
l EYdk iS hf
qefu
Y sifvsuf oufaowpfyg;tjzpf &yfwnfum rdr\
d vuf0g;uyf wkid t
f wifc&H í aoqH;k aMumif;ESihf
pyfvsOf;NyD; ,if;olwkdY\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;rSm trSm;oufoufom jzpfaMumif;ukd azmfjyayvdrfhrnf/

tm;vH;k ukd csKHUíqk&d ygaomf vuf&adS qG;aEG;&Si;f jyvsuf&adS omtm,wfawmf\ 0gusoGm; 0guszGUJ
pnf;yHkpHepfrsm;uvnf;aumif;? ]armif0fao[D} [laom pum;vHk;ukd ozæqD&fbkdif'Gg0D/ u&Sf&m;zfponfh
t|uxmusrf;BuD;rsm;\ &Sif;jycsufrsm;uvnf;aumif;? xkdYaemufwpfzef usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\
]rk[
Yd u
f rm;of} rajymif;rvGJ ay:vGix
f if&mS ;jywfom;í teuft"dygÜ ,fwpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf;xGuaf om
tm,wfawmfrsm;uvnf;aumif; t[fr'D,mtzGUJ 0ifwu
Ydk dk twku
d t
f cHjyKMuolrsm;\ t"dygÜ ,fjyefqrdk rI mS
]]rSm;ygonf}} [kqkd&ef uREkfyfwdkYtm; wGef;tm;ay;aeygawmhownf;/

usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef u k d t"d y Ü g ,f z G i f h q k d & ef enf ; pepf

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrdefYMum;oifjyawmfrlxm;onfrSm -
 73

xdt
k v’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf toift
h ay:0,f usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefudk xkwjf yefycYkd sawmfral om
d srf;jrwfteuf rajymif;rvGJay:vGifxif&Sm;jywfom;í teuft"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;
t&Sijf rwfyifwnf;/ xku
wpf p m;wnf ; xG u f a om tm,wf a wmf r sm;vnf ; &S d a y\/ ,if ; tm,wf a wmf r sm;onf o mvQif
uk&ftmefusrf;jrwf\ rlvt&if;cHtajctjrpfjzpfavonf/ xkdYjyifwpf0 tjcm;tm,wfawmfrsm;rSm
rlum; t"dyÜg,fjym;aom qifwl½kd;rSm;jzpfaom tm,wfawmfrsm;vnf;&Sd\/ odkY&mwGif rnfodkYyif
jzpfap pdwfESvHk;wGif aoGznf,drf;,kdifrI&SdaomolwdkYrlum; (vlcyif;wkdYtm; omoema&;wGif)
vrf ; rS m ;apvk d í ¤if ; ? xk d t m,wf a wmf r sm;\ t"d y Ü g ,f r sm;uk d trS m ;aumuf v k d í 4if ; ?
,if;qifwl,kd;rSm; tm,wfawmfrsm;ukdyif vkdufemvkdufpm;Muukef\//}} (3;7)

þwG i f tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef r S tm,wf a wmf r sm;tm; ½I y f a xG ;
ayGvrd v
f aS omjyóem[lorQwku
Yd dk t&if;tjrpfrS jzwfawmuf&iS ;f vif;ypfaponft
h "dygÜ ,fjyefqEdk idk af om
enf;pepfudk uREkfyfwdkYtm; ay;oem;xm;awmfrlaMumif; ½Ipm;Muygukef/ tv’m[ft&Skifjrwfu
½Iaxmift
h rsKd ;rsKd ; jzifh t"dygÜ ,fxu
G Ef ikd af om tm,wfawmfwpfcsKd U&Sad Mumif; yrmtm;jzifh emrfpm;pum;vH;k ukd
azmfjyvQuf tMuift&mbufoYkd &nfñeT ;f rdeMYf um;ygaomfvnf; xked mrfpm;yk'u
f tjcm;t&mwpfcq
k o
D Ydk
a&mufp&m jzpfwwfjcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf wpfrsdK;r[kwf wpfrsdK;aomenf;jzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;
xifa,mifxifrSm; 0dk;wkd;0g;wm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJhvQif þuJhodkYaom tm,wfawmfrsm;ukd
]rkd[fhurm;of} wkduf½kduf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifonfh tm,wfawmfrsm;ESifh 0da&m"drjzpfMuapvifh[k
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m; vrf;ñTeaf wmfrx
l m;ygonf/xkjYd yifwpf0 tjcm;wpfae&müvnf; -

]]odkYjzpf&m todkYenf; olwkdYonf uk&ftmefukd aocsmpGm qifjcifoHk;oyfpl;prf;qifjcifjcif; rjyKMuay

oavm/ trSeaf omfum; tu,fí þusrf;awmfonf tv’m[frw
S pfyg; tjcm;wpfO;D OD;xHrjS zpfcahJ omf
,if;ü rsm;pGmaom 0da&m"d uGJvGJjcm;em;csufrsm;ukdvnf; trSefyif awGU&Sd&rnfjzpf\/}} (4;82)
[lazmfjyxm;½Hkomru

]]trSeaf omfum; ,if;onf wpfcak om *kPu

f sufoa&BuD;vSonfh usrf;awmfjzpf\/ trSm;onf ,if;\
a&SUrSaomfvnf;aumif;aemufrSaomfvnf;aumif; vma&mufpGufzufEkdifjcif;r&Sdacs/ vGefpGm OmPf
 74

tajrmftjrifEiS hf jynfph akH wmfral omt&Si?f csD;rGr;f axmremjcif;taygif;ukd cHxu

dk af omrlaomt&Six
hf aH wmfrS
xkwfjyefydkYcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;awmfjzpf\/}} (41;42) [kvnf; rdefYMum;vif;jyxm;awmfrlygonf/
odaYk Mumifh usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefonf ]tvfu&k t
f m;Ek,zdk wfaq½kt
Yd b
f mtf'[
G b
l mtf'eG }f uk&t
f mef
usr;f awmfjrwf(rStm,wfawmfrsm;)onf wpfcu
k wpfcu
k dk &Si;f vif;azmfjy\[k tpövmrft
h m"du0d a&S;ynm&Sd
tausmfwu
Ydk wpfoabmwnf;rSwcf sufcsxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ þonfu&dk nfí tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
]igt&Sijf rwfxw
k jf yefycYdk say;awmfrw
l u
hJ sr;f jzpfwmaMumifh tm,wfawmftm;vH;k wpfcek w
YJ pfck qefu
Y sib
f uf
0da&m"dr&Sb
d ;l / tjyeftvSef tnrn tusKd ;jyKvQu&f adS ew,f[k rdex
Yf m;½Ho
k mrubJ? ]tJovkt
d jyeftvSef
tusKd ;jyKaewmaMumifv
h nf; trSm;[m 'Dusr;f awmfygrkuy© gXfawmfrsm;&JU taemufbufraS &m ta&SUbufryS g
0ifa&mufaESmif,
h u
S t
f zsufvyk if ef;vkyv
f rYdk &bl;} qkNd yD;awmhyg tmrcHcsufay;xm;awmfrjl cif;jzpfygonf/
þonfñ
h eT ;f qkad wmfrcl sufrsm;aMumifyh if [Z&oft[fr'f(rqd[-f r[f')D ocifBuD;uvnf; -

]]usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefonf tjcm;omrefusr;f rsm;uJo
h rYkd [kwaf cs/ rdr\
d rSeu
f efrt
I wGuf tjcm;usr;f ukd
tm;ud;k &jcif;vnf; r&Sad cs/ þusr;f awmfonf trSt
D wG,w
f jYdk zifh EG,,
f u
S í
f pHepfwus wnfaqmufxm;
ojzifh ,if;rS tkww
f pfcsyfrQukyd if vIyv
f u
dk o
f nfEiS hf taqmufttHBk uD;wpfcv
k ;kH \ yHyk ef;o@efysuf,iG ;f
oGm;rnfjzpfaom taqmufttHBk uD;yrmjzpfayonf/ þusrf;awmfüyif tenf;qH;k (10)ck odrYk [kwf
(20) ckrQaom oufaojycsufrsm; r&Sdonfhusrf;csufpum;[lí wpfckwpfavrQr&Sdacs/ odkYjzpf&m uREkfyf
wkt
Yd aeESihf usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefrS ]tm,of} awmfwpfy'k u
f dk tu,fí bmomjyefqcdk v
hJ Qif þbmom
jyefqkdrIudk rSefuefaom oufaojyEkdif&ef tjcm;om"ursm;ukd usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif;rS &&SdEdkif r&&Sd
Ekid [
f al om tcsuu
f kd oH;k oyf&ayonf/ tu,fí tjcm;aomom"ujycsurf &&Scd yhJ gvQif aomfvnf;aumif;
uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh ,if;t"dyÜg,fjyefqkdcsufrSm vHk;0rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif;ukd em;vnfoabmayguf&rnfjzpf
onf/ taMumif;aomfum; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ]0da&m"d} r&SdEkdifaomaMumifhwnf;}} [k zGifhqkdvif;
jyxm;cJhygonf/ (b&mumwGwf'dktmusrf;? pm-14)

odjYk zpfygaomaMumifh atmufwiG af zmfjyrnft

h m,wfawmfrmS tb,frQwku
d ½f u
kd t
f "dygÜ ,fuadk zmfjy
vQuf&NdS yD; ,wdjywfq;kH jzwfcsufcsEdik af om om"uay;onft
h m,wfawmfjzpfaMumif;ukd ½Ipm;Munfah p
vkdygonf/

]]&[l'rD sm;ESihf eqG&meDrsm;rSm au,mrofaeYawmfwidk f &efNidK;zGUJ vsuf&MdS uayvwåUH /}} (5;14 ñTe;f
NyD;) (5;65 vnf;½I)

þodaYk omtm,wfawmf&adS eygvQuEf iS hf uREyfk w

f aYdk qG;aEG;&Si;f jyvsu&f adS om tm,wfawmf(5;159)
 75

ukd ]]a&S;txufusrf;*ef&&So
d (l &[l')D wkt
Yd euf wpfa,mufrusef eADwrefawmf rqd[-f tDqm ruG,f
vGerf D xdek ADwrefawmf rqd[t
f q
D mtm; ,HMk unfMuuke\
f }} xkjYd yif &[l'aD &m eqGm&meDwrYdk mS wpfpk
wpf½;kH wnf; jzpfomG ;Muvdrrhf nf[al om t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf cdk sufufdk todv
Yk sif vufcEH idk yf gtHeh nf;/

['D;qfawmftm;jzifh wrefawmftDqm uGefvGefaMumif;oufao

txufwiG f aqG;aEG;&Si;f jycJNh yD;jzpfaom &Si;f vif;wifjycsufrsm;tm;jzifh pm½Iorl w

d af qGrsm;taeESihf
wrefawmftq
D m touf&iS v
f Qu&f adS o;onf[al omtcsuu
f dk usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefu a0;a0;rSz,f&mS ;
wGe;f xkwv
f suf&adS Mumif;ukd oabmaygufNyD[x
k ifygonf/ xkjYd yif ]ref(ef)tqG'f u
f akd rev’ma[uD;vm}
(4;122) [laom rkuy© gXfawmfvm&Sx
d m;ygvQuf? þjyóemESiphf yfvsOf;í ['D;qfawmfrS oufaojycsuf
ukd&SmazG&efrvkdtyfovkd &Sdygonf/ odkYpifvQuf pm½IolrdwfaqGrsm; pdwfauseyfrI&&SdpdrfhaomiSg ['D;pf
awmfrsm;rSvnf; wrefawmftq
D muG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yD;jzpfaMumif;ukd wifjyí 'd[
G oHo,uif;a0;
atmifjyKvky&f ef vkt
d yfonf[k xifryd gonf/ odjYk zpfygí ['D;qfawmftcsdKUukd qufvufwifjyoGm;yg
rnf/ wrefawmfjrwf rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonfrSm -

]],aeY touf&iS v
f suf&adS eMuoltm;vH;k wko
Yd nf ESpw
f pf&mjynfah jrmufomG ;NyD;aemuf touf&iS f
vsuf&MdS uvdrrhf nfr[kwaf cs/}} (qG[[
d rf w
G pf vifusrf;)

þ['D;qfawmfu wrefawmftq
D m twGuf ]ESpv
f nfzgaw[m[fzwfay;zd&Yk mtwGuf
aqmf aMomf a eonf h t vm; wref a wmf t D q m uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf N yD j zpf a Mumif ; uk d
txift&Sm;&Sif;vif;jywfom; pGmazmfjyaeygonf/ xif&Sm;onfu wrefawmftDqm onf
,aeYxufwkdif touf&SifvQufyif&SdcJhao; ygvQif wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \vufxufawmfrmS vnf;
touf & S i f v Quf y if &S d c J h r nf j zpf y gonf / tu,f í xk d u mvwG i f touf & S i f c J h ½ k d ; rS e f y gvQif ?
wrefawmftDqmonf tESpfwpf&mtwGif; ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJ uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;
xif&mS ;ygawmhonf/ xkaYd emuf þrQavmufomr[kwyf g/ aemufxyf ['D;qfawmfwpfy'k u
f dk ½Ipm;MuygOD;/

]]r&f,rfocifr\om;awmf wrefawmftq
D m onf oufawmf(120)wkid f touf&iS cf \
hJ /
}} ([d*s*sLvfu&D mrm[fusr;f ? pm-428 rS wqifh r0g[dbv
k v
f 'GE,
é musr;f ? wG-J 1? pm-42? *svmvkid ;f (ef)?
 76

tm,wfawmf 3;55 \ atmufajc&Sif;vif;csuf? qifhjyefol tpfAaeYtkr®&f ]]{uefrkcs

r&f,rf\om; wrefawmftq
D m onf oufawmf(120)wkid f toufxif&mS ;&Sad ecJ\
h }} xkjYd yif
]tpfAaeuqD;&fusrf;? zaw[kvfb,mefusrf;\&Sif;vif;csufusrf;? wGJ-2? pm-246½I)

xkdYaemuf tjcm;['D;qfawmfwpfyk'fvm&Sdxm;jyefonfrSm -

]]wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u {uefpifppf r&f,rfocifr\om;awmf wrefawmftq

D m
onf oufawmf(120)wkdifonftxd touf&Sifvsuf&SdcJhonf/ xkdYjyif uREkfyf(wrefawmfjrwf)onf
oufawmf (60)\ tpykdif;wGif (þocFg&avmuukd) pGefYcGgrnf/}} [k rdefYawmfrlcJhaom[l\/
(uefZkvftGr®mvfusrf;? wGJ-6? pm-160? zmwDrm[fwGwfZdk[f&m \qifhjyefcsuf)

þ['D;qfawmfrmS wpfpw
kH pf&m'G[
d oHo,jzpfp&mukrd Qr&S&d pfap½Hrk Qr[kwrf í
l wrefawmftq
D m
\ oufawmfuydk g twdtus azmfjyNyD; wrefawmftq
D m tedpaö &mufjcif;ukyd g wygwnf;yl;wGí
J
oufao jyaeygonf/ xdkYjyif ,ck aqG;aEG;vQuf&Sdaombmom&yfukd a&SUqufzkdYyif rvkdawmhacs/
od k Y & mwG i f uREk f y f w k d Y \ qE´ o abmxm;rS m um; wwf E k d i f o rQ pd w f a useyf r I u k d zef w D ; &ef u k d o m
tvkd&SdygaomaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ tjcm;['D;qfawmfwpfy'k q
f o
D Ydk vSr;f vku
d jf yefygonf/
wrefawmfjrwfBuD;u

]]tu,fíom wrefawmfrq
l mESihf wrefawmftq
D mom touf&iS v
f Quf&cdS v
hJ Qif olwEYdk pS Of ;D rSm
ightm;emcHvkdufem&efrSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD}} (ozæqD&ftpfAaeYuqD&fusrf;? wGJ-2? pm-246)

þ['D;qfawmfrmS um; vk&d if;ukd wk&d iS ;f pGm vif;jyvku

d yf gayawmhonf/ wrefawmftq
D m
uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yjD zpfaMumif; qDr;D wpfaxmifxeG ;f n§jd yvku
d o
f nfoEYdk ,
S w
f nf;/ xkjYd yif þudpt
ö wGuf
wpfpw
kH pf&maom a0;vHvo
S nfh axmifw
h pfae&müaomfrQ arSmif&yd rf usEkid af vmufatmif vif;0if;vmcJh
ygonf/ odaYk pwjim; þrQavmufEiS yhf if tawmowfawmfrrlcb
hJ J wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u qufvufí
]]igukd,fawmfjrwf onf ]arht&f m*sf} jzpf&yfwiG f aumif;uif\'kw,
d txyfoaYkd &muf&adS omtcg
xkt
d xyfwiG f wrefawmf ],m[f,m} ESihf wrefawmftq
D m wdkYtm; jrifawGUcJhonf}} [kyif
qk d c J h j yef ygonf / (bl c g&D E S i f h rG w f p vif r f u srf ; ) ,ck M unf h y g/ wref a wmf , m[f , m
uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yD jzpfaMumif;ESihf ¤if;\touf0n
d mOfrmS ol\cE¨muk,
d Ef iS hf cGcJ mG oGm;cJNh yjD zpfaMumif;ukd
tm;vH;k wpfnw
D pfñw
G f wnf; wpfoabmwnf;yif vufcNH yD;aomtaMumif;&yfjzpfygonf/ odjYk zpf&m
 77

wrefawmftDqm onf vnf; uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyD;oljzpfaMumif;oufao&&Sdygonf/

tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf aoqH;k Ny;D olwYdk tokid ;f t0kid ;f wGif aoqH;k Ny;D olwo
Ydk m aeavh&adS omaMumifjh zpfygonf/
aoqHk;NyD;olwkdY\twGif;ü touf&Sif aeolwpfOD;ukd aexkdifapvkdufonfqkdjcif;rSm jzpfEkdifp&mr&Sdyg/

,ck rdwaf qGrsm;tm;vH;k zwf½cI MhJ u&NyjD zpfonft

h wkid ;f usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf rSeu
f efaom ['D;qf
awmfrsm;u wrefawmftq
D m tm; aoqH;k cJNh yDjzpfaMumif;udk odomxif&mS ;pGm oufaojyvQuf&adS e
ygonf/ usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefu xif&Sm;vif;0if;pGmaom pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh wrefawmftDqm
aumif;uif,w
H iG rf &Sad wmhaMumif; azmfjy½Hrk nfumrwår[kw?f wrefawmftq
D mtm; ]&zgtf} jyKonfqdk
jcif;rSmvnf; olawmfreG f olawmfjrwftm;vH;k \ uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufNyD;aemufwiG f ]&zgtf} jzpfavh&o
dS nf
[laomteufoabmuJo
h yYkd ifjzpfaMumif;ESihf wrefawmftq
D m tm; rdrdukd,fwkdif\EIwfyg;pyfjzifh
]tk-d nD&if;tukt
d aygif;wd?Yk uREkyf t
f m; tb,faMumifh taMumif;rJo
h ufouf touf&iS af eonf[k
vufcHae& ygoenf;/ uREkfyfrSmum; rdrd\trsdK;om;rsm; vrf;vGJysufpD;cJhonfxufyiftvsif
aoqHk;uG,fvGefoljzpf ygonf}[k ajymapawmfrlrnfjzpfaMumif;rsm;&SdaeygvQufESifh tjcm;rnfodkYaom
om"ursm;ukd vkyd gao;oenf;/

xkaYd emufwpfzef tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfuvnf; em;qifMuuke/f wrefawmfr[

l r®'f xuftvsif
yGiahf y:cJah vorQaom &plvw
f refawmftm;vH;k uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcMhJ uavNyD[í
l vnf;aumif;? xkrd S
wpfzef wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ Mo0g'awmfrsm;rSmvnf; wrefawmftDqm onf
ouf a wmf ( 120)xd aexd k i f c J h a Mumif ; ES i h f wref a wmf t D q mES i h f wref a wmf r l p mwk d Y o m
touf & S i f v Quf & S d a eMuao;vQif igh t m; emcH v k d u f e mjcif ; rS w pf y g; tjcm;r&S d a Mumif ; ponf h
vif;0if;xif&mS ;aom oufaotaxmuftcHrsm; &Sad eygvsufEiS v
fh nf; tu,fí yk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D OD;taejzifh
rd r d \ tpG J u k d r cRwf b J wZG w f x k d ; jirf ; NrJ j irf ; rnf q k d v Qif a wmh xk d o l \ oabmqE´ t wk d i f ;
vkyfcsif&mvkyfygapawmh/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdYrSmum; rdrdwkdYbufrS aqG;aEG;&Sif; jy&rnfhwm0efukd
jznfhqnf;cJhNyDjzpfí xkdol\udpörSm tv’m[fESifhomqkdifawmhonfjzpfygaMumif;/

tcef; (3)
aoqH k ; NyD ; ol r sm;touf j yef & S i f í vl U avmuod k Y j yef r vm

vltcsdKUu wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG cf ahJ Mumif;ukd usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf ['D;qfawmfrsm;rS
&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;aom azmfjycsufrsm;ukd jrifawGUMu&aomtcg ]wrefawmftDqm ao&ifvnf;
bmjzpfovJ? tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu olUukjd yef&iS af pNyD;? 'Davmuukd jyefvw
T rf mS aygh} [laom pum;ukd
qkdvmMuygonf/
 78

þuJhodkYaom pum;rsdK;twGuf ]aoqkH;NyD;olrsm; toufjyef&SifNyD; þvlUb0½kyfavmuodkY jyef

vmjcif;qko
d nfrmS tpövmrft
h qH;k trrsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ ]qGEw
é }f awmf ed,mr"r®
jyK½d;k jyKpOfEiS v
hf nf;aumif; ajzmifah jzmifBh uD;qefu
Y sifaMumif;ukd oabmaygufxm;&efvydk gonf[k ajzMum;
&ygvdrrfh nf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu vlUrsdK;EG,q
f ufBuD;wpfcv
k ;kH odYk &nfñeT ;f vsuf usrf;awmfjrwfu&k f
tmefwGif þodkYAsm'dwfay;rdefYMum;awmfrlygonf/

]]wpfzef {ueftrSef toifwo

Ydk nf xkd (tajctaersm;ukad usmfjzwfNyD;) aemuf aoqH;k Mu&ay
rnf/ xkaYd emuf {uefrvGJ toifwo
Ydk nf ]ud,mrwf} aeYwiG f &Sijf yefxMu&tHo
h wnf;/}} (23;15-
16)

þtm,wfawmfwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu xif&mS ;aompum;vH;k rsm;jzifh aoNy;D aemuf&iS jf yefapom

umvrSm ]au,mrof} aeYonfomjzpfaMumif;ESihf ,if;aeYxufO;D NyD; vH;k 0(vH;k 0)xajrmufMu&rnfr[kwf
aMumif; ,wdjywfred MYf um;xm;awmfryl gonf/ qufvufí rdex
Yf m;jyefonfrmS -

]]pifppf xkd(uG,fvGeftedpöa&muf) olwkdYESifh þavmuDb0\tMum;wGif tumtqD;wpfckonf

&SifjyefxMu&rnfhaeYtxd &SdaeacsNyD;jzpf\}} (23;100)

þtm,wfawmfuwpfzef tMuifoo
l nf r&Pqku
d af &mufí tedpaö &mufcahJ csaomf ]au,m
rof} &Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYawmfBuD;usrSom xajrmuf&rnfjzpfaMumif;ukd &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm tqH;k
tjzwfay;xm;jyefygonf/ ]ud,mrof} aeYra&mufrDtvsif xkdolESifh þvlUb0\tMum;wGif
tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u ]A&f Z cf } t&H t wm;wpf c k x m;&S d N yD ; ]au,mrof } aeY a wmf B uD ; a&muf r S
zGifhay;rnfjzpfayownf;/ xkdrSwpfzef t&Sifjrwfu rdefYawmfrlonfrSm -

]]igt&Sijf rwfu aoaMuysufp;D apvku

d af wmfral om tMuifow
l t
dYk m; xko
d w
l o
Ydk nf þ]'GE,
é m}
avmuodkY jyefvmapjcif;ukd ][&mrf} w&m;r0if ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;awmfrl\/}} (21;96)

xkrd aS emufwiG f wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ ['D;qfawmfwpfy'k v

f m&Sx
d m;ygojzifh þudpt
ö wGuf
vH;k vH;k BuD;oHo,uif;&Si;f vif;oGm;aprSmjzpfaomaMumifh wifjyvku
d yf gOD;rnf/ uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;
 79

u rdefYMum;cJhonfrSm ]tk[k'f} ppfyGJqifETJcJhpOfu ]*smA&f} \ zcif &S[D;'fjzpfusqHk;oGm;cJh&m

tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu bmrqkdawmif;cHavavmh/ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifhtm; ay;awmfrlrnf[k
uwday;awmfrlaom aMumifh xkd ]&S[D'D} (omoemhtmZmenfBuD;)u tkd--tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
uRefawmfrsdK;onf tpövmrfh vrf;awmfwGif wpfzefjyefwkdufNyD; aemufxyfwpfzef rdrd\toufukd
(omoemtwGu)f ay;pGeEYf idk cf iG &hf &Sad p &ef tvkiYd gS uRefawmfrsdK;tm; jyefvnf&iS x
f cGiahf y;oem;awmfryl g[k
avQmufxm;toem;cHcahJ vonf/ xkt
d cg tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu?

(1) r[mwrefawmfjrwfr[
l r®'o
f cif onf wrefawmfBuD;rlpm uJo
h yYkd if ]&S&t
D of}ynwfw&m;awmf
"r®Oya'oukd ,laqmifvmcJhaom Oya'usrf;jyKwrefawmfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm wrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm;
wrefawmfBuD;rlpmESihf ckid ;f EIid ;f Oyrmay;í þodt
Yk v’m[ft&Sijf rwfu azmfjyxm;awmfryl gonf/

]]{uefpifppf igt&Sijf rwfonf zpf&af tmifxo H Ykd &plvw

f refawmfwpfyg;apvTwaf wmfrol uJo h yYkd if oifwx
Ykd o
H Ykd
Ä
vnf; &plvwf refawmfwpfyg;toifwt Ydk ay:ü oufaotjzpf apvTwf awmfr\ l /}} (73;15)
Ä
qkdvkdonfum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wrefawmfrlpmtm; oD;oefYusrf;*efcsD;jr§ifhawmfrouJ lo uJh o d kY
wrefawmfjrwf tm;vnf; oD;oefu Y sr;f *efcs;D jri§ í
hf apvTwaf wmfrjl cif;jzpfonf/ (uk&tf mefusr;f jrwfjrefrmbmom
jyef? 'kw?JG pm-2883 atmufajc&Si;f vif;csuf½)I

owdw&m;vufudkifxm;í ½Ipm;yg/ þtm,wfawmfonf Oya'jyKwrefawmfBuD;ESpfyg;ukd ,SOfjyum

omoemawmfvyI &f mS ; rItopf\ yxrOD;qH;k yk*Kd¾ vfEpS yf g;ukd ]urm;} [laom OyrmaZmwupum;vH;k jzifh xif&mS ;pGm
OyrmazmfaqmifvQuf omoemhvyI &f mS ;rItpOftquf(uGi;f quf)\ yxrOD;qH;k aom aAGaqmfO;D xdyu f iG ;f BuD;ESpcf u
k kd
OyrmjyKxm;awmfrcl hJ ygonf/

xkaYd emufwpfzef ,ckwifjyvsuf&adS om tm,wfawmf(24;55)ukd azmfjyum wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \

]cvDzm} qufcHoluGif;qufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; ]urm;}[laom (ouJhodkY) tm&ADo'´gudk azmfjyí
yrmjyKxm;jyefygonf/

xko
d nfah emufrw
S pfzef atmufygtm,wfawmftm;jzifh wrefawmfjrwf \ ]tGro
® }f tkypf 0k if? ]rkt
Yd rf ife}f
,HkMunfolwkdYtm;? wrefawmftDqm \ wynfrh sm;\ Oyrmukad qmifMu&efuvdk nf; ]urm;} ouJo h [
Ykd o
l nfh
Oyrm aZmwupum;vH;k ukd oH;k EIe;f azmfjyawmfru
l m tqH;k trMo0g'pum;ukd Asm'dwaf y;xm;awmfrjl yefygonf/

]]tk-d ouf0if,MkH unfot l aygif;wk?Yd toifwo

Ydk nf tv’m[f(h omoemawmf)\ uln, D idk ;f yif;olrsm;jzpfMu
avuke/f r&f,rf\om;tDqmu tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;wGif uREkyf t f m; tb,foo l nf ulnyD yhH ;kd
olrsm;jzpfMurnfenf;[kqadk omtcg [0g&Drsm;u uReaf wmfrsKd ;wdoYk nf tv’m[f(h omoemawmf)\ uln, D idk ;f yif;olrsm;
ouJ h ow
jzpfMuyg\[k ajymqkdMuouJ Ykd nf;/}} (61;14)
 80

]]þodkYrjzpfEdkifNyD? taMumif;rl tMuifolrsm;aoqHk;cJhNyD;vQif þavmuodkY wpfzefjyefírvm&

[laom tajccHq;kH jzwfcsufudk igt&Sijf rwfonf csxm;cJNh yDjzpfaomaMumifyh if/}} þwGif pOf;pm;&rnfrmS
tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf u d k , f a wmf w d k i f u yJ vd k w mud k a wmif ; cH c d k i f ; awmf r l N yD ; ? awmif ; cH a omol u
vnf;omoemhtmZmenf (&S[D'f)vnf;jzpfjyef t*r[mom0uvnf;jzpfjyefygonf odkYaomf
xdak wmif;qdak vQmufxm;csufrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ pD&ifq;kH jzwfcsuftjyif tpOftvm usifph OfEiS hf
ajzmifah jzmifMh uD; qefu
Y sifaeaomaMumifh rjzpfEidk [
f al om tajzudk &&Scd ahJ vonf/ (oD&af rZDusrf;? *smA&f
\ qifhjyefcsuf)

þ['D;qfawmf\aemufwiG f tjcm;oufaojycsuw
f pfpw
kH pf&mukrd yS if vkt
d rhH xifawmhyg/ odaYk omf
&ifoyf½aI rmtHMh op&maumif;vSonfrmS uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKMuoltcsdKUu wrefawmftq
D m
tm; aoqH;k cJNh yDjzpfaMumif;ukd vufrcH½rkH nfumrwår[kw?f ol\'kw,
d tBudrf þavmuodjYk yefvmjcif;
ukyd if arQmfaeMuonft
h jyif wrefawmftq
D m uk,
kd w
f idk u
f ydk if aoolrsm;ukd þavmurSmyif
&Sijf yef xajrmufatmif jyKay;Edik o
f t
l jzpf &nfñeT ;f ajymqkad eMuavonf/ trSeaf omfum; wrefawmftq
D m
u aoolrsm;ukd &SifjyefatmifjyKay;jcif;teufoabmESifhtnD wrefawmftm;vHk;wkdYrSmvnf;
&Sifjyefatmif jyKvmcJhMuygonf/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; urlum; wrefawmftm;vHk;xufydkrdkí
taorsm;ukd &Sijf yef xajrmufapcJyh gonf/ cufonfu vlwo
Ykd nf ynmA[kow
k enf;yg;aomaMumifh
pum;vH;k wdik ;f ukd ,if;\ tay:,HA[d't
¨ "dygÜ ,foabmavmufu,
dk Nl yD; tJ'o
D abmrSví
JG tjcm;bmukrd S
em;csr&awmh j cif ; yif jzpf y gonf / trS e f u tcsd K Utcgrsm;rS m pum;vH k ; wpf v H k ; onf
ck d i f ; EI d i f ; wif p m;ívnf ; aumif ; Oyrmay;í vnf ; aumif ; ajymqk d o H k ; EI e f ; avh & S d M uygonf /
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm,wfawmfwpfyk'fukd yrmjy&aomf

]]tMuifoo
l nf þb0wGif tuef;jzpfvQif? xko
d o
l nf aemifwrvGeb
f 0wGiv
f nf;? uef;ay
vwåUH }} (17;72)

þae&mwGif rsufpu
d ef;jcif;qdo
k nfukd tm;vH;k u wpfnw
D pfñw
G w
f nf;yif emrf-0dnmOfyidk ;f qkid f
&m(pu©K)uef;aejcif;ukd qdkaMumif; ½kyfydkif;qkdif&mtuef;r[kwfaMumif; vufcHxm;Muygonf/ odkY&Sdxm;
ygvsufESifh wrefawmftDqm \ jzpf&yfwGifrlum; todkYaMumifh emrf0dnmOfykdif;tajctaet&
aoqH;k aeol[o
k abmr,lbJ ½kyyf ifkd ;f qkid &f maoolrsm;[k tb,fah Mumifh t"dygÜ ,faumuf,al eaMumif;ukd
pOf ; pm; vk d Y r &Ek d i f a tmif j zpf & ygonf / wref a wmf j rwf B uD ; ES i f h pyf v sOf ; ívnf ;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfred MYf um;azmf jyxm;awmfro
l nfrmS -
 81

]]tkd-ouf0if,HkMunfoltaygif;wkdY? toifwkdYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh &plvfwrefawmf\

trdeaYf wmfrsm;tm; xk&d plvw
f refawmfonf toifwu
Ydk dk touf&iS af pEdik af omtaMumif;rsm;odYk zdwaf c:
aomtcg vku
d ef mMuavuke/f }} (8;24)

þwGif *½kwpku
d Mf unf½h MI uapvkyd gonf/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; ESihf pyfvsOf;ívnf; ]]avrm
,dk[f,D;uGefrf}} toifwkdYtouf&SifapEkdifaomtaMumif;rsm;odkY [lonfhpum;vHk;ukd tb,frQ
&Si;f vif;xif&mS ;pGmazmfjyxm;awmfryl goenf;/ odyYk gaomfvnf; uREyfk w
f t
Ydk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKMuolrsm;uvnf;
þae&mrSmawmh emrfw&m;tajctaeqkid &f m b0touf&iS af pjcif;[lonfo
h abmouefuo
dk m aumuf
,lvQuf&MdS uygonf/ odyYk gvQuf wrefawmftq
D m ESihf pyfvsOf;í þuJo
h aYkd ompum;vH;k rsm;vm&Scd hJ
vQifru
l m; wu,ft
h aoaumifawGudk &Siaf pjcif;[laom t"dygÜ ,foabmukd jyefqadk umuf,Ml uygonf/
0rf;enf;vSyg\/ &ifxrk emaMuuG&J yg\/ uREkyf w
f \
Ydk omoemhynm&Sit
f rnfcyH *k Kd¾ vfwrYdk mS £oa&vvl
rsdK;wd\
Yk wrefawmf emZ&ufNrdKUom; rqd[t
f m; *kPo
f u
d m© ay;jcif;ukd ]&S&u
d }f tv’m[fEiS hf wef;wltqifh
txd a&muf&SdapcJhMuNyD; ,if;ESifh,SOfvmvQif rdrdwkdY\ ESpfb0ocif\ *kPfodu©mukdyif riJhawmhbJ&Sdae
Muayownf;/

tv’ m [f o nf t vH k ; pH k u k d jyKpG r f ; aomteEÅ w ef c k d ; awmf & S i f r [k w f a vm/

uREkyf w
f t
Ydk m; twdu
k t
f cHjyKuefu
Y u
G o
f w
l rYdk mS usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefu aoolrsm; þavmurSmyif
&Sijf yefxajrmufa&;ukd wm;jrpfyw
d yf ifxm;aMumif; odjrifvmMu&aomtcg rSeyf gw,f/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf&UJ
a,bl,s vky½f ;dk vkypf Of "r®e,
d mrt& aoolrsm; &Six
f í þavmuodjYk yefrvmEkid af wmhygbl;/ 'gayr,fh
tu,fí wrefawmftq
D m aoqHk;cJhNyDqkdvQifvnf; olUukd touf&SifapawmfrlNyD; þavmuodkY
jyefvnfac:aqmifvmEdik &f ef tv’m[fonf tvH;k pHu
k dk jyKpGr;f Ekid af om teEÅwefc;dk awmf&iS rf [kwNf yDavm
[lí ajymvmMujyefygonf/

ukid ;f -,ck MunfMh uprf;ygOD;/ þonfudk oufaojycsuf[q

k Edk idk yf grnfavm/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf
onf wefc;dk awmfteEÅt&Sirf [kw[
f k b,fou
l jiif;aevkyYd gvdr/hf okaYd omfvnf; wpfpw
kH pfcak omudpö
&yfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf wwfprG ;f Edik af om wefc;dk awmf&jdS cif;u xkt
d aMumif;&yfonfvnf; trSew
f u,f
jzpfujdk zpf&rnf[k om"ujyvkrYd &Ekid w
f mu jyóemyg/ pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmf
jrwfBuD; ukd &SifjyefxajrmufapawmfrlNyD; þavmuodkY 'kwd,tBudrf ac:aqmifvmEkdifaom
wefcdk; pGrf;tm;&Sifr[kwfygoavm/ þodkYqkdvkduf½Hkjzifh wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u touf&SifNyD;
 82

þavmuod k Y a&muf & S d v mygrnf a vm/ xk d Y a emuf ,ck v uf & S d t csd e f r S m yif ]au,mrof }
a&muf&v
dS matmifvyk zf Ydk tv’m[frmS wefc;dk pGr;f tm;r&Sb
d ;l avm/ ckvkd qkv
d u
dk ½f jkH zifh ,ckvuf&t
dS csderf mS yJ
]au,mrof} a&mufvm rSmvm;/ ,if;uJhodkYaom rqDrqkdifonfhpum;rsm;ukd em;axmifcJh&NyD;
þacwfumv&Sd omoemhynm&Sif trnfcyH *k Kd¾ vfw\
Ydk OD;aESmufOmPfawG xHx
k idk ;f usqif;aejcif;twGuf
idkcsvkdufcsifygawmhonf/

cspfrdwfaqGtaygif;wdkYcifAsm;/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ teEÅwefckd;awaZmtmEkabmfawmf&Sdawmf

rljcif;rSm tMuift&Sw
d &m;tay: t&Sijf rwf\ pGr;f aqmifEidk af om wefc;dk awmf&jdS cif;u xkt
d aMumif;&yfrmS
trSew
f u,fyif jzpfajrmufcahJ vNy[
D al om oufaoukd rjzpfapyg/ trSew
f u,fyif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
þtaMumif;udpu
ö dk t&Sijf rwf\ "r® ed,mrtpOftvmBuD;ukd csKd ;zsuí
f t&Sijf rwf\ >cif;csux
f m;&Sad om
txl;wefc;dk awmfudk toH;k csum xko
d nft
h aMumif;&yfudk jyKvkyjf ycJah wmfral Mumif; obm0,kwt
då m;jzifh
oufaojy&rnfjzpfygonf/ tv’m[fu wefc;dk awmfteEÅudk pd;k ykid af wmfrw
l hJ t&Siyf [
J k EIwyf g;pyfu
qk d ½ H k a vmuf E S i f h om"u&,l E k d i f p &m r&S d y gbl ; / uREk f y f w k Y d t aeES i f h tv’ m [f t &S i f o nf
wefckd;awmfpGrf;tm;&SifjzpfygvQufESifh t&Sifjrwfu xkdokdY jyKvkyfawmfrlavhr&Sdaom ]qGEéof}
tpOftvmBuD;ukd owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;NyD;jzpfaMumif;ukd oufaojy aeMujcif;omjzpfygonf/
xk d Y a emuf w pf z ef tu,f í tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf \ wef c k d ; awmf p G r f ; tm;&S i f j zpf j cif ; uk d r l w nf í
qH;k jzwf&rnfqcdk yhJ gvQifvnf; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]rqd[}f wpfyg;ukd þwrefawmfjrwf \
]tGro
® }f trsdK;om;rsm;twGi;f rS zefqif;vku
d &f efaum wefc;dk pGr;f tm;r&Syd goavmqdak omtcsufuv
dk nf;
pOf;pm;zkv
Yd ydk gonf/ þwGirf u pOf;pm;Munfyh gvQif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu þonfw
h refawmfjrwf
\ ]tGro
® }f rsm;twGi;f rSyif rqd[af rmft'k u
f dk zefqif;jcif;uom? rqd[t
f a[mif;ukd jyefvmapjcif;xuf
ydkrkdí wefckd;awmfuGefYjrL;jyo&musaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/

ypön;f wpfck raysmufrysuf&avatmif odr;f qnf;í xde;f odr;f xm;&jcif;rSm tu,fí þypön;f
aysmufomG ;ygu jyefvnf&&Szd Ydk tcuftcJ&NdS yD; xkyd pön;f ESihf qifw,
l ;kd rSm;ypön;f rsdK;ukd jyefvnfrjyKvkyEf idk f
&ef jzpfrjzpfukd pdk;&drfoltzkdYom vkdtyfygonf/ odkYaomf ,if;ESifhwlnDaomypönf;rsdK;ukd jyefvnfjyKvkyf
&,lEidk pf rG ;f &So
d w
l pfO;D tzku
Yd m; rdr\
d obm0tajctaeESihf qefu
Y sifvsuf ypön;f ta[mif;ukd xde;f odr;f
apmifah &Smufí odr;f qnf;xm;avhr&Sad cs/ taMumif;rlum; xdo
k o
l nf tu,fí vkt
d yfcv
hJ Qif þuJo
h afYkd om
ypönf;tajrmuftrsm;ukd zefwD;&,lEkdifaMumif;ukd od&SdaomaMumifhjzpfayonf/

tcsKyfqkdaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wefckd;awmfpGrf;tm; ydkrkdí xifay:jcif;rSmum; xkdt&Sifjrwf

onf ]rqd[}f topfwpfyg;ukd þ ]tGro
® }f twGi;f rSyif yGiafh y:apjcif;üomwnfNyD;? rqd[t
f a[mif;ukd
ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmiffausmfonfhwkdif odrf;qnf;xm;cJhNyD;rS jyefvTwfjcif;ü rwnfyg/ xkdYaemuf uREkfyfqkdcsif
 83

ygao;onf/ tu,fí tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu uG,v

f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ y;D jzpfaomoluo
dk m jyefvnftouf
&SifxapawmfrlNyD; 'kwd,tBudrf urÇmavmuodkY apvTwf&rnfjzpfygvQif r[mwrefawmfjrwf
tm; tb,fah Mumifh rapvTw&f ygoenf;/ þodjYk yKvky&f efrmS awmh tv’m[frmS wefc;dk pGr;f tm;r&Sad wmhvv
Ydk m;/
onfvrdk rS [kwv
f Qif emZ&ufNrdKUom; rqd[w
f refawmftq
D mu uREkyf w
f \
Ydk ESpb
f 0ocifBuD; xuf
omvGefuJarmufí qHk;roGefoifyJhjyifEkdifoljzpfaomaMumifhavvm;/ 0rf;enf;vSaypG/ (18;5)

tcef ; (4)
uk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfawmfu yGifhay:vmrnfhrqd[frSm
þtG r ® o f r S o mjzpf a Mumif ; azmf j yjcif ; /

usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf ['D;qfawmfrsm;u wrefawmftq
D m onf ½kycf E¨mESiw
fh uG aumif;uif
bHo
k Ykd r,ljcif;rcHc&hJ bJ uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yDjzpfaMumif;ESihf tMuifaoqH;k uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ o
l nf þurÇm
avmuodYk jyefvnfírvmEdik af Mumif;ukd jyqkv Yk m;jzifh yGifhay:<ua&muf
d Quf&adS yonf/ odaYk Mumifh þodt
vm&ef&Sdaom trsdK;om;rsm;twGif;rSyif jzpf&ayvdrhfrnf [laom tajzrSm rjzpfraexGufvmyg
awmhonf/ odpYk Ofvsuf ydí
k pdwcf svufcsjzpfap&eftvkiYd gS uREkyf t
f aeESihf þtajccH&v'f(tajz)avmuf
ESihf tqH;k rowfb?J uREkyf w
f \
Ydk pm½Iorl w
d af qGrsm;tm; usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf ['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif
yGiahf y:&ef&adS om rqd[rf mS þtGro
® rf yS ifjzpfaMumif; ay:vGix
f if&mS ;pGmjzifh armfueG ;f wifurÁn;f xk;d xm;
csufrsm;ukd qufvufwifjyoGm;ygOD;rnf/

wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ cvDzmtm;vHk;
uk d , f a wmf j rwf \ tG r ® o f t wG i f ; rS y if jzpf c sd r f h r nf

usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfred rYf mS awmfrx
l m;onfrmS -

]]td-k --rGwpf viftaygif;wd?Yk toifwt

Ydk euf jrifrh m;aom,HMk unfjcif;ukd xm;&SMd uNy;D jrifrh m;aom
usifMh uHtm;xkwrf pI u
H dk jyocJMh uaomolwt
Ydk m; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu uwdjyKawmfro
l nfrmS tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwfonf rkcs{uef xko
d w
l t
Ydk m; urÇmay:wGif olwx
Ykd ufa&S;u&Scd MhJ uaomolwu
Ydk dk cvDzmcefx
Y m;awmf
rlbdouJhodkY cvDzmcefYxm;ay;awmfrltHh/}} (24;55)
 84

þtm,wfawmfwGif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu t&Sifjrwfonf wrefawmfrlpm \

"r®vrf;pOfawmfwiG f £oa&vvlrsdK;rsm;teufrS ]cvDzm} qufco
H rl sm;ukd cefx
Y m;ay;awmfrb
l o
d uJo
h Ykd
rGwpf vifrsm;twGi;f rSvnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ ]cvDzm} qufct
H yk cf sKyforl sm;ukd cefx
Y m;ay;awmf
rlrnf[k uwdjyKawmfrx
l m;ayonf/ ,ckrl wrefawmfrpl m \aemufyikd ;f wGif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
]awmif0&f mwf} usrf;awmf\ tvkyt
f auR;jyKMuum £oa&vvlrsdK;wkt
Yd m; ajzmifrh wfaomvrf;pOf
wavQmuf ckid Mf unfpmG &yfwnfapcJah om ]cvDzm} wrefawmftm; qufct
H yk cf sKyforl sm;ukd apvTwcf efY
xm;awmfrcl ahJ Mumif; vlwidk ;f todyifjzpfygonf/ wrefawmfrpl m\ ]cvDzm} qufco
H t
l pOftqufrmS
emZ&ufNrdKUom; wrefawmftDpm ay:xGef;jcif;tm;jzifh NyD;jynfhpHkí qHk;cef;wkdifjcif;odkY
a&muf&SdcJhavonf/

xkjYd yif ,if;onfah emufuw

f iG f rGwpf vifwu
Ydk v
dk nf; xku
d o
hJ aYkd om ]cvDzm} qufco
H t
l pOftquf
ukday;awmfrlrnf[k uwdjyKAsm'dwfay;jcif;ukd cHMu&NyD;aemuf wrefawmfrlpm \ aemufqHk;
]cvDzm} rSm £oa&vvlrsdK; wrefawmftDqm jzpfcJhonfhtwkdif; aESmif;umvrsm;wGif
rGwpf vifwt
Ydk wGi;f rSmvnf; tpövmrfch vDzmpepfudk Ny;D jynfph akH pNy;D qH;k cef;wkid af pzkt
Yd wGuf rqd[w
f pfyg;ukd
apvTwyf iG ahf y: aprnf[k tv’m[f\tqk;H tjzwfprD cH sux
f m;&Sad yonf/ txufazmfjyyg tm,wfawmfu
wrefawmfrpl m\ tpOftqufEiS hf wrefawmfjrwfr[
l r®'o
f cif \ tquftpOfrmS ]urm;}(ouJo
h )Ykd
[lonfh OyrmaZmwupum;vH;k tm;jzifh wpfrx
l ;l jcm;aom EIid ;f ,SOjf yrI&adS eMumif; xif&mS ;odomayonf/
odjYk zpf&m tu,fí wrefawmfjrwfr[
l r®'o
f cif \ tpOftqufwiG f ay:xGe;f rnfh ]rqd[}f rSm
wrefawmfrlpm\ tpOftqufwGifay:xGef;cJhaom ]rqd[f} ESifh jcm;em;pGmrwnf&SdcJhrlbJ wrefawmf
rlpm \ tpOftqufü aemufq;kH umvwGiaf y:xGe;f cJah omolomjzpfcyhJ gvQif EIid ;f ,SOOf yrmjycsufrmS
wdusrSeu
f efrrI &Sb
d J jzpfomG ;ygawmhrnf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf OyrmetwGuf Oyar,s&S&d efvadk om
aMumifjh zpfonf/ qkv
d o
dk nfrmS EIid ;f ,SOjf yaomt&mESihf tEIid ;f cH&aomt&mwkrYd mS oD;jcm;pD&MdS uaom t&Sw
d &m;
rsm;jzpfaomaMumifyh if/ odjYk zpf&m rl[r®'rD qd[rf mS rlpm0Drqd[Ef iS hf jcm;em;aomyk*Kd¾ vfjzpf&acsrnf/ xkjYd yif
þtaMumif;&yfuv
dk nf; aumif;pGmrSwyf u
kd x
f m;&efvadk o;onfrmS omoemhvyI &f mS ;rItpOftqufEpS cf k
vH;k wGif a,bl,sEIid ;f ,SOrf v
I nf;&S&d efvadk yonf/ odaYk omf xkEd pS cf v
k ;kH \ yxrOD;qH;k ESihf tEÅrd tpGeq
f ;kH
t&mESpfckvHk;üvnf; 0daooxl;pGmjzifh txift&Sm;,SOfzufwkEIdif;jyp&mrSm r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfygonf/
taMumif;rlum; tpESit
hf qH;k wko
Yd nfom tpOftquf\ 0daoovu©PmESihf qH;k cef;wkid Nf yD;jynfph jkH cif;
ukdjyp&mjzpfaomaMumifhyif/

uREyfk w
f t
Ydk aeESihf usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mef\vrf;ñTecf suEf iS t
hf nD tpDtpOfEpS &f yfv;kH \ tOD;qH;k jzpfaom
(0g)wrefawmfBuD;rlpm ESihf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rl[r®'o
f cif wkt
Yd Mum; EIid ;f ,SOw
f zk ufcidk ;f EIid ;f rIudk
 85

vufcv
H u
dk Mf uNyD;jzpfaomtcg ,if;\aemufq;kH pGeaf om ckid ;f EIid ;f ,SOzf ufOyrmay;jcif;ukv
d nf; {uefrck s
vufcHMu&rnfomjzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif EIdif;,SOfjyaomt&m&Sdygu tEIdif;cHonfvnf; rjzpfrae&Sd&efESifh
vufcH&efom&Sdygonf/(1)

xkx
Yd ufwpfru
l m; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ,ckazmfjyaqG;aEG;vsuf&aDS omtm,wfawmf(24;55)wGif
]]rifeu
f eG rf }f } (toifwt
Ydk wGi;f rS? toifwt
Ydk eufryS if) [laom pum;ukx
d nfo
h iG ;f awmfrv
l Quf jyóem
t&yf&yfw\
Ydk a&aomufjrpfrsm;ukd jzwfcsxm;vku
d Nf yD; rl[r®'u
D iG ;f qufrS ]cvDzm} rsm;rSm rGwpf vifrsm;
teufrSyJ jzpfcsdrfhrnfqkdonfukd aerif;yrm xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyvkdufawmfrlayonf/

pm½Iol"r®rdwfaqGnD&if;tpfukdrsm;cifAsm;/ þudpöukd aumif;pGm*½I"r®jyKapmaMumMunfhMuyg&ef

yefMum;tyfygonf/ þudprö mS rsuEf mS vGcJ yJ pfvyk v
f rYdk &wJu
h pd yö g/ wrefawmfBuD;rlpm &JU aESmif;ykid ;f rSm
]awmif0&f mwf} ("r®a[mif;) usrf;awmfudk xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufvjkH cHKrIwm0ef,Ml u&eftwGuf wrefawmf
Ä
rlpmtm; qufcHol ]cvDzm} rsm;ukd apvTwfcefYxm;rjywf&SdcJhonfuJhodkYyif (uk&ftmef 2;87? 5;44?47/
32;23-24/ &SK) wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ aESmif;ykid w
f iG v
f nf; usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf tpövmrfomoemukd
xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufvjkH cHKrIwm0efudk ,l&eftvdiYk gS wrefawmfjrwf tm; qufco
H l ]cvDzm} rsm;ukd
cefYxm;awmfrlrnfhtaMumif; tv’m[f t&Sifjrwfu rGwfpvifxkBuD;ukd ckdifcefYNrJjrHvSpGmaom
uwdy#dnmOfBuD;ukd azmfjyaejcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif þonfhfqufcHol ]cvDzm} rsm;rSmvnf;
rGwfpvifrsm;twGif;rSom jzpfay:&rnfjzpfygaomaMumifh rdrdwkdY\ pdwftvkdfqE´jynfh0apa&;twGuf
rl [ r® ' D u G i f ; quf & J U aemuf q H k ; vnf ; jzpf ? tjrif h j rwf q H k ; vnf ; jzpf a om ]cvD z m}tm;
beDtpö&mtDv(f £oa&v)vlrsKd ;rsm;rS jzpf&rnf[k yHak zmfaeMujcif;onfvnf;aumif; þonfh enf;pOfjzifh
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]rifefuGefrf} toifwkdYteufrS [laompum;vHk;jzifh uwdjyKawmfrlonfukd
omranmifn trItvm; rxDav;pm;jyKjcif;onfvnf;aumif; r[mwrefawmfjrwfr[
l r®'o
f cif
\ ]tGro
® }f trsdK;om;wku
Yd dk wrefawmfrpl m \ ]tGro
® }f trsdK;om;wk\
Yd vufatmufcb
H 0ukd
a&muf a p vk d j cif ; onf v nf ; aumif ; r[mtrS m ;BuD ; uk d usL;vG e f & mrusaybl ; avm/
tMuify*k Kd¾ vfwpfO;D \pdwEf v
S ;kH twGi;f ü pd;k pOf;rQaom ]tDrmef} ,HMk unfjcif;ESihf apmifah &Smuf&efpw
d o
f ejcif;
(Jealousy) om&S d c J h y grl xk d o l t aeES i f h ]ck d i f ; &f t G r ® o f } (3;110) uk d rl p m\ tG r ® o f r sm;xH
vufa0cHb0a&mufapjcif;ukd vky0f rhH nf r[kwyf g/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfbufu ]rGwfpviftaygif;wkdY owd0d&d,jzifh apmifhpm;vQufaeMu/

igt&Sijf rwfu toifwt
Ydk wGi;f tpövmrf\ tusdK;aqmif&eftwGuf ]cvDzm} qufco
H rl sm;ukd cefx
Y m;
awmfrrl nfjzpf&m xkq
d ufco
H rl sm;rSm toifwt
Ydk wGi;f rSyif jzpfayvdrrhf nf[o
l nfh xifomjrifom xif&mS ;
vSonfh pum;vH;k jzifh rderYf mS xm;awmfryl gonf/ odpYk ifvQuf uREkyf w
f t
dYk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKolrsm;\ pdwEf S
 86

vH;k rsm;onfum; tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ jywfom;vSaom uwdawmfEiS hf qefu

Y sifvQuf rdrw
d t
Ykd m; yJjh yifzYdk
twGuf beDtpö&mtDvftrsdK;om;wkdY ajcaxmufrsm;atmufodkYvSJcsMuum beDtpö&mtDvfwkdY\
wrefawmftq
D m tm; cspfcifjrwfE;dk rIudk jyoMuum ]&S&d u
f }f t&Sijf rwfEiS hf ,SOzf ufxm;rItqifo
h Ykd
a&mufaeMuayawmhonf/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu rdrw
d t
Ykd m; rçwif ajr§mufpm;vkdawmfrl\/ rdrdwdkY\
*kPfodu©mukd wnfwHhckdifNrJpGm pdkufxlay;vkdawmfrlyg\/ xkdYjyif rdrdwdkYtm; t&Sifhaumif;usdK;csrf;om
]tifet
f mrf} ukd csD;jr§iahf y;oem;vkad wmfr\
l / odaYk omfjim;vnf; rdrw
d rYkd mS um; wyg;uRefjzpfvpdk w
d f tyarQmf
pdwfESifh edrfhusvkdpdwf&SdaeMuay\/

tv’m[fu igt&Sijf rwfonf ]cvDzm} qufco

H rl sm;ukd toifwt
Ydk zkfYd toifw\
Ydk twGi;f rSyif
cefx
Y m;awmfrjl cif;jzifh toifwt
Ydk m; aumif;usdK;ay;awmfrrl nf[k rdeaYf wmfral eygvQufu,fEiS hf rGwpf vif
wkrYd mS rlum; tao;trTm; omrn ]cvDzm} rsm;onfum; þonfh ]tGro
® }f tzGUJ 0ifrsm;teufrS ay:xGe;f
jcif;ukd vufcMH uvifu
h pm;vnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ omoemhvyI &f mS ;rI aemufq;kH uGi;f qufvnf;
jzpf? BuD;jrwfaom ]cvDzm} qufco
H v
l nf;jzpfoEl iS hf pyfvsOf;aom taMumif;udpaö y:aygufvmaomtcg
rSmawmh ]beDtpö&mtDv}f (£oa&v) trsdK;om;wkb
Yd ufom acgif;iJí
h tultnDawmif;cHaomrsufEmS
xm;jzifh arQmfMunfv
h Quf&adS eMuygonf/ þtrsdK;om;xkBuD;onfum; tb,ftajcatmufoYkd usqif;
edru
hf svsuf&adS eMuygoenf;/ t&Sijf rwf\ u½kPmoufjcif;cHMu&ygapaomf/

usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefu ]ckid ;f &mtGrw
® if} [lí rGwpf vifwt
Ydk m; owfrw
S af y;xm;\/ (3;110)
f nf; rGwpf vifwrYdk mS awmh wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
odyYk gvQuv \ Mo0g'uxmawmfESifhtnD &[l'Drsm;
tjzpfodkYa&muf&Sdap&ef rdrdwdkY\twGif;rSyif jyóemzefwD;olrsm;ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnf[k ]tDrmef}
,l,HkMunfvsuf&SdMuay\/ odaYk omf tpövmrfomoemwk;d wufpnfyifa&;udpaö y:aygufvmaomtcg
wGifrlum; rl[r®'Drqd[ftm; tpö&mtDvftrsdK;om;rsm;twGif;rSvma&muf&ef arQmfvifhapmifhpm;vsuf&Sd
aeMuavonf/ rG w f p vif w k d Y t wG i f ; azmuf v G J a zmuf j yef r I r sm;uk d j yKí ]r*¾ ' l ; bf } tjzpf u k d
a&muf z k d Y & mrS m awmh r G w f p vif r sm;twG i f ; rS o mjzpf z k d Y & S d a eNyD ; ¤if ; wk d Y u k d yJ h j yif q H k ; r&ef u sawmh
wpfyg;trsdK;om;wkdYrSvm&ef om&Sdygoavm/ ESarsmwo0rf;enf;&apaom tajctaeyifwum;/

emZ&ufNrdKUom; wrefawmftDqm
uk d , f a wmf w k d i f j yef v nf í a&muf v mvd r h f r nf r [k w f

xyf í wpf z ef wref a wmf t D q m uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf j cif ; ES i f h p yf v sOf ; í

oufaojycsuftaejzifh txufwiG f wifjycJNh yDjzpfaom ]zvr®mo0zæKd if;oeD} (5;117? ñTe;f NyD;) [laom
 87

tm,wfawmfonf ,ckaqG;aEG;wifjyrnft
h aMumif;&yfwiG v
f nf; om"utjzpf wifjyEkid yf gao;onf/
taMumif ; aomf u m; tu,f í ]o0zæ D } \ teuf u d k ? rjzpf E d k i f a omf v nf ; tjzpf x m;í
]tjynft
h 0yifrh ,lvu
dk o
f nf} [kyif oabm&,lvu
dk Nf yDqMdk uygpd/Yk xkjYd yif yifrh í,lvu
dk jf cif;ukv
d nf;?
aumif;uifbo
kH [
Ykd í
l yJ vufcv
H u
dk Mf uNyD qkyd gpd/Yk þodq
Yk v
dk Qifvnf;yJ wrefawmftq
D m onf
aumif ; uif r S j yef v nf í qif ; ouf a &muf & S d v m rnf r [k w f y g/ tb,f h a Mumif h q k d a omf
wrefawmftDqmocifonf ]au,mrof} &Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfh aeYawmfBuD;wGif rdrd\ ]tGr®of}
trsd K ;om;rsm; ysuf p D ; ,d k , G i f ; aecJ h M ujcif ; uk d rod & S d a Mumif ; xk w f a zmf r nf qk d o nf u k d
tm;vH k ; oabmBud K uf n D v uf c H x m;MuNyD ; jzpf a omaMumif h w nf ; / od k Y j zpf y gí ]au,mrof } &S i f
jyefxajrmufw&m;pD&ifrnfah eYawmfBuD;rwkid rf t
D xd wrefawmftq
D m onf rdrt
d rsdK;om;rsm;twGi;f
jzpfysufvsuf&Sdaeaom xif&mpkdif;aeaom jzpf&yfrsm;\ tajctaeukd jrifawGU&vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
qkv
d o
dk nfrmS rdr\
d trsdK;om;rsm;u rdrt
d m; ud;k uG,&f mbk&m;wpfqt
l jzpf owfrw
S u
f ;kd uG,af eMuaom
jzpf&yfukd rdrdtaejzifh ]au,mrof} aeYxuftvsif od&Sdrnfr[kwfacs/

odaYk omfjim;vnf; tu,fíom wrefawmftq

D m onf urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;wGif jyefvnf
qif;oufa&muf&SdvmcJhonf&Sdaomf rdrd\trsdK;om;rsm; azmufjyefvrf;vGJaeaMumif;ukd ajrBuD;vufcyf
rvGJ oduo
dk o
d mG ;&rnfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh uwdawmf&rqd[\
f tBuD;us,fq;kH vkyif ef;rSm ]vuf0g;
uyfwidk u
f ½dk u
dk cf sKd ;&ef} jzpfygvQuf rod&ydS g[k todv
Yk Qif t&Sijf rwftm; avQmufxm;Edik yf gtHeh nf;/ okrYd aYdk Mumifh
tu,fí rjzpfEikd af omfvnf; tjzpfxm;í wrefawmftq
D monf aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd wuf<u oGm;onf[k
qkdOD;awmifrSyJ yGifhay:vma&muf&ef&Sdaomyk*¾dKvfuawmh tjcm;wpfOD;omjzpf&rSmaocsmyg onf/ xkdYjyif
wrefawmftq
D mrSmum; xkad umif;uifbw
kH pfae&mrSmyJ uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufí jrK§ yfEv
HS u
dk f Ny;D jzpfygvdrrhf nf/
bmaMumif h e nf ; [k q k d a omf ol \ aumif ; uif b H k ü &S d a ejcif ; u ol U uk d x m0&touf & &S d a p NyD ;
r&PrSvGwfajrmufcGifhr&cJhaomaMumifhwnf;/ atmufwGifazmfjyygtm,wfawmfrsm;ukd jyefvSef½Ipm;
oHk;oyfapm'emjyKMuapvkdygonf/

]]touf0n
d mOfwidk ;f yif aojcif;\t&omukd jrnf;prf;Mu&rnf}} (21;35)

]]toifwo
Ydk nf ckid cf v
hH pS mG aom&Jwu
dk Bf uD;rsm;twGi;f (&Sad eonf)jzpfap/ toifwYdk rnfonfh
t&yfrSmyJ&Sd&Sd aojcif;w&m;onf toifwkdYtm; vma&mufzrf;qD;rnfomjzpfonf/ (4;78)
 88

]]xdjYk yif igt&Sijf rwfonf ¤if;(wrefawmf)wku

Yd dk tm[m&od'cd̈ E¨mud,
k u
f v
dk nf; ay;xm;awmf
rljcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif? xm0&touf&SifEkdifolrsm;vnf; r[kwfMuacs/}} (21;8)

]]xkjYd yif igt&Sijf rwfonf rnfonfv

h o
l m;wpfO;D wpfa,mufuakd omfrS toif(wrefawmfjrwf)xuf
tvsif xm0&touft&G,u
f dk ay;oem;cJjh cif;r&Sad cs/ tu,fí toifyifvQif uG,v
f eG af oqH;k &av
aomf xko
d w
l rYdk mS xm0&touf&iS í
f aeEkid Mf uayOD;rnfavm/}} (21;34)

uwd a wmf & rqd [ f r S m wref a wmf j rwf \ tG r ® o f r sm;twG i f ; rS y if ay:xG e f ; rnf h t aMumif ;
['D;qfawmfu txift&Sm;jyoae\/

xkaYd emuf usr;f jrwfu&k t

f mefucsn;f omr[kwrf b
l J ['D;qfawmfuvnf; usr;f csuu
f wdawmft&
yGiahf y:vm&ef&adS om rqd[rf mS þonfw
h refawmfjrwf rl[r®'o
f cif \ ]tGro
® }f vku
d ef moltpktzGUJ
0ifrsm;twGi;f rSyifjzpfrnft
h aMumif;ukd xif&mS ;vSaom pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh azmfjyvQuf&ydS gonf/ wrefawmf
jrwfBuD; rdeMYf um;cJo
h nfrmS -

]]r&f,rf\om; rqd[f (wrefawmftq

D m) onf toifwt
Ydk wGi;f ay:xGe;f vmavaomtcg
Ydk tajctaerSm tb,frQaumif;jrwfaytHhenf;/ xkdYjyif olonf toifwkdYtwGif;rSyif
toifw\
toifwkdY\ ]atrmrf} a&SUaqmifyk*¾dKvfjzpfcsdrfhrnf/}} (blcg&Dusrf;? udwmb'tvfcvfuf)

þ['D ; qf a wmf u ? uwd a wmf t &yG i f h a y:&ef & S d a om ]rqd [ f } rS m rG w f p vif w k d Y t euf r S
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfrnfhtaMumif;ukd &Sif;vif;zGifhqkd&efrvkdaom pum;vHk;jzifh azmfjyvQuf&Sdaeygonf/ ]at
rmrku
d eG (f rf)rif(ef)uGe(f rf)} [laom pum;vH;k u ,wdjywftxift&Sm;azmfjyaeonft
h wkid ;f yGiahf y:rnfh
yk*Kd¾ vfrmS rGwpf vifwYdk ]atrmrf} OD;pD;OD;aqmifjzpfrnfom/ ay:xGe;f &ef&adS omyk*Kd¾ vftm; ]]r&f,rf\om;}}
[laom tEGwo
å nm (teuft"dygÜ ,fuv
dk u
dk í
f rSnahf c:aomtrnf)jzifh ac:qkcd &H rnfrmS ,Hrk mS ;zG,&f mr&Syd g/
odaYk omf ]rif(ef)uGe(f rf)} [lonfh pum;vH;k u? þr&f,rf\om;qko
d rl mS a&S;,cifu ay:xGe;f cJNh yDjzpfaom
xk d y k * ¾ d K vf u k d , f w k d i f u k d , f u s ay:xG e f ; rnf r [k w f r l í þyk * ¾ d K vf r S m rG w f p vif r sm;twG i f ; xJ r S
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;omjzpfvdrfhrnf/ tkd-rGwfpviftaygif;wkdYk[k [pfauR;vQuf&Sdaeyg\/ tu,fíom
 89

uwdawmf&rqd[rf mS a&S;uyGichf NhJ yD;jzpfaom emZ&ufNrdKUom; rqd[yf J jzpfygvQif ]rif(ef)uGe(f rf)} toifwYdk
teufrS toifwkdYtwGif;rS[lonfh pum;vHk;u a&S;uyGifhcJhNyD;jzpfaom wrefawmftDqm tm;
arQmf awmfaZmESiafh rmaeaom tylr;D ukd a&ESijhf zef;í &Su
J eJnrd ;f owfvu
dk o
f nfEh ,
S f jzpfroGm;ayoavm/
uREkyf w
f t
Ydk aeESihf ]r&f,rf\om; rqd[t
f q
D m} [laom tEGwo
å nmukd tb,foaYkd om ynmtajrmf
tjrifjzifh oH;k pGrJ n
S ahf c:&jcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í a&SUykid ;f wGif &Si;f vif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ ok&Yd mwGif vwfwavm
taejzifh pm½Iorl w
d af qGrsm;rS ]rifeu
f eG rf }f ]toifrw
G pf vifwt
Ydk wGi;f rS} [laom pum;vH;k u? beDtpö&m
tDvt
f rsdK;om;wk\
Yd rqd[v
f ma&muf&rnf[al om ,HMk unfcsufudk tjrpfrv
S eS í
f vSNJ zdKxm;vku
d af om
tajctaeukd rjzpfrae pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMunfhMuygukef/

uREyfk w
f t
Ykd aejzifh edp"ö 0l jrifawGUaeMu&onfrmS vlcyford ;f ukew
f o
Ydk nf aumif;usKd ;csr;f om? aumif;
aomtusdK;k qufudk &,lvjdk cif;ü rdrw
d \
Ykd tcGit
hf a&; &ydik cf iG rhf &So
d nfuydk if rdrw
d EYkd iS hf xku
d w
f efaMumif;
r&t& ajymqkd&,ljcif;rS r&yfem;cJhMuacs/ odkYaomfjim;vnf; uREkfyfwkdYrGwfpvifrsm;rSmrlum; ]aeYtfrof}
aumif;usdK;csrf;om &v'faumif;rsm;ukd tv’m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfrS rdrdwkYdtm; ay;oem;csD;jr§ifhonf
ukyd if rdrw
d EYkd iS hf xku
d w
f efaMumif; rdrw
d EYdk iS o
hf m pyfqidk af Mumif;ukd tvdrk &Sb
d jJ zpfaeMuaomaMumifh &ifoyf
½IarmtHhMojcif;jzifh awGa0rdef;armjcif;vIdif;*,ufwGif vGifharsmoGm;Mu&ygonf/

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 90

aMumif;ukd *½k"r®jyKyg/ tpöa&;vlrsdK;wk\

Yd ]rqd[}f ay:xGe;f jcif;jzifh þoem;zG,&f m tGro
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 91

a&mif&cdS NhJ yD; ol\cE¨muk,

d rf mS xGm;BudKif;\/ ¤if;jyif ZGorfG sdK;EG,0f ifwpfa,mufuo
hJ Ykd xifrw
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S pf
yg; wrefawmftpfA&m[ifrftm;jrifvkdvQif uREkfyftm; MunfhjrifMuavukef/ (blcg&Dusrf;? udwm;Afb'
tvfcvfuf)

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wref a wmf t D p mrS m a&S ; twd w f u yG i f h a y:cJ h a om wref a wmf t D q muk d qk d v k d j cif ; jzpf a Mumif ;
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 92

]]xkaYd emufwpfzef? uREfyk o

f nf tom;ta&mifeaD rmif;í xGm;BudKif;aomvlwpfa,mufudk awGUcJh
jyef&m? xko
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aMumif; v,fjyifrmS qifomG ;onft
h vm; xif&mS ;vmayawmhonf/

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qko
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ayownf;/

[Z&oft[fr'focif u rdrEd iS phf yfvsOf;í þodv

Yk if;jyaMunmxm;ygonf/
 93

uREkfyfonfomvQif uwdawmf& rqd[fjzpfyg\/ xkdYjyif uREkfyfonf

['D;qfawmfwiG v
f m&Sx
d m;NyD;aom ½kyq
f if;o@mefEiS hf tcsdK;tpm;uku
d n
f pD mG ay:xGe;f vmoljzpfygonf/
vlwo
Ydk nf tu,fyif rsufprd sm; &SMd uygvQuf uREkyf t
f m; rjrifwwfMuaomaMumifh &ifoyftMhH o&yg\/

uREkyf \
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f qHauomrsm;rSmvnf; uRekyf \
f ocif\ a&TEw
I f
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onf/

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tcef; (5)
trsd K ;rsd K ;aom,H k r S m ;oH o ,0if p &mud p ö t csd K Uuk d vif ; jyjcif ;

þrQa&;om;aqG;aEG;wifjycJNh yD;aemuf av;pm;&ygaompmzwfy&dowfBuD;taeESihf uREkyf w

f o
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 94

['D ; qf a wmf r sm;u wref a wmf tD p m uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf c J h N yD j zpf a Mumif ; ES i f h tMuif

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é }f
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 95

wref a wmf t D q mtouf & S i f v suf & S d j cif ; ? ,H k M unf c suf r S m

b,faomtcgurS tpf*srmtfrjzpfcJh

txufygtar;ykpmä ukd tajzay;&aom tGro

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 96

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 97

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 98

jzpfavonf/

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 99

[&ef r&JMuaomaMumifh þcH,cl suftpGu

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 100

yGiafh y:&ef&o
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]igwk d Y & J U usrf ; awG r S m ]rqd [ f } xuf t vsif ya&m zuf { vd , u aAG a qmf O D ; rk d ; aumif ; uif r S
qif;oufvmvdrfhr,fvkdY a&;om;azmfjyxm;csufawG&Sdaew,f/ 'gayr,fh ckxd
ya&mzuf{vd,<urvmao;wmaMumifh wrefawmftq
D m &JU aMunmcsuf[m r[kwrf rSef Ekid b
f ;l }
[k qkdMuayonf/ þonfukd wrefawmftDqm u tv’m[ft&Sif (xm0&bk&m;ocif)\
ed,mrtpOftvmESifh o[Zwjzpfaomtajzukd þodkYajzMum;cJhavonf/

]]a,m[efra&mufrDwkdifatmif ynwådusrf;?
tem*wåu
d sr;f &So
d rQwo
Ydk nf qH;k rMo0g'ay;Mu\/ oifwo
Ydk nf ighpum;ukd
emcH E k d i f v Qif þol u m; vmvwå H a om{vd , jzpf o wnf ; /
Mum;p&mem;&Sad omol rnfonfum; Mum;ygap}} (&Sirf óJc&pf0if? 11;13-
14) (róJ? 17;10-13/ rmuk? 9;11-13)
 101

þok d Y v Qif wref a wmf t D q m u {vd , ES i f h ES D ; ET , f í vm&S d x m;aom

tem*wådAsm'dwfpum;rsm;rSm ya&mzuf{vd,ukd,fwkdif vm&rnfjzpfaMumif; qkdvkdonfr[kwfrlí
,if;edrdwfa[mcsufrSm wifpm;ckdif;EIdif; Oyrmay;í {vd,uJhodkYaom {vd,\*kPf&nfrsm;ESifh
<uvmrnfjzpfaom ya&mzuf(wrefawmf)wpfyg;\ owif;aumif;Mum;ajymxm;jcif;omjzpfaMumif;
xkyd *k Kd¾ vfrmS ay:xGe;f cJNh yjD zpfaMumif;ESihf ya&mzufAwåZd H q&ma,m[ef(,m[f,m- )onfomjzpfaMumif;
ajzmif;ajzmif;zszsajymqkd&Sif;jycJhygaomfvnf; wuúdu0g'D &[l'Drsm;onfum; ya&mzuf{vd,ukd,fwkdif
jyefvmrnf[k usrf;csufvm&Sdxm;aomaMumifh a,m[ef(,m[f,m)ay:xGef;jcif;jzifh {vd,[k
rrSwf,lEkdifaMumif; w&m;aopGJrSwfaecJhMuayonf/ xkdokdYjzifh ,if;olwkdYrSm u,fwifjcif;vrf;aysmufíf
]r*¾'l;Af} tajctaeodkY xkd;qif;usa&mufoGm;cJhMuavonf/

þonfh Oyrmtm;jzifh BudKwifedrdwfa[mpum; (Asm'dwf) rsm;wGif yGifhay:<ua&mufvwHhaom

tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;\ tEGwo
å nmtrnfemrukad zmfjyxm;ygvQif ,if;ukd tay:,HA[d'o
¨ abm&,lMu
avaomf jyif;jyemusifzG,faomf qHk;½IH;epfemrIenf;pOfomjzpfNyD; ]rkdYtfrif} ouf0if,HkMunfolwkdYtzkdY
a0;a0;u a&Smifz,foifah omudpjö zpfygonf/ tvD,mpf-ya&mzuf{vd,<uvmvdrrhf nf[al om tem*wåd
pum;ESihf yGiahf y:vmolrmS ,m[f,m AwåZd q
H &ma,m[efjzpfaeonft
h csuu
f dk ½Ipm;í oifcef;pm&,l
MuzdkY&Sdygonf/

wrefawmftq
D m u ,m[f,m ukyd J tvD,mpfeADjzpfaMumif; txyfxyf&iS ;f jyae\/
tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf ,m[f,m rSm tvD,mpfeAD\ *kPjf 'yftqift
h wef;rsKd ;jzifh ol\*kPyf 'k rf sm;ukd
qifjref;vsuf <uvmoljzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/

þonfEiS ½hf ;dk rSm;? usrf;jrwfu&k t

f mefwpfae&mwGif wrefawmftq
D m u ]t[fr'f} [laom
trnfjzifh wrefawmfwpfyg;yGifhay:&ef&SdaMumif; owif;aumif;Mum;ajymxm;onf[k vm&Sdxm;ygonf/
þonfudk uREyfk w
f t
Ydk m; twku
d t
f cHjyKoltm;vH;k vkv
d u
dk þBudKwiferd w
d af [mcsurf mS wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
ay:xGe;f vmjcif;jzifh jynfph ckH NhJ y[
D k wpfoabmwnf;rSw,
f x
l m;Muygonf/ odaYk omf wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
\ trnfrmS ]t[fr'f} [kwyf govm;/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u wrefawmf jzpfaMumif;
aMunmNyD ; aemuf w G i f uREf k y f r S m ]t[f r 'f } vnf ; jzpf \ [k rd e f Y c J h o nf r S m rS e f v if h u pm;vnf ;
wrefawmfjzpfaMumif; aMunmNyD;aemufrS ,if;trnfukd rdrdESifh qufET,frI&SdaMumif; ajymMum;½Hkjzifh
r,HMk unforl pd mä 'd|w
d t
Ydk wGuf todv
Yk Qif vHak vmufaom om"ujycsufjzpfygrnfenf;/ uk,
d af wmfjrwf\
rdbbk;d bGm;wku
Yd uk,
d af wmfjrwftm; þonft
h rnfudk rSnahf c:cJjh cif; odrYk [kwf wrefawmftjzpf raMu
nmrDrSm ukd,fawmfjrwftm; þonfhtrnfonmjzifh ac:prSwfjyKcJhjcif;&SdaMumif; oufaojyEkdifrSom
apm'utwGuf tajzay;&ma&muf&rdS nfjzpfygonf/ odaYk omfvnf; rSeu
f efaom ['D;qfawmfrsm;t&
 102

vHk;vHk;yif oufaojyEdkifp&mr&Sdyg/ odkYaMumifh wrefawmf,m[f,m onf aumif;uif,HwGif

{vd, jzpfbo
d nft
h vm;? wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ trnfrmS vnf; aumif;uif,?H tv’m[fyh v’ix
f ufwiG f
]t[fr'f} jzpfonf[k ajymMum;&½HkrSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/

þonfh OyrmjycsufEpS &f yfv;kH jzifh tem*wåAd sm'dwpf um;rsm;wGif azmfjyaom tMuiftEGwo
å nm
rsm;rSm trSew
f u,f trnfonm&Su
d &dk &dS rnf[k r[kwrf b
l ?J a,bl,stm;jzifh ,if;onfh twGi;f tZöswu
då
oabmouefukd ñTef;qkdjcif;jzpfaMumif; aerif;yrm xif&Sm;pGm odvm&ayonf/

'Dawmh <ua&mufyiG ahf y:&ef&adS om tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfEiS phf yfvsOf;í ]r&f,rf\om;rqd[}f (rqd[t
f pf
baeYr&f,rf) ponfh trnfrsm;ukd oH;k pGaJ zmfjyjcif;wGif tb,foaYkd om 0Suu
f ,
G af eonfh 'óeoabm
&Sdygoenf;[laom ar;cGef;ay:aygufvmygvdrhfrnf/

þonfukd ½Iaxmifhaygif;pHkrS ajzMum;csuftpHkpHkukd wifjyoGm;Ekdifonfjzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg

tm;vHk;ukd azmfjy&ygaomf pmtvGef&SnfoGm;rnfjzpfygaomaMumifh tvG,fwulawG;ac:ajrmfjrif&,lEkdif
aompum;tcsdKUukdwifjy&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygrnf/

1/ yxrOD;qHk;tcsufrSm yGihfay:&ef&Sdaom ]rqd[f} rSm wrefawmftDqm \ *kPfyk'frsm;

jzifh yGihfay:&ef&Sdonf/ wrefawmf,m[f,m onf wrefawmf tvD,mpf \ *kPjf 'yfrsm;jzifh
ay:xGe;f cJo
h nfyh rmES,f wrefawmftq
D m onf Nidrf;csrf;jcif; rif;om;BuD;jzpfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf
rdr\
d b0wpfavQmufv;kH odraf rGUpGmjzifh cspfMunfa&;ESihf El;nHjh cif;wkEYd iS t
hf wl rdr\
d wrefawmfjzpfjcif;ukd
xkwfazmfí omoemjyKcJhNyD; tu,fí rvkdrkef;xm;olwkdYu tMurf;zufvmcJhvQifvnf; ¤if;onf
cEÅDyg&rDukdjznfhvsuf xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifrIukd rjyKcJhacs/ þuJhodkYyif wrefawmfjrwfrl[r®'focif \
]tGro
® }f wynfo
h m;rsm;twGi;f rS yGiahf y:aom uwdawmf& ]rqd[}f onfvnf; wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
uk d , f a wmf wk d i f u ],oG t k v f [ &f A f } uwd a wmf & rqd [ f a y:xG e f ; aomtcgor,rS m
"m;vSHvufeufwkdYjzifh ]*sD[m'f} jyK&rnfhtcgr[kwfaomaMumifh "m;vufeufjzifh ]*sD[m'f} qifETJjcif;ukd
zsufodrf;vdrfhrnf[k rdefYcJhonfht wkdif; wpfax&mwnf;yif yGihfay:rnfjzpfjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;/

2/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm emZ&ufNrdKUom; rqd[fwrefawmftDqm onf wrefawmfrpl m \

omoemh vIy&f mS ;rItpOftvm\ ]cgwrGvcf v
dk zg} (cvDzmcsKyf) jzpfouJo
h Ykd ay:xGe;f vmrnfh ]rqd[}f
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kd zg} (cvDzmcsKyf)
jzpfvsuf ]cgwrGvfckdvzg} [k tac:cH&&ef&SdaMumif;ukd xif&Sm;ap&ef
&nfqmifxm;cJhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/

3/ wwd,tcsufrmS um; BuD;us,fcefx

Y nfvaS omtaMumif;tcsufjzpfay&m usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf
 103

rSefuefaom['D;qfawmfrsm;t& urÇmhaemufqHk;aeYrsm;wGif c&pf,mefbmomrSm tvGefw&mtiftm;

awmifw
h if;ckid rf mvQuf&rdS nfjzpfNyD; vuf0g;uyfwidk 0f g'rSm tvGet
f rif;BuD;pd;k vsuf&adS ernfjzpfaMumif;ESihf
odaYk Mumifh ay:xGe;f <ua&mufvm&ef&adS om tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vf\ tBuD;us,fcef;em;vSq;kH aom wm0efwpfck
rSm ],wfuaf p&Gwq
f v
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f nf vuf0g;uyfwidk 0f g'\ tm;BuD;aomtiftm;ukd
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wpf&yf&SdonfrSm tu,fí rif;aejynfwpfckckwGif qlylaomif;usef; jyóemyGm;vsuf&Sdaeaomtcg?
jzpfay:aeaom jyóemukd Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif vkyfzkdY&mtwGuf jynfyEkdifiHrsm;\ wm0efr[kwfrlbJ rdrd
wkid ;f jynf&dS tkycf sKyfo\
l rvTrJ a&Smifomaom wm0efom jzpfbo
d uJo
h Ykd wrefawmfwpfyg;yg;\ trsdK;om;
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tm;avsmfpmG xked ADwrefawmfwiG f rjzpfraewm0ef&v
dS mayawmhonf/ odjYk zpfay&m wpfbufrMS unfv
h Qif
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urÇmt
h rsdK;om;xk(bm om0if)tm;vH;k wk\
Yd eADwrefawmftvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;\ Oyrmaqmify*k Kd¾ vftjzpfudk
aqmif,lí w&m;tvif;jyojcif;tvkdYiSg xkdeADwrefawmftvif;jyyk*¾dKvf? q&morm;BuD;rsm;\
yH k & d y f t oG i f j zif h yk * ¾ d K vf wpf O D ; ay:xG e f ; &ef rjzpf r aevk d t yf v mayawmh o nf / od k Y & mwG i f
tjcm;wpf b uf u k d M unh f v Qif v nf ; tpö v mrf omoemxG e f ; um;vmjcif ; ES i f h ]cgwref e AD , D ; ef }
wrefawmfcsKyfBuD; ay:xGe;f <ua&mufcjhJ cif;jzifh emrf0n
d mOf a&;qkid &f mpdrphf rf;a&[lorQudk rdr\
d tajcodpYk JG
,lvu
dk Nf yD jzpfay&um; ,cktcgwGif yGiahf y:&ef&adS omjyKjyif a&;Adou
k mtvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D wpfavaomfrQ
tpövmrfomoem\ jyifyavmurSvnf;aumif; tpövmrfh tpktzGUJ 0ifr[kwo
f rl sm;teufrv
S nf;aumif;
ay:xGef;p&mr&SdawmhNyDjzpfaomaMumifh eAD wrefawmftvif;jyyk*¾dKvfq&morm;toD;oD;wkdY\
yHk&dyfrSmwpfOD;wnf; wpfyg;wnf;aomyk*¾dKvftjzpfESifh tpövmrfomoem0ifwkdY\twGif;ü ay:xGef;&ef
vkdtyfvmcJhayawmhonf/

þ<ua&mufyiG ahf y:vm&ef&adS om jyKjyifa&;Adou

k m tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vf\vkyif ef;wm0efrmS urÇmt
h rsdK;
om;xk(bmom0if)tm;vH;k wku
Yd dk yJjh yifq;kH rxde;f ausmif;&efjzpfonf/ þodjYk zifh þuwdawmf& tvif;jy
yk*¾dKvf\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rSm tydkif;ESpfydkif;cGJí &SdvmcJhayawmhonf/ wpfykdif;u wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
\ ]tGro
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Yd m; yJjh yifoifjy&efjzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfyidk ;f u usef ]tGro
® }f trsdK;om;wkt
Yd m;
yJjh yif qH;k rjcif;wm0efteuf ['D;qfawmfwiG f ],wfuaf q&Gwq
f v
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[laom Mo0g'pum;jzifh txift&Sm;azmfjyxm;csuf&x
dS m;onfEiS t
fh nD wrefawmftq
D m \
 104

]tGro
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h m;avsmpf mG ?
þonfh ½Iaxmifhtm;jzifh ay:xGef;<ua&muf&ef&Sdaom tvif;jyyk*¾dKvftm; 0daooxl;pGmjzifh
]tDqmtpfAaeYr&f,rf} (0g) r&f,rf\om; tDqm[laom tEGwo
å nmjzihf rSnahf c:xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
xkdYjyif tjcm;wpfyg;aom trsdK;om;xktpk0iftoD;oD;wkdYukd yJhjyifoifjy&ef&Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGmvnf;
tESpfcsKyfoabmukdaqmifvsuf?

[laom0gusukd oH;k EIe;f azmfjyxm;awmfral vonf/ t"dygÜ ,frmS ]]xkrd w

S pfyg; tMuiftcg0,f
(&plv)f wrefawmfrsm;onf (owfrw
S x
f m;aom) tcsdeüf vma&mufp½k ;kH Mu&ayrnf/}} (uk&t
f mef 77;11)
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aMumifh þ½Iaxmift
h m;jzifv
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wpfoabmwnf;yifjzpfay\/

]]ightm;qufcHol cvDzmrsm;rSm ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomvrf;ay:wGif avQmufvSrf;Muukefaom

]r[f'D}rsm; jzpfcsdrfhownf;}}

xkrd w
S pfyg; uwdawmf& a&SUaqmif(atrmrf)BuD;rSm rGwpf vifwt
Ydk m; w&m;a&at; wku
d af uR;jcif;
vkyif ef;pOfwiG f wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ tjrifrh m;qH;k aom cvDzmcsKyfjzpf&ef owfrw
S x
f m;awmfral Mumif;
rSmvnf; odomxif&mS ;vSay\/ r&f,rf\om;tDqm[laom tEGwo
å nmwGif tjcm;aomtajrmftjrif
'óersm;&Syd gao;aomfvnf; uwdawmf&rqd[-f r[f'b
D UJG cH t&Sio
f jl rwf zGUJ EGUJ pyfqcdk ahJ om yg&Si;f vuFm
uav;ukd trSwf&ojzifh azmfjy&if; þrQESifhyif &yfvkdufygawmhonf/

tMuifow
l iG f jzLpifEv
S ;kH
jrLrzHk;u pk½Hk;rsm;pGm
vu©Pm&dyf wdwef rd w
d w
f Ydk
jynfhodyfzdkY&mrvkdacs/
 105

bk&m;ocifjrwft&Sifukd
tpOfaMumuf&GHU½dkusdK;yHhrl
edrdwfvu©Pmwpfckomvnf;
azG&Smvrf;rSef jyíñTefrnf
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,ck uREkyf w
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av;pm;&ygaom pm½Iot
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hf pS af y;awmfral p&efqyk efyg\/
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odpYk ifvQif ,if;uJo

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þonfrh mS ;,Gi;f azmufjyefaom,HMk unfcsuu
f tpövmrfomo emtm; tb,frQq;kH ½H;k epfematmifjyKcJyh gap/
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vrf ; vG J a pcJ h M uaom ]omoemh y nm&S i f t rnf c H } rsm;\ vnf * k w f w G i f & S d a eygonf /
c&pf,mefomomejyKrsm;u vlvdr®mtoGifaqmifí rGwfpvifwkdY\tyg;odkY0ifa&mufMuum ]]cifAsm;&JU
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f jl rwf\ txufuazmfjycJah om BudKwiferd w
d jf ynfph jkH cif;\ a&SUajy;t&dyv
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ö dk tjcm;aomenf;wpfenf;ukd toH;k csvsu&f adS eMujcif;
 113

rSm ,Hrk mS ;oHo,&SEd ikd pf &myif rvkad wmhyg/ qkv

d o
dk nfrmS tpövmrfomoemwGif rnfonfh ]rqd[}f
wpfO;D wpfavaomfrS qif;oufvm&ef odrYk [kwf yGiafh y:&ef&adS Mumif; wpfpw
kH pf&m BudKwiferd w
d af [mcsuf
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tvQif ; r&S d y g}} vl o m; avQmuf v S r f ; &rnf h c&D ; twG u f tvif ; a&mif u k d uk & f t mef r S v G J í
tjcm;rnfonfv f vif;a&mifrQ vH;k 0rvdk tjcm;vrf;jyrnfholvnf; tvsif;rvdkawmhNyD [lí
h rf;ñTet
wpfceJ uf qkad eMuygawmhonf/

odpYk ifvsuf tpövmrfph mayukd tenf;ESit

hf rsm; avhvmqnf;yl;rdaom qifjcifww
kH &m;&So
d nfv
h l
om;wpfO;D tzdu
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razmufrjyefreS u
f efaom "r®EiS hf jy'g;wpfvrf;oHwpfvrf;jzpfaeaMumif;ukd oabmaygufxm; MurnfrmS
aocsmygonf/

xkyd &rwåopömrazmufrjyefreS u
f efaom "r®onfum; avmuwGif ,HMk unfjcif;ESihf tusio
hf v
D rsm;
omrefxufveG u
f pJ mG azmufjyefvmcJv
h Qif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ,if;udpu
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0dnmOfa&;qkid &f m tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;ukd ay:xGe;f apawmfrjl cif;rSm w&m;"r®Oya'ynwftopfudk csrSw&f ef
&nf&,
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l zefqif;&Sit
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uk d , f u sif h w &m;r@d K if u k d pepf w usjyef v nf x l a xmif &ef E S i f h rS m ;,G i f ; azmuf j yef a om
tawG;tjrift,ltqrsm;ukd okwo
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kH nfh aemufaomf rSvnf; tckid t
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Oyrmjy&aomf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif -

]]wzef igt&Sijf rwfonf (eADwrefawmf) rlpmtm; ,if;(rlpm\trsdK;om;)wko

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d t
dYk m;
arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&SifESifh awGUqHkMu&rnfukd ,HkMunfEkdifMu&ef aumif;pGmusifhrlaomolwkdYtzdkY
(awmif&mwf) usrf;jrwfukd NyD;jynfhpHkaom aus;Zl;awmftjzpfvnf;aumif; tvH;k pHak omt&mrsm;ukd
vif;jyaom(usrf;*ef) tjzpfvnf;aumif; w&m;"r®ñTefjyaom (a'oemawmftjzpfvnf;aumif;?
u½kPmawmftjzpfvnf;aumif; csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlcJhavonf/}} (6;154)
 114

,if;odkYtcsddefumvESifh vlUrsdK;EG,fqufowfrSwfrIabmiftwGif;rS þrQNyD;jynfhpHkí

tqufqufrS axmihfaphvSaom t<uif;rJhjzpfaom usrf;*ef"r®cefukd tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf
beDtpö&mtDv(f £oa&v) trsdK;om;wkt
Yd m; ay;oem;csD;jr§iafh wmfrNl yD;oumvvnf; -

]]{ueftrSef igt&Sijf rwfonf ]awmif&mwf} usr;f ukd csay;oem;awmfrcl o

hJ nf/ ,if; ]awmif&mwf}
usrf;wGif w&m;"r®ñTefMum;jcif;ESifh a&mifjcnfawmfonf&Sd\/ (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\) trdefYawmfrsm;ukd
vkdufemMuukefaom eAD w ref a wmf r sm;onf ,[l ' D r sm;tay:ü ,if ; awmif & mwf u srf ; jrwf E S i f h
tnD w&m;ppfaq;pD&ifavh&SdMuukef\/ xkdenfwlpGm ,[l'D? &AÁmeD (t&Sifh*kPfa&mifukdqkd;í
t&S i f h t vk d u svk y f a qmif Muuk e f a omt&S i f o l j rwf ) rsm;ES i f h o moemynm&S d ( tppf ) wk d Y o nf v nf ;
,if ; awmif & mwf u srf ; jrwf E S i f h t nD w&m;ppf a q;pD & if a vh & S d c J h M uuk e f \ /}} (5;44)

þtm,wfawmfESpfckrQukd qufpyfí oHk;oyfvQifyif tajzrSefukd wGufcsuf&,lEkdifygonf/

wrefawmfrpl m \aemufyidk ;f wGif xkw
d refawmfBuD;csrw
S cf ahJ om ]&S&t
D of} "r®Oya'oukd z0g;ajcxyf
vku
d ef mcJMh uaom jyKjyifa&;Adou
k m? tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vfwrefawmfrsm;tqufqufonf ay:xGe;f cJMh uaMumif;
azmfjyyg tm,wfawmftm;jzifh aerif;yrmxif&Sm;pGm od&Sd&½HkrQru ,if;yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm; ynwfw&m;awmf
topfudk csrSwaf pawmfrrlbJ wrefawmfrpl mcsrSwcf o
hJ nfyh nwfw&m;awmfudk apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f
tusdK;aqmif&eftwGuo
f m ay:xGe;f apawmfrcl ahJ Mumif;ukyd g uGuu
f u
G u
f iG ;f uGi;f od&&dS ygonf/ (2;87/
32;24-25 vnf;½I)

xkjYd yifwrefawmfjrwfBuD; tm; wrefawmfBuD;rlpm ESihf ckid ;f EIid ;f Oyrmay;xm;awmfro

l nft
h nD
(73;15 ½I) wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ aemufykdif;wGifvnf; rGwfpvifwkdYtwGif; jyKjyifa&;Adokum?
omoem awmfoefY&Sif;a&;orm; (rl*s'D'f)rsm; rjywfay:xGef;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ þSonfukd&nfíyif
tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfu ,HkMunfjcif;ckdifMunfvsuf ukd,fusifhoDvaumif;jrwfolwdkYtm; a&S;,cifu
tGro
® rf sm;wGif ]cvDzm} qufco
H rl sm;ukd cefx
Y m;ouJo
h Ykd xko
d w
l t
Ydk wGi;f rSmvnf; ]cvDzm} qufco
H u
l dk
cefYxm;ay;awmf rlrnf/ (24;55) [laom uwdawmfudkf tckdiftrmukd rdefYxm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/

þonfah emufwiG f tpövmrfomoemü ]rqd[}f wpfyg;yGiahf y:&ef&o

dS nf[al om tem*wåed rd w
d f
a[mcsufwpfpw
kH pf&mrQr&Syd g/ tjcm;vrf;jyyk*Kd¾ vfvnf; tvsif;rvkyd g[laom wpfrx
l ;l jcm;onfh jiif;qkd
uefu
Y u
G cf sufudk &Si;f &efusef&ydS gonf/ trSeaf omfum; þtawG;tjrif t,ltqrSmvnf; vH;k 0(vH;k 0)
rSm;,Gi;f aomt,ltqomr[kwrf í
l þacwfBuD;wGif þtawG;tjrift,ltq ay:aygufvmjcif;rSm
 115

vnf; ]t[fr'D,of} ukd rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qkd usdK;,kw&f u

S &f jzpfapvkad om rpä&,
d pdwrf aS ygufzmG ;vm
jcif;\ tusdK;qufaMumifo
h m jzpfygonf/ odrYk [kwyf gu uREkyf w
f \
Ydk wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u
urÇmh aemufqHk;aeYrsm;wGif ]rqd[f}\ Oyrmaqmifolwpfyg;yGihfay:&ef ta&;ukd rnfrQtav;ay;í
txyfxyf rderYf mS cJah Mumif;ukd rodaom tb,frw
G pf vif&ydS goenf;/ odaYk Mumifh wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
rdefYrSmxm;cJh aom qG[d[fblcg&Dusrf;rS þ['D;qfawmfwpfyk'fukd OyrmtaeESifh wifjyvQifyif
vHak vmufrnf[x
k ifí azmfjyvku
d yf gonf/

]]uREkfyf\touf xkdt&Sifjrwf\ vufawmfwGif&Sdaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; wkdifwnfí

qkyd gtH/h toifww
Ydk iG f rkcsrvGyJ if r&f,rf\om; rqd[o
f nf ]emZDv}f <ua&mufvmayvdrrhf nf/ olonf
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qH;k jzwfcsurf mS w&m;rQwí rSeu
f efaomqH;k jzwfcsujf zpfayrnf/ olonf vuf0g;uyfwidk f ( jyóemt&Sed f
jrifah ecsed w
f iG f ay:xGe;f í xkjd yóem )ukd ½ku
d cf sKd ;ayvdrrhf nf/ xdjYk yif xku
d mvwGif 0ufrsm; ( uJo
h n
Ykd pfnrf;
pkwfyJhrIrsm;rSmvnf; tifESifhtm;ESifh &SdaernfjzpfNyD; xkdrqd[fu ,if;npfnrf;rIrsm;ukdvnf; ) tjywfESdrf
eif;ayvwH/h od&Yk mwGif þvkyif ef;aqmifwmtm;vH;k wku
Yd dk oufaojycsurf sm;ESihf vif;0if;aom om"ursm;
tjyif 0dnmOfa&;qkid &f m edrw
d v
f u©Pmrsm;tm;jzifh jyKvkyv
f rd rhf nfjzpf\/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf xku
d mv
rSmNird ;f csr;f aomumvjzpfí omoema&;ppfr&Sad omaMumif?h xku
d mvwGif ]*sZ,
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f rd ;f
jcif;cH&ayvdro
hf wnf;/}} (qG[[
D b
f cl g&Dusr;f ? twG-J 2? uDumbkvb
f 'tdvcf vfu?f bm;bfEZk al vtDqm?
pmrsufESm-354? ['D;qftrSwfpOf 668? e,l;a'vDNrdKUyHkESdyf)

todeYk nf;? uk,

d af wmfjrwfBuD; u tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfudk wkid w
f nfoufaoxm;í rdeMfY um;
rSmxm;cJah om tem*wåed rd w
d af [mcsufrsm;&Sx
d m;ygvsuf ['D;qfusrf;rsm;teuf omrefusrf;rQr[kwrf b
l J
usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefNyD;vQif trSefuefqHk;usrf;[k owfrSwfjcif;cH&onf/ pmayeef;xufwGif tjrifh
rm;qHk;tqifhwGif&Sdaomusrf;rS rSwfwrf;rSwf&mBuD;&Sdaeygvsuf? xkdYjyif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefüvnf;
þtaMumif;&yftwGuf xif&Sm;aom &nfñTef;csufrsm;ukd jrifawGUae&ygvQuf xkdYaemufwpfzef
rGwfpvifxkBuD;tm;vHk;u ]qG[mb[f} om0uBuD;rsm;vufxufrSonf rsufarSmufumvodkYwkdif
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d af [mcsufudk vufqifu
h rf;o,faqmifí ,H,
k MkH unfMunfEiS hf tjrwfwEk;d xm;cJMh uyg
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hf idk af om ,HMk unfcsufudk jypfjypfcgcg jiif;qkrd nfo
h &l ydS g\avm/ wrefawmf
 116

tDqm toufxif&Sm;&SdvQufESifh rdk;aumif;uifodkYwufoGm;cJhaMumif;ESifh wpfzefrdk;aumif;uifrS

jyef v nf qif ; vmrnf j zpf a Mumif ; rS m usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef t &a&m ['D ; qf a wmf r sm;t&yg
ck d i f r maomouf a ojycsuf r &S d aomaMumif h rS m ;,G i f ; azmuf j yef a om ,H k M unf c suf j zpf o nf r S m
,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mr&SdonfrSm rSefyg\/ odkYaomf wrefawmftDqm uJhodkYyif rl[r®'D
omoemh v I y f & S m ;rI t pOf t quf w G i f aemuf q H k ; uG i f ; quf j zpf aom wref a wmf t D q m\
Oyrmaqmifyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf wrefawmftDqm \ *kPft&nftcsif;wkdYjzifh ay:xGef;vmum
tpövmrfhtusdK;o,fydk;vdrfhrnf[laom BudKwifedrdwfa[mcsufukd ouf0if,HkMunfcsuf omvQif
oifhjrwfavsmfuef wdusrSefuefaom,HkMunfcsufjzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif xkdedrdwfa[mcsufrSmvnf;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ aus;Zl;awmfjzifh ay:xGe;f jynfph ckH yhJ gNyD;? Munfjh rifp&m rsufp&d MdS uolrsm;um; Munfjh rif
Muygukef/

tcsKyf q k d a omf t[f r 'D , mtzG J U uk d wnf a xmif o l t&S i f o l j rwf u wref a wmf t D q m
uk,
d w
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f ,
dk Mf uyf yGiahf y:a&;ukd arQmfawmfaZmESihf armaeMu&SmolwdYk ESpaf ygif;oH;k &mtwGi;f þarQmfvifh
apmifhpm;jcif;rS pdwfukefí vufrIdifcsMurnfjzpfNyD; wrefawmftDqm \ ½kyfykdif;qkdif&mtm;jzifh
(qif;ouf ay:xGef;vmjcif;cH,lcsufukd pGefYypfvkdufMuayvdrfhrnf[k
BudKwifred x
Yf m;cJo
h nfrh ed MYf um;csurf mS vnf; wpfp wpfpESihf jynfph akH eNyjD zpfygonf/ ,ckvuf&u
dS mvrSmawmh
rdrdwdkY\ t,lrSm;ukd zHk;zHk;zdzdxm;vkdaomaMumifh wpfpdwfwpfa'orQavmufukd jiif;aecJhMuayr,fhvnf;
rGwpf vifa&m c&pf,mefwyYdk g þaqG;aEG;cef;\ t"dutcsuftcsm uGi;f v,foYkd &muf&v
dS mMuum
tMuifrqd[ftm; aumif;uifrS<uvmrnf[k apmifhpm; aejcif;rSm urÇmhpHjywrefawmf? cgwrefeAD,D;ef?
a&S ; vl a ES m if ; vl t aygif ; \OD ; aoQmif j zpf a wmf r l a om r[mvl o m;\ oef Y & S i f ; jrif h j rwf a om
emrfa&;&mtajctaersm;\ t&dyfckdjcif;jzifh ay:xGef;um ]atrm rkduGefrfrifefuGefrf} [laom
tem*wådedrdwfBuD;rSm NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;odkYa&mufcJhygNyD[k rjzpfraeaMunmrnfhaeY rSm rMumrDumvtwGif;
raES;tjrefa&muf&SdvmrnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJwnf;/

usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef r S t m,wf a wmf o H k ; q,f y k ' f

wref a wmf t D q muG , f v G e f a Mumif ; ouf a ojycsuf

uwdawmf&rqd[rf [f'D t&Sio

f jl rwf u rdrpd &D ifa&;om;aom ]atZmvmatatmif0[
f mrf}
usrf;wGif usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefrS tm,wfawmfo;kH q,fy'k u
f dk wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &muf
jcif;ukd oufao&&Sdp&mtaejzifh azmfjycJhonf/ ,ckwifqufvkdufygonf/
 117

1/ yxrtm,wfawmf -

]]td-k tDqm? rkcs{uef igt&Sijf rwfonf toifu

h dk aoapawmfrrl nft
h &Sijf zpfonf/ ¤if;aemuf
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h m; ]umz&f} (r,HMk unfjiif;y,fo)l
wkrYd S pifMu,fatmifjyKí oD;jcm;cGx
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k af wmfro
l nf/ xkjYd yif toift
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tm; r,HMk unfjiif;y,fow
l t
Ykd ay:0,f ]au,mrwf} (&Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eY) wkid f omvGeaf pawmfrl
rnf/}} (3;56)1

2/ 'kwd, - wrefawmftDqm uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufaMumif; oufaojyvsuf&Sdaom

tm,wfawmf-

]]okrYd [kwrf b
l ?J tv’m[fonf olUtm; rdrt
d xHawmf ]&zgtf} (csD;ajr§mufr)I jyKawmfrcl ahJ yonf}}
(4;159)

qk d v k d o nf r S m wref a wmf t D p m(t)onf um;pif t wif c H & NyD ; &[l ' D r sm;ES i f h
c&pf,mefrsm;xifjrif,q
l MuouJo
h Ykd usdejf cif;ukcd ,
H í
l taoqk;d jzifh aoqH;k Mu&olwv
Ydk dk raoqH;k cJrh b
l J
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu *kPo
f u
d m© ay;í rdrx
d aH wmfoYkd csD;ajr§mufvu
dk o
f nf[\
l / þae&mwGif ]&zgtf}\
t"dygÜ ,frmS *kPo
f u
d m© &S&d dS aoqH;k jcif;ukd qkv
d jdk cif;jzpfaMumif;em;vnfxm;&efvydk gonf/ þtcsufudk
tjcm;aomtm,wfrsm;u oufaojyKaeygonf/

þtm,wfawmfrmS wrefawmft'd &f pD Ef iS fh pyfvsO;f íjzpfNy;D þtm,wfawmf\t"dygÜ ,frmS ]]igt&Sif

jrwfonf wrefawmft'D &f pD t
f m; aoapawmfrv
l suf jrifrh m;aom*kPjf 'yftqift
h wef;ukd cs;D jri§ ahf jrm§ ufpm;
awmfrv
l u
dk o
f nf/}} (19;58) [laomteufudk &&Sjd cif;ü ,Hrk mS ;oHo,r&Syd gacs/ taMumif;aomfum;
tedprö a&muf toufrf aysmufbJ aumif;uifbo
kH w
Ykd ufomG ;cJyh gvQif vlom;wpfO;D tzkYd rjzpfrae aoqH;k
&rnfhta&;MuHKvmaomaMumifh aouHa&mufcsdefwGif rkd;ay:rSmyJ ao&rvm;? urÇmajrodkY jyefvmNyD;
ao&rvm;[k a&G;cs,f&ayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ESpfrsdK;vHk;aomudpörSm jzpfEkdifp&mr&Sdacs/ tb,fhaMumifh
qk&d ygvQif cE¨muk,
d t
f wåabmBuD;onfum; aoNyD;aemufwiG f ajrBuD;twGi;f om jr§KyfE&HS aomtajctae
ESihf ajrBuD;\zdwaf c:rI&adS eonft
h jyif ,if;\&Sijf yefjcif;rSmvnf; ajrBuD;rSom jzpfjyefaomaMumifw
h nf;/
 118

odjYk zpf&m wrefawmft'd &f pD f \ urÇmajrodjYk yefvm&efEiS hf 'kw,

d tBudrf rk;d aumif;uifrq
S if;vm&ef
taMumif;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif om"ujycsufr&Sdygojzifh? &zgtf\ teufrSm
þae&m uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufjcif;omjzpfaMumif; oufao&&Syd gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; ]rku
d &fa&bD;ef}
t&SifjrwfESifh eD;pyfaygif;pnf;cGifh&&SdMuol (olrGefoljrwf) rsm;tm; uG,fvGefNyD;aemufwGif ,if;olwkdY\
0dnmOfrsm;ukd ]tDv,
D’ ;D ef} odw
Yk idk f ykaYd y;xm;jcif;cH&ouJo
h Ykd *kPo
f u
d m© jzifh aoqH;k tedpaö &mufjcif;jzpfygonf/

]]avsmufywfpmG aom *kPt

f qif&h ydS v’ix
f ufwiG f wefc;dk awaZmftmEkabmfEiS hf jynfph akH om{u&mZf
t&Sif\ a&SUawmfarSmufwGif&SdaytHhownf;/}} (54;56)

3/ wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufaMumif; vif;0if;xif&mS ;pGm oufaojyKvsuf&adS om
wwd,ajrmuftm,wfawmfrmS -

]]uReaf wmfrsKd ; (tDqm )tm; aoapawmfrNl y;D aomtcgwGirf ?l t&Sik jf rwfwpfyg;wnf;omvQif

,if;wkdYtay: apmifhMuyfoljzpfawmfrlyg\/}} (5;118)

usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f ]o0zæ}D \ t"dygÜ ,frmS 0dnmOfudk odr;f ,lNyD; ½kycf E¨muk,
d u
f dk pGex
Yf m;cJjh cif;
jzpfaMumif; a&SUykdif;wGif uREkfyfwkdY om"ursm;ukd azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/

tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ud,

k af wmfjrwftm; rdeaYf pawmfro
l nfrmS -

]]toifonf ajymMum;ygav/ toifwEYdk iS hf ywfoufí ceft

Y yfxm;jcif;cH&aom aorif;wref
onf toifw\
Ydk ZD0toufudk EIwo
f rd ;f vdrrhf nf/}} (32;12)

xkdYaemufwpfzef -

]]ok&Yd mwGif uREkyf o

f nf toifw\
Ykd ZD0toufudk EIwo
f rd ;f awmfral om tv’m[ftm;omvQif
ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfaytH}h } (10;105)

xkdrSwfwpfzef-
 119

]]olwkdYtm; aojcif;r&Pqkdufa&mufvmonftxd}}(4;16)

xkdYaemuf-

]]igt&Sijf rwf\apwrefrsm;onf ,if;wdx

Yk o
H Ykd ,if;olwt
Ydk m; toufEw
I ,
f &l efvmonftxd}}
(7;38)

¤if;jyif-

]]igt&Sijf rwf\apwrefu olwt

Ykd m; aoapvku
d af y\}} (6;62)

ponf? ponfjzifh t&Sijf rwfu usr;f jrwfu&k t

f mefwiG (f 23)ae&mrsm;ü ]o0zæ}D ukd aoqH;k apjcif;ESihf
toufEw
I ,
f jl cif;[laom t"dygÜ ,fjzifo
h ;kH EIe;f azmfjyxm;awmfryl gonf/ ok&Yd mwGif ]tkv
d rm} tcsdKUu
wvGaJ umuf,jl cif;ESihf jyifqifjcif;toGijf zifh þae&m]o0zæKd if;oeD} ukd ]&zgtfoeD,eG }f [k t"dygÜ ,fudk
,laeMuNyD;? tm&ADo'´gESiv
hf nf;aumif; usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwpfusrf;vH;k ESiv
hf nf;aumif; qefu
Y sif0ad &m"d
jzpfaejcif;ukd tav;rrlbJ &Sad eMujcif;rSm 0rf;enf;p&myif/ odjYk zpf&m usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefu tpueOD;rSonf
aemufqHk;pGeftxd 0daooxl;pGmjzifh pepfwus&Sdapaomt"dyÜg,f,wåudkvnf;aumif; 0gusoGm;
0gusxH;k zGUJ rItpDtpOf rsm;ukv
d nf;aumif; y,fcsjcif;onfyif ]tDv[
f m;'f} vrf;vGjJ cif;jzpfygonf/ ]o0zæ}D
[l o nf h p um;vH k ; rS m usrf ; awmf j rwf uk & f t mef ü omru wref a wmf j rwf B uD ; \
['D ; qf M o0g'awmf r sm;rS m vnf ; ae&mwumwG i f uG , f v G e f ted p ö a &muf a pjcif ; ES i f h
toufEw
I jf cif;t"dygÜ ,foabmjzifo
h m vm&Sx
d m;ygonf/ odaYk Mumifh uREkyf o
f nf ]qG[m[fqpfom[f}
(trS e f u ef q H k ; ['D ; qf B uD ; ajcmuf u srf ; )uk d aocsmaph i k * ½k j yKí ½I a v&m ae&mwum wG i f
uREkfyfwkdY\wrefawmfjrwf \ a&TEw
I af wmfrx
S u
G af om odrYk [kwf qG[mbm[fom0uBuD;rsm;\
EIwrf x
S u
G af om ]o0zæ}D [laompum;vH;k ukd tjcm;wpfcak om t"dygÜ ,foabmjzifo
h m ,wdjywfjrifawGU
cJ&h ygonf/ ]o0zæ}D [laompum;vH;k udk tjcm;wpfcak om t"dygÜ ,foabmjzifh rnfonfrh eS u
f efaom['D;qf
awmfwpfcw
k pfavukad omfrQ jrifawGU&rnfr[kwaf Mumif; uREkyf w
f t
Ykd ckid t
f rmqk0d yhH gonf/ tpövmrfwiG f
þpum;vH;k ukd touf0n
d mOfudk EIwí
f odr;f ,ljcif;[laomt"dygÜ ,fx;l pum;tjzpf owfrw
S &f mrSm ]½l[}f
0dnmOf\wnfNrJrIukd oufaojy&efjzpfaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwdkYem;vnfcGifh&&SdcJhygonf/

]zvr®mo0zædKif;oeD;} tm,wfwiG f ]o0zæ}D [laom pum;vH;k vm&Sx

d m;ay&m? ]o0zæ}D \
t"dyÜg,frSm aoapjcif;trSefjzpfygvQuf ,if;pum;vHk;rSm wrefawmftDqm (rkd;aumif;uifrS)qif;vmNyD;
 120

aemufrS jynfph rkH nfyif/ odpYk ifvQuf ,if;olwrYdk mS þuJo

h aYkd om tm;enf;csKd UwJv
h pS mG aomt"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf jdk cif;
twGuf pdk;pOf;rQ t&Sufw&m;r&SdMuonfrSm tHhMop&myif/

4/ wrefawmftDqm uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;ukd oufaojyaeaom

pwkwa¬ jrmuftm,wfawmfrmS (4;160) wGif þodv
Yk m&Sx
d m;ygonf/

(þtm,wfawmfu)dk uREyfk w
f o
Ydk nf þonfph mpOfrmS yif tus,w
f 0if&h iS ;f jycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ (vuf&dS
zwf½Iaeaompmtkyf? pmrsufESm (64) wGifvnf; jyefvnf½Ipm;Ekdifygonf/)

5/ yOörajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm-

]]r&f,rf\om; ]rqd[}f onf wrefawmfwpfyg;rQomjzpf\/ ol\tvsifu wrefawmftm;vH;k

onf uG,v
f eG cf MhJ uavNyD/ xkjYd yif ol\rdcifonf ]qD'u
D m} (ajzmifrh wfreS u
f efo)l trsdK;orD;wpfO;D jzpf\/
olwkdYESpfOD;pvHk;yif tpm;tpmukd rSD0Jpm;oHk;Mu\/ (5;76)

þtm,wfawmfonfvnf;? wrefawmftDqm uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;twGuf

ckid rf mvGe;f vS aom ynwfawmfjzpfygonf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf þtm,wfawmfwiG f tus,fw0ifh
vif ; 0if ; pG m vm&S d x m;onf r S m ,ck t cg wref a wmf t D q m ES i f h ol \ rd c if w k d Y r S m
tpmt[m&pm;oHk;rSD0Jjcif;rjyKMuawmh acs[l\/ ]um;em} [lonfh pum;vHk;u ypöKyÜefukd pGefYí
twdwu
f mvukd ñTe;f aeaomaMumifjh zpfygonf/ odaYk Mumifh r&f,rfocifr onf uG,v
f eG af oqH;k í
tocFweef;wGif pHjref;aecJhNyDjzpfaomaMumifhom? tpm;tpmrSD0Jjcif;rS &yfqkdif;apcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;
vlwkdif;yifoabmaygufEdkifMuygonf/ xkdrSwpfyg; ]um;em} pum;vHk;rSm '0k0kpfudef; (ESpfckudef;) jzpf
aomaMumifh? wrefawmftDqm onfvnf;? r&f,rfocifrESifh wpfygwnf;jzpfaeygonf/ ¤if;jyif
ESpOf ;D pvH;k rSm Oya'wpfcw
k nf;wGif tMuHK;0ifvQu&f adS eygonf/ odjYk zpf&m r&f,rfocifr\aoqH;k jcif;ESit
hf wl
wrefawmftDpm tedpöa&mufjcif;ukdyg vufcH&ayawmhonf/ taMumif;rl txufazmfjyyg tm
,wfawmfwiG f r&f,rfocifrrSmawmh uG,v
f eG Nf yjD zpfí tpm;tpmrS0D jJ cif;rS &yfqidk ;f jcif;ukcd &H onf/ odaYk omf
r&f,rfocifr\om;awmfrmS rlum; tjcm;wpfcak omtaMumif;udpaö Mumifh [lí azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sad om
aMumifyh if/ xkjYd yifwpf0 uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf txufazmfjyygtm,wfawmfudk -
 121

]]igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;(&plvfwrefawmf) wkdYtm; tpmt[m&pm;(aomuf)jcif;rjyKaom cE¨m

uk,
d rf sm;(tjzpf)jyKvky(f zefqif;)awmfrcl o
hJ nfvnf; r[kwaf y/}} (21;9)

igwko
Yd nf touf&iS v
f suf&adS omfvnf; tpm;tpmrpm;raomufaom cE¨mud,
k u
f dk rzefqif;cJh
acs[lonfo
h abmukd azmfjyaeonfh þtm,wfawmfEiS hf qufpyf,OS x
f ;dk íMunfyh gu trSe"f |d wref
awmftDpm uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;ukd ,HkMunfpdwfcs&í ckdifrmwdusaomtajzukd
&&Sdrnf jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rlum; ueOD;azmfjyaom tm,wfawmftm;jzifh ,ck wrefawmftDqm
tpmt[m& rrSD0JawmhaMumif; oufao&&SdcJhNyD; 'kwd,tm,wfawmfu wpfzef ½kyfcE¨m&SifoefaeorQ
tm[m&ukd rS0D &J ef rjzpfraevkt
d yfaMumif; jyqkad eaomaMumifh þonfEpS cf v
k ;kH aom tm,wfawmftm;jzifh
wrefawmf tDqm touf r&Siaf wmhaMumif; ,wdjywftajzukd aumuf,El idk cf ahJ omaMumifw
h nf;/

6/ q|rajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefygpl&m[f 21 tm,wfawmf(9)yifjzpfygonf/

þtm,wfawmfrmS tm,wfawmfEpS cf q
k ufpyfí ,ckyifazmfjycJNh yD;jzpfygonf/ xkjYd yif þtm,wfawmf
wpfcw
k nf;uyif? wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG jf cif;ukd vHak vmufaomoabmjzifh oufaojyKvsuf&dS
aeygonf/ taMumif;rl rnfonf½h yk cf E¨mrS tpm;tpmrrS0D &J bJ rwnfrNrJEidk [
f al om tv’m[f\ed,mr
"r®&x
dS m;awmfryl gvQufEiS hf wrefawmftq
D mrSm todv
Yk Qif ,ckxufxd tpm;tpmrrS0D b
J J touf&iS v
f Quf
&SdEkdifygrnfenf;/ xkdrSwpfyg;

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu-

]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\ Oya'(ed,mr"r®)wGif rnfonfah jymif;vJrw

I pfcu
k rdk Q tvsif;awGU&vdrhf
rnfr[kwfacs/}} (33;63) [k rdefYxm;jyefygonf/

7/ owårajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm-

]]rl[r®'f onf wrefawmfwpfyg;rQomwnf;/ olUxuftvsif wrefawmftm;vH;k uG,v

f eG f
tedpaö &mufcMhJ uavNyD/ ,ckaomf tu,fí olonfvnf; aocJv
h Qif odrYk [kwf vkyMf uHowfjzwfjcif;
cHc&hJ vQif tMuifupd t
ö wGuf toifwaYdk usmckid ;f í xGuaf jy;Murnfjzpfaom ol\eAl0ofwrefawmfjzpf
jcif;ü wpfpHkwpf&m csdKUwJhrIay:aygufap&mjyKEdkifzG,f&Sdayoavm/}} (3;145)
 122

þtm,wfawmft& tu,fíom wrefawmfjrwf tzdYk tpOftNrJ touf&iS af ezkv

Yd t
dk yfw,f
qk&d if a&S;a&S;u wrefawmfwpfyg;wpfavaomfrQ ,ckxufwidk f touf&iS v
f Qu&f adS o;aMumif;ukd oufao
jyMuprf;[laomykpmä xGuv
f mygonf/ tu,fí wrefawmftq
D m touf&iS v
f Qu&f cdS yhJ gvQif tv’m[f
t&Sijf rwfcsjyaomom"urSm ,kwrdå wefjzpfomG ;ygvdrrfh nf/ (þtm,wfawmfuv
dk nf; pm½Iozl wfvufp
pmtkyfpmrsufESm( ) wGif tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;&Sif;jyxm;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/

8/ t|rajrmuftm,wfawmfrSmum;-

]]igt&Sijf rwfonf toif(wrefawmfjrwf)\ a&S;tpOftqufu rnfonfv

h o
l m;wpfO;D wpfav
ukad omfrS xm0&touf&iS af omb0ukv
d nf;aumif; þodaYk e&eftajctaeukv
d nf;aumif; ray;cJah cs/
okdYygvQuf tu,fí toifonfyif aoqHk;cJhacsaomf ,if;olrsm;rSm usef&pfíaeMuOD;rnfavm}}
(21;35)

þtm,wfawmf\ qkv
d &dk if;rSm vlowå0gtm;vH;k tv’m[f\wpfcw
k nf;aom ed,mr"r®twGi;f
&SdaeMuaMumif;ESifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQyif aojcif;r&PrS rvGwfuif;cJhMuovkd aemifwGifvnf;
vGwu
f if;rnfr[kwaf Mumif; jyqkjd cif;jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif tma&Aso'´genf;us tbd"mefoabmt& ]ckv;l 'Ge}f
\ oabmouefwGif wpfckwnf;aom tajctaewGif tpOftNrJwnf&Sdaejcif;ukd qkdvkdayonf/
taMumif;rl ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;rSm aoqHk;jcif;ESifh oufavQmedrfhusjcif; &nfaqmifaomaMumifhyif/
odaYk Mumifh ]ckv;l 'Ge}f r[kwaf Mumif; jiif;qkcd suftm;jzifh acwfumvor,\ tusdK;oufa&mufrt
I m;jzifh
vlom;wkid ;f yif aojcif;w&m;qDoYkd a&GUavQmaeMu&aMumif;ESihf tkjd cif;? emjcif;bufoYkd OD;wnfae&aMumif;
wku
Yd dk om"u&&Syd gonf/ odjYk zifh wrefawmftq
D m rSmvnf; umvMumanmif;jcif;ESihf touft&G,f
BuD;&ifv
h mjcif;[lonfh ocFg&w&m;ukd rvGeq
f efEikd af v&um;? aojcif;r&P qku
d af &mufaMumif; oufao
&&Sdygonf/

9/ e0rajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm -

]]þumvxuftvsifu ay:xGe;f cJMh uavorQaom wrefawmfrsm;rSm uG,v

f eG cf MhJ uNyDjzpfaom
omoem0ifvUl tpktzGUJ wpfct
k jzpf&cdS MhJ u\/ ¤if;wkYd jyKusicfh ahJ omtusit
hf rlrsm;rSm ¤if;wkt
Yd wGuo
f mjzpf\/
xkdYjyif toifwkdY jyKusifhaom tusifhtrlrsm;rSm toifwkdYtzkdYomjzpf\/ ¤if;jyif ,if;olwkdY\ vkyfief;
 123

aqmifwmESifhpyfvsOf;í toifwkdYtm; ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;ukd cHMu&rnfr[kwfacs/}} (2;135)

10/ 'órajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm-

þtm,wf a wmf \ &S i f ; vif ; csuf u k d uREk f y f w k d Y k o nf þpmpOf w G i f a zmf j ycJ h N yD ; jzpf y gonf /
(atZmvmatatmif0[
f mrfpmpOfudk qkv
d ydk gonf/) þtm,wfawmf(19;32)t& tife*f sDv(f "r®opf)usrf;
yg enf ; ed ó ,tm;avsmf p G m ]qG v mof } 0wf j yK&ef wref a wmf t D q m tm;
apckid ;f ynwfxm;awmfro
l nf jzpfí olonf rk;d aumif;uifwiG f ]tDqmtD} wkYd 0wfjyKqkawmif;aom
enf;pOfEiS t
hf nD ]qGvm;of} 0wf jyKqkawmif;vsu&f adS eygonf/ uG,v
f eG cf NhJ yjD zpfaom wrefawmf,m[f,m
rSmvnf; ol\0wfjyKqk awmif;jcif;udk olUtajctaeESifhol 0wfjyKvQuf&Sdaeygonf/ xkdYaemuf
wrefawmftDqm urÇmavmuodYk jyefvmcJyh gvQif txufyg ynwfcsufrmS wrf;ESihf qefu
Y sifvsuf
]tGro
® }D (wrefawmfjrwf\wynf)h tjzpfudk cH,u
l m rGwpf vifw\
Ydk enf;pOftwkid ;f 0wfjyKrnfjzpfonfrmS
xif&Sm;vmygawmhonf/ (þum;pOf;pm; p&myif)

11/ wpfq,fw
h pfcak jrmuftm,wfawmfrmS -

]]xkdYjyif uREkfyf(wrefawmftDpm)\ tay:ü uREkfyfarG;zGm;cJhonfhaeYüvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfaoqHk;

rnfah eYüvnf;aumif;? uREyfk &f iS jf yefxajrmufapjcif;cH&rnfah eYüvnf;aumif;? (tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftxHawmf
rS) Nidr;f csrf;om,mrIonf usa&mufcsdro
hf wnf;}} (19;34)

þtm,wfawmfwiG f wrefawmftpD m(t)\ ud,

k af &;uk,
d w
f mESihf pyfqidk af om BuD;us,fcefx
Y nf
vSaomjzpf&yfBuD;rsm;ukd oHk;rsdK;wnf;omazmfjyxm;ygonf/ trSefaomfum; tu,fíom ]&zgtf} ESifh
]EkZlvf} jzpf&yfrSm trSefwu,f&SdrnfjzpfvQif ,if;jzpf&yfESpfckvHk;ukdvnf; azmfjy&efvkdygonf/ ]&zgtf}
ESihf ]EkZv
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r&Scd v
hJ yYdk gvm;/ (etlZb
dk v
d m’ [f) odjYk zpf&m þae&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu? xko
d nfh ]&zgtf} ESihf
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l }f ukd csefxm;cJah wmfrjl cif;rSm wrefawmftpD m(t)ESihf ywfoufí rGwpf vifw\
Ydk ESv;kH om;wGif
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l J ]&zgtf}[lonfrmS
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wpfq,fhESpfckajrmuftm,wfawmfrSmum;-
 124

]]xkdYjyif toifwkdYteufrSyif r&PqkdufatmifjyKjcif;cH&olrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ ¤if;jyif toifwdkY

teufryS if ynmqnf;yl;NyD;aemufv;kH vH;k yif ynmqkw,
f w
k í
f rlvtajcodaYk &mufvsuf owdvw
G af e
aom t&G,ftxd a&mufapjcif;cH&olrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/}} (22;6)

þtm,wfawmfwGif t&SifjrwfrdefYxm;awmfrlonfrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ed,mr"r®rSm

toifwt
Ydk m; ESprf sdK;wnf;aomtoGijf zifh owfrw
S x
f m;&Sad Mumif; toifwrYdk S tcsdKUrSm obm0uowfrw
S f
aom touft&G,o
f Ykd ra&muf&adS o;rD r&Pqku
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rSwaf om touft&G,o
f Ykd a&muf&NdS yD; t&G,rf a&mufao;aomb0txd jyefa&mufvsuf OmPfynm
rsm;qnf;yl;NyD;aemuf vH;k vH;k yif OmPfynmrsm;qkw,
f w
k o
f mG ;um oli,fjyefjcif;odYk a&mufonftxdoYkd
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f eG t
f edpaö &muf
jcif;twGuf oufaojzpfygonf/ taMumif;rlum; tu,fí vlom;onf touft&G,t
f vGet
f rif;
tkBd uD;tkrd t&G,o
f Ykd a&muf&o
dS mG ;cJyh gvQif todynmr&Sad wmhonfh vlrr,fuav;uJo
h jYkd zpfNyD; oli,fjyef
vsuf aoyG0J if&aomaMumifw
h nf;/

13/ wpfq,fo
h ;kH ckajrmuftm,wfawmfrmS -

]]toif(vlom;)wko
Yd nf ½kycf E¨mjzifh urÇmajray:wGif tusdK;cHpm;&aomaeYjynfah jrmufonftxd
aexkdifMuNyD; aoqHk;Mu&ayvwHh/}} (2;38)

þtm,wfawmfrmS ocFg½kycf E¨mukd aumif;uif,o

H Ykd wuf&jcif;rS jrpfwm;rIudk jyKae\/ tb,fh
aMumifq
h adk omf ]vuGerf }f [lonf txl;tusKd ;cHpm;rIuadk [monf/ ajrjzifNh y;D aom ½kycf E¨monf rk;d aumif;
uifodkYrwufra&mufEkdif½HkrQr[kwfrlí ajrBuD;rSjzpfNyD; ajrBuD;üyif aeMu&rnfhtjyif ajrBuD;wGif;odkYom
0ifMu&rnf[o
l nfudk txift&Sm;oufaojyvsuf&adS yonf/

14/wpfq,fhav;ckajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm-

]]igt&Sijf rwfonf touft&G,Bf uD;&ift

h rdk if;apawmfral omoltm; ,if;ol\zefqif;aygufzmG ;rIudk
ajymif;jyefjzpfapawmfrl\}} (36;69)

qkv
d o
dk nfrmS vlUobm0jzpfay:rIprG ;f tm;owdrå sm;rSm vlom;xHrS uif;a0;oGm;apNyD;? todw&m;
 125

owdw&m; cRw,
f iG ;f í todOmPfonfvnf; olUxHrS aysmufysuo
f mG ;avonf/ od&Yk &dS m wrefawmftq
D m
ESiphf yfvsO;f í qkMd uygpd/Yk tu,fíom ajrom;cE¨mjzifh ,ckxufwidk f touf&iS v
f Qu&f adS ecJyh gvQif wpfcak om
&Snv
f sm;Mumanmif;vSonfh tcsdeu
f mvtm;jzifh ol\ vlUobm0pGr;f tm;owård sm;rSm vH;k vH;k yifcsdKUwJh
cJNh yDjzpfum? ,if;tajctaeuyif aojcif;w&m;ukd tvk&d adS eawmhrnfjzpfygonf/ xkaYd emuf tkrd if;rpGr;f
b0odkYa&mufvQuf uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyDjzpfaMumif; rrSdwfrokefvufcHzkdYom&Sdygawmhonf/

15/ wpfq,fih g;ckajrmuftm,wfawmf -

]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfrmS xko

d nft
h &Sijf rwfyifjzpfawmfro
l nf/ tMuif t&Sijf rwfonf toifwt
Ydk m;
csnfheJYcsdKUwJh tm;enf;jcif;jzifh zefqif;awmfrlonf/ xkdYaemuf tm;enf;jcif;\aemufwGif tm;tifukd
ay;awmfrcl \
hJ / xkrd w
S pfzef tiftm;ay;Ny;D aemuf csnehf cYJ sKd UwJt
h m;tifenf;jcif;ESihf tkrd if;&ifah &mfjcif;ukad y;awmf
rlonf/}} (30;55)

þtm,wfawmfuvnf;? rnfonfv
h o
l wå0gwpfO;D wpfavaomfrS þobm0"r®\tjyifbuf
wGif r&Sad Mumif;ukd txifom; tjrifom; txift&Sm; oufaojyKvQuf&adS eygonf/ xkjYd yif zefqif;cH
(vlom;)wkid ;f onf tcsdeu
f mvu olUtay: tusdK;oufa&mufapvQuf tcsdeu
f mv\ tusdK;ouf
a&mufaprIjzifh olonf tkdrif;&ifha&mf&NyD; aojcif;r&P\vufwGif;usa&mufjcif; Oya'owfrSwfrIukd
&ifqkdif&ayawmhownf;/

16/ wpfq,fah jcmufcak jrmuftm,wfawmf -

þavmuDb0onfum; tMuifrdk;a&;uJhodkYyrmES,fyif? ,if;rdk;a&udk igt&Sifjrwfonf

rdk;aumif;uifrS ½GmoGef;csay;awmfrl\/ xdkYaemuf yx0DajrrS oD;ESHyifrsm;rSm vlwdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
ajcav;acsmif;owå0grsm;onfvnf;aumif;? pm;oH;k Mu&ef xd;k axmif;íwwfvmcJah vonf/ xdrk w
S zef
xd k t yif r sm;onf BuD ; xG m ;um oD ; yG i f h a 0qmí vmcJ h N yD ; ,if ; üaexd k i f o l r sm;u 4if ; wd k Y o nf
 126

,if;tay:üt<uif;rJh (pdwx
f ifwikd ;f ) toH;k jyKEdik Nf yD;[k xifrw
S v
f Quf&v
dS mMu\/ xdt
k cg igt&Sijf rwf\
tqHk;tjzwfonf nnhf odkYr[kkwf aeY (rnfhonfhtcgrqdk)ü a&muf&Sdvmum igt&Sifjrwfonf
,if;(aumufyo
J ;D ESrH sm;)udk (tMuiftoD;roD;rDtvsiv
f NJ yKd vJí usomG ;aom) v,f,mO,smOfyrmjyKvQuf
,refaeYutxd ,if;onfbmrQr&SdcJhouJhodkYjzpfapawmfrlavonf/ igt&Sifjrwfonf þuJhodkYyif
oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;udk awG;ac:ajrmfjrifwwfow
l t
Ykd zdYk yGiv
hf if;xif&mS ;pGm az:jyawmfral yonf/
(10;25) - qkv
d o
dk nfrmS vlUavmuonf v,f,mO,smOfrsm;yrmES,f zefqif;jzpfxeG ;f cJ&h NyD;? yxrawmh
NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;tqifhodkY OD;wnf&avonf/ xkdYaemuf usqHk;jcif;odkY qkdufa&muf&onf/ todkYenf;
wrefawmftq
D m tm; þonfo
h bm0"r®\ tjyifbufwiG f xm;&Syd goavm/

17/ wpfq,hcf ek pfcak jrmuftm,wfawmfrmS um; -

]]ueOD;tpwGif jznf;jznf;csi;f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu toif(vlom;)wkt

Yd m; qH;k cef;wkid o
f nftxd
a&mufapNy;D toifwo
Ydk nf rdrw
d \
Ykd jynfph jkH cif;ukd jznfq
h nf;Ny;D aemufwiG f aoqH;k Mu&onftxd oufavQm
Mu&jyefonf/}} (23;16)

qkv
d o
dk nfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftxHawmfrS toifvo
l m;wdt
Yk wGuf þonfeh ,
d mrOya'om&Sd
ay\/ rnfonfv
h o
l m;wpfO;D wpfa,mufrS þobm0"r®\tjyifbufwiG rf &Sad cs/ tk-d --bke;f wefc;dk
BuD;jrwfvaS om tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf wrefawmftq
D m tm; þonf"h r®tjyifbufwiG &f o
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xif r S w f a eMuol w k d Y t m; þobm0"r® O ya'ouk d em;vnf E d k f i f & ef ,if ; ol w d k Y t m;vnf ;
odjrifEkdifaomOmPfpu©Kukd csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlvSnfhygt&Sif/

18/ wpfq,f&h pS cf ak jrmuftm,wfawmfrmS -

þtm,wfawmfrmS vnf; rEkóvlom;wko

Yd nf aumufyo
J ;D ESyH ifrsm;yrmyif wjznf;jznf;ESihf
rdr\
d toufwmukd qH;k cef;wkid af pvsuf aoGomG ;Mu&aomoabmukd azmfusL;vsuf&o
dS nf/ (39;22)

19/ wpfq,fu
h ;dk ckajrmuftm,wfawmfrmS um; -
 127

]]igt&Sijf rwfonf toif(wrefawmfjrwf)\tvsif apvTwaf vorQaom wrefawmftm;vH;k

wko
Yd nf tpm;tpmukd rS0D cJ MhJ uavonf/ xkjYd yif (xkw
d refawmftaygif;onf) aps;rsm;wGif vSnv
hf nf
oGm;vmcJMh uonfcsnf;omjzpfonf/}} (25;21)

þonfxuftvsif avmuDb0wGif vkt

d yfcsufrsm;teuf tpm;tpmrS0D pJ m;aomuf&rnfh usrf;
jrwfu&k t
f mefrS xif&mS ;aomOya'ukd oufaojycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ odjYk zpf&m ,cktcgwGif xked ADwrefawmftm;
vH;k tpm;tpmrrS0D MJ uawmhNyjD zpfí ¤if;wkt
Yd m;vH;k uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufomG ;cJMh uNyjD zpfaMumif;ESihf wrefawmf
tDqm rSmvnf; þed,mrwGif tusHK;0ifaMumif; om"u&&Sdygonf/

20/ tm,wfawmfESpfq,fckajrmufrSm-

]]tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftjyif? ,if;olwq

Ydk nf;uyfu;dk uG,f [pfac:wrf;wMuukeaf omolwo
Ykd nf
wpfpHkwpfckukdaomfrS zefqif;EkdifMuonfr[kwfrlí ,if;wkdYonfyif zefqif;jcif;ukd cHMu&avonf/
aojcif;r&Pqku
d af &mufcMhJ uavNyD &Sio
f rl sm;vnf;r[kwMf uawmhacs/ xkjYd yif b,faomtcgusrS &Sijf yef
xapawmfrrl nfuydk if rod&MdS uaywum;/}} (16;21-22)

þtm,wfawmfrsm;u &[l'rD sm;? tDqmtDrsm;ESihf tma&AsrS tcsdKU*kP

d ;f *P0ifrsm;onf rdrw
d \
Ykd
ukd;uG,f&mrsm;udkjyKxm;cJhMuum ¤if;wkdYxHrS awmif;qkacRvQuf&SdMuukefaom wrefawmftDqmESifh
vlom;tm;vHk; uG,fvGefpkawcJhMuNyDjzpfaMumif;ukd tb,frQ &Sif;vif;jywfom; txift&Sm;
oufaojyvsuf&SdaeaMumif;ukd *½k"r®jyKMuyg&efyefMum;tyfygonf/

tu,fí ,ckaomfrv
S nf; rdwaf qGrsm;taeESihf r&f,rfocifr\ om;awmf uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &muf
aMumif;ukd vufrcHcMhJ uao;ygvQif uREkyf w
f t
Ydk aeESihf usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefudk >cif;csufxm;ívufceH m,l
Muonf[í
l tb,faMumifh wku
d ½f u
dk rf qkMd u&ygoenf;/ usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefrS tm,wfawmfrsm;ukd
Mum;em&NyD; cyfrqdwfaeNyD;emcHrIrjyKjcif;rSm ouf0if,HkMunfolwkdY\ tjyKtrlayavm/ (7;205)
 128

21/ ESpq
f ,fw
h pfcak jrmuftm,wfawmfrmS um; -

]]rl[r®'f onf toifwt

Ydk euf rnfoal ,mufsm;om;wpfO;D wpfa,muf\zcifrQr[kwaf cs/
odaYk omfvnf; olonf tv’m[f\ wrefawmfjzpf\/ xkjYd yif ]eAl0of} wrefawmfjzpfjcif;ukd qH;k cef;wkid f
(NyD;jynfhpHkap)oljzpf\/}} (33;41)

þtm,wfawmfuvnf; txift&Sm;oufaojyqkad eonfrmS uREkyf w

f \
Ydk wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
\aemufwGif a&S;wrefawmfwpfyg;aomfrS avmuBuD;odkY rvmra&mufEdkifawmhacs/ odkYjzpfí
wrefawmftDpm onf urÇmavmuodkY jyefrvmEkdifaMumif; pHkvifjynfh0vSaom vif;0if;rIjzifh
oufao&&Sdayonf/ taMumif;aomfum; r&f,rfocifr\om;awmfrSm wrefawmfjzpfí ]&plvf}
wrefawmfwkdY\ tajccHt&if; tjrpf? teufoabmwGif omoemhynmOmPfpOfukd ]*spfA&mtDvf}
aumif ; uif w ref B uD ; tm;jzif h o m qnf ; yl ; &,l & ef t csuf o nf y g0if a e\/ xk d Y j yif ,ck t cg
wrefawmfjrwf\tGr®tjyifbufrS wrefawmfjzpfjcif;qkdif&m ]0[D} rSm ]au,mrof} aeYawmftxd
jywfawmufcNhJ yDjzpfaMumif; oufao&&Scd NhJ yDjzpfaomaMumifh þonft
h csufjzifh r&f,rfocifr\om;awmf
rqd[t
f q
D m rSm vHk;0(vHk;0) vma&mufEdkifzdkY&mr&SdaMumif;ukd rjzpfraevufcHzkdYom&Sdayonf/
xkrd w
S pfyg; olu,
G v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufNyDqo
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h adk omf tu,fí olonf touf&iS f vmcJv
h Qifvnf;yJ
olUtm; ajymif;vJ½yk o
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[efYwm;vsuf&SdaeaomaMumifhyif/

uREkfyfwkdYwifjyvQuf&Sdaom taMumif;t&mtjyif wrefawmftDqm

uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufNyD;aemuf &Sifjyefxvmjcif;rSm ]&S[D'D}omoemhtmZmenfrsm;\ b0yHkpHrsdK;ESifh
vk d u f a vsmnD a xG j zpf E d k i f a yoavm/ ,if ; b0wG i f t&S i f j rwf E S i f h eD ; pyf a ygif ; pnf ; cG i f h
*kPjf 'yftqift
h wef;rsm;rSm NyD;jynfph pkH mG &&SEd ikd yf g\[k ,lqMuygonf/ þuJo
h aYkd om touf&iS rf rI sdK;ukd
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rMumcPazmfjyxm;ygonf/ wrefawmftpfA&m[ifrf \ EIwt
f m;jzifh
zGiq
hf cdk sufudk usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefü tm,wfawmfvm&Sx
d m; ygonf/

]]xkdt&SifjrwfrSm uREkfyftm; aoapawmfrlNyD; aemufwpfzef &Sifjyefapawmfrl\/}} (26;82)

þaojcif;ESifh &Sifjcif;rSm ½kyfavmu\ aojcif;ESifh &Sifjcif;ukd qkdvkdonfr[kwf[lí ]qmvduf}

(tqihjf rifch &D;pOfoYkd avQmufvrS ;f aeol)\ rdr*d P
k jf 'yftqifq
h ifEh iS hf XmeEå& tpHpk u
kH dk emrfw&m;tajctaeukd
 129

wk;d wufjrifrh m;a&;twGuf jzwfausmaf e&aom aojcif;ESihf &Sijf cif;oabmukd ñTe;f qdjk cif;omjzpfygaMumif;/

odkYaMumifh ¤if;onf zefqif;jcif;\ Zmwd tcspfpdwfrS csKyfNidrf;í zefqif;&Siftppf\ Zmwdawmf

tcspfpw
d jf zifh &Sio
f efE;dk Mum;vmatmif jyKay;jcif;cH&avonf/ þodjYk zifh tzefzefaojcif;ESihf &Sijf cif;rsm;
onf ¤if;tay:odYk oufa&mufapjcif;ukd cH&um jynfph akH om(xm0&)toufudk &&Sad omtqift
h xd
a&muf&o
dS mG ;ayawmhonf/ odaYk Mumifh xdNk yD;jynfph akH om(xm0&)toufrmS þonfeh rd u
hf saomavmuukd
pGeyYf ,fNyD;onf\aemufrS &&Sad vh&o
dS nf/ ,if;(touf)rSm þonfrh NrJaom½kycf E¨mjzif&h &Sad om touf&iS f
&jcif;r[kwrf í
l tjcm;aom toGi?f tjcm;aom *kPv
f u©Pmjzif&h &Sad om touf&iS jf cif;ukd qkv
d adk y
onf/1

1/ þtaMumif ; &yf u d k aocsm*epG m od v d k y gvQif [Z&of r D & f z m*d k v mrf t [f r 'f j yKpk a om
]tpövmrf'h oeusrf; (pm 83-103)udk qufvufavhvmMuyg&ef/

]](pifppf þavmuDrsufarSmufb0onf todw&m;uif;rJhí upm;ckefpm;jyKp&mrSwpfyg; tjcm;

r[kwfNyD) pifppfaomfum; aemifwrvGefb0onfomvQif aocsmaomxm0&&Sifoefjcif;jzpfayonf/
(,if;uk)d xko
d w
l Ydk od&edS m;vnfMuvQif aumif;aypG/}} [k tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu >ruf[zGiq
hf jdk yoxm;
awmfro
l wnf;/ (29;65)

22/ ESpfq,fhESpfckajrmuftm,wfawmf-

]]odjYk zpf&m tu,fí toifwo

Ydk nf toifwüYdk ay:aygufvQuf&o
dS nfu
h pd rö sm;ukd rod&cdS v
hJ Qif
a&S;usrf;&olwb
Ydk ufov
Ykd n
S í
hf ,if;olw\
Ykd usrf;rsm;vmtaMumif;jzpf&yfrsm;ukd ½IMuuke/f odjYk zifh tjzpf
rSefonf toifwkdYtm; yGifhvif;xif&Sm;vmap&efwnf;/}} (16;44)

okjYd zpf&m þtm,wfawmf\trdeEYf iS hf vku

d af vsmnDpmG uREkyf w
f t
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Ydk
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um;rsm; &Sad va&mhvm;[ko&d &dS ef avhvmaomtcg? þodaYk om jyóemay:aygufco
hJ nft
h aMumif;udpEö iS hf
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d pd rö mS wrefawmftq
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d w
f idk u
f &Si;f vif;qH;k jzwfc&hJ aMumif;ESihf
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aumif; od&cdS &hJ ygonf/ "r®a[mif;-"r®&mZ0if pwkwa¬ pmif(2;11)ukv
d nf;aumif;? rmvcdt
f em*wåu
d srf;
 130

(4;5)ukv
d nf;aumif; "r®opfusrf;wGif ya&mzuf{vd,rk;d aumif;uifrS 'kw,
d rÜjd yefvmrnft
h aMumif;ukd
wrefawmftq
D m u rnfuo
hJ &Ykd iS ;f vif;azmfjycJo
h nfuv
dk nf;aumif; ½Iyguke/f (,ck½pI m;vsuf&adS om
pmtkyf? pmrsufESm (93^94) wGif jyefvnf½Iyg&ef)

23/ ESpfq,fhoHk;ckajrmuftm,wfawmf/

]]tdk b,f?h Nidr;f csrf;jcif;ukd &&SNd yD;jzpfaom pdw0f n

d mOf? rdrt
d m;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral omt&Six
hf H
yg;odYk toifonfvnf; xkt
d &Sijf rwftm; ESpo
f ufauseyfpmG xkt
d &Sijf rwfuvnf; toift
h m;ESpo
f uf
auseyfpmG jzifh jyefvnfí vma&mufavavmh/ xkaYd emufwpfzef avmuDupdk eG yYf ,fcNhJ yD;aom igt&Sijf rwf\
tapawmfrsm;wGif yg0ifavavmh/ xkjYd yifwpf0 igt&Sijf rwf\ trwpcef;O,smOfeef;odYk 0ifa&mufpjH ref;
avavmh/}} (89;28-31)

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f eG t
f edpö
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aqmif;azmfjycJh&aom ]arhtf&m*sf} ESifh pyfqkdifonfh ['D;qfawmftm;jzifhvnf; wrefawmftDqm
tm; uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yD;aom eADwrefawmfw\
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S pfyg; tjcm;r&Sad wmhygacs/

24/ ESpq
f ,fah v;ckajrmufaom tm,wfawmfrmS

þtm,wf(30;40)wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu vlom;\b0wmtwGif; jzpf&yfav;ckrQom&Sd

aMumif;? yxrwGif vlom;tm; zefqif;awmfrljcif;? xkdYaemuf qHk;crf;wdkif NyD;jynfhpHkapjcif;ESifh
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&Sifjyefxajrmufapjcif;wnf;[laom t&Sifjrwf\ obm0 ed,r"r®ukd azmfjyawmfrlayonf/ odkYjzpf&m
þtm,wfawmfwiG f wrefawmftq
D m ESifh qkdifaom txl;jzpf&yfukd oD;jcm;>cif;csufxm;í
azmf j yaompum;wpf c k r Qryg&S d a Mumif ; ay:vG i f x if & S m ;vQuf & S d y gonf / trS e f a omf u m;
 131

usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefueOD;tprSonf aemufq;kH ed*;kH wkid f wpfO;D wpfa,mufrQaom vlom;ukd oD;oefx
Y m;í
>cif;csuftjzpf azmfjyvkdcJhvQif tajccHpnf;urf;csufukd csufjcif;azmfjyum oD;jcm;xm;jcif; odkYr[kwf
ol\ txl;tjzpfoepfukd azmfjyí pepfwus pDpOfxm;jcif;udkjyKayonf/

25/ ESpfq,fhig;ckajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm -

]]yx0Dajray:wGif wnf&í
dS yx0DajrBuD;rS xGuaf y:vmcJah vorQaom t&m&mwkid ;f onf ysufp;D
csKyfNidrf;jcif;tajctaewGif &SdMuayownf;/}} odkY&mwGif tMuifwefcdk;awmfESifh jynfpHkawmfrlaom
aus;Zl;awmf&Sifjzpfawmfrlaom toif\ t&Sifonfomusef&Sdawmfrlayrnf/ (55;27-28)

qk d v d k o nf r S m wpf a vmuvH k ; onf rd e pf r jywf p uú e f Y r vyf csKyf N id r f ; umysuf p D ; &mqD o k d Y

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r[kwrf b
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odaYk omfvnf; uREkyf w
f \
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d J aumif;uifbw
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&Sad eNyD; acwfumvtcsdet
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l vQufom&Sad e
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toifwkdY,HkMunfvufcHxm;aom ]aomif0f[D;'f} wpfql&Sif0g'ESifh usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefukd
raoGrwdr;f vku
d ef mMuaMumif; &Snv
f sm;vSaom a<u;aMumf csurf sm; tb,fov
Ykd iG ahf ysmufomG ;cJah yoenf;/

26/ ESpfq,fhajcmufckajrmuftm,wfawmf-
 132

]]rGwu
å D tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftm; ½kad oaMumuf&UHG aomtm;jzifh 'kov
D [lorQukd pGev
Yf w
T cf MhJ uol
wkdYonf uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufNyD;avaomf prf;acsmif;rsm;pD;awGvQuf&Sdonfh tocFwpcef; O,smOfeef;
twGi;f avsmufywfpmG aom *kPt
f qif&h ydS v’ix
f ufwiG f wefc;dk awaZmftmEkabmfawmfEiS hf jynfph akH om
{u&mZft&Sif\a&SUawmfarSmufwGif &SdaeaytHh}} (54;55-56)

,ck þtm,wfawmf\ tvko

d abmt& tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]*sEéo}f tocFweef;wGif
avsmufywfoifah vsmfaomyv’ix
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d o
dk nfrmS
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ESiw
hf pfO;D ukd xku
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h aH wmfoYkd yifrh ,laqmifawmfrjl cif;om
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0ifa&mufcGifh&&SdNyD;jzpfacsonf/ ,if;rSm ]&m;aztkdumtvkdif;,m} ESifh qifwlt"dyÜg,fyifjzpfayonf/
xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;pGmjzifh þonft
h "dygÜ ,fuo
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awmfoYkd yifrh ,lomG ;jcif;qko
d nfrmS a&S;vGeaf vcJNh y;D aom t&Sit
hf yg;awmfNrcJ iG &hf r[myk*Kd¾ vfrsm;\ tpktzGUJ
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wnf;aom trsdK;tpm; oGijf yifvu©PmodYk a&muf&v
dS mayonf/ odaYk Mumifh þtm,wftm;jzifv
h nf;
wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufjcif;udo
k m oufao&&Syd gonf/

27/ ESpfq,fhckESpfckajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm -

]]*sEéoOf ,smOfawmfom;rsm;jzpfMuukeaf om tMuifow

l o
Ykd nf ¤if;wdu
Yk dk *sEéoo
f m;rsm;jzpfMu&ef
igt&Sijf rwftxHawmfrS owfrw
S jf y|mef;xm;cJNh yD;jzpfayonf/ ¤if;wdo
Yk nf ]*s[Eér}f i&JbrkH S a0;uGmatmif
jyKay;xm;jcif;ukd cHMu&NyD/ ¤if;jyif ,if;olwkdYonf ]*sEéof} tocFweef;\ xm0&pnf;pdrfcsrf;omwGif
arGUavsmfcHpm;vQuf&SdMuayownf;}} (21;102-103)

þtm,wfawmf\ qkdvkd&if;rSm wrefawmf ]tkdZkdif&f} ESifh wrefawmf ]tDqm wkdYukd

qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdY ]*sEéof} wGif pHjref;&jcif;u ¤if;wkdYESpfyg;vHk;onf rNrJaomcE¨mukdpGefYí
wrvGefc&D;jref; cJhMuNyDjzpfaMumif; om"u&&Sdjyefygonf/1
 133

1/ rSwcf suf / / þtm,wfawmf (21;102-103)\txufwiG -f -----------

28/ ESpfq,fh&Spfckajrmuftm,wfawmfrSm -

]]toifwo
Ydk nf rnfonfah e&müyif &SMd uonfjzpfap? aojcif;r&Ponf toifwt
Ydk m; zrf;qD;
rnfom/ tu,fí toifwo
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Y aS om&Jwu
kd Bf uD;rsm;twGi;f aexkid u
f sufpm;vsuf&adS e
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d af &muf
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d af &mufvmrnfomjzpfonf/
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D m
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rnfonfhzefqif;cHvlom;wpfOD;aomfrS vGwfuif;Ekdif cGifhr&Sdyg/

29/ ESpq
f ,fu
h ;dk ckajrmufaomt,wfawmf -

]]&plvw
f refawmfjrwfu toifwt
dYk m; todynmOmPfpOftajrmftjrifrsm;ukad y;vQif ,if;ukd
&,lyu
dk af xG;xm;Muavuke/f tMuift&mrSjrpfwm;ygvQif xkt
d &mukd pGev T af &Smif&mS ;Muuke/f }} (59;8)1
Yf w

1/ ,if;uJo
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f nf;þodv
Yk m&Sx
d m;ygonf/ (uk&t
f mef- 4;66 ½SK)

odkYjzpfaomaMumifh ,ckuREkfyfwkdYtaejzifh þonfhtaMumif;&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í wrefawmfjrwf

BuD; u tb,fodkY rdefYrSmxm;cJhjcif;bufodkY tm½HkjyKMunfhMuygOD;pkdY/ odkYaMumifh rd&Sfum;ofusrf;wGif
om0uBuD;tbl[½l u
dk u
f qifjh yefxm;aom ['D;qfawmfudk yxrOD;qH;k ½Ipm;apvkyd gonf/

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 134

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t
f &G,Ef pS af ygif; ESpaf xmifuydk if ausmv
f rT ;f cJNh y;D jzpf&m þrQtodv
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fvQuf&SdaeOD;rnf[kyif qkdaeMujyefygonf/

xkaYd emufwpfzef ]rGwpf vifusrf;wGif ]*smA&f}\ qifjh yefcsufvm&Sx

d m;onfrmS -

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wrefawmfjrwf u tv’m[ftm; usdeq
f o
dk ufaoxm;í ]urÇmajray:wGif touf(100) aexkid Nf yD;
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 135

30/ aemufq;Hk ESihf ok;H q,fcak jrmuf tm,wfru

k y© gXfawmfonfum; -

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då w
k må &Sad om tcsurf mS þonfomjzpfygawmhonf/

okrYd [kwcf yhJ gvQif xko

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ponfwo
Ydk nfvnf;aumif; rk;d aumif;uifoYkd ac:aqmifomG ;jcif;ukd cH&onfr[kwyf gavm/ tu,fíom
ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; rcH&bl;[kqkdygvQif wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf tb,fhaMumifh ]arhtf&m*sf}
nOfhwGif xkdwrefawmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukd aumif;uif,HwGif jrifawGUcJh&ygoenf;/ wu,fvkdYom
yifhrac:aqmifoGm; cJhonf[kqkdygvQifvnf; wrefawmftDqm ukd ]&zgtf} jyKjcif;tm;
taMumif;rJo
h ufouf tjcm;wpfrsdK;aom teufoabmukd zGiq
hf adk eMu&ygoenf;/ ]o0zæ}D qkad om
pum;vH;k rSm aoqH;k r&P qku
d af &mufjcif;ukd txift&Sm;oufao&&Sjd cif;? ae&mwumwGif ,if;\
rSeu
f efru
I dk taxmuftxm; &&Sad ejcif; ESihf olUtm; yifrh ,ljcif;ESiq
hf idk af om ]pH} xm;jyp&mtcsufvnf;
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uG,v
f eG cf NhJ yDjzpfow
l EYdk iS hf oGm;a&mufpzk UJG aeapawmfrcl ahJ omaMumifh jzpf\/ odyYk gvsuf xdjYk yif tu,fíom
 136

xkdwrefawmfrsm;rSm yifhrjcif;rcHcJhMu&acs[kqkdygvQif olwkdYonf tokdYvQif

aumif ; uif b H k ( tqif h q if h ) od k Y a &muf & S d a ecJ h M u&ygoenf ; / aemuf q H k ; rS m awmh yif h r awmf r l j cif ; cH
Mu&aomaMumifhom aumif;uifbHkwGif a&muf&SdaecJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/ toifwkdYonf ]0g&mzgtfem;[k
rum;eeftvD,ef} (19;58) ukd usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefwiG f rzwf½cI &hJ bl;ygoavm/ wrefawmf tDqm
ESifh pyfvsOf;í vm&Sdaom ]&zgtf} yif r[kwfygoavm/ þonfwGifvnf; yifhrjcif;yif
r[kwfayoavm/

wref a wmf t D q muG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf j cif ;

['D ; qf a wmf r sm;ES i f h a &S ; ynm&S d w k d Y \ tqk d r sm;
(armif0fvmemumZDeZD;&ft[fr'fqGm[dbfr&f[GrfrSwifjyjcif;)

['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif r&f,rfocifr\om;awmf wrefawmftq

D m \ oufawmfudk (120)[k
twdtus azmfjyxm;&Syd gonf/ ]rkt
d rf ife}f ouf0if,MkH unfot
l aygif;\ rdcifreG Bf uD; tmtd&mS ocifr
rS qifhjyefxm;\/

1/ ]]rkdYtfrifwkdY\ rdcifrGefBuD; tmtd&Smocifr rS qifhjyefonf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; u

rdru
d ,
G f vGet
f edpaö &mufc&hJ aom a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&csdew
f iG f ]aumif;uifwrefBuD; *sdA&f mtDvo
f nf
ESppf OfEpS f wkid ;f igESit
hf wl usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefudk &Gwzf wfavh&cdS o
hJ nf/ ,ckEpS w
f iG f ¤if;apwrefBuD;onf
ESpBf udrf ESpcf g igESit
hf wl usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefudk &Gwzf wfavonf/ xkad pwrefBuD;u eADwrefawmfwidk ;f onf
rdr\
d a&SUu wrefawmf\xuf0ufrQaom touft&G,x
f d trSeyf if touf&iS af exkid &f onf[k owif;
Mum;ajymcJo
h nf/ xkjYd yif xkad pwrefBuD;u r&f,rf\om; wrefawmftq
D m onf oufawmf(120)xd
touf&iS af exkid cf ahJ Mumif;ukv
d nf; owif;Mum;ajymcJo
h nf/ ighrmS awmh uk,
d u
hf u
dk ,
dk rf xifrw
S yf gbl;/
odaYk yr,fh touf(60)ausm½f rkH Qt&G,rf mS yJ(t&Six
hf )H oGm;a&muf&vdrrhf nf[x
k ifonf} [lí orD;awmfzmG aw
rm[focifrtm; rdefYMum;ajymjycJhaom[l\/}} ([d*s*Rvfud&mrm[f? pm-428? uefZGvftGr®mvf? wGJ-6?
pm-160? zGmawrm[focifr\qifhjyefcsuf)
 137

2/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; onf uG,v

f eG cf sed af &mufí a0'emcHpm;ae&pOf? vly*k Kd¾ vfEpS Of ;D ukd trDjS yKí
AvDokdY<uvmum rdefYcGef;>rufMum;&if; xnfhoGif;ajymMum;cJhonfrSm -

]]td-k --vlcyif;wd?Yk toifwo

Ydk nf rdrw
d \
Ykd eADwrefawmf\r&Pqku
d af &mufrt
I wGuf pk;d aMumuf
aeMuaMumif; uREyfk x
f H (owif;) a&mufvm\/ uREyfk u
f toifwt
Ykd wGi;f tpOftNraJ e&aomb0uk&d &Szd &Ydk m
twGuf uREkyf x
f uftvsifu wrefawmfwpfyg;aomfrS xkv
d (l a[mif;)wk\
Yd tv,fwiG ?f tpOftNrJae&
aomb0udk &&Scd yhJ goavm/}} (tvfr0ga[bkvv
f 'GE,
é m[fusrf;? wG-J 2? pm-368)

þ['D;qfqifhjyefcsuftm;jzifh wrefawmftDqm oufawmf(120)xd touf&SifcJhaMumif;

ykí
d odomxif&mS ;ygonf/

3/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rdefYMum;awmfrl\/

]]tu,f í om wref a wmf r l q m ES i f h wref a wmf t D q m ES p f O D ; vH k ; om

touf&iS v
f suf&cdS yhJ gvQif olwo
Ydk nfvnf; uREkyf t
f m;om emcHvu
dk ef m&efrw
S pfyg; tjcm;&Srd nfr[kwaf cs/
}} (tAÁ'v
k 0f yf[m;of? &St
J &f meD a&;? tvf0guD,wkvf*s0g[D&fusrf;/)

þ['D;qfawmfudk tpfAaeYuqD;&fuvnf; rdrjd yKpkcahJ om ozæq&D f (uk&t

f mef#u
D m)usrf;BuD;?
wG-J 2? pm-246 wGif ñTe;f qkad zmfjycJNh yD;? þonfh ['D;qfawmfuydk if atrmrfuidk ,
f rD f uvnf;
tav;xm;vsuf trdfefY&SdcJhonfrSm -

]]tu,fíom wrefawmfrpl mESihf tDqmwko

Yd m touf&iS v
f Quf&MdS uygvQif uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;
\aemufvkdufemcHolrsm;jzpfMurnfom/}} (r'g&D*sLvfqmavuD;efusrf;? wGJ-2? pm-313)

þ['D;qfawmfukd t[favqGEéof0vf*srmtofrStkdvrm(omoemhynm&Sd)rsm;tjyif ]&SDt[f}

tkv
d rmrsm;uvnf; twnfjyKvufccH MhJ uygonf/
 138

xkdYjyif? tD*spfjynfyHkESdyf &S&m[fazum[ftuúb&fusrf;? pm-112 (1975 yHkESdyf) wGif? þ['D;qf

awmfudk þodaYk zmfjyxm;ygonf/

]]tu,fíom wrefawmftq
D m touf&iS v
f Qu&f cdS yhJ gvQif olonf ightm;emcHvu
dk ef mjcif;rS
wpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/}}

xkjYd yif £oa&wrefawmftq

D m ESihf rl[r®'w
D refawmftq
D m ESpyf g;wk\
Yd ½kyyf EkH pS rf sKd ;ukd
uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD; rS azmfjycJyh gonf/ þtaMumif;&yfudk ,ck½pI m;vQuf&adS ompmtkyf (pm 85)wGif
zwf½IEkdifygonf/

tpf * srmattG r ® o f

tpövmrfomoem0ifww
Ydk iG f usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mef wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ qGEo
é af wmfEiS hf
['D;qfawmfrsm;NyD;vQif pwkwt
¬ qifüh ]tpf*srmtf} rSm wpfcak om ]&S&t
D of} ynwfw&m;awmfqidk &f m
oufaojyKqH;k jzwfcsuftjzpf wpfnw
D pfñw
G w
f nf; ,HMk unfvufcx
H m;Muygonf/ ,if;ukd rGwpf vif
wkid ;f vufc&H efwm0ef&o
dS nf/ uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD; uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufjcif;rSm uk,
d af wmft
h aqGawmf
om0uBuD;rsm;tzdYk rcHr&yfEikd af om &ifxrk em 0rf;enf;p&mudpjö zpfc&hJ onf/ xkjYd yif ,if;wdt
Yk euf tcsKd UrSm
tcspfvGefuJcJhaomaMumifh þjzpf&yfrSefukd vufrcHEkdifbJ&SdcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh tGr®&focifrSm om0u
BuD;rsm;rSjzpfygvsu?f ud,
k af wmft
h m; uG,v
f eG af oqH;k oltjzpftaeukd vufrcHEikd b
f &J cdS ahJ vonf/ okaYd Mumifh
tGr&® o
f cif\tqku
d dk þodaYk zmfjycJyh gonf/

]]wrefawmfjrwfBuD; ruG,v
f eG cf yhJ g/ 'ghjyif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu ]rlemzdu}f oDvaMumifwYkd
tm; tjywf r ok w f o if o nf t xd uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf a pawmf r l v d r f h r nf r [k w f } }
(atrmrf*svmvGwf'ifq,lwGD\ 'G&fa&refql;&f? wGJ-4? pm-318)

þodkYaom ta&;ay:tajctaewGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu [Z&oftblbuú&f tm;

&yfwnfapawmfru
l m? ocifBuD;u 0rf;enf;rqk;kH aom aomuawGz;kH vQuf&adS om om0ursm;tm;vH;k ukd
wpfae&mpkpnf;apvsuf? ]rifrb
f &f} pifjrifah y:odw
Yk ufí rdecYf eG ;f >rufMum;cJah vonf/ om0uBuD;rsm;ukd
 139

trsm;oabmaqmifvQuf om0uBuD;tGr&® t
f m; txl;jyKvsuf þodrYk ed cYf yhJ gonf/

]]tdk - trsdK;om;wdkY/ rdrdwdkYukd,frdrd csKyfwnf;íxm;yg/ {uefyif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;

onf uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf c J h N yD j zpf y gonf / toif w k d Y o nf usrf ; jrwf u k & f t mef r S
]tifeef urkid ;f a,wGe;f 0gtife[Gerf f rkid ;f a,wGe;f ef} [laom tm,wfawmfudk rMum;bl;avoavm/
(t"d y Ü g ,f r S m - toif o nf v nf ; ao&rnf / þol w k d Y o nf v nf ; aoMu&rnf o m) xk d Y j yif
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu igt&Sifjrwfonf toif(wrefawmfjrwf)xuftvsif
rnfonfv
h o
l m;wpfO;D ukad omfrS xm0&toufudk ay;awmfrrlcahJ cs? toifrh mS um; aoqH;k &NyD; xko
d w
l rYdk mS
tpOf t NrJ a eMu&ayrnf a vm[k rd e f Y x m;ygonf / xk d Y a emuf tbl b uú & f ocif B uD ; u
]0rm;rd[
k r®'eG t
f v
d m’ ;&pl;vGe-f ---tm,wfawmf(3;145)ukd &Gwzf wfjycJh onf/}} (ozæq&D ?f 'G&af &refq;l &f?
wGJ-4? pm-318)

xkjYd yif ]blcg&Dusrf;BuD;} wGi?f þjzpf&yfudk þodrYk w

S w
f rf;urÁn;f wifxm;cJyh gonf/ tblbuú&f
ocif u rdefYMum;onfrSm -

]]toifwt
Ydk euf rl[r®'f tm; uk;d uG,q
f nf;uyfMuolwYdk em;axmifMuuke/f rl[r®'f
rSm uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJah vNyD/ xdjYk yif toifwt
Ydk euf tv’m[ftm; uk;d uG,q
f nf;uyfow
l rYkd mS tv’m[fonf
toufxif&mS ;&Sad wmfrv
l Quf t&Sijf rwfonf tedprö a&mufacs/ xkaYd emufocifu tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
]rl[r®'f onf wrefawmfwpfyg;rQom? olUxuftvsif wrefawmftm;vH;k uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcahJ vNy}D
 140

[k trde&Yf adS wmfrx

l m;ygonf/}}

(blcg&Dusrf;? udwmbkvfrCmZD ? bmbfr&f'GEéAD )

blcg&Dusrf;BuD;wGif qufvufazmfjyxm;onfrmS [Z&oftrG &® f ESifh tjcm;om0uBuD;rsm;

onf? þtm,wfawmff (3;145)ukd Mum;vku
d &f onfwiG f þtm,wfawmfrmS ,ckyifusa&mufavo
a,mifEiS hf wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rSm {uefyifvo
l m;wpfO;D omjzpfaMumif;? wrefawmfwpfyg;rQomjzpf
aMumif;ESifh vlom;jzpfjcif;tm;avsmfpGm ,aeYxufwkdif yGifhay:cJhavorQaom wrefawmftm;vHk;wkdYrSm
uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcMhJ uNyjD zpfygvQuf uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD; rSm tokaYd Mumifh ruG,v
f eG b
f &J &dS tHeh nf;[k
cHpm;od&SdcJhMu&avownf;/

tblbuú&f ocifBuD;u þtm,wfawmf(3;145)ukd om"ujyjcif;jzifh? ocifBuD;taeESifh

wrefawmftq
D mtygt0if a&S;wrefawmftm;vH;k uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufcNhJ yDjzpfaMumif;ukd vufcaH Mumif;
oufao&&So
d nf/ tu,fíom wrefawmftq
D m onf wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfygvsuu
f ,fEiS v
hf nf;
xkt
d csdet
f xd touf&iS v
f Quf&adS ecJah o;jcif; okrYd [kwf om0uBuD;rsm; uvnf;? olUtm;touf&iS f
aeao;onf[k xifrw
S jf cif;wko
Yd m&Scd yhJ grl xko
d m0uBuD;rsm;\a&SUarSmufwiG f tqkyd gtm,wfawmfrmS
oufaotaxmuftxm;jyp&mjzpfvmcJrh nfr[kwaf cs/ xkjYd yif wrefawmfjrwfBuD; uG,v
f eG cf &hJ jcif;
aMumifh y&da'0rD;awmufavmifvsuf&SdaeMuaom om0uBuD;rsm;rSm wrefawmftDqm aomfrS
wref a wmf wpf y g;jzpf y gvQuf E S i f h ,ck x d w k d i f t ouf & S i f v Quf & S d a eay&m wref a wmf j rwf B uD ;
uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;rSm todkYvQifjzpf&ygrnfenf;[k ajymqkdoHrsm; xGufay:vmcJhrnfrSm
aocsmvSayonf/ odaYk omfvnf; om0u wpfyg;aomfrS apm'u0ifcahJ Mumif; qifjh yefcsufrvm&Sx
d m;acs/
þonfudk [Z&ofrqd[af rmft'k f t[fr'focifu rdefYMum;&Sif;jycJhonfrSm -

]][Z&oftblbuú&f u a&S;wrefawmftm;vHk; uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhMuNyDjzpfaMumif;

taxmuftxm;ukd wifjy&m om0uwpfyg;wpfavaomfrS ,if;ukd jiif;qkdcJhjcif;r&Sdyg/ trSefaomfum;
xkpd Ofu om0utm;vH;k &Sad ecJMh uNyD;? ,if;ukd Mum;&um tm;vH;k wdwq
f w
d o
f mG ;cJMh uavonf/ þodjYk zifh
xkt
d aMumif;&yfwiG f om0uBuD;rsm;tm;vH;k ]tpf*srmht}f wpfoabmwnf;jzpfcahJ Mumif; oufao&&Sd
ayonf/ xkdYjyif om0uBuD;rsm;\ ]tpf*srmhtf} rSm rnfonfhtcgwGifrQ vrf;vGJarSmufrSm;jcif;r&Sdaom
tqH;k tjzwfyif jzpfacsownf;/}} (oD&,
f mukvu
f v
k ;l bf? pm-285? atmufajc/)
 141

þonfrSm wrefawmfjrwfBuD; xuftapmydkif;u yGifhay:cJhavorQ wrefawmftm;vHk;

uG,fvGef tedpöa&mufcJhNyDjzpfjcif;ESifh ¤if;wkdYuG,fvGefjcif;ü wpfpHkwpf&m ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfEkdifapaom
txl;tajc taewpf&yf&yfay:aygufjcif;r&Sjd cif; udp&ö yftwGuf om0uBuD;rsm;tm;vH;k yxrOD;qH;k tBudrf
wpfoabm wnf; ]tpf*srmht}f pkpnf;nDñw
G pf mG jzifh qH;k jzwfcMhJ uayonf/

rqd [ f u G , f v G e f j cif ; ES i f h tG r ® o f r S t"d y wd y k * ¾ d K vf r sm;\tqk d

[Z&of[qef(ef) u [Z&oft
f vD(u&frv’m[d0k *sf[)k uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufpOf/

]]tk-d --vlxyk &dowftaygif;wk?Yd þnOfw

h iG f tMuifot
l m; a&S;uvnf; a&SUodaYk usmfvrT ;f Ekid cf hJ
jcif;r&S?d aESmif;vlwrYkd v
S nf; ol\*kPt
f qifu
h dk rSED idk o
f rl &Sad omyk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D \touf0n
d mOfonf EIwo
f rd ;f
jcif;ukdcHMu&avNyD/ xkdYjyif ocif\0dnmOfukd r&f,rf\om;awmftDqm \ touf0dnmOfukd
odrf;,laom &rfoGmefv\(27)&ufnOfhrSmyif odrf;,ljcif;cH&ygonf/}}
(oGbumaoubD;&f? wG-J 3? pm-26)

þa&0g,ofqifjh yefcsuftm;jzif?h [Z&of[qef (wrefawmfjrwfBuD; \ ajr;awmf?

armifvm tvDocif \ om;BuD;Mo&ó)u? &rfZmefv\(27)&ufnOht
f csdew
f iG f wrefawmftq
D m
onf uk d , f c E¨ m ES i f h w uG aumif ; uif o d k Y w uf c J h o nf r [k w f r l í 0d n mOf u k d r Qom
odr;f ,lc&H jcif;jzpfonf[o
l nfh t,lom&Sad Mumif; om"u&&Syd gonf/

tpfAfaeYtAÁm;pf u ]tif;eDro
dk 0zæu
D m? 0g&m;aztdu
k m} [laom tm,wfawmfudk ]ozæq&D }f
#DumzGi&hf if;-

]]tpfAfaeYtAÁm;pf u þonft
h "dygÜ ,frmS igt&Sijf rwfonf toift
h m; aoapawmfrrl nf
 142

jzpfonf[kqkdcJh\/}} (tv’mrm[ftvmtk'´iftvDAifefrl[r®'f jyKpkcJhaomozæqD&fcgZifefusrf;? wGJ-1?

pm-285)

þwGirf u? blcg&Dusr;f udwmbkvo

f zæq&D f (#DumzGiq
hf jdk cif;u@)wGif rSww
f rf;xk;d xm;onfrmS -

]]tpfAfaeYtAÁm;pf u þonfrmS igt&Sijf rwfonf toift

h m; aoapawmfrrl nft
h &Sijf zpf
onf[k t"dygÜ ,f&\[líqkcd ahJ yonf/}}

[Z&ofatrmrfrmvduf ESifh pyfvsOf;í vm&SdonfrSm -

]]wrefawmftq
D m tedprö a&mufao;[k trsm;uqkMd u\/ odaYk omf rmvdu(f &oG)u
uG,v
f eG f NyD[k rdeMYf um;\/}} (r*sfrtkvb
f [m;&fusrf;)

[Z&ofatrmrftpfAfaeY[mZfrf \ t,lukd þodkYa&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

]]tv’mrm[ftpfAfaeY[mZfrf u? tm,wfawmf\xif&mS ;aom t"dygÜ ,fu,

dk cl o
hJ nf?
xkjYd yif ¤if;onf wrefawmftq
D m uG,v
f eG jf cif;ukd ajymqk(d vufc)H oljzpfonf/}}
(*svmvkdif;? zvr®o0zædKif;oeDtm,wf\atmufajcrSwfcsuf)

[mzdZftpfAfaeYtvfukdif,Drf u a&;om;azmfjyxm;\/

]]wrefawmftq
D m ESihf pyfvsOf;í olUtm;aumif;uifbo
kH Ykd yifrh ,lomG ;jcif;ukcd &H aMumif;ESihf
ol\ toufrmS (33)ESp&f adS Mumif; ajymqkad zmfjyaeonft
h aMumif;t&mrsm;bufoYkd rjzpfrae*½k"r®jyK&rnfjzpf
aom? xif&Sm;onfhoufaowpfpHkwpfckrSr&Sdacs/}} (Zm'kvfrtm;'f? wGJ-1? pm-20? tD*spfjynfyHkESdyfESifh
zaw[kvb
f ,efusrf;? wG-J 2? pm-49)
 143

xdjYk yifwpf0? tqkyd gyk*Kd¾ vfausmBf uD;u Zm'kvrf tm;'fusr;f ? wG-J 1? pm-304 wGif wpfzefa&;om;azmf
jyjyefonfrSm -

]]wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rSm obm0w&m;xufvGefuJaomtajctaewGif&SdcJhaomaMumifh

ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; \ 0rf;Akdufukd cGJjcif;cH&vifhupm;vnf; touf&SifvQuf&SdaepOfrSm yif
ukd,fawmfonf wpfpHkwpf&ma0'emukd rcHpm;cJh&acs/ xkdYaemufwpfzef udk,fawmfjrwfBuD; tm;
rdr\
d oef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfaom touf0n
d mOfEiS hf twlwuGaojcif;r&P rqku
d af &mufcb
hJ J vufawGUtm;jzifyh if
]arht&f m*s}f jzpf&yfujdk zpfapcJ\
h / ¤if;jyif uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD; rSwpfyg; tjcm;yk*Kd¾ vfwpfO;D wpfavaomfrS
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d af &mufjcif;ESihf cE¨muk,
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f eG t
f edpaö &mufNyD;aemuf BuD;jrifh
jrwfawmfrv
l aS om taqGawmfBuD; (tv’m[f)\txHawmfwiG f eADwrefawmfrsm;\0dnmOfrsm;ESihf twlwuG
twnf wusoDwif;oH;k vQuf&cdS ahJ yawmhownf;/}}

tv’m[frm[fa&Smif0fumeD u tm,wfawmf ]zvr®m;o0zæKd if;oeD} \ atmufajcwGif

a&;om;azmfjycJhonfrSm -

]]þtm,wfawmfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq

D m tm; ]&zgtf} jyKvkyo
f nfxuf
apmí olUukd uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufapawmfrcl \
hJ [k qdck MhJ uavonf/}} (zaw[Gvu
f 'D;&fusrf;? pm-4)

tbltAÁ'Gv’m[frl[r®'fAifef,lpGzf u azmfjyygtm,wf\atmufajcwGif a&;om;azmfjycJo

h nf
rSm -

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D m)tm; r&Pqku
d af &muf
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h [k qkad vonf/}} (bJ[af &rl [D;oG?f
tykid ;f -4? pm-61)
 144

tv’ m rm[f * sbmtD txifu&&SdvSaom &SDt[ft|uxm&SifBuD;u ]zvr®mo0zædKif;oeD;}

tm,wfawmf\atmufwGif a&;om;&Sif;vif;azmfjycJhonfrSm -

þtm,wfawmfwiG f tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq

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olUtm;t&Six
hf o
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&Sdwfcfrkd[kdif,G'´iftpfAaetm&mbD u tm,wfawmf ]bvf&ztGvm’ [k-d --\ #Dum

zGifhqkd&if; a&;om;azmfjyonfrSm -

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]½l[f} 0dnmOfrSm rjynfhpHkedrfhyg;aomavmurS xGufcGgvsuf jynfhpHkjrifhrm;aom avmuqDokdY
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d mOftay:okYd
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wrefawmftDqm \ &yfwnf&mpcef;rSm ,if;onf\ pGJNrJwnf&Sd&m t&if;cHqDokdYomjzpfí
trSew
f u,f qH;k cef;wkid f jynfph jkH cif; yef;wkid u
f v
dk rS ;f ukid Ef idk rf nfr[kwaf omaMumifh uk,
d af wmfocifonf
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(ozæqD&f[Z&oftpfAaeYtm&mAD)

0zgof-ao-rqd[f ESifh tD*spfrS

omoemh y nm&S d B uD ;
 145

tv’ m rm[f & &S D ; 'f & 'G g ? rk z f o D " r® o wf r S L ;csKyf a [mif ; ES i f h tvf r em;&f o wif ; pOf p m
wnf ; rS L ;csKyf u vnf ; -

]]wrefawmftq
D m-rqd[?f tdE,
d´ wku
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f eG t
f edpaö &muf
cJhjcif;}} acgif;pOfjzifh

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f Ed ,
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f eG t
f edpaö &mufchJ
jcif;wkdYrSm obm0,kwåd? tm*r,kwdårsm;t& rjzpfEdkifp&mr&Sdacs/}} [k a&;om;azmfjycJhayonf/ (tvf
rem;&fpmpOf? wGJ-5? pm-900? 901)

tv’m[frm[frkzfoDrl[r®'ftAÁ'[l u wpfzef ]tif;eDro

dk 0zæ;D u} tm,wfawmfudk #DumzGihf
qkd&if; ][Z&oftpfAaeYtAÁm;pf} \ t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf cdk sufudk axmufct
H wnfjyK&if; &Si;f vif;azmfjy
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h nfrmS -

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f if&mS ;NyD; ½kwjf cnf;odEidk af omtod
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tvf t G w f ( pf ) om;Zf r [f r G ' f & S J v f w G ' f \ tqk d

tD*spEf ikd if &H dS ]*smarhtt
f wfZ[
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kd Bf uD; rS ygarmu©csKyfBuD; ]tvftw
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k jf yefaom ]zó0g} "r®owfwiG f wrefawmftq
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tD q m uG , f v G e f t ed p ö a &muf j cif ; uk d xk w f a zmf a jymqk d a om rG w f p vif w k d Y t m;
tpö v mrf h a bmif t jyif b uf o d k Y a&muf a tmif j yKjcif ; rS m vH k ; 0(vH k ; 0)rjyKxk d u f a Mumif ; uk d y g
&Si;f vif;wifjyxm;avonf/ xko
d aYdk qG;aEG;wifjy &if; aemufq;kH wGif -
 146

1/ usrf;awmfjrwfu&k t
f mefEiS hf oef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfaom ]qGEo
é }f y#dywfawmfrsm;wGif þ,HMk unfcsuf\
tajccHt&if;tjrpfjzpfapNyD; wrefawmftq
D m onf rdr\
d rNrJaom½kycf E¨mESiw
hf uG aumif;uif,o
H Ykd
wifajr§mufjcif;cH&um ,ckxw
d idk f rk;d aumif;uifwiG &f adS eaMumif;ukd tMuifot
l wGuf pdwcf svufcsjzpf
apaom oufaotaxmuftxm;ESifh ckdifrmonfhjy|mef;csufwpfpHkwpfckrQr&Sdacs/

2/ þonfEiS Ehf ;DS EG,í

f (usrf;jrwfu&k t
f mefvm) tm,wfawmf[o
l rQwGif ,if;twGuf tusdK;ouf
a&mufr&I adS ponfrmS tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu wrefawmftq
D m tm; t&Sifjrwfukd,fawmfwkdifu
olUtm; oufwef;aphaeapum uG,v
f eG t
f edpaö &mufapawmfrrl nfjzpfaMumif;? olUtm; t&Sit
hf xHawmfoYdk
]&zgtf} jyKrnfjzpfaMumif;ESifh olUukd r,HkMunfjiif;y,folwkdYrS
umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;awmfrlrnfjzpfaMumif;wkdY twGufrQom uwdjyKxm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/
þuwdawmfrSm jynfhpHkjcif;odkYa&muf&SdcJhNyDjzpf\/ odkYjzpfav &um; olYtm;rvkdrkef;xm;&ef vkdolwkdYrSm
olUukd vkyMf uHowfjzwfEidk cf jhJ cif;vnf;r&S?d um;pifwifí uGyrf suf Edik jf cif;vnf;r&Srd b
l J tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu
udk,fawmfocif\oufawmfpOfukd oufwef;aphaeapawmfrlNyD; aemuf rdrdxHawmfodkY ]&zgtf}
jyKawmfrlcJhavonf/

þzó0g"r®owfqHk;jzwfcsufrSm aAGaqmfOD;taeESifh? 1942-ck? arv-15&uf? (wGJ-1? pm-

642) xkwf ]tvf&q
D mvm[f}wGiv
f nf;aumif;? aemufyikd ;f wGif ]tvfzó0g} [laom trnfjzifh
tv’ m rm[f & S J v f w G ' f \ zó0gaygif ; csKyf B uD ; wG i f v nf ; aumif ; ]tvf a t'g&wk v f t mrm[f w k v f
vdvfqumz wkvftpövmrD,m[f? tvftmZf[&f} u wm0ef,í
l xkwjf yefcahJ vonf/

rSwcf suf / / þ]zo0g} "r®owfq;kH jzwfcsuftjyif wrefawmftq

D m uG,v
f eG jf cif;ESihf ]&zgtf}
jyKjcif;udpöwdkYESifh pyfvQOf;í 1960jynfhESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif ]rk*sv’wkvf tmzf[&f} pmapmifwGif
t*Fvdyfbmomtydkif;ü [laom acgif;pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;&Snfwpfyk'fudk a&;om;jzefYcsdcJhonf/ þonfudk
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xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhygonf/ (tvdk&SdurSm,lEdkifygonf/)

qk a y;&ef z d w f a c:jcif ;
 147

urÇmhrsufESmjyifweHwvsm;&Sd rnfonfht&yfa'owGifrqdk&Sdaom omoemhynm&Siftm;vHk;?

ouú & mZf 2000 rjynf h r D tu,f í wref a wmf t D q m tm; aumif ; uif , H r S
qif;omvmapcJhygvQif xkdodkYaom omoemhynm&Sifwkdif;ukd ½lyD;aiGodef;wpf&mcsD;jr§ygrnf[k
uREk f y f u wd j yKygonf /

wrefawmftDqm tm;qif;vmapMuyg/ xkdYjyif jyóemukd csKyfNidrf;atmifjyKMuyg/

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bmrS t yef ; rBuD ; awmh y g/

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pwk w ¬ a jrmuf cvD z wk v f r qd [ f u? 1994-ckESpfwGif um'D,efNrdKUü usif;ycJhaom
tdE´d,EkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m *svfqm qmvmem\ ed*Hk;csKyfrdefYcGef;wGif? urÇmESifht0Srf;&Sd armfv0Drsm;tm;
&nfñeT ;f vQuf >rwfMum;cJo
h nfrmS -

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f cif \f tGro
® rf sm;\jyóemukd &Si;f vif;&ef t"dutcsufrmS
wrefawmftq
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Ydk tjynfjynf
qkid &f matmifyBJG uD;ukd &&Srd nfjzpfonf/ þ&mpkEpS u
f ek q
f ;kH &efvnf; ESpt
f enf;i,fomusef&ydS gawmhonf/
tu,fí toifwt
Ydk m;vH;k pkaygif;í rnfonfeh nf;vrf;wpfpw
kH pfcjk zifrh qkd rqD[(f tDqm)ukd qif;ouf
vmapatmif jyKcJMh uygvQif toifwrYdk w
S pfO;D csif;pDudk ½ly;D aiGoed ;f wpf&may;rnf[k uREkyf u
f wdjyKygonf/

uREyfk \
f BudK;yrf;rIjzifh qif;oufvmwmyg[kqo
dk t
l m; wpfpw
kH pf&maqG;aEG;ar;jref;jcif;r&Sb
d J xko
d \
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pum;ukd vufcyH grnf[v
k nf; armfv0Dtaygif;ukd (uREkyf )f 'kw,
d tBudrf xyfízdwaf c:tyfygonf/
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qufvufred o
Yf nfrmS -

]]urÇmrh sufEmS jyif weHwvsm;&Sd rnfonft

h &yfa'owGirf qd&k adS om omoemhynm&Sit
f m;vH;k ?
td E ´ d , Ek d i f i H u k d txl ; ajymvk d y gonf / Bud K uf o vk d a qmif & G u f N yD ; wref a wmf t D q m uk d
(rd;k ay:rS)qif;oufvm atmifvyk Mf uyg/}}

xkdYjyif -

]]xkaYd emuf wrefawmftq

D m rSm tvGeo
f ef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfaomyk*Kd¾ vfreG Bf uDjzpfí olUukb
d ,fu
qif;vmatmifvyk Ef ikd rf mS vnf;[k owd0ifvmrdygonf/ ]'*smvf} &JU ]vm;owå0g} ukyd J zefw;D jyvku
d Mf uyg/
 148

olrvmbJawmh rqd[v
f nf;vmrSmr[kww
f maMumif?h xk]d '*smvf}&JU vm;owå0gukd tu,fí &mpkEpS f
rukerf rD mS zefw;D jyvku
d Mf uvQif armfv0Dwidk ;f ukd ode;f wpf&mpD vufc&H &Syd gvdrrhf nf/ uREkyf \
f þaMunm
csufrSm ,aeYwkdif twnfjzpfygonf/ rqd[f(tDqm)ukd rkd;ay:rScsNyD; jyóemukdNyD;jywfatmifvkyfzkdY
,ck þuJhodkYaom zdwfac:rIukd jyK&efom&Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyfESifh uREkfyf\tzGJU0iftm;vHk;u?
tpueOD;uwnf; uyif wrefawmftDqm ukd vufcH,HkMunfcJhMuNyD;olrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
aemufxyftq
D mwpfyg;ukd ,HMk unfzYdk bmrStyef;rBuD;awmhyg/

qufvufred MYf um;onfrmS -

<ua&muf&ef&o
dS rl mS <ua&mufay:xGe;f cJNh yD;jzpfygonf/ ,cktcgrSm b,fow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufrS
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f cgr[kwrf b
l J rGwu
å (D tjypfa&Smifo)l wdYk
tm; tDvf[mrfESifh uk½SL;zf(Asm'dwfESifh½lyg½HkjrifuGif;)rsm;tm;jzifh ykdYcsjcif;cH&rnfjzpfygonf/

qufvufí-

tdE´d,EkdifiH\ þjrifuGif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf\pdwfwGif þodkYzdwfac:&ef ay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/

xkdYjyif ygupöwefEdkifiHrS armfv0Drsm;tm;vnf;aumif; xkdonfhBuD;us,f0ifhxnfpGm a<u;aMumfaeol
taygif;wkt
Yd m;vnf;aumif; tedpaö &mufNyD;jzpfaomrqd[u
f dk &Sijf yefvmatmif tm;xkwv
f Quf&MdS uukef
aomolwt
Ydk m;vnf;aumif;? tm;wufoa&mjyKvkyMf uyg/ wrefawmftq
D mukd rk;d ay:rSqif;vmatmif
vkyjf yMuyg/ t[fr'D,m*srmtof\ b@awmfrmS ukecf rf;oGm;rnfr[kwyf g/ toifwt
Ydk m; ode;f wpf&m
pD&adS omtdwrf sm;ukd csD;jr§io
hf mG ;ygrnf/ odyYk gaomfvnf; toifw\
Ydk uHZmwmwGif aumif;uif,rH S wpfuk
a#rQaom aumif;csD;ukdyif a&;rSwfxm;jcif;r&SdaMumif; uREkfyfqkdcsifygonf/
(1995-ck? Zefe0g&D 5-12&ufxkwf? b'&ftywfpOf)

pkpnf;wifjyol
omoemjyKpnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;
9-5-2008
17;25 em&D