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Tamil Book 1
Tamil Book 1
¿§Uu\m AjRûLV
¾oÜØû\ ¾oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ AûR
YZdÏRôWoL°u LÚjÕdLôL ùLôÓjÕ.
Ck§V AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕ 39H ¸r
AYoLs ReL[Õ LÚjûRd ùLôÓjRl©u]o
AWNôeLm NhPj Õû\«u ùNVpØû\
¿§Uu\m ¾oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ
¿§ûV ¨ûXSôhÓm úSôdLjÕPu GkRùYôÚ
AkR RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NUWN ¾oÜ
Ï¥ULàdÏm ùTôÚ[ôRôWªuûU ApXÕ
Øû\. Uj§VvR Øû\ ApXÕ UdLs
úYß CVXôûU«]ôp ¿§ ¡ûPdLôUp
¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTXôm,
CÚdLdáPôÕ GuTRu ùTôÚhÓ
Aû]YÚdÏm ¿§ûV AÔL NU Yônl×m. CfNhPj§u ©¬Ü 89(2) ¸r JÚ RLWôß
RÏkR NhPeLs Utßm ©\ §hPeLs AqYô\ô] ¾ol©tÏ. ϱl©hÓ
êXUôL CXYN NhP ER® YZeLÜm AàlTlTh¥ÚdÏm úTôÕ :
á±Ùs[Õ,
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ
EfN ¿§Uu\Øm ®ûWYô] ®NôWûQdLô]
ùNu±ÚkRôp CûNÜ ¾oÜ Utßm NUWN
E¬ûUûV (right to speedy opial) Ck§V
NhPm. 1996-u ©¬ÜLs CkR CûNÜ ¾oÜ
AW£VXûUl× NhPm. `WjÕ 21 ¸r
Øû\ Utßm NUNW Øû\dÏ ùTôÚkÕm,
YZe¡Ùs[Õ,
UdLs ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùNu\ôp
CkR A±ÜûWûV ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ
NhP úNûYLs BûQVm NhPm. 1987 ©¬Ü
SôPôÞUu\m TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯
20(1) T¥ Utßm AfNhPj§u ©\ ©¬ÜLs
RLWôß ¾oÜ Øû\Lû[ Ae¸L¬jÕs[Õ,
T¥ SûPùTßm,
CûY. CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NUWN ¾oÜ Øû\.
Uj§VvR Øû\ Utßm UdLs ¿§Uu\eLs ¿§Øû\ ¾oÜdÏ ùNu\ôp
BÏm, ¿§Uu\m JÚ RÏkR ¨ßY]m ApXÕ
STûW ¨VªjÕ AjRûLV ¨ßY]m ApXÕ
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\fNhPm. 1908 ©¬Ü 89
STo UdLs ¿§Uu\UôL AàUô²dLlThÓ
TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß ¾oÜ
NhP úNûY BûQVf NhPj§u Aû]jÕl
Øû\Ls êXm RLWôßLû[ ¾odL
©¬ÜLÞm ùTôÚkÕm,
Y¯YÏjÕs[Õ,
1
¾o®û] HtTÓj§ ϱl©PlThP Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uôtß Y¯
SûPØû\Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm, RLWôß ¾oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls
úTôp AWNôeLm ApXÕ ùTôÕ A§Lô¬ Uô§¬ Uôtß Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls. Uôtß
2
GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥V ©\ ®`VeLs ùNpÛT¥VôÏm JÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
B¡VYtû\ á\ úYiÓm Guß EPuT¥dûL ØR-p CÚjRp úYiÓm,
EjRW®PlThÓs[Õ, Cq®§L°u ¸r CkR JlTkR RôWoLÞdÏ JlTkR NhPj§u
¿§Uu\eLs ùYqúYß ¾oÜ Øû\LÞdÏ ©¬Ü 11 Utßm 12 ¸r JlTkRj§p
YZdûL ϱl©hÓ Aàl×m Øû\Ùm ¾oÜ ÖûZYRtLô] Rϧ CÚdL úYiÓm,
Øû\ ùYt±VûPVôR ùTôÝÕ AûR
NhPlT¥ úRûYVô] GÝjÕ êXm CÚdÏm
¿§Uu\j§tÏ §Úm© Aàl×m Øû\Ùm
EPuT¥dûL. ¨ÛûY«p Es[ ApXÕ
YZeLlThÓs[Õ, (Salem Advocates Bar
YÚeLôX RLWôßLs Utßm AYtû\
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
CûNÜ ¾oÜdÏ Aàl×m úSôdLm. R®W JÚ
NhPj§u Tϧ 10u ¸r GkR YûL«p ¾oÜ JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ûV úRoÜ ùNnV úYiÓm GuTÕ EPuT¥dûLVôL LÚRlTÓYRtÏ
ùTôÚjÕm. ®§Ls CVt\ úRûYVô]ûY,
EVo¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ,
ÏÓmT SX ¿§Uu\ NhPj§p CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u Ø¥Ü
Es[ ®§LÞdÏ áÓRXôL CqYôß CÚRWl©]ûWÙm LhÓlTÓjÕYRôL CÚdL
EVo¿§Uu\eL[ôp CVt\lThP ®§Ls úYiÓm,
ùNVpTP úYiÓm, (Salem Advocates Bar
CÚRWl©]ÚdÏm
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
Es[ E¬ûULû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× CÚRWl©]¬u
NmURm êXúUô ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\
êXúUô NhPj§u êXúUô ùT\lTP
YZdÏRôWoLs NôoTt\ JÚ êu\ôm ST¬Pm
úYiÓm, úUÛm. CRu êXm RLWôß
(CûNÜ ¾olTô[o) Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p ¾odL úYiÓm Guß
NUol©dÏm JÚ ¿§ ¾oÜ Øû\, CûNÜ
ùR°YôL CÚjRp úYiÓm,
¾oYô[ÚdÏ ¿§Uu\ SÓYûW ®P TX
Lô¬VeLs ùNnYRtLô] Rϧ CÚkRôÛm ¾olTôVm êXm CÚ
SûPØû\ Utßm Nôh£V ®§Ls ùTôßjÕ RWl©]¬u ¨ûXØû\
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ¿§Uu\j§p E¬ûULs ¨oQ«dLlTÓm Guß
YZdLôÓRûX úTôuú\ BÏm, JlTkRj§p á\lTP úYiÓm,
3
¿§Øû\ NôokR YûL«p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm YpÛ]o ¨oQ«jRp GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\
NUUô] LPûUÙPu ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p R²lThP êu\ôm STo TôoûY«hÓ
SPdL úYiÓm, AYÚûPV ¨×QjÕYjûR TVuTÓj§
AûR ¨û\Ü ùNnYÕ BÏm,
RLWôûW ¾olTôVj§tÏ AàlT AjRûLV ¨oQVm U§lÀÓ. A±ÜNôo
Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm EPuT¥dûL ùNôjÕ¬ûU LQd¡ÓRp úTôu\Yt±tÏ
NhPlT¥ CÚdL úYiÓm, ERÜm, YpÛ]o RuàûPV ¨oQVj§tLô]
LôWQeLû[ ùLôÓdL úRûY«pûX,
¾olTôVm HtùL]úY RLWôß
úUÛm CûNÜ ¾ol× úTôuß CjRûLV
ϱl©hÓ Aàl©«ÚkRúTôÕ YûWVlThP
YpÛ]o ¨oQVjûR ùNVpTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ,
RLWôß ùTôÚhÓ Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
CRû] ¿§Uu\j§p G§odLÜm Ø¥VôÕ,
¾olTôVm CÚRWl©]PªÚkÕm
JÚ JlTkRm CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûVúV
Nôh£Lû[ ùTtß YôReLû[ úLhL
HtTÓjÕ¡u\Õ Gußm
úYiÓm ApXÕ Yô§Óm YônlûTVôYÕ
YpÛ]o ¨oQVjûRl Tt± á\®pûX
A°dL úYiÓm, (K.K. Modi v. K.N. Modi, AIR
GuTûRÙm E£RlTÓjR ¸rdLiPYtû\
1998 SC 1297; Bharat Bhusan Bansal V. Uttar Pradesh
¿§Uu\eLs á±Ùs[],
Small Industries Corporation, AIR 1999 SC 899, Uttar
Pradesh Rajkiya Nigam Ld. V. Indure (P) Ltd., AIR
YÚeLôX RLWôû\ R®odÏm
1996 SC 1373).
ùTôÚhÓ CpXôUp Øû\Vô] ¨LrLôX
AWNôeLjÕPu L¥R úTôdÏYWjÕ êXm RLWôß CÚjRp
áP JlTkRm êXm JÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûLûV HtTÓjRXôm, (P.B. Ray V. úRokùRÓdLlThP ¾olTôVm
Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 908). B]ôp úRûYVô] Nôh£VeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ
CjRûLV JlTkRm Ck§V AW£VXûUl× YZdÏRôWoL°u YôReLû[Ùm
NhPm 299 ¸r JlTkRj§p ÖûZVdá¥V úLhÓ ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p ¾olT°jRp,
RÏkR A§LôWm EûPV AWNôeL
¾ol× CÚRWl©]ûWÙm
A§Lô¬«]ôp UhÓúU HtTÓjR Ø¥Ùm,
LhÓlTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÚjRp, (K.K.
CqYôß Ae¸LôWm CpXôRYo HtTÓjÕm
Modi V. K.N. Modi, AIR 1998 SC 1297)
JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ, (State of Punjab V.
Om Prakash, AIR 1988 SC 2149). CÚRWl©]WôÛm TVuTÓjRlTÓm
AûZdÏm Øû\ûV CߧVôL
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ Utßm
ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, AkR JlTkRj§u
YpÛ]o ¨oQ«jRp
4
úSôdLm Utßm LôWQjûR BWôV úYiÓm, ¨ßY]m NôokR CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\
“CûNÜ Y¯ ¾olTô[o” ApXÕ “CûNÜ
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm
Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\” B¡V ùNôtLs Ø¥Yô]
ùTÚmTôÛm CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûLûV
®[dLeLû[ A°dÏm ùNôtLs ¡ûPVôÕ.
ùLôiÓs[Õ, CRu êXm
CQeL®dLYpX ùNôtLs UhÓúU BÏm,
Øu× ¨ßYlThP ®§L°u T¥ HúRàm
G-Ó : ReLÞd¡ûPúV Es[ RLWôß Utßm JÚ ¨ßY]m CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV SPj§
úYßTôÓLû[ ¾odÏm ùTôÚhÓ JÚ AûR ¨oYô¡dL ¨VªdLlTÓ¡u\Õ,
ÏÓmTj§u CÚ ©¬ÜLÞm JÚ JlTkRjûR CjRûLV ¨ßY]eL°u G-Ó : International
HtTÓj§d ùLôiP], CkR JlTkRj§u Chamber of Commerce (ICC), London Court of
5
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV SPjÕm CÚkRôÛm ¨ßY] LhPQm. AkR
ùTôÚhÓ £\kR YN§Ls Utßm úNûYLs, ùRôûLûV ®P ªÏ§VôL CÚdLXôm,
6
Øu©ÚkúR ®§Ls CpXôRRôp CÚ LûPl©¥dL CÚ RWl©]Úm Ø¥Ü
RWl©]Úm Cߧ YûW Su\ôL JjÕûZdL ùNnVXôm, CpûXùVu\ôp.
úYi¥V úRûY Es[Õ, C§p CÚ JÚ ¨ßY]jûR. CûNÜ ¾ol×
RWl©]ÚdÏm A§LlT¥Vô] A§LôWm Øû\ûV ¨oYô¡dL ¨VªjÕ B]ôp.
Es[Õ, AkR ¨ßY]j§u ®§L°p JÚ TϧûV
®Xd¡d ùLôs[Xôm,
ùNVpØû\TÓjR Ø¥VôR ¾oÜ Øû\ YZdÏRôWoLs ¨ßY]jûR CûNÜ
áßLû[ CÚ RWl©]Úm ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªlTRtÏ UhÓm TVuTÓj§d
YûWk§ÚdLdá¥V ATôVm, ùTôÕYôL ùLôs[Xôm, RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV
©¬ÜLs ªL ®YWUôLÜm TXYûLVô] úUtùLôsÞm RWl©]o ReLÞûPV ùNôkR
ùTôÚs TÓjÕRpLs CÚdÏmT¥Ùm ®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dÏmùTôÝÕ AYoLs
Yû]VlTÓYRôp TXØû\ CûY GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ ¨ßY]j§u
¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ ùNuß YZdLôPlTP ®§Lû[Ùm LûPl©¥júRô ApXÕ I,Sô,
úYi¥V ¨ûXûU HtTÓ¡u\Õ, Uô§¬ ®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úRoÜ
ùNnVXôm,
©ûZVô]
SûPØû\Lû[ Jl×dùLôiÓ AûY
LûPl©¥dLlTh¥ÚkRôp CûNÜ ¾ol×
ØÝYÕúU ùNVpTÓjRlTP
Ø¥VôRT¥ úTôLXôm,
LhPQm. ùUô¯
ùTVolTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp. YZdÏ
SûPùTßm Sôs ϱjRp
B¡VYt±tÏ ¨oYôL úUtTôoûY CÚdLôÕ,
7
NhP Øû\ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ ùNVpTÓjÕRp NhPm) 1961 B¡VYtû\
¿dÏ¡\Õ,
TX Uj§V Utßm Uô¨X NhPeLs ϱlTôL
CfNhPeL°u ¸r GÝm×m RLWôßLÞdÏ CfNhPm. NoYúRN ®VôTôW NhPm ϱjR
¾oÜ LôQ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV Id¡V SôÓL°u ÏÝYôp (UNCITRAL)
TVuTÓjR ϱl©hÓs[Õ, G-Ó : ªuNôW CVt\lThP ®§Lû[ NôokÕ EsSôhÓ
NhPm 1910. ªuNôW YZeÏRp NhPm 1948 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NoYúRN Y¦Lm NôokR
CjRûLV CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ 1996 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Ls. ùY°SôhÓ
NhPj§]ôp LhÓlTÓjRlTÓYRôp CqYô\ô] Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕRp Utßm NUWN
NhPeL°p Es[ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV Øû\Lû[ NôokR NhPeLû[ YûWVßjRp.
TVuTÓjR úYiÓm Gu\ ©¬ÜLs CûNÜ B¡VYtû\l Tt±V
¾ol× EPuT¥dûLL[ôL LÚRlTÓm, (Grid ©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, CkR Uô§¬ NhPm
Coporation of Orissa V. Indian Change Chrome Ltd., Utßm ®§Ls CfNhPjûR ׬kÕ
AIR 1998 Ori 101). ùLôs[ TVuTÓjR úRûYVô]Rôp 1996
NhPj§u TϧVôdLlTP®pûX, (Union of
®ûWÜ Y¯ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ Utßm
India V. East Cost Boat Builders & Engineers Ltd., AIR
BYQeLs UhÓm CÚdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol×
1999 Del 44).
Øû\
1996 NhPm Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß ¾oÜ
CÚ RWl©]Úm YônùUô¯VôL YôReLs
Øû\L°p JÚ ×§V Øuú]t\jûR
NUol©dL úYiPôm Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnRôp
ϱd¡\Õ, 1940 NhPj§u ¸r Ø¥Ü
¾olTôVm ®ûWYôL CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLs
ùNnVlThP YZdÏLs CfNhPj§u ¸r
YZd¡tÏ NôRLUôL
GÓdLlTP úYi¥V Ø¥ÜL°p úRôußm
NUol©jÕs[ BYQeL°u A¥lTûP«p
©WfNû]Lû[ ¾oÜ ùNnV LY]jÕPu
UhÓúU ¾ol× YZeLXôm,
TVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm, (Sundaram Finance
1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ Ltd. V. N.E.P.C. India Ltd., AIR 1999 SC 565).
CfNhPj§u ©¬ÜLû[ 1940 NhPj§u
1996 NhPm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ ùTôßjR ùLôsûLLÞdÏ EhTÓjRôUp R²lThP
ØkûRV NhPeL[ô] CûNÜ ¾ol× NhPm Øû\«p ׬kÕùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Furest Day
1940. CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ (áhÓ Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC
EPuT¥dûL Utßm ùTôÕ CQdL 2293).
8
¿§Uu\j§p RôdLp ùNnÕ ¿§Uu\ ®RUôL Jl×dùLôi¥ÚkRôXu±
EjRWYôL UôtßYRtÏ úRûYVô] AfNhPj§u ©¬ÜLs _]Y¬ 25. 1996 Øu×
SûPØû\ûV YZdÏ¡\Õ, 1996 NhPj§u ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Ød¡V úSôdLm ®ûWYôLÜm Uôtß SPY¥dûLLÞdÏm ùTôÚkÕm, ©¬Ü 21 ¸r
Y¯«Ûm RLWôßLû[ ¾odL úYiÓm YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
GuTRôp úUtá±V SûPØû\ CfNhPj§p SPY¥dûLûV ùRôPeÏYRtÏ úYß
¡ûPVôÕ, ùY°SôhÓ úR§ûV ϱlTRtÏ ®Úl׬ûUûV
Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ áP ARu YZeÏ¡\Õ, G]úY. CûNÜ ¾ol©p
ùNVpTÓjÕm RuûUûV Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ TeúLtÏm CÚ RWl©]Úm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
AûR ¿§Uu\ EjRWYôdÏYRp Utßm SPY¥dûL _]Y¬ 25. 1996dÏ ©\Ï ùRôPeL
AûR ùNVpTÓjÕRp G] CWiÓ R²lThP úYiÓm Guß Ø¥Ü ùNn§ÚkRôp 1996
SPY¥dûLLs úRûY«pûX, ùY°SôhÓ NhPj§u ©¬ÜLs ùTôÚkÕm,
Ø¥ûY ùNVpTÓjÕm ¿§Uu\m AkR ØÝ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLs 1996 NhPj§tÏ
YZdûLÙm JúW SPY¥dûL«p GÓjÕd
ØuTôLúY ùRôPe¡«ÚkÕ CûNÜ
ùLôs[Xôm, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal
¾olTô[¬u Øu²ûX«p ¨ÛûY«p
Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293)
CÚkRôp YZdÏRôWoLs 1996 NhPm AkR
1996 NhPj§u ùRôPdLm SPY¥dûLdÏ ùTôÚkÕm Guß Jl×d
ùLôs[Xôm, (Thyssen Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel
CfNhPm BLvÓ 16. 1996 Auß
Authority of India, (1999) SCC 334).
_]ô§T§«u Jl×Rp ùTt\ôÛm CÕ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Utßm NUWNm (AYNW NhPj§u) EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
ùRôPof£VôL LÚRlThPRôp CÕ _]Y¬ 25.
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ GuTÕ 1996
1996. ARôYÕ AYNW NhPm AUÛdÏ YkR
NhPj§p YûWVßdLlTP®pûX,
úR§«-ÚkÕ AUÛdÏ YkRRRôL
Ck§Vô®p SPdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol×
LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal
SPY¥dûL. Cߧ«p CfNhPj§p Tϧ 1-u
Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293), G]úY. _]Y¬
¸r EsSôhÓ ¾ol©p Ø¥kRôp AÕ
25. 1996dÏ Øu× ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü
CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLÞdÏm 1940 NhPm
2(2) – 2(7) ) G]úY. Ck§Vô®p
ùTôÚkÕm, (Shetty’s Construction Co. (P) Ltd. V.
Konkan Railway Construction, (1998) 5 SCC 599).
Ck§VoL°ûPúV Ck§V ¨ûXØû\
NhPj§uT¥ SûPùTßm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 85(2)(G) ¸r 1940 NhPm
¿dLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm YZdÏRôWoLs úYß
9
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü RLWôßLû[ ®ûWYôLÜm Ïû\kR
28(1)(H)), ùNXÜPàm ¿§Uu\j§u RûXÂÓ
CpXôUÛm CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
1996 NhPm Tϧ - 1
HtTÓjRlThÓs[Õ, (P. Anand Gajapathi Raj V.
Tϧ 1-u ¸r Ck§Vô®p CûNÜ ¾ol× P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
10
AúR úTôp ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 8u ¸r CûNÜ G-Ó : £X RWl©]o JÚ E«p NhP Øû\
¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p BdLlTP úYiÓUô Gu\ úLs®ûV
Es[ ®`VeLû[ ùTôßjÕ UhÓúU CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ AàlT
CÚRWl©]ûWÙm CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ HtßdùLôiÓs[]o, CjRûLV
AàlTXôm, CûNÜ EPuT¥dûLdÏ YZdÏL°p Ck§V Yô¬Ñ¬ûU NhPj§u ¸r
ùY°úV Es[ HúRàm JÚ ®`VjûRl YZeLlTÓm ¾ol×Ls inrem GuTRôp CkR
ùTôßjÕ YZdÏ ùRôPWlThÓ AûY úLs®ûV CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ
EPuT¥dûLdÏ EhTPôR RWl©]ÚdÏ AàlT Ø¥VôÕ, (Chiranjilal Shrilal Goenka V.
CûPúV CÚkRôp ©¬Ü 8 ùTôÚkRôÕ, Jasjit Singh, (1993) 2 SCC 507).
©¬Ü 8 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Vôp RϧÙûPV AkR YZd¡p G§o EûW RôdLp
11
G§ojÕ ¨YôWQm ùTßYRtÏ CÚ YZeÏmúTôÕ TôÕLôdL úYi¥V
RWl©]Úm AÔL úYi¥V ¿§Uu\m Tt± E¬ûULs Åi BLôUp CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
©¬Ü 2(D)«p ϱl©Pl ThÓs[Õ, CÕ ¿§Uu\eLs CûPdLôX
©¬Ü 8u ¸r ®iQlTm ùNnR AúR EjRWÜLû[ YZeLXôm, (Firm Ashok Traders V.
¿§Uu\m ¡ûPVôÕ, (P. Anand Gajapathi Raju V. Gurumukh Das Saluja, (2004) 3 SCC 155).
P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
©¬Ü 21u ¸r A±®l× AàlTlTÓYRtÏ
¿§Uu\m Øu× SPY¥dûLLs ¨ÛûY«p ØuTôLúY ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm CûNÜ CûPdLôX ¨YôWQm úLô¬ ¿§Uu\j§u
¾oÜ Y¯«p ¾oÜ LôQ JlTkRj§p Øu× ®iQlTm RôdLlThPôp ¿§Uu\m
ÖûZkRôp AYoLs 1996 NhPj§u ØR-p ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
©¬ÜL°u T¥ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdL EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô Gußm.
úYiÓm, ®iQlTRôWo RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\dÏ GÓjÕ ùNpX GiQm
G-Ó : EVo ¿§Uu\m RuàûPV BûQ
ùLôiÓs[ôo. Gußm Ruû] EߧlTÓj§
©\l©dÏm A§LôW YWmûT TVuTÓj§
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AqYôß Eߧ AûPkR
GkRùYôÚ YZdûLÙm CûNÜ ¾olTô[ÚdÏ
©u]o ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\m YZd¡u
ϱl©hÓ Aàl© ARuT¥ ¾ol×
úSoÜLs Utßm NkRolTeLû[ LÚj§p
NUol©dLlThP ©\Ï EjRWÜ YZeL
ùLôiÓ RÏkR CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWûY
Ø¥VôÕ, (Tamil Nadu Electricity Board V. Sumathi,
©\l©dLXôm, CqYôß EjRWÜ
AIR 2000 SC 1603).
©\l©dÏmùTôÝÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
¿§Uu\j§p YZeLlTÓm CûPdLôX ùNVp ùRôPeL ®iQlTRôWo RÏkR SPY¥dûL
EjRWÜLs GÓdL úYiÓm ùTôÚhÓ ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
¿§Uu\m JÚ ¨TkRû] EjRWûY
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Ls ùRôPeLlTÓYRtÏ
©\l©dLXôm, CRu ¸r ®iQlTRôWo
Øu]úW ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV úUtùLôs[ RÏkR
CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWÜLû[ ùLôÓdL
SPY¥dûL GÓlTRtLôL ¨TkRû]LÞm
A§LôWm Es[Õ, CûNÜ ¾ol×
úNodLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. N.E.P.C.
áßLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕm YûL«p A±®l×
India Ltd., AIR 1999 SC 565).
Aàl×YRtÏ Øu× áP CkR EjRWÜLs
©\l©dLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. JÚ YZdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«u ¸r ùNu\
N.E.P.C. India Ltd. AIR 1999 SC 565) ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ©\Ï EVo¿§Uu\m CûNÜ ¾olTô[o
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u CߧVô] ¾ol× ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u Ø¥ÜLú[ôÓ
12
SPY¥dûLLs SPkÕ ùLôi¥ÚdÏm 1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ
NUVj§p RûX«PôÕ, YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ NmURj§u A¥lTûP«p SPlTÕ, G]úY.
©¬Ü 34 Utßm 37dÏ ¸r UhÓúU CÚRWl©]Úm JlTkRjûR ReLÞdÏ
¿§Uu\jûR AÔL AàU§ Es[Õ (SBP Ht\Yôß AûUjÕd ùLôs[Xôm, CÚ
and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb L R RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ
285 (SC)). ¾olTô[oLû[ úRokùRÓlT§p A§LThNm
ÑRk§Wm ùLôÓdLl ThÓs[Õ UhÓªpXôUp
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u AûUl×
¾olTô[oL°u
©¬Ü 2¥ ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTôVm GuTÕ ©¬Ü Gi¦dûLûV ¨oQ«lT§Ûm ÑRk§Wm
10 Utßm 11u ¸r ¨VªdLlThP JÚ R² Es[Õ,
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ApXÕ JÚ CûNÜ
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§u
¾olTô[o ÏÝûY ϱdÏm, CûNÜ
A¥lTûP«p ¾olTôVm AûUdLl
¾olTô[oL°u Gi¦dûL
Th¥ÚkRôp AûR AûUjR Øû\ Utßm
CWhûPlTûP«p CÚdLdáPôÕ, Hù]²p
A§-ÚlTYoLs NhPj§u Tϧ 1-dÏ
LÚjÕ úYßTôÓ CÚl©u NUUô]
G§WôL ¨VªdLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm AûR
Gi¦dûL«p CÚ RWl©Ûm ¾olTô[oLs
G§odÏm E¬ûU ¡ûPVôÕ, úUÛm. 1996
CÚdÏm ¨ûX GÝmTXôm,
NhPj§u T¥ JÚ ¾ol× YZeLlTh¥ÚkRôp
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ÑRk§WUôLÜm. TôWThNm AlùTôÝÕ ¾olTôVj§u AûUl× Utßm
CpXôUÛm CÚdL úYiÓm, SûPØû\ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
¾olTô[o ¨VªdLlTÓYRtÏ Øu× Es[ JlTkRj§tÏ ØWiThÓ CÚkRôÛm
RuàûPV ÑRk§Wm Utßm TôWThNm AûR G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, CÚ
CuûUûV ϱjÕ NkúRLm GZdá¥V RWl©]¬ûPúV CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u
NkRolTeLs Tt±V Aû]jÕ AûUl× Utßm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dLô]
®YWeLû[Ùm GÝjÕ êXm SûPØû\Ls Tt± GkR®R JlTkRØm
YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ ùLôÓdL úYiÓm, (©¬Ü CpûXùVu\ôp ¾olTôVj§u ¾oÜ 1996
12(1)), úUÛm CfNhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ NhPj§tÏ G§oUô\ôL CÚkRôp AûR
¾olTô[¬u ¨VU]jûR G§odLÜm. G§odLXôm, (Narayan Prasad Lohia V. Nikunj
AYÚûPV SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥Ü Kumar Lohia, (2002), 3 SCC 572).
ùNnVÜm. AYÚdÏ T§XôL úYù\ôÚYûW
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm CWiÓ
Uôt\m ùNnVÜm. SûPØû\Ls
CûNÜ ¾olTô[oLû[ ¨VªlTRôL CÚkRôp
YZeLlThÓs[] (©¬Ü 13-15),
AÕ UhÓúU AkR JlTkRjûR
13
ùNpÛT¥ CpXôRRôL Uôt\ôÕ, Ø¥ùYÓdÏm RuûU Es[Rôp CÕ JÚ
CqYôß ¨VªdLlThP CWiÓ CûNÜ ¿§jÕû\ EjRWYôL LÚRlTÓm, RûXûU
¾olTô[oLÞm RûXûU CûNÜ ¾olTô[WôL ¿§T§ ApXÕ AYWôp ¨VªdLlThPYo
T¦×¬V JÚ êu\ôYÕ CûNÜ ¸rLiP Ytû\ CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ùTôÚhÓ
¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdL úYiÓm (©¬Ü 11(3)), Li¥lTôL Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
CÚ RWl©]Úm BhúNTûQ Cu± CWiÓ
ApXÕ CWhûPlTûP GiÔûPV CûNÜ AYÚdÏ A§LôW YWm× Es[Rô.
14
úYù\ôÚ ¿§T§«PmRôu ùLôÓdL Ø¥Ùm, TVuTÓj§ CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm YZdÏ RôdL
CkR A§LôWjûR UôYhP ¿§T§«Pm ùNnVúYô ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p
ùLôÓlTRtÏ AàU§ ¡ûPVôÕ, (SBP and Co. RLWôû\ ¾ojÕd ùLôs[úYô ÑRk§Wm
V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)). A°j§ÚkRôp EfN ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 11(12) ¸r
CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm A§LôW
©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm
YWmûT ùNVpTÓjRdáPôÕ, (Wellington
Øu× ®iQlTRôWo ApXôR Cuù]ôÚ
Associates Ltd. V. Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
RWl©]ÚdÏ Yônl× A°dÏm ùTôÚhÓ
A±®l× AàlTlTP úYiÓm, (SBP and Co. CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ¨VªdLlTP úYi¥V
V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)). ùTôÝÕ EfN ¿§Uu\m CÚ RWl©]¬u
ùN[L¬VjûRÙm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ RuàPV
©¬Ü 11 (6)T¥ EfN ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU
®Úl׬ûUûV TVuTÓjRXôm, (Dolphin
¿§T§VôúXô ApXÕ AYo ¨VªdÏm
International Ltd. V. Ronarks Enterprises Inc., (1998) 5
¿§T§VôúXô GÓdLlTÓm Ø¥ÜdÏ G§WôL
SCC 724).
GkRùYôÚ úUp Øû\ÂÓm ¡ûPVôÕ,
AÕúY CߧVô]Õ, B]ôp. EVo CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm×
¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§ ApXÕ
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ RuàûPV A§LôW
AYo ¨VªjR ¿§T§«u Ø¥ûY
YWmûT Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWm
AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕ 136u ¸r úUp
YZeLlThÓs[Õ, úUÛm. CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (SBP and Co. V. Patel
EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô ApXÕ
Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Tt±V
©¬Ü 11(2) ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW NoYúRN BhúNTûQLû[Ùm Ø¥Ü ùNnV ARtÏ
Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ A§LôWm EiÓ, CûR ùTôÚhÓ CûNÜ
ùTôÚhÓ ¨VªlTRtLôL ®iQlTm ¾oÜ áßLs AkR JlTkRj§u TϧVôL
ùNnVlTÓmùTôÝÕ G§o RWl©]o AkR CÚkRôÛm AkR JlTkRj§u
RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ ©\ ¨TkRû]L°PªÚkÕ R²lThP
AàlT úYi¥ GkRùYôÚ Li¥lTô] Øû\«p LÚRlTPúYiÓm, C§-ÚkÕ
áßm CpûX Guß á±]ôp Ck§Vô®u CûNÜ ¾olTôVm JlTkRm. CpXô ¨ûX
RûXûU ¿§T§ AkR EPuT¥dûL«p AkR ùLôiPÕ Utßm ùNpÛT¥ BLôÕ Guß
RLWôß CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p Ø¥Ü ùNnRôÛm CûNÜ ¾oÜ áßLs ipso
¾odLlTPúYiÓm Guß Es[Rô Guß jure ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnV
¾oUô²dÏm A§LôWjûR ùTtßs[ôo, AkR Ø¥VôÕ GuTÕ ùR°Yô¡\Õ, (Olympus
EPuT¥dûL “ùNnVXôm” Gu\ ùNôpûX
15
Superstructures (P) Ltd. V. Meena Vijay Khetan, AIR ùTôÚû[ TôÕLôdÏm ùTôÚhÓ CûPdLôX
1999 SC 2102). EjRWûY YZeLXôm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü 17u ¸r
CjRûLV EjRWÜ ùTôÚhÓm TôÕLôl×
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× Ï±jR
YZeLXôm, CjRûLV CûPdLôX
Aû]jÕ BhúNTûQÙm ¾olTôVj§u
EjRWÜdÏ G§WôL ©¬Ü 37(2) ¸r úUp
Øu× GÝlTlTP úYiÓm, ¾olTôVm
Øû\ÂÓm ùNnVXôm,
A§LôW YWm× CpûX Gu\ YôRjûR Htßd
ùLôiPôp AÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV ©¬Ü 17u ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ
ùTôßjÕ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdLôUp ©¬Ü CûPdLôX EjRWÜLs YZeÏm A§LôWm
32(2)(£) T¥ CûNÜ ¾ol× YWm©tÏhThPÕ, ¾olTôVm ¿§Uu\m
SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥jÕd ùLôsÞm, CpXôRRôp ARàûPV EjRWÜLs
B]ôp. CkR Ø¥ûY G§ojÕ úUp ¿§Õû\ EjRWÜLs úTôp BLôÕ,
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (©¬Ü 37(2)(G)), ¾olTôVm ϱl©hÓ Aàl×Rp (reference)
¾olTôVm A§LôW YWm× CpûX Gu\ ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× EPuT¥dûLdÏ
YôRjûR ¨WôL¬jRôp CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ G§WôL ApXÕ AYtû\ ®P ®¬YôL
SPY¥dûLLú[ôÓ úUp ùNuß CûNÜ ¾ol× GkRùYôÚ EjRWûYÙm ©\l©dL Ø¥VôÕ,
YZeLXôm, CûR G§ojÕ Tô§dLlThP CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûLL°p TeÏ ùT\ôR
RWl©]o ©¬Ü 34(2)u ¸r úUp Øû\ÂÓ SToLÞdÏ G§WôL CYtû\ ùNVpTÓjR
ùNnVXôm, ¿§Uu\j§tÏ CûNÜ Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ CkRl
¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× Ï±jR ©¬®u ¸r RuàûPV EjRWûY
úLs®Lû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV A§LôWm ùNVpTÓjR GkR JÚ A§LôWØm
¡ûPVôÕ, YZeLlTP®pûX, úUÛm. ¿§Øû\«p
ùNVpTÓjRÜm A§LôWm YZeLlTP®pûX,
RûXûU ¿§T§ ©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ ¾oÜ
(M.D. Army Welfare Housing Organisation V.
EPuT¥dûL ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Guß Ø¥Ü
Sumangal Services (P) Ltd., AIR 2004 SC 1344).
ùNnÕ ARu ©u]o AkR RLWôß CûNÜ
¾olTô[¬Pm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dLôL CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLû[ SPjÕRp
ϱl©hÓ AàlTlTP úYiÓUô Guß
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 18 ØRp 27 YûW CûNÜ
Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWjûR ©¬Ü 16 B]ôp
¾oÜ SûPØû\Ls Tt±V TpúYß
®[dL ®pûX, (Wellington Associates Ltd., V.
®§Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 18u ¸r CÚ
Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
RWl©]Úm NUUôL SPjRlTP úYiÓm
CûNÜ ¾olTôVm CûNÜ ¾ol× Gu¡u\ ¨TkRû]dÏhThÓ ©¬Ü 19u ¸r
SPY¥dûLL°uùTôÝÕ RLWôßdϬV CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLÞdÏ YN§Vô]
16
SûPØû\Lû[ HtTÓj§d ùLôsÞm ¾ojÕd ùLôsYûR Tt±VÕ, CkR ©¬Ü CÚ
ÑRk§WjûR ùTtßs[]o, ©¬Ü 20 CûNÜ RWl©]¬u Jl×RúXôÓ CûNÜ ¾olTôVm
¾ol× Øû\«p TeúLtÏm CÚ Uj§VvR Øû\. NUWN Øû\ ApXÕ úYß
RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ SûPùT\ SûPØû\Lû[ CûNÜ ¾ol×
®ÚdÏm CPjûR úRokùRÓdÏm E¬ûUûV SPY¥dûL«u GkRùYôÚ LhPj§Ûm
YZeÏ¡\Õ, ¾olûT FdÏ®dÏm ùTôÚhÓ
TVuTÓjRXôm Guß áß¡\Õ,
CûNÜ ¾olTôVm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
NhPj§u ¸r 1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 31. CûNÜ ¾ol©u
YZeLlThÓs[ SûPØû\L[ôp Y¥Ym Utßm Es[PdLjûR ϱd¡\Õ,
LhÓlTPôÕ, CÚ RWl©]Úm SûPØû\ûV 1940 NhPm úTôp ApXôUp CfNhPm CÚ
Jl×d ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AYoLs AqYôß RWl©]Úm ¾ol©p LôWQeLs ùLôÓdL
Jl×dùLôs[®pûX Gu\ôp CûNÜ úYiPôm Guß JlTkRm êXm ©¬Ü 30u
¾olTô[o SûPØû\ûV YZeL úYiÓm, ¸r Jl×d ùLôi¥ÚkRôXu± ¾olTôVm
AqYôß YZeLlTÓm SûPØû\ CVtûL JqùYôÚ ¾ol©tÏm GkR A¥lTûP«p
¿§ ùLôsûLLÞdÏ EhThÓ CÚdL Aj¾ol× YZeLlThPÕ Gu\
úYiÓm, CVtûL ¿§ ùLôsûL ¨VôVUô] LôWQeLû[ Li¥lTôL YZeL úYiÓm
Øû\«p SPY¥dûLLs ùRôPW Guß ©¬Ü 31 áß¡\Õ,
Cu±VûUVôRÕ GuTRôp CÕ SûPØû\
©¬Ü 32 CûNÜ ¾ol×
NhPjûR ®P úUXôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ,
SPY¥dûLLû[ ¨oQ«jRp Tt±Ùm ©¬Ü
CûNÜ ¾ol× 33 ¾olûT ׬kÕ ùLôsÞRp Utßm
§ÚjÕRp Tt±Ùm úUÛm áÓRp ¾ol×
¾ol× YZeÏm Øû\ LhPôVUôL
YZeÏRp Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ,
CfNhPj§u £ßûUTÓjÕm
©¬ÜLû[ Ïû\ÜTÓj§ Ød¡VUôL CûNÜ CûNÜ ¾olûT G§ojÕ ¨YôWQeLs
¾olTô[o ¾ol× YZeÏYûRl Tt±
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 34 CûNÜ ¾olûT
áß¡\Õ (©¬Ü 28-33),
G§ojÕ Es[ ¨YôWQeLû[l Tt±
©¬Ü 28 RLWô±u Ød¡V AmNeLÞdÏ áß¡\Õ, CûNÜ ¾olûT RsÞT¥ ùNnV
ùTôÚkÕ¡u\ ®§Lû[ ¨oQ«lTûRl ªLd Ïû\kR LôWQeLú[ Es[], AûY :
Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 29 ¾olTôVj§tÏs
Ø¥ùYÓdÏm Øû\ûV Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 30 HúRàm JÚ RWl©]¬u
17
ùNpÛT¥VôLôR JlTkRm CûNÜ ¾olTô[úW Nôh£VeL°u RWm
Utßm A[ûY Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm JúW
JÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ Øû\Vô] SÓYo BYôo, AúR Nôh£VjûR ¿§Uu\m
A±®l× CpXôûU Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnRôp ¾olTô[¬u
¾ol©tÏ Uô\ôL úYù\ôÚ Ø¥Ü YWXôm
ϱl©hÓ Aàl×RÛdÏ G§Wô]
Gu\ôÛm ¿§Uu\m ¾olTô[o Øu×
¾ol× (beyond reference)
Es[ Nôh£VjûR Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnV
CûNÜ ¾ol× SûPØû\úVô NhPj§tÏ (1987) 4 SCC 497). AúR úTôp NhPm Tt±V
18
AûY JÚ EjRWÜ êXUôLúY Ø¥Ü BLôÕ, ¨Vªl©tÏ ©u]o CûNÜ
ùNnVlTÓ¡u\], AûY ¾ol×Ls BLôÕ, ¾olTô[o Ru Øu× CÚ RWl©]WôÛm
ùLôiÓ YWlThÓs[ ®`VeLû[l Tt±
Acquiescence Utßm estoppel
UhÓúU Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, ¾olTô[o úYß
ùLôsûLL°]ôp JÚYo CûNÜ ¾ol×
úSôdLjÕPu NhPlT¥ RYß ùNnRôp AkR
SPY¥dûLL°p TeúLt\ ©u]o CûNÜ
¾ol× Rs° ûYdLlTPXôm, (Union of India V.
¾ol× Øû\ áßLû[úV G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, M/s. G.S. Afwal, AIR 1996 SC 2965).
G-Ó : JÚ RWl©]o CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ CûNÜ ¾ol×Ls Cߧ RuûU ùTßRp
á±uT¥ CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§]ôp CûNÜ Utßm ùNVpTÓjÕRp
¾ol× Øû\ SPjRlTÓYRtÏ NmU§jÕ
A§p TeúLt\ ©u]o AjRûLV áß 1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 35T¥ AfNhPj§u Tϧ
19
¾ol×ûWûV úTôuú\ ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm ùY°SôhÓ Ï¥UL]ôLúYô
GuTRôp CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ SPY¥dûLLs ApXÕ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV YZdLUôL
E¬ûU«Vp YZdÏLs úTôuß BLôÕ, Ï¥«ÚlTYWôLúYô CÚkRôp
20
ApXôR úYß SôÓL°p SPdÏm CûNÜ ØRp Aj§VôVm ¨ëVôod CQdLm NôokR
¾ol× Øû\LÞdÏ ùTôÚkRôÕ Guß ¾oÜLû[ Tt±VÕ, CûYl Tt±
á\®pûX, CfNhPj§u Ød¡V úSôdLm CfNhPj§u ØRp AhPYûQ«p
VôùR²p NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× ùLôÓdLlThÓs[Õ, CWiPôm Aj§VôVm
Øû\LÞdÏ JÚ ºWô] NhP AûUlûT ù_ÉYô CQdLm NôokR ¾oÜLû[l
HtTÓjR úYiÓm GuTÕRôu (Bhatia Tt±VÕ, CYtû\ 2YÕ Utßm 3YÕ
International V. Bulk Tradings, AIR 2002 SC 1432). AhPYûQLÞPu úNojÕ T¥dL úYiÓm,
21
Uj§VvR ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ ÑV ¨oQVm : UjRVvR Øû\
ØWiTÓúYôûW ûUVUôLd ùLôiÓ CÚRWl©]¬u ÑV ¨oQVjûR A¥lTûPd
AYoLs Ru²fûNVô] Øû\«p. ùLôsûLVôL ùLôiÓs[Õ, ARôYÕ. CÚ
©ûQdLôR YûL«p. UkRQUô] YûL«p. RWl©]Úm ÑRk§WUôL ØÝ RLY-u
LhPûUl×Pu SPjRlTÓm JÚ ¾oÜ Øû\, A¥lTûP«p Ø¥ÜLû[ úRokùRÓdLXôm,
CûR £\l× T¡oRp AÔÏØû\. úTfÑ Uj§VvRo CkR Øû\ûV
YôojûR Øû\L°p úRokR JÚ NôoTt\. LhÓlTÓjÕYRtÏ ùTôßl×ûPVYo, CÚ
SmTLUô] êu\ôm STo LhÓlTÓjÕYôo, RWl©]Úm CmØû\«u ®û[ûY
CmØû\ êXm úTfÑ YôojûR SPj§ CÚ LhÓlTÓjÕYo,
RWl©]ûWÙm ©ûQdÏm JÚ Ø¥Ü
JlTkRjûR HtTÓjR Y¯ ùNnYôo, UkRQm LôjRp : CÕ ùYt±LWUô]
CmØû\ Ø¥Ü JlTkRjRp ¨û\YûPÙm, Uj§Vv§tÏ úRûYVô] Ød¡V AeLm,
¿§Uu\ ¾ol× ¡ûPVôÕ, CÚ RWl©]Úm GkRùYôÚ IVØm Cu±
Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm ùY°lTÓjR
Uj§VvR Øû\«u Ød¡V LY]m JÚYo úYiÓm, AqYôß ùY°lTÓjÕRp
ÁÕ JÚYo LPkR LôXj§p SPkRYtû\l ©tLôXj§p AYoLÞdÏ G§WôL
Tt± T¯ ÑUjÕYÕ ApX. TVuTÓjRlTPXôm Guß IVlTPdáPôÕ,
E\ÜLû[ Y[olTRôÏm, CRu úSôdLm CqYôß CpXô®hPôp úSoûUdúLPô]
JÚYo Ït\Yô°Vô ApXÕ ¨WTWô§Vô RWl©]oLs CkR Uj§VvR Øû\ûV
Guß ¨ì©lTÕ ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp. TWvTW RY\ôL TVuTÓj§ CûR JÚ ùT¬V
׬RûX Y[ojÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm RiPû]Vt\ LiÓ©¥dÏm Øû\VôL
AYoLÞûPV SuûUûV U]§p ùLôiÓ TVuTÓjRXôm,
RôUôLúY JlTkRjûR HtTÓjRd
ùLôs[ FdÏ®lTRôÏm, JÚ Uj§VvRo ¸rLiPtû\ ùNnV
Øû]V úYiÓm,
CmØû\«u A¥lTûP ®§Ls
¸rLiPYôß : Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl Tt±V
Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm AYÚm. CÚ
NôoTt\ RuûU : Uj§VvRo RWl©]Úm UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm, CÕ
YZd¡p Utßm CÚ RWl©]o ÁÕm JlTkRjûR ùNVpTÓjRÜm.
GkRùYôÚ ®ÚlTØm. Nôo× RuûUÙm SûPØû\lTÓjRÜm ùY°lTÓjÕRp
CpXôUp CÚdL úYiÓm, Aj§VôY£VUôL CÚkRôp R®W Ø¥Ü
JlTkRj§tÏm ùTôÚkÕm,
22
CÚ RWl©]WôÛm úYß Y¯«p Uj§VvRj§p ¨û\YûPkR Ø¥Ü
Jl×Rp CpXô®hPôp Uj§VvRm ùNnTYo JlTkRj§p ûLùVôlTªhÓ AR]ôp
CûNÜj ¾oYô[WôLúYô. Nôh£VôLúYô ©ûQdLlTPXôm,
GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûL«úXô.
Uj§VvRj§tÏ Øu× RVôo ùNnRp
¿§Uu\ SPY¥dûL«úXô Uj§VvR
Øû\«p ®Yô§dLlThP ùTôÚhLû[l Tt± Uj§VvRo ùTÚmTôÛm RLWôßl Tt±
B_WôL Ø¥VôÕ, úUÛm. CÚ RWl©]Úm A±kÕd ùLôsYRtLôL CÚ RWl©]¬PØm
Uj§VvR Øû\l Tt±V GkRùYôÚ Uj§VvRm ùRôPeÏYRtÏ Øu× RLWôßl
Nôh£VjûRÙm A±ØLlTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ (JÚ Tt±V JÚ ùRôÏlûT úLhLXôm,
RWl©]o £X
ØWiTôÓ EûPVYoLs UhÓúU
úLô¬dûLLû[ Jl×dùLôiPûRl Tt±.
Uj§VvRj§p TeúLtL úYiÓm Guß
AYoL°u LiúQôhPm AYoLs ùLôÓjR
AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, ©WfNû]dÏ ¾oÜ
BúXôNû]Ls. AYoLs Jl×d ùLôiPûY
LôQdá¥V Aû]YÚm C§p TeúLtLXôm,
Tt±),
23
RuûUûV ùY°dLôhP úYiÓm, AYoLû[ AûZdÏm Øû\Lû[l Tt±Ùm
AYÚûPV úTÑmùRô² ¨Rô]UôLÜm úLhÓd ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
®VôTôWm úSôdÏPàm Utßm BWôÙm
YûL«Ûm ØÝ LY]jÕPu CÚdL CÚ RWl©]¬u
24
©uTt\ úYi¥V SûPØû\ûV ©WfNû]ûV
®[d¡d á± R²lThP AUoÜLÞm ׬kÕdùLôsÞm ¨ûX
CÚdLdáÓm GuTûR ®[dL úYiÓm,
úRûYLs Utßm
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm CÚkRôp ApXÕ ®ÚlTeLû[ ׬kÕ ùLôsÞm ¨ûX
CpXô®hPôp Øû\úV ARtϬV
SûPØû\Lû[Ùm ®[d¡d á\ úYiÓm, ©WfNû]ûV YûWVßdÏm ¨ûX
25
NôRôWQUôL ØR-p RWl©]Úm AUoÜLs JÚYÚPu Utù\ôÚYûW ®P
ARtÏ ÕûQ ùNnÙm YûL«p A§L úSWm ùNpX Yônl× Es[Õ Guß
AYoLÞûPV YZdL±OoLÞm NhP ùR°ÜlTÓjR úYiÓm,
NmTkRlThP ®`VeLû[l Tt± ùRôPokÕ
Uj§VvRo JÚ R² AUoûY ¸rLiP
úTNXôm,
LôWQeLÞdLôL TVuTÓjRXôm,
26
Uj§VvRo R² AUoûY ¸rLiP YôNLjûR BdLléoYUô] YôNLUôL Uôt±d
ãr¨ûXL°p R®odL úYiÓm, á\Xôm, úUÛm. AkR YôdÏêXj§u
Ød¡V úSôdLm. ARôYÕ AYo
JÚ RWl©]ûW úSW¥VôLúY G§oRWl©]¬u ©WfNû]Lû[ ùN®d
CQeL ûYdL Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp ùLôÓjÕ úLhL úYiÓm GuTûR ùR°YôL
ùR¬®dLXôm,
JÚ RWl©]o Cuù]ôÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏ Øu× RuàûPV YôRjûR ©\ Uj§VvR ÖhTeLs
CQeL ûYdÏm Øû\«p ùR¬®dL
Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp ùRôÏjR°jRp : Uj§VvRo CÚ
RWl©]¬u YôdÏêXeL°u Ød¡V
Uj§VvRj§u ÖhTeLs AmNeLû[ ùR°ÜlTÓj§ ÑÚdLUôL.
ØÝûUVôL. ©ûZ Atß ùRôÏjÕ
Uj§VvRm GuTÕ
A°dLXôm,
ØWiTôÓLû[ EÚUôtßRp Tt±VRôÏm,
CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm Es[ úYßTôh¥û]
LiúQôhPjûR Ht\p :
Uj§VvRo ùY°úVt\ úYiÓm, JÚY¬u
Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u
×iTÓjÕm ApXÕ çiÓRXô]
YôdÏêXeLû[l Tt±Ùm £k§jÕ
YôdÏêXeLû[ Uj§VvRo NôoTt\
JqùYôÚY¬u LiúQôhPjûRÙm Htß
Øû\«p Uôt± çiÓRp CpXôR
Øu²ßjÕm YûL«p AûRl Tt± úTN
YûL«p §Úm©d á± AkR YôdÏêXj§p
úYiÓm,
Es[ Ød¡V úRûYLû[ UhÓm
ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, G-Ó : §ûN §Úl×Rp : Uj§VvRo JÚ
Uj§VvRj§uúTôÕ JÚYo Utù\ôÚYûWl ©Wf£û]«-ÚkÕ Utù\ôÚ ©Wf£û]dÏ
Tt± ""AYo Guû] ªÏ§VôL LhÓlTÓjÕm CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm §ûN §Úl©
TZdLm EûPVYo, G]úY Sôu AYoLû[ ®YWeLs ÁÕ LY]m ùNÛjR
GpXôYtû\Ùm Es[Pd¡ ûYjÕd ûYjÕ ApXÕ A§L çiÓRXô]
ùLôs[ Yt×ßjRlThÓsú[u@@ Guß YôdÏêXj§-ÚkÕ AYoLs LY]jûR
áß¡\ôo, §ûN §ÚlTXôm,
27
ApXÕ Y¬ûNVôL CÚ RWl©]¬PªÚkúR Ø¥ÜdLô]
©WfNû]Lû[ ûLVôÞmùTôÚhÓm Y¯Lû[ úLhP±V úYiÓm,
ùNnVXôm,
Ïû\kR Ød¡VjÕYm
SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsYRtLô] ùLôÓdLdá¥VRôL CÚkRôÛm Aû]jÕ
Th¥Vp : Uj§VvRo ©WfNû]Lû[ GkR Ø¥Ü Y¯Lû[Ùm ùY°lTÓj§ BúXôNû]
Y¬ûN«p ®Yô§dL úYiÓm GuTûR ùNnV úYiÓm,
Ø¥Ü ùNnYôo,
Aû]jÕ Y¯Lû[Ùm LY]UôL
BWôV úYiÓm, Hù]u\ôp ¾®WUô]
BWônf£dÏ ©\úL AkR ¾oûY JÚ RWl©]o
T§ÛdÏ U§lÀÓ Ïû\jRûX ûLVôÞRp
Jl×dùLôs[ ØuYWXôm,
Uj§VvRo JÚ RWl©]¬u
Aû]jÕ ¾oÜ Y¯Lû[Ùm
YôdÏêXj§tÏ ùTôßlúTtß Utù\ôÚ
¸rLiPYtßPu Jl©hÓ TôodL úYiÓm,
RWl©]o ARtÏ G§oUû\VôL AkR
YôdÏêXm G§o RWl©]Wôp á\lThP o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm
LôWQj§tLôL UhÓúU T§p áßYûR JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªLf £\lTô]
R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ RLYûX R]dÏ Ø¥Ü, (B.A.T.N.A. – Best Alternative to a negotiated
ùNôkRUôd¡d ùLôs[Xôm, agreement).
úUÛm
RLYpLû[ úNL¬dÏmùTôÚhÓ TpúYß
T§pLs A°dLdá¥V Yônl×ûPV
úLs®Lû[ úLhL úYiÓm,
28
EQof£Lû[ ûLVôÞRp KnÜ úSWm GÓjÕd ùLôsÞRp
ûLVôÞRp,
JÚY¬u ®ÚlTm. U¬VôûR.
29
Uj§VvRj§p Uu²l× úLôÚRp Utßm YZdL±OÚPu R² AUoûY
""ØLjûR LôlTôtßRp@@ AÔÏØû\ úUtùLôs[Xôm,
30
CÕYûW«Ûm ¨LZôR CÚ RWl©]¬u
NmTYeLû[ A¥lTûPVôL ùLôiP XôTeLû[ ©W§T-dL úYiÓm, úUÛm
(hypothetical) ¾oÜLû[ Øu ûYdLXôm, NUUôL CÚdL úYiÓm,
31
úYiÓm, Ø¥kR A[®tÏ NhPm NôokR Uj§VvR Øû\Lû[l ùTôßjÕ JÚ
YôojûRLû[ R®odLXôm, ØÝûUVô] NhPm Ck§Vô®p CpûX
Gu\ôÛm EfN¿§Uu\m Aû]jÕ EVo
JlTkRj§u CÚ RWl©]Úm JlTkRj§u
¿§Uu\eLÞm NhP BûQVj§]ôp
JqùYôÚ Rô°Ûm ûLùVÝj§P úYiÓm,
YûWVlThP Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
YZdL±Oo AYÚûPV Lh£dLôW¬u
Uj§VvR ®§Ls. 2003 I
ûLùVÝjûR CߧlTdLj§p
úYßTôÓLÞPú]ô CpXôUúXô
AjRôh£ ùNnV úYiÓm, CÚ RWl©]Úm
TVuTÓjRXôm Guß T¬kÕûW ùNnÕs[Õ,
ûLùVôlTm ChPÜPu Uj§VvRo
(Salem Bar Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005
JlTkRj§p ûLùVÝj§hÓ JqùYôÚ SC 3353).
RWl©]ÚdÏm JÚ SLûX A°dL úYiÓm,
CkR ®§Ls Uj§VvRûW ¨VªdÏm Øû\.
Uj§VvRjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnRp Uj§VvR¬u RϧLs Utßm Uj§VvRm
ùNnV úYi¥V SûPØû\ Tt± áß¡\Õ,
Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u ØVt£«u
®§ 12 Uj§VvRo Ck§V Nôh£Vf NhPm
®û[YôRXôp Uj§VvRo ARu Ø¥Ü
1872 Utßm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
ºWôL CÚlTRtÏ ØVt£ ùNnV úYiÓm,
NhPj§tÏ CQeL úYiPôm
CÚ RWl©]Úm GkR ùYôÚ Ø¥®tÏm Gußm ¨VôVm Utßm ¿§ NôokR
YW®pûX Gu\ôp Uj§VvRo ùLôsûLLÞdÏ CQe¡ CÚRWl©]¬u
AÕYûW«Ûm SPkÕs[ Øuú]t\j§tÏ E¬ûULs Utßm LPûULû[ U]§p
AYoLû[ Yôrj§ G§oLôXj§p Ø¥Ü ùLôiÓ Y¦L TVuTôÓLs Utßm
HtTPXôm Gu\ Sm©dûLûV ùR¬®dL NiûP«u RuûUûV A±kÕ ùNVpTP
úYiÓm, úRôp®VûPkR Uj§VvRm Guß úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ,
GÕÜm ¡ûPVôÕ,
®§ 16 Uj§VvRj§p Uj§VvR¬u TeÏ
CÚ RWl©]Úm HúRàm JÚ Ø¥®tÏ Tt± ®[dÏ¡\Õ, Uj§VvRo CÚ
YkRôp Uj§VvRo AYoLû[ YôrjR RWl©]Úm RôUôLúY RLWôßdÏ Ø¥Ü
úYiÓm, Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§u úR§«p LôQf ùNnV Y¯ ùNnRp úYiÓm, úUÛm.
Uj§VvRØm Ø¥YûPÙm, JÚ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPjûRl Tt±
Cuù]ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ á±. Ød¡VUô]
Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uj§VvR
©WfNû]Lû[ AûPVô[m LiÓ. RY\ôL
®§Ls. 2003
׬kÕdùLôsÞRûX R®ojÕ. CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm GÕ Ød¡Vm GuTûR
32
LiP±kÕ TpúYß ®ReL°p ¾oÜ LôQ Uj§VvR Øû\«u ùTôÝÕ
Y¯Lû[ BWônkÕ Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôßl× ùY°YÚm GkR®R Jl×Rp ApXÕ JÚ
CÚRWl©]ûWÙm NôokRÕ GuTûR GÓjÕ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPm
EQojR úYiÓm, Uj§VvRo
GkRùYôÚ ¨TkRû]ûVÙm LhPôVlTÓj§ UkRQUôL A°dLlTÓm
HtLf ùNnVdáPôÕ, BYQeLs. YûWÜLs Utßm RLYpLs
33
CÚ TϧLÞm ©¬dLd á¥VÕ CpûX CÚ RWl©]ÚPàm úTfÑ YôojûR
Gu\ôp ¿§Uu\m ÁRØs[ TϧLÞm SPjÕm úTôÕ Nôo× RuûUûV
Ø¥YûPYRtÏ LôdL úYiÓm, ùY°dLôhÓm YûL«p SPkÕ
ùLôs[dáPôÕ,
®§ 27 Uj§VvR¬u Suù]± RWm ϱjÕ
áß¡\Õ RÏkR NhPlT¥ UhÓúU RLWôû\l
ùTôÚjR Aû]jÕ SPY¥dûLLÞm
®§Lû[ ºWô] Øû\«p
úUtùLôs[úYiÓm,
LhÓlTôhÓPu LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
NUWN Øû\
ùRô¯pçVô] YûL«p CkR
Uj§VvRjûR úUtùLôiÓ ¨û\Ü ùNnV NUWN Øû\ GuTÕ Uj§VvR Øû\ûV
Rϧ Es[Õ GuTûR EߧlTÓj§d ϱlTRtÏm £X ùTôݧp TVuTÓjRlTÓm,
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, £X NhP ¨×QoLs CûR úYß ®RUô] JÚ
Uj§VvR Øû\ Gußm C§p NôoTt\ JÚ
Uj§VvRj§u TôWThNªuûUûV
êu\ôYÕ RWl©]o Uj§VvRûW ®P
Tô§dÏm YûL«p GkRùYôÚ E\Ü ApXÕ
Cuàm Øû]kÕ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
®ÚlTm CÚkRôÛm AûR ùY°lTÓjR
Es[ RLWô±tÏ ¾oÜ LôQ Y¯ YÏlTôo
úYiÓm, ApXÕ AYo NôoTtß CÚlTôo
Guß áßÙs[]o, (Salem Advocates Bar
GuT§p NkúRLm GZdá¥V YûL«p
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
HúRàm CÚkRôÛm AûR ùY°lTÓjR
úYiÓm,
34
NUWNjûR SPjÕm Øû\ ARtϬV LPûULs Utßm E¬ûULû[ LÚj§p
A¥lTûP ®§Ls Utßm Suù]± RWeLs ùLôiÓ ®VôTôW YZdLeLû[Ùm LÚj§p
B¡VûY Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl ùLôiÓ RLWôû\ Tt±V ãr¨ûXûVÙm
úTôu\úRVôÏm, Øu©-ÚkúR CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
Es[ Y¦L TZLLYZdLeLû[Ùm LÚj§p
1996 NhPm NUWN Øû\ûVl ùTôßjR ØRp
ùLôiÓ ùNVXôt\ úYiÓm,
ØÝûUVô] NhPUôÏm, CfNhPj§u Tϧ
3 £±V NkRolTeLÞdϬV Uôt\eLÞPu YZd¡u NkRolT ãr¨ûXLs. CÚ
I,Sô,®u NUNW Øû\ ®§Ls. 1980 I RWl©]¬u ®ÚlTeLs HúRàm JÚ
LûPl©¥jÕs[Õ, RWl©]o NUWNm ùNnTYo RmúUôÓ R²VôL
úTN úYiÓm Guß LÚ§]ôp ARtÏ
1996 NhPm NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ HúRàm
CQeÏRp Utßm RLWôßdÏ ®ûWYôL ¾oÜ
JÚ RWl©]¬u AûZl©u úT¬p
LôQ úYiÓm B¡V Aû]jûRÙm
ùRôPeÏRp Tt±Ùm (©¬Ü 62). NUWNm
LÚj§p ùLôiÓ NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ Rôu
ùNnTY¬Pm YôdÏêXeLû[ NUol©lTûRl
Ht\Õ Guß LÚÕm Øû\«p SPjRXôm,
Tt±Ùm. RLWô±u RuûUûV ®[dÏRp
Tt±Ùm ¾odL úYi¥V ©WfNû]Ls NUWN SPY¥dûL«u GkR
Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ, (©¬Ü 65), NUWNm ùNnTYo LhPj§p úYiÓUô]ôÛm NUNWm ùNnTYo
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPm Utßm ¾oÜdLô] Y¯Lû[ Øu ûYdLXôm, CûY
Ck§Vf Nôh£V NhPj§u LhÓdÏs GÝjÕ Y¥®p CúdLúYiÓùUußm
YWUôhPôo (©¬Ü 66), ARtϬV LôWQeLs ùTôßjR YôdÏêXm
AY£Vm CpûX Gußm á\lThÓs[Õ,
NUNWm ùNnTY¬u CÚl× ¨ûX
35
CQeLôUp NUNW JÚ RWl©]o Ø¥ÜdLô]
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®`VeLÞm UkRQm LôdLlTP úYiÓm GuTûRl Tt±V RLYp
Guß A±ÜßjÕ¡\Õ, CjRûLV UkRQm
LôjRp Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tÏm 1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 73 CÚ RWl©]Wôp
36
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CRuT¥ ¿§Uu\j§-ÚkÕ GkRùYôÚ
YZdÏm ¾oÜ LôiTRtLôL UdLs
¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTlThPôp
Ak¿§Uu\m GqY[Ü ®ûWYôL Ø¥ÙúUô
AqY[Ü ®ûWYôL A§u ÁÕ SPY¥dûL
GÓjÕ ¿§. ¨VôVm Utßm ©\ NhPd
ùLôsûLLû[ ©uTt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV
Øû]V úYiÓm Guß
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úUtùLôs[lTP úYi¥V NUWNm Utßm
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CfNhPm áß¡\Õ,
37
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQH Fohk; NjHT uq;fehafk;kh (1997) 5 SCC 460 jput;
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk; fphPd;/gPy;L ypl;. vjpH `f;fk;rpq;> (2002) 6 SCC
416)
ghlk; 2: chpikapay; eilKiwr; rl;lk;> 1908> 5
5 kw;Wk; fhytuk;Gr; rl;lk; 1963 tof;fpidj; njhLf;Fk; xUtH my;yJ rl;l
eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;Fk; xUtH ‘thjp’
Kd;Diu
vdTk; tof;ifr; re;jpg;gtH ‘gpujpthjp’ vdTk;
gue;j nghUspy; $w Ntz;Lkhdhy;> rl;lq;fs;
miof;fg;gLtH. 10
,uz;L tifg;gLk;: m) epiyKiwr;rl;lk; kw;Wk;
10 M) eilKiwr; rl;lk;. epiyKiwr;rl;lk; ,U rl;l eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F
jug;Gfspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisf; thjpaplk; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf
$Wk;NghJ> eilKiwr; rl;lq;fNsh nray;fs;> ‘tof;F %yk;’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt
eilKiw> me;j chpikfs; flikfis tof;fpd; mbg;gil ahFk;. nghJthf ,J xU 15
15 mKyhf;Fk; Jiwfs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;;wd. mbg;gil cz;ikfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. thjp
chpikapay; eilKiwr; rl;lk;> 1908 (“the ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;j cz;ikfis
Code”) rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; vt;thW mtH ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhz;: rjhde;jd;
eilKiwr; rl;lk; filgpbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; gj;jpud; vjpH khjtH Rdpy; FkhH> (1998)> 6 10
vd;gJ gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;jr; rl;lj;jpy; gy SCC 514; uh[];jhd; caHePjp kd;w 20
20 jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; tof;fwpQHfs; rq;fk; vjpH ,e;jpa muR> (2001)
Fwpg;gplj; jf;fitfshf jpUj;jq;fs; 1976> 1999> 2 SCC 294; etPdr; e;jpuh k[pj;jpah vjpH
kw;Wk; 2002 Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. kfhuh\;bu muR> (2000) 7 SCC 640).
,r;rl;lk; [k;K fh\;kPH> ehfyhe;J kw;Wk; 25
goq;FbapdH thOk; gFjpfs; jtpu kw;w vy;yh Fwpg;gpl;l jfuhWf;Fj; jf;fthW thjp
25
,lq;fSf;Fk; nghJthdJ. gpujpthjpf;nfjpuhf Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tuk;gpw;Fs;
tof;fpidj; njhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt ‘fhy
,e;jr; rl;lj;ij ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;: tuk;G’ fhyk; vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
m) 158 gphpTfis cs;slf;fpa rl;lj;jpd; fhytuk;G rl;lk; 1963 (RWf;fkhf fhytuk;Gr; 30
30 rl;lk;) tof;Ff;fhd fhy tuk;gpidAk; kw;w
ikag; gFjp kw;Wk; M) 51 cj;juTfs;> kw;Wk;
eilKiwfisAk; tiuaWg;gNjhL xU
tpjpfis cs;slf;fpa ml;ltizg; gFjp. ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; epWtg;gLk; ntt;NtW
,e;jg; gphpTfs; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gFjpfspd; tifahd (tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nky; KiwaPLfs;
nghJ newpKiwfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;j cl;gl) eilKiwfSf;fhd fhytuk;igAk; 35
35 ml;ltizg;gFjpNah me;j rl;lg; gFjpia tiuaWf;fpwJ. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lj;jpd;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; topfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,izg;Gg; gl;bay;) fzf;Ffs;> xg;ge;jq;fs;>
,e;jg; gphpTfs; rl;lkd;wj;jhy; kl;LNk mirAk; nrhj;Jfs;> jPHkhd mwpf;iffs;>
jpUj;jg;gl KbAk;. Mdhy;> cj;juTfs; kw;Wk; jPHg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfs; rhHe;j tof;F
tpjpfis caHePjp kd;wq;fNs jpUj;j KbAk;. fSf;fhd fhy tiuaiw %d;W 40
40 Mz;LfshFk;. mirahr; nrhj;Jfs; rhHe;j
,e;jg; gphpTfSk; tpjpfSk; ,izj;Nj thrpf;fg;
tof;FfSf;fhd fhy tuk;G 12 Mz;LfshFk;.
gLtNjhL ,izj;Nj fl;likf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
milkhdk; itf;Feuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk;
,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghL Njhd;Wkhdhy; tof;Ff;fhd fhytuk;G m) milkhdk;
rl;lg; gphpTfNs ntw;wpailAk;. itf;fg;gl;l mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fis jpUk;gg; 45
45 ngWtjw;fhd fhytuk;G 30 Mz;LfshfTk;>
mjpfhu tuk;Gk; fhytiuaiur; rl;lKk; M) milkhdk; itf;FeuplkpUe;J milkhdk;
ngw;wtH mjpfkhf t#ypj;jij milkhdk;
ve;j xU jdpegUk; kw;w xUtNuhL chpik Kbe;jgpd; jpUk;gg; ngWk; fhytuk;G %d;W
rhHe;j jfuhW ,Uf;Fkhdhy; VjhtJ xU Mz;LfshFk;. milkhdk; ngw;wtH 50
50 rl;lj;jhy; ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ kiwKf milkhdj;ij milkhd fhy tuk;gpw;F
khfNth jLf;fhjtiu> mjw;Nfw;w FbAhpik Kd;dNu Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;b tof;Fj;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpik njhLg;ghuhdhy;> mjw;fhd fhytuk;G 30
cs;sJ. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 9). (fhz;: tq;fkhkpb
ntq;fl Rghuht; vjpH rj;ygs;sp rPj;jhuhkuj;dh
Mz;LfshFk;. ,og;gPL juj;jf;f Fw;wk; rhHe;j gztif rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G: rl;lj;jpd;
tof;fw;fhd fhytuk;G nghJthf xU Mz;Nlh ghHitapy; xU ePjpkd;wk; gzk; rhHe;j
%d;W Mz;LfNsh MFk;. fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; jdJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s
5 1963-dhy; tiuaWf;fg; glhj ve;j xU tof;Ffis kl;LNk vLj;J tprhhpf;f 5
tof;fpidAk; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd fhytuk;Gk; ,aYk;. mjhtJ> gzk; rhHe;j mjpfhu
tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpikngw;w ehspypUe;J vy;iy vd;gJ tof;fpd; gz
%d;W Mz;LfshFk;. (fhytiuaiu rl;lj;jpd; kjpg;Gf;Nfw;wthW mij tprhhpf;Fk;
,izg;Gg; gl;baypy; A113 kw;Wk; A137; gQ;rhg; ePjpkd;wk; NtWgLfpwJ.
10 muR vjpH FUNjt; rpq;> (1991)> 4 SCC 1) 10
fPNo fhzg;gLk; mjpfhu tuk;G rhHe;j
fhytiur; rl;lj;jhNyh my;yJ NtW ve;jr; tpjpfis kdjpy; ,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rl;lj;jhNyh tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhy tuk;Gf;Fs; xU tof;F mjw;fhd kpff; Fiwthd
rl;l eltbf;if njhlq;fg;glh tpl;lhy; mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhhpf;fg;
15 mt;tof;fpid ,e;j xU fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt gl Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lj;jpd; S.15 $WfpwJ. 15
gpujpthjpahy; jdJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ,J vdNt> thjp jdJ tof;fpd; kjpg;gpid
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;glh tpl;lhYk; js;Sgb nra;a Kjypy; njhpe;Jnfhz;L mjw;Nfw;w gzk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cs;sJ. (S3 – rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
fhytiuaiur; rl;lk;> 1963)> tP.vk; ry;nfsfhH tof;fpidg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
20 md; gpu. vjpH kHkNfhth JiwKff; fofj;jpd; 20
mirahr; nrhj;J rhHe;jitgw;wpf; $Wk;
nghWg;ghsHfs;> (2005) 4SCC 613). ,Ug;gpDk; rl;lj;jpd; S.16 fPo;f;fhz;git rhHe;j
tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd fhy tuk;gpw;Fs; tof;Ffs; me;j mirahr; nrhj;J ve;j
tof;Fj; njhLf;fhjjw;fhd fhuzj;ij ePjpkd;w gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu
ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; tof;fhsp tuk;Gf;Fs; cs;sNjh me;j ePjp
25 fhuzq;fis mspj;jhy; me;j fhyjhkj;ij 25
kd;wj;jhNyNa tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
kd;dpg;gjw;F ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. $WfpwJ: m) mirhar; nrhj;J thlif
(S 5, fhytiur; rl;lk;> 1963)> Ntjgha; vjpH kw;Wk; yhgj;NjhNlh ,y;yhkNyh kPl;gJ> M)
rhe;jhuhk; ghGuht; ghl;by; (2001) 9SCC 106). xU mirahr; nrhj;Jg; ghfg;gphptpid> ,)
xg;ge;jk; njhlHe;J kPwg;gLkhdhy; my;yJ mirhar; nrhj;J rhHghd milkhd fhyk;
30 30
,og;gPL Nfhuj;jf;f Fw;wk; njhlHe;J ,iof;fg; KbAKd; Kwpg;gJ> tpw;gJ> kPl;gJ Mfpad>
gLkhdhy; mj;jifa Fw;wk; ,iof;fg;gLk; <) mirhar; nrhj;jpd;kPJ NtW ve;j xU
xt;nthU KiwAk; Gjpjhf ,e;jf; fhy tuk;G KiwaPLk;> c) mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fhd
njhlq;FfpwJ. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; 1963> S 22) Nrjhu ,og;gPL> C) mirAk; nrhj;J
gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;lhy;. me;j gug;ngy;iy
35 35
jfuhW fhuzkhf rl;l eltbf;if thjpahy; rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G cs;s ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
njhlq;Fg; gLtjw;F Kd; me;j tof;fpid tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; S.16
tprhhpg;gjw;Fk; jPHg;gspf;fTk; chpa mjpfhu caHePjp kd;wj;jpd; mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j
tuk;Gs;s nghWj;jkhd ePjpkd;wk; vJ vd;gij mjpfhu tuk;gpidr; nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp
thjp jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhz: kd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. mjhtJ> tof;F
40 40
mjpfhug;G+Htkhd nghWg;ghsH vjpH rr;rpe;jpuh Neubahf caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;F tUk;NghJ
ehj; rhl;lH[p> AIR 1969 SC 823) gue;Jgl;l ,J nghUe;jhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
nghUspy; $Wtjhdhy; mjpfhu tuk;G ,uz;L gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;Gila
tifg;gLk;: ntt;NtW ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ve;j xU
45 mirahr; nrhj;J rhHe;j tof;fpidAk; 45
gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G: xt;nthU mNjNghd;w ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; rl;l
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjw;nfd gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
mjpfhu tuk;G cs;sJ. mijj;jhz;b S.17). rl;lj;jpd; S.17 caHePjp kd;wj;jpd;
mjdhy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;j mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;gpidr;
50 ,ayhJ. xU khtl;l ePjpgjpapdhy; me;j nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fg; 50
Fwpg;gpl;l khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; kl;LNk jdJ nghUe;jhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
mjpfhujk; nrYj;j KbAk;. mijj;jhz;br; xU egUf;F vjpuhfNth my;yJ mtuJ
nrYj;j ,ayhJ.
mirAk; nrhj;jpw;F vjpuhfNth Fw;wk; mspf;fpd;wdH. ,jpy; egH-1 kw;w ,Uthpd;
,iof;fg;gl;lhy; mf;Fw;wk; vq;F ele;jNjh kPJk; tof;F %yk; eilngw;w
me;j gug;ngy;iyia mjpfhu tuk;ghff; myfhghj;jpNyh my;yJ egH-2 thOk;
5 nfhz;l ePjpkdwj;jpNyh my;yJ gpujpthjp nfhy;fj;jhtpNyh my;yJ egH-3 thOk; 5
ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j Kk;igapNyh tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs; tho;fpwhNuh my;yJ jq;fp me;j ,lj;jpy; thohj gpujpthjp vjpHj;jhy;
gzp GhpfpwhNuh> my;yJ njhopy; GhpfpwhNuh ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp tof;Fj;
me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd njhLf;f ,ayhJ. rl;lj;jpd; S.20 caHePjp
10 tof;fpidj; njhLf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.19). kd;wj;jpd; mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j mjpfhu 10
tpsf;fk; : nrd;idapy; thOk; egH-1 tuk;gpidr; nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp
[gy;G+hpy; egH-2 I jhf;FfpwhH. egH-2 kd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;gij kdjpy;
[gy;G+hpNyh my;yJ nrd;idapNyh egH-1 f;F ,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. nghJ tpjpahf> xg;GjNyh> chpikia
15 tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gNjh my;yJ rfpg;Ngh xU 15
tpsf;fk;: rd;idapy; thOk; egH-1 [gy;G+hpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhu tuk;gpid mspf;f
egH-2 Ig; gw;wp mtJ}whf vOJfpwhH. egH-2 ,ayhJ. khwhf> tof;Fj; njhLf;f
[gy;G+hpNyh my;yJ nrd;idapNyh egH-1 f;F chpikapy;iy. (g`;nua;d; ngl;Nuhypak;
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. fk;ngdp ypl;. vjpH gp.n[. ghg;G AIR 1966 SC
20 NkNy $wg;gl;lit jtpu gpw tof;Ffs; 634). Mdhy;> ,J jug;gpdhpilNa eilngw;w
20
fPo;f;fhZk; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; rl;lg;G+Hkhd xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lgb
njhlq;fg; glyhk;: (m) tof;F %yk; eilngwyhk;. xU tof;F %yk; ntt;NtW
KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth njhlq;Fk; ePjpkd;w mjpfhu tuk;ngy;iyf;Fs;
,lk;. (M) gpujpthjp thOk; my;yJ eilngw;wpUe;jhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; jug;gpdH
25 gzpGhpAk; my;yJ njhopy; GhpAk; ,lk;> (,) mtHfspilNa jfuhW cUthdhy; ve;j xU 25
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpujpthjpfs; cs;sNghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpidj; njhLf;fyhk;
ve;jxU gpujpthjp thOk; my;yJ gzpGhpAk; vdj; njspthf> ntspg;gilahf ,e;jpa
my;yJ njhopy; GhpAk; ,lk; Mfpatw;wpy; xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; 1872> S.23 f;F vjpuhf
VjhtJ xd;wpy;. Mdhy;> mg;gb tof;Fj; ,y;yhj tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; me;j
30 njhlq;Ftjw;F gpujpthjp vjpHg;Gj; 30
tof;F xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;L
njhptpj;jpUe;jhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk
Kd; mDkjp ngwhky; tof;Fj; njhLf;f tof;Fj; njhLf;f KbAk;. kw;w ve;j xU
,ayhJ. my;yJ mg;gFjpapy; thohj ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; me;j tof;F %yk; NtW
gpujpthjp tof;F NtnwhU ,lj;jpy; elg;gij ePjp kd;w mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs;
35 rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.20). 35
eilngw;wpUe;jhYk; me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpy;
tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. (fhz;: Md;ify;
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 ngq;fSUtpy; thOk; xU ,d;RNyrd;]; vjpH Njtp M\;NkhH ,e;jpah
tpahghhp. egH-2 nrd;idapy; thOk; xU ypl;. (1995) 4 SCC 153)
tpahghhp. egH-2 ngq;fSUtpy; cs;s jdJ
40 KftH %yk; egH-1-lkpUe;J nghUl;fis 40
fPo;f;fhZk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; tof;Fj; njhLg;g
thq;fp mtw;iw egH-1-I fpof;F ,e;jpa jpypUe;J rl;lk; thjpf;F tpyf;fspf;fpwJ
uapy;Nt fk;ngdpapy; NrHf;FkhW $WfpwhH.
,q;F egH-1 egH-2-d; kPJ mg;nghUs; kjpg;gpd; Kd;nkhope;Js;s tof;F Vw;fdNt
kPjhd tof;fpid tof;fpd; %yk; eilngw;w ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F te;J tof;Fj; njhLf;fj;
45 ngq;fSUtpNyh my;yJ egH-2 thOk; 45
jil tpjpf;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; (rl;lj;jpd; S.11)
nrd;idapNyh tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;
tof;if tprhhpj;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 lhH[pypq;fpy; tho;fpwhH. egH-2 tuk;ig Rl;lbf;fhl;b ePjpkd;w
nfhy;fj;jhtpYk; egH-3 Kk;igapYk; jPHg;Gf;nfjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;jpUe;jhy;
50 tho;fpd;wdH. %tUk; myfhghj;jpy; (rl;lj;jpd; S.21A) 50
cs;sNghJ egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 ,UtUk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fpy; jPHg;G
,ize;J gzf; Nfl;Nghiyia egH-1-f;F epiwNtw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy; mjd;kPJ jpUg;jp
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Nfs;tp vOk;NghJ (rl;lj;jpd; vLj;Jf; nfhs;SKd; me;j ,U jug;gpdhpilNa
S.47(1); ckhrq;fH vjpH rHg[Pj;> (1996) 2 SCC cs;s ,e;jg; gpur;ridapd; tof;F %yk;
371); kw;nwhU nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jj;
5 ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljw;F ,og;gPL Nfhl;Nlh> jug;gpdUf;fpilNa eilngWk; tof;fpd; 5
jPHg;Gf;F Ke;ija [g;jp nra;jjw;Nfh> NeubahfNth gFjpahfNth tof;F %ykhf
,ilf;fhyj; jil Nfl;Nlh kDr; ,Uf;fpwjh vdf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
nra;ag;gl;bUe;J mjd;kPJ cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg; rl;lg; gFjpapd; Nehf;fk; ntt;NtW
ePjpkd;wq;fs; xNu tof;fid vLj;Jf;
10 gl;bUe;jhy; ,og;gPL Nfl;L tof;Fj;njhLf;f nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gNj (xUrpy Neuq;fspy; 10
,ayhJ (rl;lj;jpd; S.95(2)) xU tof;fpd; tof;F %yk; gy ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
rl;lj;jpd; S.144(1) d;gb xU kDr; nra;tjd; mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs; tuyhk;)
%yk; ghpfhuNkh kw;w epthuzNkh ngw rl;lj;jpd; S.11 res judicata Nfhl;ghL gw;wpf;
KbAkhdhy; mtw;iwg; ngwj; jdpahf $WfpwJ. mjhtJ mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s xU
15 NtnwhU tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; xU jfuhW tprhhpf;fg;gl;L 15
(rl;lj;jpd; S.144(2) jPHg;gspf;fg; gl;lgpd; mNj jfuhW NtnwhU
tof;fpd; %yk; Gjpjhf tprhhpf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
tof;fpy; epthuzj;jpd; xU gFjpia
(fhz;: kdeyk; kw;Wk; euk;gpaYf;fhd Njrpa
tof;fpypUe;J thjpahy; tpl;bUe;J mjw;fhf
xU gFjp epthuzk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epWtdk; vjpH rp. guNk];tuh> (2005) 2 SCC
20 256). ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk; ePjpj; jPHg;G 20
mDkjpapd;wp ngw;wpUe;jhuhdhy; epthuzj;jpd;
kw;nwhU gFjpiag; ngWtjw;fhf tof;Fj; xU njhlHfijahf ,y;yhky; mjw;F xU
njhLf;f ,ayhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9> tpjp Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL xUtH
9) xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf ,UKiw Nehff; $lhJ
vd;gJkhFk;. (fhz;: ghtehuhadRthkpthp
25 xU tof;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; cj;juitg; 25
Nfhtpy; vjpH ntq;fl ghtehuhadhrhHAY>
gpd;gw;wtpy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jhy; js;Sgb
(1970) 1 SCC 673).
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; thjp kPz;Lk; mNj tof;F
%yj;jpw;fhf tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22> tpjp 9) tpsf;fk;: egH-1 xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhf egH-2-d;
kPJ tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhH. me;j tof;F
30 thjp Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jdf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba js;Sgb nra;ag; gLfpwJ. egH-1 mNj 30
chpikia tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jpUe;J mjw;fhf xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhfTk; mjw;fhfj; jdf;F
kw;nwhU GJ tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. ghpfhuk; Ntz;b xU GJ tof;fpid egH-2-f;F
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp-1(1)) vjpuhfj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; mNj
thjp jhdhf tof;fpd; xU gFjpapypUe;J fhuzj;jpw;fhfj; njhLf;fg;gl;l tof;F
35 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp xJq;fpf; js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. res sub judice 35
nfhs;thuhdhy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp- Nfhl;ghl;bidg; gpd;gw;w fPo;f;fhZk;
1(3)) epge;jidfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
xU rkurj; jPHT rl;lg;G+HkhdJ ,y;iy vd
rkurj; jPHg;Gf;F vjpuhf KiwaPL nra;ag; mq;F ,U tof;Ffs; xd;W Kjypy;
40 40
gl;bUe;jhy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp-3-A) njhlq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,uz;lhtJ mLj;Jj;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G gw;wpa kWg;Gfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujpthjpahy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kjy; ,uz;lhtjhfj; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;fpd;
tprhuizapd;NghNj Kjy; re;jHg;gj;jpNyNa ikag;nghUs; Kjy; tof;NfhL Neubahf
vOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpur;rid jPHf;fg;gl;lhy; rhpahdjhfr; rhHe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45 45
jPHTf;F Kd;dNuh jPHtpd;NghNjh vOg;gg;gl ,U tof;FfspYNk thjp gpujpthjp ,U
Ntz;Lk; (rl;lj;jpd; S.21) jug;gpdUNk xNu egHfshfNth mtHfsJ
Res Sub Judice and Res Judicata gpujpdpjpfshfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU FbAhpik rhHe;j tof;fpidj; Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;F mNj ePjp
50 njhLf;FKd; xUtH Res Sub Judice kd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj 50
and Res Judicata Nfhl;ghLfis mLj;j tof;Fk; mNj ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh
kdjpy; ,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; S.10 Res my;yJ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,e;jpa murhy;
Sub Judice gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ve;j xU Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ njhlug;gLk; ve;j
ePjpkd;wKk; xU tof;fpid tprhuidf;F
xU ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ cr;r ePjp ePjpj; jPHg;G Nkhrbahfg; ngw;wJ.
kd;wj;jpNyh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s
Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;if tprhhpf;Fk; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf chpik NfhUfpwJ.
5 ePjp kd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l 5
tof;fhf mJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> tof;Ffs;:
,U jug;gpdUNk ,U tof;fpYk; mNj ngahpy;
tof;fhl Ntz;Lk;. tof;F vd;why; xU ePjp kd;wj;jpy; KiwaPL
Res Judicata Nfhl;ghl;ilf; filgpbf;f fPo;f;fhZk; nra;tjd; %yk; njhlq;fg;gLk; ve;j xU
10 epge;jidfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. chpikapay; rhHe;j eltbf;ifAk;; MFk;. 10
(rl;lj;jpd; S.26 kw;Wk; cj;juT-4 tpjp-1). xU
,uz;lhtJ tof;fpy; cs;s ika jfuhW KiwaPL vd;gJ chpik NfhUk; xU thf;fpak;
NeubahfTk; cWjpahfTk; Kjy; tof;fpd; my;yJ xU MtzkhFk;. ,ij rkHg;gpg;gjd; %yk;
tof;F Jtf;fg; gLfpwJ. xt;nthU KiwaPl;bYk;
ikaj; jfuhiw xj;jjhf cz;ikahfNth
15 m/gpltpl; %yk; cz;ikfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 15
Mf;fg;G+HtkhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j m/gpltpl; vd;gJ ele;j cz;ikfis
Kjy; tof;fpd; thjp gpujpthjpfNs ,uz;lhk; jd;ikapy; vOj;J %yk; vOjg;gl;L mij xU
tof;fpd; thjp gpujpthjpfshfNth rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhhp Kd;dpiyapy; cWjpg;gLj;jp
mtHfSf;fbapy; cs;stHfshfNth ,Uf;f ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngha;ahd m/gpltpl; kPJ
Ntz;Lk;. cWjpnkhop mspg;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
20 ngha;r;rhd;W jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;. (S. 191 20
,U jUg;gpdUk; mNj ngahpNyNa Kjy;
,e;jpaj; jz;lidr; rl;lk;> 1860). thjp
tof;fpYk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NeubahfNth my;yJ jdJ tf;fPy; %yNkh
Kjy; tof;if tprhhpj;J jPHg;gspj;j ePjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeH;epiyahfyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
kd;wk; ,uz;lhtJ tof;ifAk; my;yJ 9 tpjp-1) xU thjpahNyh> my;yJ mtuJ
25 gpd;dhy; mNj ika gpur;ridf;fhfj; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpahNyh> my;yJ NtW ve;j 25
njhLf;f tpUf;Fk; tof;fpidAk; tprhhpf;Fk; xU gtH M/g; ml;lhHdp –apd; fPo; rhpahd
mjpfhu tuk;G ngw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kiwapy; rl;lg;g+Htkhf vOj;J %yk; mjpfhuk;
NkYk;> toq;fg;gl;l xUtuhNyh vOj;J %yk; ve;j xU
thJiuQUk; epakpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhtJ tof;fpy; NeubahfTk;
mt;thwpy;yhky; xU thJiuQH jd;id me;j
30 cWjpahfTk; cs;s ikag; gpur;ridia thjpf;fhf thjhl ,ayhJ. ,j;jifa xt;nthU
30
mNj ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; tof;fpy; tprhhpj;J epakdKk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag; gl
jPHg;G toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;.
ntspehl;L ePjpj; jPHg;Gfs;
rl;lj;jpd; Ss 13, 14 Mfpad ntspehl;L ePjpj; rpy rpwg;G tof;Ffs;
35 jPHg;Gfs; rhHghf mjhtJ xU ntspehl;L 35
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;l xU jfuhWf;F murhNyh my;yJ muRf;F vjpuhfNth
mspf;fg;gl;l jPHg;G rhHghd res judicata my;yJ muR mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhfNth
Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $WfpwJ. ,t;thW> jdJ mjpfhu (mjpfhuk; rhHghd) njhLf;fg;gLk;
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l tof;fpid tprhhpj;J toq;fg;gl;l tof;Ffs;: murpd;kPNjh my;yJ ve;j xU
40 jPHg;Gid ,e;jpa ePjpkd;wj;jhy; nray;gLj;jg; muR mjpfhhpapd; kPNjh (mjpfhuk; rhHghf) 40
glyhk;. me;j ,U jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa xU thf xUtH tof;fpidj; njhLf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;
nrayhw;wyhk;. Mdhy;> fPo;f;fhz;git ,jw;F mtUf;Nfh muRf;Nfh ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F
rpy tpyf;FfshFk;: Kd;dNu tof;F %yk;> ngaH>
mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s epfo;e;jtw;wpd; tpsf;fk;> thjpapd; ,Ug;gplk;
45 ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPHg;G toq;fg;gltpy;iy. kw;Wk; thjp Nfl;Fk; ghpfhuk; Mfpatw;iwf; 45
tof;fpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;wthW jPHg;G toq;fg;gl Fwpg;gpl;L mwptpg;G mDg;gg; gl;bUf;f
tpy;iy Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lj;jpd; S. 80
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. xU muR mjpfhhpapd;kPJ
tof;F tprhuidapy; ntspg;gilahfNt mtuhy; njhpe;Nj ,iof;fg;gl;l xU
50 gd;dhl;L rl;lq;fis rhpahfg; ghHf;fhkNyh mjpfhur; nraYf;fhf tof;F njhlq;fg; 50
my;yJ me;j gpur;ridf;Fhpa ,e;jpar; gLkhdhy;> me;j mjpfhhpia ifJ
rl;lj;ij mq;fPfhpf;fhkNyh tprhhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,aw;if ePjpf;F vjpuhd tpjj;jpy;
tprhhpf;fg;gl;L jPHg;G toq;fg; gl;lJ.
nra;jyhfhJ my;yJ mtuJ nrhj;Jfs; Kjpuh tajpduhNyh mtHfSf;F vjpuhfNth
ePjpkd;w Mizapd;wp gwpKjy; nra;a kw;Wk; kdepiy rhpapy;yhjtHfSf;F
KbahJ. me;j mjpfhhp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; vjpuhfNth njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffs;: Kjpuh
5 NeHepiyahtjhy; mtuJ nghJr; Nritf;Fg; taJilNahuhy; mjhtJ 18 taJ 5
gq;fkpy;yhky; mtuJ flikahw;W tjpypUe;J tuhjtuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F ePjp
xJq;f ,ayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy; kd;wj;jhy; mtiuAk; mtuJ nrhj;Jf;fis
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeHepiyahtjpypUe;J mtUf;F Ak; ghJfhf;f epakpf;fg;gl;l mtuJ
tpyf;fspf;fyhk;. vd rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-81 ghJfhg;ghsuhNyh neUq;fpa ez;guhNyhjhd;
10 $WfpwJ. murpdhNyh my;yJ muRf;F vjpuhfNth jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (nk[hhpl;b 10
my;yJ muR mjpfhhpf;F vjpuhfNth tof;Fj; rl;lk;> 1875 gphpT-3 d;gb xUtH 21
njhlq;fg; gLkhdhy; (mjpfhuk; rhHghdJ ) tajile;j gpd;dNu KjpH tajilfpwhH)
filgpbf;f Ntz;ba eilKiwfis rl;lj;jpd; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-1). ,e;j Kjpuh
cj;juT-27 tpsf;FfpwJ. tajpduhy; jdJ neUq;fpa ez;ghpd; %yk;
15 mayhs; vjphpahy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffs;: njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;fpw;F gpujpthjpahy; 15
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ NghH njhLf;Fk; xU ehl;by; nrytplg;gl;l njhiff;Nfh my;yJ
thOk; xUtH me;j ehl;by; kj;jpa murpdhy; xUNtiy nrytplg;glf; $ba njhiff;Nfh
mjw;fhd mDkjpapd;wp njhopy; nra;J tUk; ve;j cj;juthjj; njhifia me;j ez;gNu
xUtUk; ‘mayhs; vjphp’ vd miof;fg; gLfpwhH. nrYj;j ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
20 kj;jpa murpd; mDkjpNahL ,e;jpahtpy; cj;juT-32 tpjp-2m). xU Kjpuh tajpdhpd; 20
thOk; mayhs; vjphpfSk; mtHfSila kPJ tof;Fj; njhlug; gl;bUe;jhy; me;j
mayhs; ez;gHfSk; xU nghUj;jkhd tof;ifr; re;jpg;gjw;F me;j Kjpuh
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fisg; Nghd;Nw tajpdUf;fhf xU fhg;ghsiu (ad litem)
tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> kj;jpa murpd; ePjpkd;wNk epakpf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
25 mDkjpapd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; mayhs; cj;juT-32 tpjp-3). ahnuhUtH ey;y 25
vjphpfs; mt;thW tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. kdeyj;NjhL cs;s KjpH tajile;j
(rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-83) ahnuhUtUk; mtuJ neUq;fpa ez;guhfNth
ntspehl;bdhy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F: ,e;jpa my;yJ mtuJ fhg;ghsuhfNth ,e;j
ePjp kd;wk; vjpYk; ntspehl;L muR tof;Fj; tof;fpw;fhfr; nray;glyhk;. Mdhy;> Kjpuh
30 njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j tof;fpd; Nehf;fk; tajpdhpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuh tpUg;gk; 30
me;j murpd; Ml;rpahshpd; jdpeyd; rhHe;j nfhz;ltuhf me;j egH ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
chpikia epiyehl;lNth my;yJ me;j muR neUq;fpa ez;guhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
mjpfhhpapd; mtuJ mjpfhuk; rhHe;jjhfNth mtNu gpujpthjpahf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-86). fhg;ghsuhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; thjpahf
35 ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsHfs;> J}jHfs; kw;Wk; ,Uf;fyhfhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-4). 35
J}Jg; gpujpepjpfs; kPjhd tof;ffs;: ve;j xU Kjpuh taJ thjp KjpH tajile;jhy;
ntspehl;bd;kPNjh Ml;rpahsHfspd;kPNjh> rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-15-y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
J}jHfs;kPNjh> J}Jg; gpujpepjpfspd;kPNjh ve;j tifahd eltbf;ifia Ak;
kj;jpa murpd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp tof;Fj; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32-y;
40 njhLf;f ,ayhJ. mg;gb mDkjp toq;f cs;s midj;J \uj;JfSk; (tpjp-2m 40
Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;fhd epge;jidfs; jtpu) kdeyk; ,y;yhjtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghd;W kj;jpa (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-1)
murpd; mDkjpapd;wp ntspehL> ntspehl;Lj; ,d;lHgpsPlH tof;F: xNu fldpd;kPNjh>
J}jH> kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lj; J}Jg; gpujpepjpfs; njhifapd;kPNjh my;yJ NtW nrhj;jpd; kPNjh
45 MfpNahhpd; nrhj;jpw;F vjpuhf ve;j xU mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;jpd;kPNjh 45
jPHg;gpidAk; nray;gLj;j ,ayhJ. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; xUtH
mNjNghd;W> ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsiuNah> kw;wtUf;F vjpuhf %d;whk; eghplkpUe;J ngw
J}jHfisNah> J}Jg; gpujpepjpfisNah chpik Nfhhpdhy;> mNj Neuk; me;j %d;whk;
egH mjw;fhd nryTj; njhif kw;Wk; fl;lzk;
fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; MizahsiuNah
50 jtpu NtW vijAk; chpikNfhuhjtuhf 50
my;yJ kj;jpa muR Fwpg;gpLk; mtuJ mf;Fwpg;gpl;l flidNah> njhifiaNah
gzpahsHfisNah ,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ifJ nrhj;ijNah chpik NfhUk; rhpahd egUf;F
nra;a ,ayhJ.
chpikAk; Nfhutpy;iy> (M) gpujpthjpfs; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-34 tpsf;FfpwJ.
gytifapy; chpik NfhUfpd;wdH> kw;Wk; (,) rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-34 tpjp-1 milkhdk;
thjpf;Fk; gpujpthjpfspy; ahnuhUtUf;Fk; itf;fg;gl;l nghUspd;kPJ chpikNfhUk;
5 kiwKf cld;ghL VJk; ,y;iy – midUk; my;yJ mij kPl;gjw;fhd 5
chpikNfhUk; midtUk; milkhd tof;fpd;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L KiwaPL nra;ag;gl
xU jug;ghf ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-35> tpjp-1).
tpiuT tof;Ffs;: xU tof;fpd; thjp xU
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-35 tpjp-5 ahdJ rl;lj;jpd;
gpujpthjpia jhd; njhLj;j tof;fpd;
cj;juT-35-id KftHfs; jq;fsJ
10 cz;ikahd gpujpthjp ,y;iy vdf; fUjpdhy; 10
Kjyhspfspd;kPNjh my;yJ thlifjhuHfs;
mtH rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37-d; fPo; xU tof;Fj;
chpikahsHfspd;kPNjh tof;Fj; njhLj;J
njhlHe;J me;j tof;fpidj; tpiue;J js;Sgb
cz;ikahd chpikNfhUNthud;wp
kw;wtHfisAk; ,izj;J Kjyhspfs; nra;AkhW Nfhuyhk;. ‘tpiuT’ vd;w thHj;ij
my;yJ chpikahsHfs; topahf ,z;lHgpsPL FWfpa fhy tof;iff; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ>
15 nra;a neUf;Fjy; Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;fpwJ. tof;fkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tphpthd tof;F 15
tprhridf;Fg; gjpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; FWfpa
fhy tprhuidahFk;. tof;fkhf
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2-lk; xU eifg;ngl;bia Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tphpthd tprhuid
xU Kftuhff; fUjp nlg;ghrpl; nra;fpwhH. Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitapy;yhj NghJ tof;F
20 egH-3 jd;dplkpUe;J egH-1 jtwhf vLj;J tprhuidia tpiue;J Kbf;fj; Njitahd 20
tpl;ljhfTk; vdNt egH-2 mijj; jd;dplk; mDkjp ngw;wpUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xU
juNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; NfhUfpwhH. ,jpy; egH-2 ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh> jPHg;ghaj;jpd; Kd;Ngh> my;yJ
xU ,z;lHgpsPlH tof;fpid egH-1f;Fk; egH-3- mjpfhu mikg;gpd; Kd;Ngh Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
f;Fk; vjpuhfj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. FWfpa fhy tof;F tprhuidNa tpiuT
25 tof;F vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; 25
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2-lk; xU eifg;ngl;bia cj;juT-37 fPo;f;fhZk; tifahd
xU Kftuhff; fUjp nlg;ghrpl; nra;fpwhH. tof;FfSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;: (m) gzg;ghpkhw;w
gpd; egH-1 egH-3-f;F vOj;J %yk; mthplk; urPJ> fld; cWjpg; gj;jpuk;> `d;bfs;
thq;fpa flDf;F <lhf me;j eifg;ngl;bia Nghd;wit rhHe;j tof;Ffs; (M) thjpahy;
30 itj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW $WfpwhH. gpd; egH-1 fld; kl;LNk jpUg;gp ngWtjw;fhf my;yJ 30
egH-3d; flid milj;J tpl;ljhf $WfpwhH. gpujpthjp nrYj;j Ntz;ba mWjp nra;j
Mdhy; egH-3 mt;thW milf;fg;gl tpy;iy ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif mjw;fhd tl;bAlNdh
vdf; $WfpwhH. ,UtUNk (egH-1 kw;Wk; egH- my;yJ tl;bapy;yhkNyh kPlf ; njhLf;fg;gLk;
3) egH-2 –lkpUe;J me;j eifg;ngl;bf;F tof;Ffs; - mit: (1) vOjg;gl;l xg;ge;je;jpy;
35 chpik NfhUfpd;wdH. ,e;jr; #oypy; egH-2 Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; my;yJ (2) nra;rl;lj;jpy; 35
me;j ,UtUf;Fk; (egH-1 kw;Wk; egH-3) kPl;fg;gl Ntz;baJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahf
vjpuhf ,z;lHgpsPlH tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ fld; vdpy; mJ xU
tWikapy; cs;Nshuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk; mguhjj; njhifahf ,y;yhkNyh ,Uf;f
tof;F: fPo;f;fhz;git cWjpahdhy; xUtiu Ntz;Lk; my;yJ (3) nghWg;GWjp
40 tWikapy; cs;stuhff; fUjyhk;: (m) xU cj;juthjhj;jpd; kPJ ________(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT- 40
tof;Fj; njhLg;gjw;Ff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; 37 tpjp-1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37 tof;fpd;
nrYj;jj; Njitahd gz trjp ,y;yhj jd;ikiaNah ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu
epiyapy; ,Ug;gtH (M) tof;Fj; njhLf;f tuk;igNah khw;Wtjpy;iy. tpiuT tof;fpy;
fl;lzk; Fwpf;fg;glhj epiyapy; mthplk; xU gpujpthjp jdJ jug;G thjj;ij vLj;Jiuf;f
45 Mapuk; &gha; kjpg;Gs;s nrhj;J$l ,y;yhj chpik mbg;gilapy; mDkjpf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. 45
tuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp- gpujpthjp jdJ jug;G thjj;ij vLj;Jf;$w
1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-33 tWikapy; tpUk;gpdhy; me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gj;J
cs;NshH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpngw;W ePjp ehl;fSf;Fs; kDr;nra;J Kd; mDkjp ngw
kd;wj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; nrYj;jhky; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb mDkjp ngw me;j
50 tof;Fj; njhLf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NghJkhd Mjhuj;ij ntspapl 50
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; thjpapd; tof;fpid jPu
milkhd tof;Ffs;: mirahr; nrhj;J
milkhdk; rhHghd tof;F eilKiwfis
tprhhpf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ vdTk; Ntz;ba nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
gpujpthjpapd; thjk; mlhtbj;jdkhdNjh nra;AkhW jpUg;gp mspf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
tpisahl;Lj; jdkhdNjh ,y;iy vd;gijAk; cj;juT-7 tpjp-10)
5 ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhytuk;Gr; rl;lk;> 1963 5
A.118 kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37 tpjp-3> thjp xU tof;Fj; njhlUk;NghJ mJgw;wp
nkf;fhyf; ,d;rpdpahpq; md; jahhpg;ghsHfs; gpujpthjpf;Fj; njhpag; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vjpH Ngrpf; vfpA+g;nkd;l; fhHg;gNu\d;> (1976) mt;thW njhpag; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ngaH
4 SCC 687) miog;ghiz MFk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-5
10 tpjp-1). ,J ePjpkd;w mYtyfj;jpypUe;J 10
nghJ mwf;fl;lisfs;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-92> mDg;gg;gLk; xU MtzkhFk;. ,jd;%yk;
kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;> mwepiyak; my;yJ me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l egH xU Fwpg;gpl;l
kjk; rhHe;j nghJ mwf;fl;lisfSf;F fhuzj;jpw;fhf ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiaNah my;yJ
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlq;FtJ gw;wp xU mYtyiuNah Neubahfr; re;jpf;FkhW
tpsf;FfpwJ. me;j tof;F jiyik
15 Nfhug;gLfpwJ. ‘Nftpaj;’ my;yJ vr;rhpf;if 15
tof;FiwQuhNyh my;yJ me;j mwf;
mwptpg;G kD mij mDg;GtH $Wtij
fl;lisapd; kPJ MHtKila ,uz;L my;yJ
Nfl;f tha;g;gspf;fhkNyh my;yJ mj;jug;Gf;F
%d;W egHfshNyh ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;
mDkjp ngw;W tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. mwptpg;G mspf;fhky; mtUf;F vjpuhf ve;j
,g;gbg;gl;l tof;fpypUe;J ngUk; mjw;fhd xU eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd
20 me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; $Wk; xU mjpfhug; 20
epthuzKk; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sd. (fhz;: Rf;uh
gPgp vjpH `h[p Fk;K> AIR 1969> SC 884; G+Htkhd tpz;zg;gkhFk;. Nftpaj; vd;gJ
tpj;Nahjah mwf;fl;lis vjpH Nkhfd; nghJthf xUtH jdf;F vjpuhf kw;nwhU
gpurhj; MH> (2008) 4 SCC 115) jug;G ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rl;l eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd vjpHghHf;Fk;NghJjhd;
rpwg;G tof;Ffs;: xU cz;ikapd; kPjhd
25 Nftpaj; kD mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU Nftpaj; 25
my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd Nfs;tpf;fhd jPHtpd;
mwptpg;ghdJ Nftpaj; kD mspg;gtuhy;
kPJ MHtKs;sjhfr; nrhy;Yk; ntt;NtW
jdf;F vjpuhf ahuhy; rl;l eltbf;if
jug;Gfs; xd;whf vOj;J %ykhd
vLf;fg; gLk; vd fUJfpwhNuh mtUf;Nf
xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; ,ize;J ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;> Vw;fdNt rl;l
vOj;J %ykhf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ijf;
30 eltbf;if njhlq;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; mJgw;wp 30
Nfl;gjw;fhf xU tof;F Nghd;Nw kDj;
me;j ePjpkd;wk; Nftpaj; kDr; nra;jtUf;Fj;
juyhk;. Mdhy;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Nftpaj; 90
mf;Nfs;tpf;fhd jPHT mspf;Fk;NghJ (m)
ehl;fSf;F nry;yj;jf;fjhFk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
me;j ,U jug;gpduhYk; Vw;fdNt KbT
cj;juT-5 tpjp-1 kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8
nra;ag;gl;l njhifiaNah my;yJ ePjp
35 tpjp-1) 35
kd;wj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; njhifiaNah xU
jug;G kW jug;gpw;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (M)
thjpfs; kw;Wk; gpujpthjpfNshL ,izNthH
nrhj;jpd; xU gFjp – mirAk; nrhj;Njh
mirahr; nrhj;Njh xU jug;G kW jug;Gf;F rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 xU tof;fpd; ntt;NtW
40 mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ (,) xd;Nwh jug;Gfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. epthuzj;jpw;fhd 40
my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jug;Ngh chpik NfhUk; vy;NyhuJ tof;F %yKk;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l NtnwhU nraiyr; xNu nrayhfNth my;yJ ghpkhw;wkhfNth
nra;thHfs; my;yJ nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy; NkYk; mit midj;ijAk;
xJq;FthHfs;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-90 kw;Wk; jdpj;jdpahf tprhhpg;gjhy; ele;j cz;ik
45 cj;juT-36). rhHe;j my;yJ rl;lk; gw;wpa nghJthd 45
KiwaPl;il jpUg;gp mDg;Gjy;: Nfs;tp vOk; vdf; fUJk;Nghj me;j thjpfs;
tof;fpd; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpyhtJ mij tprhhpf;Fk; midtiuAk; xNu tof;fpy; ,izf;fyhk;.
ePjp kd;wk; jdf;F tprhuidapy; cs;s tof;fpd; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-1)
ikag; nghUs;gw;wp tprhhpf;f jdf;F
50 gug;gstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;Ngh my;yJ njhif tpsf;fk;: egH-1 Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; ghy; 50
mstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;Ngh ,y;iy vdf; Nghpq; rg;is nra;tjw;F egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3-
fUJkhdhy;> me;j KiwaPL jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl
ld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhH. Mdhy;> uNk\; `puhr;re;j; Fz;ld;khy; vjpH
me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; egH-1 mDg;gj; gue;Jtphpe;j Kk;igf;fhd Kdprpgy;
jtwp tpLfpwhH. ,jdhy;> egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 fhHg;gNu\d;> (1992) 2 SCC 524). fl;lhakhd
5 jdJ njhopypy; ngUj;j el;lkilfpd;wdH. jug;igr; rhHe;j xUtNuh my;yJ Kiwahd 5
,jdhy;> egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 MfpNahH egH-1 – jug;igr; rhHe;j xUtNuh tof;fpy; ,izf;fg;
lkpUe;J ,og;gPL ngw chpik cs;sJ. ,e;j gltpy;iy vd;why; ,e;j tof;F ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH’
chpik xNu xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J cUthfpwJ. tof;F MFk;. ,jw;F khwhf> tof;fpy;
,jdhy;> ele;j cz;ik kw;Wk; rl;lk; rhHe;j ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s xUtH fl;lhaj; jug;igNah
10 nghJthd Nfs;tpfs; vo tha;g;Gs;sJ. vdNt> my;yJ Kiwahd jug;igNah rhuhjtuhf 10
egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 nfhLj;Js;s egH-1-f;F ,Ue;jhy; ,e;j tof;F ‘kp];[ha;d;lH’ tof;F
vjpuhd ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd tof;if xNu tof;fhf vdg;gLk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-9). xU
vLj;J tprhhpf;fyhk;. ,NjNghy;> gpujpthjpfs; tof;fpid ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH’ my;yJ ‘kp];
midtUk; xd;whf ,ize;J xNu tof;fpd;
15 [ha;d;lH’ vd;w xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhfj; js;Sgb 15
gpujpthjpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;F vy;yh
nra;a KbahJ. Mdhy; fl;lhaj; jug;gpdH
tof;Ffspy; %yKk; xNukhjphpahd
,izf;fg;glhj tof;fhf ,Ug;gpd; ,J
nrayhfNth my;yJ ghpkhw;wkhfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; NkYk; mit midj;ijAk; nghUe;jhJ. ve;j xU ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH kw;Wk;
jdpj;jdpahf tprhhpg;gjhy; ele;j cz;ik kp]; [ha;d;lH’ rhHghd kWg;gpidAk; tof;fpd;
20 rhHe;j my;yJ rl;lk; gw;wpa nghJthd Nfs;tp njhlf;ff; fl;lj;jpNyNa vOg;gg; gl Ntz;Lk;. 20
vOk; vdf; fUJk;Nghj me;j gpujpthjpfs; ,y;yhtpby; me;j kWg;G iftplg;gl;ljhff;
midtiuAk; xNu tof;fpy; ,izf;fyhk;. fUjg;gLk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-13).
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-3) Mdhy;> ,J rhHghd kWg;gpid gpujpthjp
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-3) tof;fpd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa vOg;Gthuhdhy;>
25 mNj Neuk; thjp me;j fl;lhaj; jug;gpdiu 25
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 xU uapy; gazpahthH. ,izf;f tpUk;ghtpby; me;j thjp jdJ Nky;
gazj;jd;NghJ me;j uapypd;kPJ Mspy;yh KiwaPl;bd;NghJ me;j fl;lhaj; jug;gpdiu
nyty; fpuhrpq;fpy; Ntfkhf Nkhjpa yhhpapdhy; ,izg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhH.
egH-1 kpf Nkhrkhff; fhak; mile;Js;shH.
30 mtH kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; me;j uapy; Xl;LdH gpujpepjp tof;F 30
kw;Wk; yhhp Xl;Ldiu ,izj;J gpujpthjpahf
Mf;fp mtHfspd; ftdf; Fiwtpdhy;jhd; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-8 xU tof;fpd;kPJ
jdf;F tpgj;J Nehpl;ljhf egH-1 tof;Fj; gyH MHtk; fhl;bdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
njhluyhk;. Vnddpy; cz;ik kw;Wk; rl;lk; mDkjpNahNlh cj;jutpd; NghpNyh xUtNuh
35 rhHe;j nghJf; Nfs;tpfs; ntt;NtW tof;Ffs; my;yJ gyNuh mtHfspd; kPNj mtHfspy; 35
njhlHe;jhy; voyhk;. rpyNu mtHfspd; rhHghfNth gpwhpd;
rhHghfNth tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. thjp jhd;
fl;lhakhd kw;Wk; Kiwahd jug;Gfs;: ahUila gpujpepjpahf tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhNuh
mthplk; Kd; mDkjp ngw Ntz;bajpy;iy.
40 xU tof;fhdJ fl;lhakhd jug;Gfspd;kPJ 40
njhlug; gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> mtHfspd; tof;ifj; jahhpj;jy;
,Ug;G me;j tof;fpw;F jtpHf;f ,ayhjJ
kw;Wk; mtHfsplk; ,Ue;Nj ghpfhuk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-2 ve;j xU tof;F
Nfhug;gLtjhYk; mtHfs; ,y;yhky; jpwk;gl;l jahhpf;Fk; NghJk; thjp mt;tof;fpd; tof;F
45 jPHT fpilf;fhJ vd;gjhYk; mtHfs; tof;fpw;F %yk; fhuzkhf jdf;F ,og;gPlhf ve;j msT 45
fl;lhakhd jug;ghFk;. ,J rhHghf mbf;fb Nfhu KbANkh me;j msT KOtijAk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kwnwhU nrhy; ‘Kiwahd mt;tof;fpy; Nfhu Ntz;Lk;. thjp mt;thW
nra;ahJ jdf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba ,og;gPl;il
jug;G’ vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ> ,j;jug;gpdH KOtJk; Nfhuhky; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tpl;L
,y;yhkNyNa jpwk;gl;l jPHTf;F top ,Uf;Fk;. tpl;lhNyh my;yJ chpikia tpl;L tpl;lhNyh
50 Mdhy;> ,Wjp kw;Wk; KOikahd tof;fpy; 50
mtH kw;nwhU Neuk; me;jf; Nfhhpf;ifapd;
vOg;gg;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tpfSf;Fr; rhpahd jPHT tpl;Ltplg;gl;l gFjpiaf; Nfhu mDkjp
fpilf;f ,tHfspd; ,Ug;G mtrpakhdJ. (fhz;:
,y;iy. Mdhy;> Kjy; tof;Fj; njhlUk; NghNj tof;F %yq;fis ,izg;gJ
mt;thW tpl;Ltpl ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjp
ngw;wpUe;jhy; kw;nwhU tof;fpd;NghJ me;jg; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-3 kw;Wk; tpjp-6 thjp
5 gFjpia thjp Nfhuyhk;. gpujpthjpf;F my;yJ xNu gpujpthjpfSf;F 5
tof;F %yq;fis ,izg;gJ vjpuhd midj;J tof;F %yq;fisAk;
xd;whf ,izj;J tof;Fj; njhluyhk;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-3 kw;Wk; tpjp-6 thjp vd;fpwJ. NkYk; xNu tifahd tof;F %yk;
gpujpthjpf;F my;yJ xNu gpujpthjpfSf;F cs;s thjpfs; gyH ,ize;J gpujpthjpf;F
10 vjpuhd midj;J tof;F %yq;fisAk; xd;whf vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. mNjNghd;W 10
,izj;J tof;Fj; njhluyhk; vd;fpwJ. NkYk; gpujpthjpfs; xNu tifahd tof;F %yk;
xNu tifahd tof;F %yk; cs;s thjpfs; ,Ue;jhy; xNu tof;fpy; ,izayhk;.
gyH ,ize;J gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; ,Ug;gpDk;> ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F mt;thW tof;F
njhluyhk;. mNjNghd;W gpujpthjpfs; xNu %yj;ijf; nfhz;L gy tof;Ffis
15 tifahd tof;F %yk; ,Ue;jhy; xNu tof;fpy; ,izg;gjhy; rq;flj;ijNah my;yJ 15
,izayhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F tof;fpidj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
mt;thW tof;F %yj;ijf; nfhz;L gy trjpaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjpdhNyh
tof;Ffis ,izg;gjhy; rq;flj;ijNah ePjpkd;wk; tof;Ffisg; gphpf;f cj;jutplyhk;.
my;yJ tof;fpidj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
20 trjpaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjpdhNyh thJiu: 20
ePjpkd;wk; tof;Ffisg; gphpf;f cj;jutplyhk;.
thJiu vd;gJ Nfhhpf;if my;yJ vOjg;gl;l
thJiu: thf;fpakhFk;. xt;nthU thJiuapYk; ve;j
cz;ikfspd; kPJ thjpapd; thJiu
25 thJiu vd;gJ Nfhhpf;if my;yJ vOjg;gl;l fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j cz;ikfis 25
thf;fpakhFk;. xt;nthU thJiuapYk; ve;j FWf;fp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; me;j
cz;ikfspd; kPJ thjpapd; thJiu thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf>
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j cz;ikfis rhl;rpfspd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
FWf;fp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; me;j (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-2). gy;NtW
30 thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf> tifahd thJiufs; rl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;s 30
rhl;rpfspd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ. ,izg;G 1-y; mlq;fpAs;s VjhtJ xU
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-2). gy;NtW tifahd thJiu tifia thjp gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
thJiufs; rl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;s ,izg;G 1-y; tof;fpd; thJiufs; VjhtnjhU jphpj;Jf;
mlq;fpAs;s VjhtJ xU thJiu tifia $wg;gl;l> Nkhrbahd> ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk;
35 thjp gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tof;fpd; thJiufs; nra;j> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;aNtz;baij 35
VjhtnjhU jphpj;Jf; $wg;gl;l> Nkhrbahd> nra;ahky; tpl;l my;yJ Njitaw;w jiyaPL
ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk; nra;j> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Nghd;wtw;wpid ek;gpAs;s vy;yh
nra;aNtz;baij nra;ahky; tpl;l my;yJ tof;FfspYk;> NkYk; tptuq;fs; fl;lhakhfj;
Njitaw;w jiyaPL Nghd;wtw;wpid ek;gpAs;s Njitg;gLk; (ehs; kw;Wk; gpw Njitg;gl;l
40 vy;yh tof;FfspYk;> NkYk; tptuq;fs; juTfs;) kw;w tof;Ffs; midj;jpYk; cs;s 40
fl;lhakhfj; Njitg;gLk; (ehs; kw;Wk; gpw thJiufspy; mit Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Njitg;gl;l juTfs;) kw;w tof;Ffs; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-4). ve;j xU
midj;jpYk; cs;s thJiufspy; mit KiwaPLk; rl;lj; jpUj;jk; %ykpd;wp xU
Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp- Nfhhpf;iff;fhd Gjpa mbg;gilia
45 4). ve;j xU KiwaPLk; rl;lj; jpUj;jk; cUthf;fNth my;yJ Ke;ija thJiuf;F 45
%ykpd;wp xU Nfhhpf;iff;fhd Gjpa khwhd Fw;wr;rhl;bidf; nfhz;bUf;fNth
mbg;gilia cUthf;fNth my;yJ Ke;ija $lhJ. xt;nthU thJiuAk; mj;jug;gpdhy;
thJiuf;F khwhd Fw;wr;rhl;bidf; vOjg;gl;L ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nfhz;bUf;fNth $lhJ. xt;nthU thJiuAk; NkYk; thJiuQH ,Ue;jhy; mtuhYk; mJ
50 mj;jug;gpdhy; vOjg;gl;L ifnahg;gkplg; ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; 50
gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; thJiuQH ,Ue;jhy; cj;juT-6 tpjp-14)
mtuhYk; mJ ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f
rhpghHj;jy;: (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-15) jPHkhdpf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lk; jPHthff;
xt;nthU thJiuAk; mjw;fhd jug;gpduhNyh $WfpwJ: (1) jpUj;jk; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjhy;
mj;jug;igr; rhHe;j VjhtJ xUtuhNyh my;yJ me;j thJiuapd; jd;ik khw;wkilAk;NghJ
5 ePjp kd;wjj;jhy; mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l me;j tof;F (2) jpUj;jj;jpdhy; mt;tof;fpy; gjpanjhU 5
rhHe;j epfo;Tfs; #oy;fs; Fwpj;J ed;F tof;F %yk; tUk; gl;rj;jpy; mJ vjpH
mwpe;jtH vdf; fUJk; NtW xUtuhNyh jug;gpd; eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; vdf; fUJk;NghJ
rhpghHj;J mjd; mbapy; mjw;fhd ifnahg;gk; kw;Wk; (3) me;j thJiuj; jpUj;j kDit
,l;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rhpghHf;Fk; egH me;j Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; fhytiuaiur; rl;lj;ij
10 thJiuapy; gj;jpnad;id Fwpg;gpl;L mjpy; vd;d Kwpabf;Fk;NghJ. (fhz;: uh[;FkhH Futuh 10
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhf mtH mwpTf;Fg; Gyg;gl;lJ vjpH v];.Nf. rHtfp md; Nfh gp. ypl;> (2008)
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L jdf;Fj; njhpe;j juTfs; 14 SCC 364)
mtw;wpy; cz;ikahdJ vJ vd;gijr; rhpahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb rhpghHj;jijf; KiwaPL:
15 Fwpg;gpl;l gpd; mjd; mbapy; rhpghHj;jtH me;j 15
ehs; kw;Wk; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; ifnahg;gkpl rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-1 fPo;f;fhz;git
Ntz;Lk;. me;j thJiuiar; rhpghHg;gtH mJ KiwaPl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
rhHghf xU cWjpnkhopg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; jhf;fy; me;j tof;F njhLf;fg;gLk; ePjpkd;wk;.
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. thjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl
20 Kfthp 20
thJiuapy; jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;:
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-17) tof;F gpujpthjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl
tprhuizapd; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; thjp jug;gpNyh Kfthp Mfpad ve;j msT mWjpapl;Lf;
my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; jug;gpNyh vOg;gg;gl;l $w KbANk me;j msT
25 thJiuapidj; jpUj;jNth khw;wp mikf;fNth thjpNah gpujpthjpNah Kjpuh 25
(ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rhpahfj; Njhd;Wk; tajpduhfNth my;yJ kdeyk;
topKiwapYk; tifapYk;) ePjpkd;wk; ,y;yhjtuhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mJgw;wpa
tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. thJiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; thf;F%yk;.
mj;jifa jpUj;jk; me;j ,U tof;F %yj;ij cs;slf;fpa ele;j
30 jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa cs;s cz;ikahd jfuhW rk;gtq;fspd; tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; mJ 30
rhHe;j Nfs;tpfis cWjpg;gLj;jf; fl;lhakhfj; Njhd;wpa fhyk;
Njitg;gLkhdhy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
mt;tof;F tprhuid njhlq;fpa gpd;dH cl;gl;lJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; cz;ikfs;
mj;jifa thJiuj; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd kDf;fs; tof;fpd; tof;Fg;nghUspd;kPJ
35 mDkjpf;fg; glkhl;lhJ. Mdhy;> vt;tsT gpujpthjpapd; eyk; kw;Wk; flik 35
[hf;fpuijahfr; nray;gl;lhYk; tprhuidf;F
Kd; mj;jifa jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl thjpahy; Nfhug;gLk; ghpfhuk;
Kbe;jpUf;fhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy; thjp NfhUtJ gzk; kPl;G vdpy;
,j;jifa jpUj;jq;fis mDkjpf;fyhk;. (fhz;: njhifiar; rhpahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
40 fNz\; bNubq; fk;ngdp vjpH Nkh[p uhk; (1978) (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-2) 40
2 SCC 91). jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s xU jug;gpdH thjp ,ilf;fhy epthuzj;jpw;fhf
mDkjpngw;W Mdhy; me;j mDkjp cj;jutpy; tof;Fj; njhlHe;jpUe;jhNyh my;yJ
mjw;fhff; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; jpUj;jk; gpujpthjpf;Fk; thjpf;Fk; ,ilNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glh tpl;lhy;> my;yJ mjpy; fhyk; jPHf;fg;glhj fzf;F tof;Ffisr;
45 epHzapf;fg;gl tpy;iy vd;why; me;j cj;juT rhpghHj;j gpd;dNu Fwpg;gpl KbAk; 45
ngw;W 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; jpUj;jk; vd;whNyh my;yJ gpujpthjpaplk; cs;s
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glh tpl;lhy; me;jf; fhyk; mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fs; rhHe;jjhfNth
Kbtile;jgpd; my;yJ 14 ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; - my;yJ fld; njhifahf ,Ug;gpd;
ePjpkd;wk; me;j fhyf;fl;lj;ij ePl;bf;fhjNghJ mtuJ mwpTf;nfl;batiu fzf;fpl
50 - jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s mtUf;F mDkjp KbahjpUf;Fkhdhy; thjp Njhuhakhd 50
,y;iy. thJiuf;fhd kDit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhifiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L my;yJ tof;fpd;
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs;fshy; njhifahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-2)
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; mirahr; nrhj;jhf Rl;bf;fhl;b Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiuf;Fs;
,Ue;jhy; KiwaPL mr;nrhj;J gw;wpa rkHg;gpf;FkhW mwpTWj;jpAk; thjp mijr;
njspthd tpsf;fj;ij - mjd;%yk; nra;aj; jtWfpwhH.
5 mr;nrhj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;jpy; - KiwaPl;bd; thf;fpaq;fs; rl;lj;jhy; 5
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;nrhj;jpd; jilnra;ag;gl;l tpjj;jpy;
vy;iyfisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; my;yJ mike;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ
gzf;nfhLg;gdT Mtz my;yJ rHNt
vz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; me;j KiwaPL efy;fNshL rkHg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
10 vy;iyfisNah my;yJ vz;fisNah thjpf;F ePjpkd;wk; KiwaPl;bd; efy;fisf; 10
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 nfhLf;Fk;gb cj;jutpl;Lk; KiwaPl;L
tpjp-3) efy;fisAk; gpujpthjpfSf;F miog;ghid
thjp xU gpujpepjp vDk; Kiwapy; mDg;Gtjw;fhd njhifiaAk; me;j
tof;Fj; njhlHe;jpUe;jhy; me;j tof;fpd; cj;juT ngw;W VO ehl;fSf;Fs;
15 chpg;nghUs; kPJ thjpf;F cz;ikahd gpujpthjpfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fj; jtWfpwhH. 15
MHtk; cs;sJ vd;gijAk; mjd; vjpH tof;Fiu:
fhuzkhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fj; Njitahd
midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk; vLj;Js;sij gpujpthjp jdJ Kiwapl;bd; %yk; me;j
tpthpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; tof;F Ngzg;gl Ntz;bajy;y vd;gjw;fhd
20 cj;juT-7 tpjp-4) midj;J tplaq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk; my;yJ 20
tof;fpd; Nfs;tpapYs;s ghpkhw;wk; xd;W
thjp jdJ tof;fpd; %yk; mjpfgl;rkhff; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; nry;yhjJ my;yJ
Nfhuj;jf;f ghpfhuj;jpd; xU gFjpiaf; jtpHf;ff;$baJ kw;Wk; mJNghd;w midj;J
Nfhuhky; tpl;LtplNth chpikiaf; jw;fhg;Gf; fhuzq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL
iftplNth tpUk;gpdhy; mg;gb tplg;gLk; ,e;jg; gpur;ridia Kd;ndLf;fhtpby;
25 njhif. 25
vjpHjug;Gf;F Mr;rhpak; mspf;ff; $Lk; vdTk;>
njhif mstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;gpidj; KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gplhj gpw cz;ikr;
jPHkhdpf;fTk; tof;F mDkjpf;Fk; rk;gtq;fis cjhuzkhf Nkhrb> fhytuk;G>
ePjpkd;wf; fl;lzj;njhifiaj; ntspaPL> fl;lzk;> nrayhf;fk;> my;yJ
30 jPHkhdpf;fTk; tof;fpd; chpg;nghUSf;fhd rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd cz;ikfisf; 30
njhiff;fhd thf;F%yk;. Fwpg;gpl;Lk; KiwaPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
me;j tof;F fhyk; fle;jjhf ,Ug;gpd; gpujpthjp jdJ KiwaPl;by; cz;ik
fhytuk;Gr; rl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fj; epfo;Tfs; vt;thW jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd
Njitahd fhuzq;fs; (rl;lj;jpd; vdTk; jhd; vtw;iw cz;ikay;y khwhf
35 cj;juT-7 tpjp-6) ,og;GfNs vd;gijr; Rl;b vOj Ntz;Lk;. 35
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-2)
KiwaPl;ilj; js;Sgb nra;jy; (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-7 tpjp-11): xU KiwaPl;bid nrl;-M/g;
fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzq;fSf;fhfj; js;Sgb
40 nra;ayhk;: gzj;ij kPl;gJ rhHe;j tof;fpy; - thjpf;Fk; 40
gpujpthjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba
KiwaPl;by; me;j tof;fpd; tof;F %yk; gu];gu fld; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xU fldhy;
ntspaplg;gltpy;iy kw;nwhU flid milf;f KbAk;. vOjg;gl;l
KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghpfhuj;njhif thf;F%yj;jpy; ,e;j nrl;-M/g; Fwpj;j
45 kpff; Fiwthff; Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;J juTfisAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; 45
mij thjpf;F ePjpkd;wk; Rl;bf;fhl;b cj;juT-8> tpjp-6) tpsf;fk;: egH-1 jdf;F
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; jpUj;Jk;gb Nfhhpa khw;wj;jf;f urPJ %yk; &.500/- juNtz;Lnkd
gpd;dUk; me;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; egH-2 –d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpwhH. egH-2f;F
jpUj;jtpy;iy. egH-1 xU jPHg;gpd; %yk; &.1000/- juNtz;Lk;
50 50
KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s njhif rhpahf vd;fpwhH. ,e;j ,uz;L Nfhhpf;iffSk;>
,Ue;Jk;> rhpahd Kiwapy; Kj;jpiuaplg; njhif cWjpahd gzk;rhHe;jjhf cs;sjhy;
glhjpUe;J mij ePjpkd;wk; thjpf;Fr;
mij nrl;-M/g; nra;ayhk;. tpsf;fk;: egH-1 ,Ujug;gpdUk; Kd;dpiyahjy; (rllj;jpd;
egH-2-d; kPJ khw;wj;jf;f urPJ rhHghf tof;Fj; cj;juT-9):
njhlHfpwhH. egH-2 jdJ cilikfis egH-1
5 fhg;gPL nra;ahky; tpl;Ltpl;lhH vd egH-1-d;kPJ thjpahy; tof;F njhlug;gl;l gpd; mJ rhHghf 5
Fw;wk; Rkj;JfpwhH. NkYk;> mjdhy; egH-2f;F gpujpthjpfSf;F miog;ghiz tof;fg;gl;l
Vw;gl;l ,og;gPl;il egH-1 <Lfl;l nrl;-M/g; gpd; mLj;j rl;l eltbf;if ,U jug;gpdUk;
nra;ayhk; vdf; NfhUfpwhH. ,q;F njhif ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiyahtjhFk;. fPo;f;fhZk;
cWjpahf ,y;yjjhy; nrl;-M/g; nra;a topKiwfSf;fhd tpjpfis kdjpypUj;j
10 ,ayhJ. Ntz;Lk;: 10
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 kw;Wk; egH-2 Mapuk; &gha;f;fhf
egH-3-d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpd;wdH. egH-3 tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; NeubahfNth
jdf;F egH-1 ju Ntz;ba flDf;fhf mtiu my;yJ mtHfspd; thJiuQH %ykhfNth
kl;Lk; nrl;-M/g; nra;a ,ayhJ. miog;ghizapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Fwpj;j
15 ehspy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiyahf 15
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 Mapuk; &gha;f;fhf egH-2 kw;Wk; Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9 tpjp-1)
egH-3-d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpwhH. jdf;F egH-1 thjpNah gpujpthjpNah miog;ghizapy;
ju Ntz;ba flDf;fhf mtiu kl;Lk; egH-2 Fwpf;fg;gl;l ehspy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
nrl;-M/g; nra;a ,ayhJ. Kd;dpiyahfj; jtwpdhNyh my;yJ
20 Kd;dpiyahf Kbahj fhuzj;ijf; 20
vjpH Nfhhpf;if (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-6m): $whtpl;lhy;> Kd;dpiyahfj; jtwpatH
,J gpujpthjpahy; thjpf;F vjpuhfj; thjpahf ,Ug;gpd; me;j tof;if js;Sgb
njhLf;fg;gLk; vjpH Nfhhpf;if tof;fhFk;. nra;ayhk; my;yJ Kd;dpiyahfj;
thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifad;wp ,J xU jdpahdJk; jtwpatH gpujpthjpahf ,Ug;gpd; xU
25 thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifapypUe;J gphpf;fj; jf;fJkhd jug;ghf KbT nra;ayhk;. 25
Nfhhpf;ifahFk;. ,ij FWf;F nray;fs; %yk;
epiwNtw;wyhk;. ,J gpujpthjpapd; thjpf;F gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf xU jug;ghf jPHT
vjpuhd tof;F %ykhFk;. ,e;j vjpH Nfhhpf;if KbT nra;jpUe;jhy;> gpujpthjp fPo;f;fhZk;
me;j ePjpkd;w njhifmstpyhd mjpfhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;: (m) xU
30 tuk;gpw;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. ,ijNa jug;G KbT nra;ag;gl;l ehspypUe;J 30 30
gpujpthjp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; %ykhf ehl;fSf;Fs; jhd; Kd;dpiyahtjw;Fj;
rkHg;gpf;fyhk;. ,e;j vjpH Nfhhpf;if xU jtwpajw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fhl;b mij
Nfhhpf;ifahff; fUjp kw;w Nfhhpf;iffspd;kPJ xJf;fp tpLkhW Nfhhp kDr; nra;ayhk;.
vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;if Nghd;Nw eltbf;if (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9 tpjp-13) my;yJ (M)
35 Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpujpthjpapd; vjpH mjw;F vjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk; 35
Nfhhpf;iff;F vOj;J %ykhd kWg;G (,) kW Ma;T nra;Ak;gb kDr;
mwpf;ifia ePjpkd;wk; nfhLj;Js;s fhyf; nra;ayhk;. (<) Nkhrb ele;jjhf tof;Fj;
njhluyhk;.
nfLTf;Fs; thjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; tof;fpd; Kjy; tprhuidapd;NghJ
nra;ayhk;. ePjpkd;wk; me;j KiwaPl;by; cs;s
40 Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljh 40
thjpAk; gpujpthjpAk; rhHe;Js;s Mtzq;fs; my;yJ kWf;fg;gl;ljh vd;gij
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-14 kw;Wk; cj;juT-8 cWjpg;gLj;jp gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
tpjp-1m): (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-10 tpjp-1).
______________________________ mjd;gpwF> ePjpkd;wk; rl;l mbg;gilapNyh
45 my;yJ rk;gt mbg;gilapNyh mt;tof;fpy; 45
ntspg;gLk; rl;lk; rhHe;j my;yJ rk;gtk;
rhHe;j xU jug;ghy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gLk;
kw;Wk; vjpH jug;ghy; kWf;fg;gLk;
gpur;ridfis fl;likj;Jg; gjptpl
50 Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-14 tpjp-1) 50
xNu tof;fpy; rl;lk; rhHe;j kw;Wk; rk;gtk; NghpNyh my;yJ jhdhfNt ,U jug;gpdhpilNa
rhHe;j gpur;rid ntspte;jhy; me;j tof;Nfh cs;s kw;w Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpYf;fhff;
my;yJ me;j tof;fpd; xU gFjpNah fhj;jpuhky; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vJ rhp vdj;
5 rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; js;Sgb Njhd;WfpwNjh me;j cj;juitNah jPHg;igNah 5
nra;ag;glyhk; vdpy; me;jg; gpur;ridia me;j xg;Gjypd; Nghpy; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;Gf;Nfw;w
Kjypy; tprhhpj;J me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu jPHtpid Vw;gLj;jyhk; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-12
tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;lJjhdh my;yJ rl;lj;jhy; tpjp-6)
cUthf;fg;gl;l NtW ‘ghH’-f;F chpajh vdj;
10 ,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs;: 10
jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mtzq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;> Ma;jy;> kw;Wk; xU tof;F njhlug;gl;l gpd; me;j tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;jy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-11 kw;Wk;
Kw;wpYk; Kbahj epiyapy; ePjpkd;wk;
13): ,ilf;fhy cj;jutpid ePjpkd;wk; rhpahdJ
15 vd epidf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; kw;wtw;Wf;F 15
tof;F rhHe;j thJiufis ,U jug;gpdUk; ,ilapy; tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpd; chpikia
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;j gpd;dH> jdJ epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf ntspaplyhk;. mJ ,Wjpj;
thJiuapy; vjpH jug;G gw;wp jhd; vOjpa
jPHg;Gtiu eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU
juTfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd czuyhk;.
tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dNu tof;fpd; ‘cj;juT’ vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rl;lj;jPHthFk;.
20 midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk; jdJ vjpH jug;gpdhplk; mJ xU Kbthd jPHty;y (gpd;dhy; 20
cs;s mtH jug;ig epahag;gLj;Jk; czuj;jf;f tpsf;fg;gLk;). xU tof;fpw;Nfh> kDtpw;Nfh
cz;ikfisAk; mthplk; cs;s me;j my;yJ tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Nfh cj;juT
tof;Ff;F Mjhukhd Mtzq;fisAk; njhpe;J gpug;gpf;fyhk;. vy;yh cj;juTfsNk Nky;
KiwaPL nra;aj; jf;fjy;y.
nfhs;s chpik cs;sJ. ‘fz;Lgpbj;jy;’ vd;gJ
25 25
vjpH jug;gplk; cs;s my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; fPo;f;fhZk; KiwapNyh my;yJ #oypNyh
cs;s cz;ikfisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; ,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;:
Nfl;Lg; ngWtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J vjpH
jug;gpdhplk; tpdhj; njhLg;gjd; %yk; ngwyhk;.
xU jug;G me;j tpdh nghUj;jkhdjy;y vd;Nwh> nryTj;njhiff;F cj;juthjkhf
30 (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-25): tof;fpd; ve;jf; 30
Njitaw;wJ vd;Nwh> mtkhdkhdJ vd;Nwh>
nfl;l Nehf;fpyhdJ vd;Nwh rpwg;GhpikAilaJ fl;lj;jpyhtJ gpujpthjp me;j
vd;Nwh $wpg; gjpyspf;f kWf;fyhk;. tof;fpw;fhfr; nrytpLk; njhiff;F
fz;Lgpbj;jy; vd;gJ Mtzq;fisf; cj;juthjj; njhifapidr; nrYj;JkhW
fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yKk; elf;fyhk;. xU jug;G thjpf;F cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
35 trpf;fhj thjpahf ,Ue;J mtUf;Fg; 35
jdf;F vjpHjug;gplk; cs;s Mtzq;fs;
Ntz;Lnkd;W kDr;nra;J vjpHjug;G gpukhdg; NghJkhd mirahr; nrhj;J tof;fpy;
gj;jpuk; jhf;fy; nra;af; Nfhhpdhy; mtH cs;sijj; jtpu ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;yhky;
mtw;iw vjpHjug;G ghHf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; ,j;jifa cj;juT
rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb xU jug;G fl;lhakhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
40 40
tpdhtpw;Fg; gjpyspf;fNth Mtzq;fisj; Mizfs; (rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 75-78 kw;Wk;
jhf;fy; nra;aNth jtwpdhy; mg;gbj; jtwpatH cj;juT-26): fPo;f;fhzk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
thjp vdpy; tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;ayhk; xU jug;gpd; tpz;zg;gj;ij Vw;Nwh my;yJ
my;yJ gpujpthjp vdpy; mtuJ jug;G tpthjk; jhdhfNth ePjpkd;wk; Mizfisg;
45 jLf;fg;gLk;. gpwg;gpf;f chpik cs;sJ: (m) xUtiu 45
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j (M) cs; tprhuid elj;j
xg;Gf;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; jPHg;G (,) fzf;Ffis rhpghHf;f my;yJ
rhpnra;a (<) gphptpid nra;a (c)
thJiuapNyh my;yJ NtW topapNyh> mwptpay; G+Htkhd> njhopy; El;g> Nkk;gl;l
50 tha;nkhopahfNth my;yJ vOj;Jg; tprhuid elj;j (C) tpiuthfTk; 50
G+HtkhfNth ele;j rk;gtq;fis ,aw;ifahfTk; mope;J Nghff;$ba
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy; ePjpkd;wk; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhg;gpy; cs;s jPHg;gpd;
fl;lj;jpYk; xU jug;G Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljd;
KbTf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; xU nrhj;ij ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNt gpujpthjp jdf;F
tpiuthf tpw;f my;yJ (v) mikr;Rg; vjpuhf jPHg;G tuyhk; vdf; fUjp tof;fpd;
gzpia epiwNtw;w. xU egiu Gyd; jPHg;ig jLf;fNth my;yJ js;spg;NghLk;
5 tprhuid nra;a tof;F tprhuid Nehf;fpNyh (m) mtuJ nrhj;J 5
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; cs;s khepyj;jpw;F KotijANkh my;yJ xU gFjpiaNah
ntspapy; cs;s ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; – tpw;Wtpl Kaw;rpj;jhy; (M) me;j ePjpkd;w
tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba egH ve;j ePjp MSiff;Fs; cs;s nrhj;J KotijANkh
kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tho;fpwhNuh my;yJ xU gFjpiaNah me;j ePjpkd;w
10 me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F (caH ePjp kd;wk; MSiff;F ntspNa efHj;j Kaw;rpg;gjhf 10
jtpu) Miz mDg;gyhk;. me;j MizahsH cWjpahff; fUjpdhy;> gpujpthjpia
(m) tof;fpd; jug;gpdiu mioj;J mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
tUifg; gjpitg; ghHitapl;L tprhhpf;fyhk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpizaj; njhifia
(M) Mtzq;fisf; Nfhhpg; ngw;W Ma;T ePjpkd;wj;jpy; fl;b mjd; nghUg;gpy; tpl
15 nra;ayhk; (,) ePjpkd;w Mizapy; Fwpg;gpl;l cj;jutplyhk;. my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; 15
,lj;jpw;Fs;Nsh my;yJ fl;llj;jpw;Fs;Nsh Njitg;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;
Eioayhk; (<) ePjpkd;w Mizapy; $ba me;j nrhj;ijNah my;yJ nrhj;jpd;
Fwpg;gpl;lthW ve;j xU jug;ghtJ kjpg;igNah my;yJ mjd; xU
Kd;dpiyahfhky; ,Ue;jhy; xUgf;f rhHghf gFjpiaNah my;yJ NeHepiyahfp
20 KbT nra;ayhk;. mtUf;F mtH Vd; gpizaj; njhif 20
jPHg;Gf;F Kd;dNu ifJ nra;tJ (rl;lj;jpd; nrYj;jf;$lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;L
cj;juT-38): rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 16-y; mwptpg;Gf; nfhLf;fyhk;. ePjpkd;wk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tof;Ffs; (epyk; my;yJ NtWtifapy; cj;jutpl;lhyd;wp thjp
mirahr; nrhj;J tof;Ffs;) jtpu gpw gwpKjy; Ntz;ba nrhj;ijNah my;yJ
25 tof;Ffspd; ve;j epiyapYk; ePjp kd;wk; mjw;F ,izahd njhifiaNah Fwpg;gpl 25
gpukhdg; gj;juj;jpd; %yNkh my;yJ Ntz;Lk;. gpujpthjp Vd; gpizak;
NtWtpjj;jpNyh cz;iknad czHe;jhy; nrYj;jf;$lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;L
(m) gpujpthjp tof;fpd; thjpiaNah my;yJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l mwptpg;Gf;F ePjpkd;wk;
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffisj; jtpHf;fNth Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gjpyspf;fj; jtwpdhy;
30 jhkjg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;NfhNlh my;yJ me;j nrhj;J gwpKjy; nra;ag;glyhk;. 30
jPHtpidj; jLf;fNth my;yJ me;j jPHT Mdhy;> xU tptrhapapd; tpisr;riy
mtUf;Fg; ghjfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; gwpKjy; nra;a cj;jutpl KbahJ.
xspe;Jtpl;lhNyh my;yJ me;j ePjpkd;w rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-38 tpjp-5-d; Nehf;fk;
mjpfhu tuk;G vy;iyf;F ntspNa nrd;W ve;j xU gpujpthjpAk; thjpf;F rhHghf
35 tpl;bUe;jhNyh my;yJ xspe;J nfhs;sNth tuf;$ba jPHg;ig me;j nrhj;ij tpw;W 35
ntspNaw vz;zpNah> my;yJ ehl;iltpl;Nl tpLtjhNyh my;yJ ePjpkd;w MSiff;F
ntspNaw vz;zp ,Ue;jhNyh ,jd;%yk; ntspNa efUk; nrhj;ij efHj;JtjhNyh
thjp ghpfhuk; ngWtijj; jLf;fNth Kwpabj;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;gNjahFk;.
jhkjg;gLj;jNth vz;zpapUg;gjhf ePjp kd;wk; ,Ug;gpDk;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpapd;
40 fUjpdhy; ePjpkd;wk; me;jg; gpujpthjpiaf; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; ePjp 40
ifJ nra;aTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeHepWj;jTk; kd;wk; me;jg; gpujpthjp mt;thW nray;gl
cj;jutplyhk;. ,jd;%yk; mtH Vd; mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhy; xU jPHit ePjpkd;wk;
Kd;dpiyahtjw;F gpizaj;njhif mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kw;wpYk;
nrYj;jf; $lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;fyhk;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> me;jg;
45 ,Ug;gpDk;> ifJ cj;jutpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gpujpthjp jdf;F vjpuhf tuf; $ba 45
ve;j xU njhifiaAk; ifJ nra;a te;j jPHtpid Kwpabf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nrhj;ij
mjpfhhpaplk; gpujpthjp fl;Ltjd; %yk; KOtijANkh my;yJ mjd; gFjpiaNah
thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifia eptHj;jp nra;jhy; tpw;fNth my;yJ mij ePjpkd;w
mtH ifJ nra;ag;gl khl;lhH. MSiff;F ntspNa efHj;jNth
50 jPHg;Gf;F Kd;dNu gwpKjy; nra;jy; Kaw;rpg;gij ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; 50
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-38): tof;fpd; ve;jf; tifapy; ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd;
fl;lj;jpyhtJ> gpukhdg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ
cj;juT-38 tpjp-5 –iar; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; jPHkhzpf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; NkYk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; jPtpukhdjhfTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mrhjhudkhdjhfTk; cs;sJ. mg;gbg;gl;l cz;ikfs; mijj; jhf;fy; nra;j jug;G
5 mjpfhuk; ,ae;jpuj;jdkhfNth Nfl;fg;gl;lJ Nfl;Fk; ghpfhuj;jpw;F chpatH vdf; 5
vd;gjw;fhfNth gad;gLj;jyhfhJ. kpf fUjpdhy; (,) me;j cj;juitf; NfhUk;
mhpjhfTk; tpjpapd;gb ftdkhfTk; jug;gpw;F me;j cj;juitg; gpwg;gpf;fh
gad;gLj;jg; gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; tpl;lhy; kpfg;nghpa ,og;igr; re;jpf;f
cj;juT-38 tpjp-5 –d; Nehf;fk; NehpLk; vdf; fUjpdhy;> NkYk; (<)
10 cj;juthjkw;w flid cj;juthjf; ,Wjpahf> ,U jug;gpYk; ngWk; tha;g;G 10
fldhf;Ftjy;y. (fhz;: uhkd; nlf; md; trjpfis xg;gpLk;NghJ jil cj;juT
gpuhr]; vd;[pdpahpq; fk;ngdp vjpH Nrhyq;fp NfhUgtUf;F Vw;gLk; tha;g;G trjpfs;
bNulH];> (2008) 2 SCC 302). jil cj;juT nfhLf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;
vjpH jug;igtpl kpf mjpfkhff;
15 jw;fhypfj; jilfs; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-39): FiwAkhdhy; jil cj;juT nfhLf;fyhk;. 15
jil cj;juT vd;gJ xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,ilf;fhyj; jil cj;juT nfhLf;fyhkh
cj;juthFk;. ,q;F VjhtJ xU jug;G nfhLf;ff; $lhjh vd;gij me;jr; #oypy;
(thjp my;yJ gpujpthjp) xU nraiyr; mtuplk; ,Ue;j rl;l chpikfs; thjpahy;
nra;aNth (tw;GWj;Jf; fl;lis)my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $Wk; Neuj;jpy; mjd;
20 nra;af; $lhJ vdNth (jil Miz) chpik kPwyhy; cs;s ghjpg;G ,tw;iwr; 20
ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;j ,ilf;fhyj; rPHJ}f;fp mit NkYk; jPtpu
jilfs; jw;fhypfkhdjhfNth my;yJ tprhuidf;Fl;gLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
epue;jukhdjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. jw;fhypfj; ,ilf;fhyj; jil cj;jutpdhy;
jilapid xU ePjpkd;wk; fPo;f;fhZk; mspf;fg;gLk; epthuzk; thjpf;F Vw;gLk;
25 re;jHg;gq;fspy; cj;jutplyhk;: (m) tof;fpy; mePjpapd; Mgj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; 25
cs;s gpur;ridf;fhpa nrhj;J gad;glhky; me;j tof;fpd; cWjpapd;ik jPHf;fg;gLk;
Ngha;tpLk; Mgj;jpNyh> VjhtJ xU jug;ghy; Kd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nrjg;gLj;jNth> ifkhw;wg;glNth my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ePjp kd;wk;
jtWjyhf xU jPHit epiwNtw;Wk; thjpaplk; VjhtnjhU cilikiaNah
30 tpjj;jpy; tpw;fg;glNth $Lkhdhy;. (M) gzj;ijNah ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rkHg;gpf;FkhW 30
gpujpthjp jdf;F fld; toq;fpatHfis Nfl;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> ,Wjpj; jPHg;G
Vkhw;Wk; Nehf;fpy; jdJ nrhj;jpid gpujpthjpf;F rhHghf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
tpw;fNth ifkhw;wNth mr;RWj;jpdhNyh NghJkhd msT mtH el;l <L ngw
my;yJ epidj;jhNyh> (,) tof;fpy; cs;s KbAk;. (fhz;: F[uhj; ghl;ypq; fk; ypl;
35 VjhtJ xU nrhj;Jj; jfuhW fhuzkhf vjpH nfhf;Nfh Nfhyh fk;ngdp (1995) 5 35
thjpiaj; jhf;fp fhaNkw;gLj;jNth my;yJ
SCC 545> fhrp kl rk];jhdk; vjpH =kj;
mtuJ clikiag; gwpf;fg; NghtjhfNth
mr;RWj;jpdhy;> (<) xg;ge;jj;ij gpujpthjp Rj;jPe;jpu jPHj;j Rthkp (2010) 1 SCC 689.;
kPwg;NghtjhfNth my;yJ vjpH jug;Gf;F tha;g;gspg;gjhy; fhy
VjhtnjhUtifapy; fhag;gLj;jNth jhkjkhfp mjd; Nehf;fk; Kwpabf;fg;gLk;
40 vd;W ePjpkd;wk; jpUg;jpahf czuhjNghJ 40
,Ue;jhy; (c) ePjpapd; eyDf;fhf mt;thW
jil cj;juT gpwg;gpg;gJ ey;yJ vd ,ilf;fhy jil cj;juT mspf;FKd; ePjp
ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-39 kd;wk; mJgw;wp vjpH jug;Gf;F
tpjp-1 kw;Wk; 2) xU jug;Gf;F vjpuhf jil mwptpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT gpwg;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dhy; ePjpkd;wk; cj;juT-39 tpjp-3). ePjpkd;wj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd;
45 cj;juT-39 tpjp-1> 2 d;gb ,lg;gl;l jil 45
fPo;f;fhz;git Fwpj;J jpUg;jpaila
Ntz;Lk;: (m) me;jj; jil cj;juitf; cj;juTf;F fPo;g;gbah tof;Ffspy;
NfhUk; jug;gpd; Kjy; Nehf;fpNyNa mtuJ mjw;Ff; fl;Lg;glhjthpd; nrhj;jpidg;
rhHghf Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwJ mjhtJ> mJ gwpKjy; nra;Ak;gb cj;jutplyhk;. NkYk;
50 ey;nyz;z jfuhW MFk;. (M) mtiu %d;W khj fhyj;jpw;F kpfhky; 50
tprhuizf;F Vw;w tof;fhfTk; mJ NkYk; rpiwaplTk; cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
Gyd; tprhuidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; cj;juT-39 tpjp-2m)
vd;Wk; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;
,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT- miog;ghiz> tUifg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; rhl;rp
39): ,ilf;fhy cj;juTk; xU jw;fhypfkhd tprhuidfs; Nghd;witgw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
cj;juNtahFk;. tof;fpd; chpg;nghUshf rhl;rpfSf;F miog;ghiz tpLg;gJ gw;wp
5 cs;s my;yJ gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l tpsf;Fk; mNj rl;l \uj;Jfs; tof;Ff;Fj; 5
mirAk; nrhj;J nfl;Lg;Ngha;tplf; Njitahd Mtzq;fisNah my;yJ gpw
$bajhf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ VjhtJ nghUl;fisNah rkHg;gpf;f tpLf;Fk;
NeHikahd NghJkhd fhuzj;jpw;fhf miog;ghizf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
cldbahf tpw;WtpLtJ ey;yJ vdf;
10 fUjpdhy; mij tpw;Wtpl cj;jutpl nghJthf jug;gpd; rhl;rpfshy; tha;nkhopahf 10
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cs;sJ. ePjpkd;wk; toq;fg;gLk; jlaq;fs; ePjpgjpapd;
NkYk; tof;fpd; chpg;nghUshf cs;s xU Kd;dpiyapy; mtuJ cj;jutpd; Nghpy; mtuJ
cilikia fhtypy; itf;fNth> Neub Nkw;ghh;itapy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
ghJfhf;fNth> my;yJ Ma;T nra;aNth rhl;rp tprhuidapd;NghJ rhl;rpfspd;
15 mJ rhHghd Nfs;tp vOk;NghJ tof;Ff;Fj; Njitahd fUj;Jf;fs; me;j 15
cj;jutplyhk;. kdepiyNahL gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. (rl;lj;jpd;
nrhj;jhl;rpaH (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-40): cj;juT-18 tpjp-12). ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ
nrhj;jhl;rpaH vd;gtH tof;fpd; cj;jutpd; Nghpy; cs;s tprhuidf;FOtpd;
chpg;nghUshf cs;s nrhj;ijNah Kd;dpiyapy; rhl;rpfspd; jlaq;fis
20 gzj;ijNah tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghhplKk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-26 tpjp-4m –apd;gb gjpT 20
mr;nrhj;J ,Ug;gJ ey;yjy;y vd nra;Ak;gb $wyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-28
ePjpkd;wk; fUJk;NghJ tof;F tpjp-19).
KbTwhjNghJ jdJ ghJfhg;gpy; itj;Jg;
ghJfhj;J ePjpahd KiwapYk; tha;g;G jlaq;fspd; tpjpfspypUe;Nj njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
25 trjpf;F Vw;gTk; gad;gLj;j ePjpkd;wj;jhy; chpik fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt> thjp rhl;bAs;s 25
epakpf;fg;gl;l xU jdp eguhthH. me;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis gpujpthjp Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;
nrhj;jhl;rpaUf;F fPo;f;fhZk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; gf;fj;jy; (cjhuzkhf
mjpfhuq;fis ePjpkd;wk; toq;fyhk;: (m) ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G> fhytiuaiu>
tof;fpidj; njhlq;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk;> (M) my;yJ nu]; [_bfhj;jh) my;yJ NkYk; rpy
30 tof;fpd;fPOs;s nrhj;jpid ngwTk;> $Ljy; cz;ikfisf; fhl;b Fw;wk; 30
epHtfpf;f> ghJfhf;f> gj;jpug;gLj;j> NkYk; rhl;LtjhYk; thjp ve;jtpj ghpfhuKk; ngwj;
tpUj;jpahf;f (,) thlif t#ypf;f> jFjpaw;wtH vd thjpl;lhyd;wp thjpf;Nf
thlifiaj; jPHkhdpf;f> mjd; njhlq;Ftjw;F chpik cs;sJ. ,e;jr;
tUthiaAk; thlifiaAk; nfhLf;f (<) #oypy; gpujpthjpf;Nf njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
35 Mtzq;fis nrayhf;f (c) gpw ePjpkd;wk; chpik cs;sJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-18 tpjp-1). 35
rhpahdJ vd czUk; ve;j xU vdNt tof;F tprhuidf;Ff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l
chpikiaAk; toq;f. ehspy; njhlq;Fk; chpik cs;s jug;G jdJ
jug;G thjq;fisAk; jlaq;fisAk; jhd; ve;j
tprhuid: KiwaPl;il ep&gpf;f Ntz;LNkh mjw;F Vw;g
40 Kd; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpwF vjpHjug;G 40
tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; jq;fs; KiwaPLfisj; jdJ jug;G thjq;fisAk; jlaq;fisAk;
jhf;fy; nra;jgpd;dH kw;Wk; gpur;ridfisf; (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) Kd; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fz;lwpe;J fl;likj;J mit gjptplg;gl;lJk; mjd;gpd;dH me;j KO tof;Fgw;wpa
xU tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghUk; jq;fspd; jug;G nghJthd tplaq;fis ePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhptpf;f
45 thjq;fisAk; vLj;Jiuf;fj; Njitahd Ntz;Lk;. njhlq;fpa jug;G gpd;dH me;j KO 45
Mjhuq;fisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; Nfhhpg; tof;Fgw;wpa jdJ thjq;fis
ngWtH. ,e;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhf> ve;j xU vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;. ,U jug;ghUNk jdJ jug;G
jug;ghUk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jdf;Fj; Njitahd thjq;fis vOj;Jg; G+HtkhfTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
rhl;rpfSf;F miog;ghiz mspj;J rkHg;gpf;fyhk;. mg;gbg;gl;l vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd
50 thjq;fisg; vjpH jug;Gf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. 50
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tuitf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-18 tpjp-2).
tpz;zg;gk; nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 30 –
32 kw;Wk; cj;juTfs;-16> 18 Mfpait
xU jlaj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rkHg;gpf;f mtuJ xJf;fPL ngw;wtNuh>
VjhtJ xU jug;gpw;F fhy mtfhrk; toq;fpAk; nrhj;jhl;rpaNuh me;j tof;if mtUf;Ff;
me;j Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; mt;thW toq;fj; fldspj;jtHfSf;fhf njhlHe;J elj;jyhk;.
5 jtwpdhNyh my;yJ rl;l eltbf;iffs; Mdhy;> me;j xJf;fPL ngw;wtNuh my;yJ 5
njhlHe;J eilngw mtrpakhd VjhtnjhU nrhj;jhl;rpaNuh me;j tof;ifj; njhlHe;J
nraiyr; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;> mt;thW elj;j tpUk;ghtpby; my;yJ ePjpkd;wk;
jtwpioj;jpUe;jhYk; (m) ,Ujug;ghUk; tpjpj;j nryTj; njhiff;fhd gpiziar;
NeHepiyahfp ,Ue;jhy; me;j tof;if nrYj;jhtpby; me;j tof;fpid thjpapd;
10 cldbahf KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. my;yJ nehbj;j jd;ikiaf; fhuzk; fhl;b 10
(M) ,U jug;ghUk; NeHepiyahfp ,Ue;jhNyh js;Sgb nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22
my;yJ xU jug;G NeHepiyahfky; ,Ue;jhNyh tpjp-8). gpujpthjpapd; nehbj;j jd;ik me;j
mLj;j tprhuidf;fhd ehisf; Fwpf;fyhk;. tof;fpy; mtUf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffis
NkYk;> mt;thW jtwpa jug;G mjw;fhd ePjpkd;wk; epWj;jp itf;fr; nra;Ak;.
15 ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpLk; nryTj; njhifia 15
fl;Lk;gb cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-17 tof;fpd; KbT
tpjp-3)
toikahf xU tof;F fPof;fhZk; VjhtJ
js;Sgb nra;jy; xU Kiwapy; KbtilAk;:
20 tof;ifj; jpUk;gg; ngWjy; (rl;lj;jpd; 20
xU jug;igr; rhHe;jthpd; ,wg;G: thjpNah cj;juT-23 tpjp-1): tof;F njhlq;fpa
my;yJ gpujpthjpNah ,we;J tpl;lhnud;whYk; gpd;dH ve;j xU fl;lj;jpYk; jdJ
tof;Fj; njhlUk; chpik ,Uf;Fkhdhy; tof;iff; iftplyhk; my;yJ mtuJ
me;j tof;F js;Sgb nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ gpujpthjpfspy; xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ
25 mjhtJ> KbTf;F tuhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT- vy;yhUf;Fk; vjpuhd Nfhhpf;ifapd; xU 25
22 tpjp-1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 –y; tof;fpd; gFjpia ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpNahNlh
VjhtJ xU jug;G ,we;J tpl;lhy; ve;j mDkjpapd;wpNah iftplyhk;. mt;thW
topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd iftpl;lhy; mij me;j thjp kPz;Lk; xU
tpsf;FfpwJ. rl;lj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l Gjpa tof;fpy; mNj chpg;nghUisf; fhl;b
30 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j ,we;j thjp my;yJ tof;Fj; njhlu KbahJ. VjhtnjhU 30
gpujpthjpapd; gpujpepjpiaj; jPHkhzpf;f Kiwg;gbahd fhuzj;jpw;fhf (cjhuzkhf
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk; %yk; jug;Gfspd; kp];-[ha;d;lH> ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
njhpag;gLj;jhtpby; me;j tof;F me;j ,we;j nrYj;jNtz;ba fl;lzj;ijf; fl;lj;
thjpiag; nghUj;jtiu js;SgbahFk; jtWjy;> tof;F%yj;ij ntspg;gLj;j
35 my;yJ ,we;j gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf kWj;jy;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gug;gsT rhHe;j 35
KbthFk;. rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22-d;gb mjpfhu tuk;gpd;ik) me;j tof;F
js;Sgbahdhy; mNj tof;F Njhy;tpailAk; vd ePjpkd;wk; cWjpahff;
%yj;ijf;nfhz;L Gjpjhf tof;Fj; njhlu fUjpdhy; my;yJ thjp NtnwhU Gjpa
KbahJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 tpjp-9). jdJ tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; me;j tof;fpd;
40 jug;Gf;fhf thjhLk; thJiuQH me;jj; chpg;nghUs; rhHe;j NghJkhd fhuzq;fs; 40
jug;gpdH ,we;J tpl;lhH vd;gij mwpe;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ePjpkd;wk; thjp me;j tof;ifj;
mJgw;wp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUk;gg; ngwNth my;yJ mtuJ
gpd; ePjpkd;wk; mJgw;wp gpujpthjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifapd; xU gFjpiaj; jpUk;gg;
jug;Gf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 ngwNth tha;g;gspj;J Gjpa tof;fpidj;
45 tpjp-10m). jhf;fy; nra;a tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. 45
xU jug;igr; rhHe;jthpd; jpUkzk;: ngz; tof;fpd; rkurj; jPHT (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
thjpapd; jpUkzNkh my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; 23 tpjp-3): tof;fpd; ,Ujug;gpdUk;
jpUkzNkh tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;Ak; rkurkhf tof;fpd; KOtjpYNkh my;yJ
50 fhuzq;fsy;y. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 tpjp-7) gFjpapNyh xj;Jg;Ngha; rl;lj;jhy; 50
xU jug;G nehbj;Jg; Nghjy;: thjp nehbj;Jg; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd
Nghtjhy; me;j tof;F js;SgbahfhJ. xg;ge;jk; my;yJ rkurk; Nghd;wit
,Ue;jhy; mij ePjpkd;wk; NghJkhdJ vd ,d;Dk; tof;fpy; gzpfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; my;yJ gpujpthjp thjpia ntspaplg; gLtjhFk;. me;j tof;F
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; rhHe;j Nfhhpf;if Kw;wpYk; KbAk;NghJ ntspaplg;gLk;
5 KOtJkhfNth my;yJ gFjpg; ghpfhuk; jPHg;ghiz ,Wjpahd jPHg;ghizahFk;. xU 5
%yNkh kdepiwtilar; nra;jhy; ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;ghizapd; xU gFjp
me;j xg;ge;jj;ijNah> rkurj;ijNah Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhfTk; kw;wgFjp
my;yJ kdjpUg;jpiaNah gjpT nra;J ,WjpahdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf>
mjd;gb jPHtpid mwptpf;fyhk;. (gpd;dH xU ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk; jUk; mirahr;
10 tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) nrhj;J rhHe;j tof;ffhf ,Ue;jhy; 10
jPHg;G: jPHg;G vd;gJ ePjpgjp jPHtpd; mjhtJ xU nrhj;ij xUthplkpUe;J
mbg;gilapNyh my;yJ cj;jutpd; mgfhpj;j nrhj;jpypUe;J rhpahfg;
mbg;gilapNyh toq;Fk; xU thf;fpakhFk;. gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhy; tUk; tUkhdj;ij
tprhuid KOikahf Kbe;jgpd; ePjpkd;wk; mtH ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ngwhtpl;lhYk;
15 jpwe;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xNu Neuj;jpNyh my;yJ ePjpkd;wk; me;j nrhj;ij jpUg;gp 15
vjpHfhyj;jpy; NtW xU ehspNyh tof;fpd; mspf;Fk;gb jPH;g;ghizaplyhk; NkYk;
,U jug;Gf;Fk; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk;gw;wp tprhhpf;Fk;gb
thJiuQHfSf;Fk; chpa mwptpg;G cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;jj; jPHg;ghizapy; Kjy;
mspj;jgpd; jPHg;gpid toq;f Ntz;Lk;. gFjp ,Wjpahd jPHg;ghizahFk;. Mdhy;>
20 (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-33 kw;Wk; cj;juT-20 tpjp-1). ,uz;lhtJ gFjp Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhFk;. 20
toikahf> xU jPHg;G me;j tof;fpd; Vnddpy; ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk; ,d;Dk;
FWfpa thf;fpaj;ijAk;> tprhuidapy; cs;sJ. mJ rhHe;j ,Wjpj;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd jPHg;ghiz me;j ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk;
fUj;Jf;fs;> mjdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfs;> rhHe;j tprhuiz Kbe;J mj;njhif
25 kw;Wk; me;j KbTfs; vLj;jjw;fhd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;dNu mspf;f KbAk;. 25
fhuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uf;Fk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-4). jPHg;ghizapd; cs;slf;fq;fs;: xU
ePjpkd;wk; me;j tof;F rhHe;j jPHg;ghizahdJ> kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;>
fl;likf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpur;ridfs; tof;fpd; vz;> thjp gpujpthjpfspd;
30 midj;jpw;Fk; jPHg;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ngaHfs; kw;Wk; tphpthf;fq;fs;> mtHfspd; 30
jPHg;ghiz: xU Kiwg;gbahd ePjpkd;wj; ,Ug;gpl Kfthpfs;> tof;fpd;
jPHg;G mt;tof;fpd; jug;gpdUf;fhd me;j Nfhhpf;iffspd; tptuq;fs;> toq;fg;gl;l
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; gpur;ridfs; epthuzk; my;yJ tof;fpd; NtW
vy;yhtw;iwAk; my;yJ xUgFjp rhHe;j jPHkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; me;j tof;fpw;fhd
35 chpikfis Kbthf cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. nryTj; njhif> me;jj; njhifia 35
tof;F tprhuid Kbe;jJk; tof;fpd;NghNj ve;jj;jug;G ve;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J ve;j
,e;jj; jPHg;ghiz toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. msT nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gtw;iw
xt;nthU jPHg;ghizANk Nky;KiwaPL cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nra;af; $baNj (mjw;F khwhf (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-6). tof;fpd;
40 ntspg;gilahff; Fwpg;gplhjtiu). jPHg;G chpg;nghUs; mirahr; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; 40
Kbe;J 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; jPHg;ghiz me;jr; nrhj;ij ,dk; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;jpy;
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mJ jPHg;NghL tpsf;fkhf tpthpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jr;
xj;Jg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;. jPH;g;ghiz nrhj;jpid mjd; vy;iyfs; kw;Wk;
jug;gltpy;iy vdpy; jPHg;ghizapd; efypd;wp mWjpnra;ag;gl;l gjpNtl;L vz; my;yJ
45 Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; rHNt vz; nfhz;L milahsk; 45
cj;juT-20 tpjp-6m) fhzKbAkhdhy; mjd; vy;iyfs;>
vz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
jPHg;ghiz tiffs;: jPHg;ghiz cj;juT-20 tpjp-9). tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs;
Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhfNth my;yJ mirAk; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; kw;Wk;
50 ,WjpahdjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. jPHg;ghiz me;j mirahr; nrhj;ij 50
Kd;Ndhl;lkhd jPHg;ghiz vd;gJ xU xg;gilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhy;> me;j mirAk;
tof;F Kw;wpYk; Kbe;J tplhky; nrhj;jpid jpUg;gp mspf;f Kbahj
gl;rj;jpy; mjw;F <lhd njhifiaAk; iyl; tl;b)
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp- kw;Wk; (,) jPHg;ghiz ntspahd
10). ehspypUe;J cz;ikapy; nrYj;jg;gLk;
5 jPHg;gpidNah> jPHg;ghiziaNah ehs;tiu cs;s tl;b. 5
cj;juitNah jpUj;Jjy;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-152
jPHg;gpNyh> jPHg;ghizapNyh my;yJ nrYTj; njhiffs;: rl;l eltbf;iff;fhd
cj;jutpNyh Vw;gl;l vOj;jH tifahd nrYTj;njhifiaj; jPHkhdpf;f
my;yJ vz;tifapyhd jtWfs; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpUg;Gilmjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
10 jtWjyhf vw;gl;l jtWfNsh NkYk;> me;jj; njhif ahuhy; vt;thW 10
tplg;gl;litfisNah ve;j xU fl;lj;jpYk; ve;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J ve;j msT nfhLf;f
ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNth my;yJ vjhtJ xU Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;fTk; mjw;fhd
jug;gpd; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; NghpNyh topfhl;Ljy;fis mspf;fTk; KO
rhpnra;ayhk;. mjpfhuk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ.
15 ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa jPHT fhZjy;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-35 nghJr; nrytpdk; 15
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-89-d;gb me;j tof;fpd; gw;wpAk; gphpT-35m jtwhd tof;F my;yJ
,Ujug;ghuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba mlhtb tof;Ff;fhd <l;Lj; njhif
jPHTf;fhd tha;g;G ,Ug;gjhf gw;wpAk; gphpT-35M jhkjg;gLj;JjYf;fhd
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njhpe;jhy; mj;jifa fl;ldj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. NkYk;>
20 jPHTf;fhd nrhw;nwhlHfis tbtikj;J rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20m gpw ,jur; 20
,Ujug;ghhplKk; nfhLj;J mtHfspd; nryTfs; - jug;Gfs; gpw jug;Gf;F
fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;fyhk; vd;fpwJ. mt;thW mspf;Fk; mwptpg;G mDg;g> miog;ghid
Nfl;lwpe;j fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; me;j mDg;g> jl;lr;R nra;a> tof;fpd;
jPHTf;fhd nrhw;nwhlHfis khw;wp mikj;J Njitf;fhf ePjpkd;w Mtzq;fis Ma;T
25 mij nghJtH jPHg;Gf;Nfh> nra;a> kw;Wk; jPHg;G kw;Wk; 25
,izf;fg;gLtjw;Nfh> ,Ujug;gpd; jPHg;ghizfspd; efy;fisg; ngnw MFk;
xj;jpirTf;Nfh> Nyhf; mjyj; cl;gl;l nryTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
ePjpKiwj; jPHTf;Nfh mDg;gyhk;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s ,aw;ifahd epiwNtw;Wjy;:
30 mjpfhuq;fs;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-151 ePjpia 30
epiyehl;lNth my;yJ ePjpkd;w Kiwfisj; epiwNtw;Wjy; vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jLf;fNth mspf;fg;gl;l jPHg;ghizia eilKiwg;
Njitahd cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpf;f gLj;JtjhFk;. jPHg;G ahUf;Fr; rhHghf
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;FfpwJ. rl;lk; cs;sNjh mtH ‘jPHg;ghiz cs;stH’ my;yJ
35 35
me;j mjpfhuj;jpw;F ve;j tifapYk; tuk;G ‘jPHg;G-fld; nfhLj;jtH’ vdTk; ahUf;F
itf;fhJ. vjpuhfj; jPHg;G cs;sNjh mtH ‘jPHg;G-
jPHg;G kw;Wk; jPHg;ghizfspd; fld;ngw;wtH’ vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwhH.
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l efy;fs;: thjp kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; -36-74 kw;Wk; cj;juT-21
40 gpujpthjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpz;zg;gk; nra;J jPHg;ig epiwNtw;Wjy; rhHghd tptuq;fisf; 40
jq;fs; nrhe;j nrytpy; ,tw;iwg; ngw;Wf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. me;jj; jPHg;gpid ntspapl;l
nfhs;syhk; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-20). ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh my;yJ ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
tl;b: jPHg;ghiz gzk; nrYj;Jjy; nray;gLj;j cj;jutplg; gl;Ls;sNjh me;j
rhHe;jjhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j %yjdj; ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh nray;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
45 njhifapd; kPjhd ePjpkd;wk; epHdapf;Fk; vd;fpwJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-38. epiwNtw;Wk; 45
tpOf;fhl;L tl;biar; nrYj;JkhWk; ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dhy; nry;yyhfhJ
Mizaplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-34). me;j mjhtJ> jPHg;ghizapd; nrhw;nwhlHfis
tl;b fPo;f;fhZk; vjhtnjhU my;yJ %d;W khw;wp mikf;f mjpfhuk; ,y;iy khwhf
tifapYNk tuyhk;: (m) tof;Fj; njhlUk; jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthNw epiwNtw;w
50 Kd;Ng nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;b> (M) Ntz;Lk;. mt;tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghUf;FNkh 50
tof;Fj; njhlHe;jjpypUe;J jPHg;ghiz my;yJ mtHfspd; gpujpepjpfSf;Nfh ,ilNa
mspj;j ehs; tiu cs;s tl;b (ngd;ld;l; jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk;NghNjh> tpLjiy
nra;Ak;NghNjh Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk;
mJgw;wpa jpUg;jp Nghd;wtw;iw me;j cj;juT-21 tpjp-15)
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; ePjpkd;wNk KbT jPHg;G-fldhsp ,we;J tpl;bUe;jhy; mtuJ
nra;Ak;. ,jw;fhf jdpnahU tof;Fj; njhlu rl;lg;G+Htkhd gpujpepjp - ,tH jPHg;G-
5 KbahJ. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-47). fldhspapd; nrhj;J rhHghf kl;LNk 5
ghj;jpag;gLthH jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; my;y
xU jPH;ghizapidr; nray;gLj;j (fl;lhaj; (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-50> 52> 53)
jil toq;Fk; jPHg;ghiz jtpu) fhytuk;G jd;idNa jPHg;G-fldhspapd; gpujpepjp vd;W
jPHg;ghiz ntspahd ehspypUe;J 12 $wpf;nfhs;gtH (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146) NkYk;>
10 Mz;LfshFk;. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; A.136) jPHg;G-fldhspapd; gpizak; (rl;lj;jpd; 10
gphpT-150)
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-11-y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
epge;jidfspd;gb epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;w mspf;fg;gLk;
tpz;zg;gk; tha;nkhopahfNth my;yJ xt;nthU vOj;Jg; G+Htkhd tpz;zg;gKk;
15 vOj;JtopahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L tpz;zg;gjhuuhNyh my;yJ 15
me;j tof;fpy; cs;sit gw;wp ed;F
fPo;f;fhZk; egHfs; epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd mwpe;jtnud ePjpkd;wk; fUJk; NtnwhUtuhNyh
tpz;zg;gj;ij toq;fyhk;: rhpghHf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mjpy;
jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtH (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT- rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-11-y;
20 21 tpjp-10) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW xU fl;lj;jpy; fPo;f;fhZk; 20
jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtH ,we;Jtpl;lhy; tptuq;fs; Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtuJ rl;lg;G+Htkhd gpujpepjp (rl;lj;jpd; tof;fpd; vz;
gphpT-146) tof;fpd; jug;gpdH
25 jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gthpd; gpujpepjp jPHg;ghiz ehs; 25
(rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146) VjhtJ Nky;KiwaPl;bid NjHT
jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtUf;F mbapy; cs;s nra;Js;shuh
ahuhtJ xUtH (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146) VjhtJ (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) jPHg;ghizf;Fg;
jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gthpd; khw;whs; - (m) gpd;dH ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; ,ilNa vd;d
30 jPHg;ghiz vOj;Jg;G+HtkhfNth my;yJ nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ mtHfSf;Fs; 30
rl;lg;gbNah khw;wg;gl;bUe;jhy; my;yJ (M) vd;d rkurk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
me;j jPHg;ghizia ntspapl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; VjhtJ (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) vd;d
mij epiwNtw;w tpz;zg;gpj;jpUe;jhy;> (,) epiwNtw;WjYf;fhd tpz;zg;gk; vg;NghJ
jPHg;G-fldhspf;Fk; khw;whSf;Fk; ,ilNa mspf;fg;gl;lJ mjw;fhd tpisT
35 mJgw;wpj; njhptpf;f mwptpg;Gk; tha;g;Gk; 35
jPHg;ghizapy; cs;sthW VjhtJ gzk;
toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf tpz;zg;gk; mspj;jpUf;f nryj;j Ntz;bapUe;jhy; %yjdj;njhif
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-49 kw;Wk; cj;juT-
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd tl;b (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;)
21 tpjp-16) my;yJ NtW VjhtJ epthuzk;
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jPHg;ghid Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy; kw;Wk; mjNdhL
40 itj;jpUg;NghH. Mdhy; (m) mjw;F khwhf 40
mjw;F Kd;dNuh my;yJ mjw;Fg;
jPHg;ghizapy; vJTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;ff; $lhJ> gpd;dNuh ntspahd FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizfs;
(M) jPHg;ghiz KOtijAk; epiwNtw;w gw;wpa tptuq;fs;
tpz;zg;gpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; (,) vy;yh nryTj; njhif VjhtJ
jPH;g;ghiz itj;jpUg;NghUf;Fk; eyk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy;
45 jUtjw;fhf tpz;zg;gpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. 45
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-10) NkYk; ahUf;F vjpuhf jPHg;ghiz epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;LNkh mtuJ ngaH
rpwg;ghd tpUg;gk; cs;s ahnuhUtUk;
ve;jtifapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cjtp Njit
fPo;f;fhz;gtHfSf;F vjpuhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd (m) jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
50 nrhj;jpidj; jUtjw;fh (M) VjhtJ 50
tpz;zg;gk; toq;fg; glyhk;:
nrhj;jpidg; gwpKjy; nra;tjw;fh my;yJ
gwpKjy; nra;J tpw;fth my;yJ gwpKjy;
jPHg;G-fldhsp (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-50 kw;Wk;
nra;ahky; tpw;gjw;fh (,) ahuhtJ xUtiuf; MfpNahNuhL $l;lhf itj;Js;s
ifJ nra;J rpiwapyilf;fth (<) jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;w tpz;zg;gpf;fpwhH.
nrhj;jhl;rpaiu epakpf;fth (c) epthuzj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18d;gb egH-6 me;j
5 jd;ikf; Nfw;w cjtpNfl;lh (rl;lj;jpd; jPHg;ghizia xU FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizahff; 5
cj;juT-21). fUjyhk;.
FWf;F jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wjy;:
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp 26
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18 kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;> me;j jPHg;ghizia
10 ,U ntt;NtW tof;Ffspd; FWf;Fj; epiwNtw;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; NghJkhd fhuzq;fs; 10
jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,U ,Ue;jhy; jPHg;G-fldhsp gpiz nrYj;Jk;
njhiffisAk; mNj ,U jug;gpdUk; xUtH gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfis
kw;wtUf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jhy; mJTk; Vw;Wr; nray;gLj;jpdhy; me;jj; jPHg;ghizia
xNu Neuj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jhy; epiwNtw;Wtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
15 mjw;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; te;jpUe;jhy; (m) me;j fhyj;jpw;F jilnra;J itf;fyhk;. ,J jPHg;G- 15
,U njhiffSk; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,U fldhsp jPHg;gizia ntspapl;l
jPHg;ghizfspd; jpUg;jpia milayhk;. (M) ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ Nky; ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh
,U njhiffSk; rkkw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j KiwaPL nra;J epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj;
,U njhiffspy; Fiwthd njhifia fopj;J jilahiz ngw tha;g;gspf;Fk;.
20 tpl;L mjpfkhd njhifAila jPHg;G- 20
itj;jpUg;gtuhNyNa epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. xd;Wf;F fhHdp\P eltbf;iffs;:
Nkw;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf NrHj;Jk; gytifapYk;
jPHg;G-itj;jpUg;gtH mtUf;F vjpuhff; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-46A - 46I cs;s
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; jPHg;ghizfis jdpahf \uj;Jfs; fhHdp\P eltbf;if vLf;Fk;
25 xUtUf;F rhHghfNth my;yJ gyUf;F tpjk;gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mjhtJ> jPHg;ghiz 25
rhHghfNth nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; itj;jpUg;gtH jPHg;G-fldhspaplkpUe;J ngw
jPHg;ghizfisAk; xU FWf;Fj; Ntz;ba njhifiaNah nrhj;ijNah jPHg;G-
jPHg;ghizahff; fUjp epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. fldhspapd; fldhspaplkpUe;J (fhHdp\P)
Neubahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhd
30 tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2f;F vjpuhf &.1000/- f;fhd eltbf;ifahFk;. jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; 30
jPHg;ghizia itj;jpUf;fpwhH. egH-2 egH-1-f;F ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;Gf; fldhspapd; fldhspahd
vjpuhf &. 1000/- f;fhd jPHg;ghizia %d;whtJ egiu jPHg;G-itj;jpUg;gtUf;Fr;
itj;jpUf;fpwhH. xUNtis egH-1 vjpH fhyj;jpy; nrYj;JkhW cj;jutplyhk;.
egH-2-f;F xUrpy nghUl;fis toq;ftpy;iy.
35 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18-d;gb egH-2 mtH ntspehl;Lj; jPHg;Gfs;: 35
itj;Js;s jPHg;ghizia FWf;Fj;
jPHg;ghizahff; fUj KbahJ. rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-13-toq;fpAs;s tpjptpyf;Ffspy;
tuhj ve;j xU ntspehl;Lj; jPHg;Gk;
tpsf;fk;: egH-1k; egH-2k; $l;L thjpfshtH. ,e;jpahtpy; fPo;f;fhZk; tpjq;fspy;
40 mtHfs; egH-3f;F vjpuhf &.1000-f;fhd epiwNtw;wyhk;: (m) me;j ntspehl;Lj; 40
jPHg;ghiziag; ngw;Ws;sdH. egH-3 egH-2f;F jPHg;gpd;kPJ xU tof;Fj; njhLg;gjd; %yk;
vjpuhf &.1000/- f;fhd jPHg;ghizia my;yJ (M) xUrpy Fwpg;gpl;l tof;Ffspy; -
itj;jpUf;fpwhH. egH-3 me;j jPHg;ghizia xU mjhtJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-44m tpy;
FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizahf rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tof;Ffspy; Neubahf
45 epiwNtw;Wk; eltbf;iffis vLg;gjd; %yk; 45
tpjp-18d;gb fUj KbahJ.
epiwNtw;wyhk;. ntspehl;L nghJtuhy;
toq;fg;gl;l jPHg;G mij cUthf;fpa ehl;by;
tpsf;fk;: egH-1>2>3>4>5 MfpNahH $l;lhfTk; epiwNtw;wf; $Lkhdhy; mij ,e;jpahtpYk;
gyuhfTk; egH-6 itj;Js;s jPHg;ghizapd; epiwNtw;wyhk;.
50 %yk; &.1000/- flikg;gl;Ls;sdH. egH-1 egH- 50
6f;F vjpuhf jdpahf &.1000/- f;fhd Nky;KiwaPLfs;> ghpe;Jiuj;jy; kW Ma;T
jPHg;ghizia itj;jpUf;fpwhH. mtH egH-2>3>4>5 nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nkyha;T nra;jy;
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l cj;jutpdhNyh Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gij xt;nthd;whf
my;yJ jPHg;ghizapdhNyh xUtH vz;fspl;L tpthjkpd;wpAk; tpthpj;Jk; vOjhky;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtH mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW jiyg;Gf;fbapy; kpfr; RWf;fkhf
5 ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;a ,lkspj;jhy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzk; fl;Lk;gb NfhUk; 5
me;j cj;juTf;Nfh> jPHg;ghizf;Nfh vjpuhf jPHg;ghizia vjpHj;J Nky; KiwaPL
Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. my;yJ kW Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
nra;aNth kW tprhuid nra;aNth Nfhhp njhifia me;j Nky; ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpLk;
tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. xUrpy Neuq;fspy; fPo; ehl;fSf;Fs; itg;Gj; njhifahfr; nrYj;j
10 ePjpkd;wk; caH ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j tof;if Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ePjpkd;wk; NfhUk; 10
ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;. gpizaj;njhifiaf; fl;l Ntz;Lk;.
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JT(2009) II SC 533 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN
EiPôdLdá¥V. ¿dLdá¥V. Uôt\dá¥V.
¿§Uu\m Dr. Vimala V. Delhi
LhÓlTÓjRdá¥V. A¯dLdá¥V ApXÕ
Administration, AIR 1963 SC 1572 Gu\
®Ó®dLdá¥V BYQm ApXÕ RUdÏ
YZd¡p “úUôN¥” ùNôp-u ׬RûX JÚ NhPl ùTôßl× EiÓ ApXÕ CpûX
TVuTÓj§ Es[Õ, Vimala YZd¡p EfN Guß JÚYo JjÕdùLôs[dá¥V
¿§Uu\m úUôN¥ Gu¡u\ ùNôp CWiÓ BYQjûR ϱdÏm,
AeLeLû[ ùLôiPRôLÜm AûY
HUôtßRp Utßm HUôt±VYtÏ G-Ó : H - Ru JÚ Ei¥«u ©u×\m Ru
ùTôÚ[RôW CZl©tÏm úUXôL LôVm ùTVûW GÝÕ¡\ôo, CRu êXm A§p
4
G-Ó : JÚ ¨ßY]j§u LQdÏl ×jRLj§p ¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ, (Asgar V. State of
Es[ RûXl©p TeLô°L°u ùTVoLs Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1977 SC 1812).
Utßm AYoL°u ØRÄÓLs Utßm
ûLùVôlTeLs Aû]jÕm CÚkRôp AÕ C,R,N,®p BÙs RiPû] GuTÕ
5
AYoL°u ùNVpLû[ R²lThP ÖûZV ØVÛmúTôÕ ÅhÓ LôYXWôp
Øû\«p ¨ì©lTRtÏ L¥]UôL RÓdLlTÓ¡\ôo, G]úY. AYo ÅhÓ
CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ ©¬Ü 34 LôYXûW ÑhÓd ùLôp¡\ôo, C§p ùTôÕ
TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\Õ, Manboob Shah úSôdLm H-ûY ùLôpYRtLôL CÚkRôÛm
YZd¡p Privy Council ©¬Ü 34I ÅhÓd LôYXûW ÑhÓd ùLôu\Õ AkR
ùYt±LWUôL TVuTÓjR úYiÓùU²p ùTôÕ úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ
×Lô¬PlTÓm JÚ Ït\ ùNVp Ït\m ùNnVlThP JÚ ùNVp, G]úY. ©¬Ü 34
NôhPlThPYoL[ôp JÚ ùTôÕYô] CRtÏ ùTôÚkÕm, Cuù]ôÚ
úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ áhPôL GÓjÕdLôhÓ JÚYûW ùLôûX ùNnÙm
ùNnVlThPÕ Guß ¨ì©dLl TP úYiÓm, úSôdLjÕPu AYo çeϪPj§p
AqYôß ùNnRôp AkRd áhPj§p ÖûZÙmúTôÕ AYo ApXôUp
Es[ GkRùYôÚ R²STo ÁÕm AkR úYù\ôÚYo AeÏ çe¡d ùLôi¥Úd¡\ôo,
ùNVûX AYo R²VôL ùNnRôtúTôp B]ôp AYoRôu ùLôûX ùNnV
ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV HtTÓjRXôm, úYi¥VYo Guß LÚ§ AYo ÑhÓd
(Manboom Shah V. Emperor, AIR 1945 (PC) ùLôpXlTÓ¡\ôo, CqYôß ÑhÓd ùLôpYÕ
6
ApXÕ NhPj§tÏ ØWQô] Y¯«p ©¬Ü 120© Ït\Øß N§ûV CWiÓ
NhPj§tÏ ØWQpXôR JÚ ùNnûLûV YûLVôL ©¬d¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 120© (1) UWQ
ùNnV EPuTÓm ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ RiPû] BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ
ùNn®dÏmúTôÕ AjRûLV EPuT¥dûL CWiÓ YÚPeLÞdÏ úUtThP JÚ LôX
JÚ Ït\Øß N§ G]lTÓm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü A[ÜdÏ LÓeLôYp RiPû] ®§jÕ
120Hu ¸r Ït\Øß N§ GuTRtÏ Ri¥dLlTPdá¥V JÚ Ït\jûR
Jl×ûLûV R®W úYß HúRàm JÚ ùNVp ùNnYRtLô] Ït\Øß N§«p TeÏ
AkR Jl×ûLûV ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ ùLôs¡u\ GYo JÚYÚm AjRûLV
ùNnVlTP úYiÓm, Ït\Øß N§ûVl Ït\Øß N§ûV Ri¥lTRtÏ C,R,N,®p
Tt±V NhPm ªLÜm ®¬YôL State V. R²lThP Y¯Øû\ GÕÜm
Nalini, (1999) 5 SCC 60 Gu\ YZd¡p State ùNnVlTPô®hPôp AjRûLV Ït\j§tÏ
7
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 141 “NhP ®úWôRUô] JÚ ùNVp ®XdÏL°p ¸r YÚ¡u\Õ
áhPj”ûR YûWVßd¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 34 GuTûR ¨ì©dÏm TôWm Ït\m
Utßm ©¬Ü 149 JußdùLôuß NôhPlThPYûW NôokRÕ, Ck§V Nôh£V
úYßThPÕ, ©¬Ü 34 ùYßm Nôh£V ®§ NhPm ©¬Ü 105u ¸r YZd¡û] JÚ
UhÓúU B]ôp. ©¬Ü 149 JÚ ®Xd¡u ¸r ùLôiÓ YÚm NkRolTeLs
R²lThP ¨ûXØû\ Ït\UôÏm, úUÛm. CÚkRÕ GuTûR ¨ì©dÏm TôWm Ït\m
©¬Ü 34 ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV EiPôdL NôhPlThPY¬Pm Es[Õ, úUÛm.
ùTôÕúSôdLm Gu¡\ úNôRû]ûV ¿§Uu\m CjRûLV NkRolTeLs CpûX
TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 149 ùTôÕ Guß ùTôÕYôL AàUô²dÏm, Nanavati
ϱdúLôs Gu¡\ úNôRû]ûV YZd¡p ¿§Uu\m CjRûLV
TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ, ùTôÕ úSôdLm NkRolTeLs ¨ì©dLlTÓm YûW AûY
úTô-pXôUp ùTôÕ Ï±dúLôÞdÏ Øu× CpûXùV]úY LÚRlTÓm Guß
GiQm Utßm U]eL°u Nk§l×. Ït\m á±Ùs[Õ, (K.M. Nanavati V. State of
ùNnYRtÏ ØuúT úRûY«pûX, Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605).
NhPj§tÏ ×\mTô] ϱdúLôs AkR
®XdÏLû[ ¨ì©dL úYi¥V Nôh£ RWm
CPj§úXúV AlùTôÝúR EÚYôLXôm,
©¬Ü 34p CWiÓ ApXÕ CWi¥tÏ
EfN ¿§Uu\m Vijayee Singh and Others V.
úUtThP SToLs úRûY, ©¬Ü 149u ¸r
State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) 3 SCC 190
Ït\m ׬YRtÏ 5 ApXÕ Ik§tÏ
Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
úUtThP SToLs NhP®úWôRUô]
RuàûPV ùNVpLs ®XdÏLÞdÏs
áhPj§u Eßl©]oL[ôL CÚdL
YÚ¡u\Õ GuTûR ¨ì©dL úRûYVô]
úYiÓm,
RWm ùTÚmTôuûU Nôj§VdáßL°u
A¥lTûP«p Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm
ùTôÕ ®XdÏLs
Guß ¾oUô²jRÕ, C§p úNôRû]dϬV
JÚ £X ùNVpLs £X NkRolTeL°p úLs® VôùR²p Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
Ït\m Gu¡u\ YûWVû\«-ÚkÕ C,R,N, RuàûPV ùNVp NkúRLj§tÏ CPªu±
Aj§VôVm 4-u ¸r ¿dLlThÓs[Õ, ®Xd¡u ¸r YkÕs[Õ
C,R,N,®u ©¬ÜLû[ CkR ®XdÏLû[Ùm Guß ¨ì©jÕs[ôWô GuTÕ CpûX,
U]§p ùLôiÓ Sôm ׬kÕ B]ôp AjRûLV G§oYôRjûR AYo
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, áßmùTôÝÕ AWÑ RWl× YZd¡p
JÚ ¨VôVUô] NkúRLjûR HtTÓj§
®Xd¡û] ¨ì©dÏm TôWm
®ÓRûX ùTßm E¬ûU ùTß¡\ôWô
8
GuTÕRôu, (Kanali B arui V. Subhas Das, LôhÓm ×Lôo CÚkRôp AqYZdÏL°p
1983 Cri. L.J. 1474). Ït\®Vp SÓYo
×LôûW ¨WôL¬lTÕ ¨VôVUôÏm” Guß
ùTôÕYôL CkR ®XdÏLs YZdÏ
á±Ùs[Õ,
®NôWûQ«uùTôÝÕRôu ¨ì©dLlTP
úYiÓm, B]ôp EfN ¿§Uu\m Vadilal Aj§VôVm 4-u ¸r Es[ ®XdÏLs –
Panchal V. Dattatraya Dulaji Ghadigaonkar ùTôÕ ©¬ÜLs
and Another, AIR 1960 SC I 113 Gu\
ùTôÚiûU RYß
YZd¡p JÚ ùNVp C,R,N,u ¸r YÚm
®XdÏLÞdÏs YkÕ. úUÛm CÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 76T¥ NhPj§u êXm JÚ
×Lô¬úXúV ùY°lTûPVôL ùR¬kRôp Lô¬VjûR Bt\úYi¥V
Ït\®Vp SÓYo BûQl ©\l©dL LPûUÙs[ JÚYo AlT¥ LPûU Btßm
UßdÏm A§LôWjûR ùTtßs[ôo, EfN SpùXiQjÕPu JÚ Lô¬VjûR
¿§Uu\m ¸rLiPYôß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ, ùNnRôÛm ApXÕ AkR Lô¬VjûR
AjRûLV SpùXiQjÕPu RY\ôL
“SmØu CÚdÏm £±V úLs®
ùNnRôÛm AÕ Ït\UôLôÕ,
Gu]ùYu\ôp Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 202-u ¸r JÚ ×Lôo EiûUVô]Rô G-Ó : (1) úUX§Lô¬L°u EjRWÜlT¥ JÚ
ApXÕ ùTônVô]Rô Guß A±kÕ úTôÄvLôWo áhPj§u ÁÕ ÕlTôd¡
ùLôsYRtLôL EjRW®Óm ®NôWûQ AÕ ©WúVôLm ùNn¡\ôo, AYo ÁÕ GkR
ùTônVô]Õ GuTûR Lôi©jÕ ARtLô] Ït\Øm NôWôÕ,
A±dûLÙm AYo ®NôWûQ
G-Ó : (2) JÚ ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ ùTt\
A§Lô¬«PªÚkÕ ùTt\ôp AYo AkR
A§Lô¬Vô] ©-dÏ H-ûY ûLÕ ùNnV
×LôûW AlùTôÝúR ¨WôL¬dLXôm Guß
úYiÓm Guß EjRWÜ Es[Õ, AYo
EVo ¿§Uu\m á±VÕ N¬Vô GuTÕRôu,
RY\ôL H-Guß ¨û]jÕd ùLôiÓ £-I
AYo NhPlT¥ BûQl ©\l©júR ¾W
ûLÕ ùNnÕ ®hPôp AÕ Ït\UôLôÕ,
úYiÓm Guß Es[Rô? C,R,N,®u ¸r
Es[ ®Xd¡û] VôúWàm YôRj§p C,R,N, ©¬Ü 79
ùLôiPôp AkR ×LôûW EP]¥VôL
Ït\®Vp SÓYo ¨WôL¬dLdáPôÕ Guß GûRúVàm JÚYo ùNnYÕ
9
RYt±u LôWQUôL AûR Rôu ùNnYÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 78 JÚ ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ
NhPlT¥ ¨VôVUô]Õ Guß ApXÕ BûQ«u A¥lTûP«p. ARu
SpùXiQjúRôÓ Sm© ùNnRôp AYWôp ®û[YôL ùNnVlTÓm Aû]jÕ
ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp Ït\UôLôÕ, ùNVpLû[Ùm TôÕLôd¡\Õ,
10
×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpXô ¨ûX Nanncy Khan V. State (Delhi
Administration), (1986) 2 Crimes 328 (Del)
JÚYÚdÏ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpûX Guß
Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\ ùNVp SPdÏm
áßmúTôÕ ùTôßl× ¨ûX EiPôdL
RÚQj§p Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V úNôRû]ûV C,R,N,
U]¨ûXûVl Tt± JÚ®R úLs®Ùm
©¬Ü 84 áß¡\Õ, “×j§ ÑYô¾]m
Nôh£L°Pm úLhLlTP®pûX, úUÛm.
CpXô ¨ûX” GuTRtÏ C,R,N,®u ¸r Ït\m NôhPlThPYo ©jÕ ¨ûX Gu¡u\
R²lThP ®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp ®Xd¡û]Ùm Yô§P®pûX, G]úY.
¿§Uu\eLs CRû] ©jÕ ¨ûXdÏ úUpØû\ÂhÓ ¿§Uu\j§p UhÓm
GuTRtÏ DPôL LÚ§Ùs[], ©jÕ¨ûX ®XdÏ úRûY Guß
ØRuØû\VôL YôRm ùNnV Ø¥VôÕ
B]ôp “©jÕ ¨ûX” GuTRtÏm R²lThP
Gußm Ït\m NôhPlThPYo C,R,N,©¬Ü
®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, CÕ
84-u ¸r TVuùT\ E¬ûU«pXôRYo
TpúYß ¨ûXL°p Es[ U]¨ûX
Guß ¾oUô²jRÕ,
Tô§lûT Ñh¥dLôhÓm, G]úY JÚYo
HúRàm JÚYûLVô] U]¨ûX Tô§l×dÏ Jagdish V. State of M.P., JT 2009 (12) SC
EhTh¥ÚkRôp ARu LôWQUôL UhÓúU
300 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\Øm
AYÚdÏ Ït\l ùTôßl× ¨ûX«-ÚkÕ
Ït\Yô° ØRuØû\VôL EfN
©¬Ü 84-u ¸r ®XdÏ ¡ûPdLôÕ, (Bapu ¿§Uu\j§u Øu× ©jÕ ¨ûX Gu\
& Gajraj Singh V. State of Rajasthan, (2007) ®Xd¡û] YôRôÓYÕ Øû\VôLôÕ Guß
8 SCC 66). AkR YôRj§û] ¨WôL¬jRÕ,
ùTßYôo, áß¡\Õ,
11
CûNÜ EVo ¿§Uu\m ºWôn®p JÚY¬u LôVm
ªL AtTUô]RôL NôRôWQ A±Üm
18 YV§tÏ úUtThP JÚYÚdÏ
ÑTôYØm EûPV Aû]YWôÛm
AYÚûPV NmURj§u úT¬p
LÚRlTÓm Gu\ôp AjRûLV LôVjûR
CûZdLlTÓm ÕuTjûR Ït\UôL
HtTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓYÕ
ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, CkR ®Xd¡u ¸r
Ït\UôLôÕ Guß ¾oUô²jÕ
CPmùT\ UWQm ApXÕ ùLôÓeLôVm
RiPû]ûV Rs° ûYjÕ
EiPôdL úYiÓm Gu\ úSôdLm
YZd¡û] ¨WôL¬jRÕ, CkR Ø¥ûY
CÚdLdáPôÕ,
Øu²ßj§ EfN ¿§Uu\Uô]Õ
12
CûRl Tt± úUÛm. Neelam Mahajan GkùRkR RÚQeL°p RtLôl× E¬ûU
Singh V. Commissioner of Police & Others, UWQm HtTÓjÕm A[®tÏ ùNpXXôm
13
©¬Ü 299 ØRp 304 – UWQm ®û[®dÏm AÕ UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\UôLúY
Ït\m Utßm ùLôûX LÚRlTÓm Guß ®[dLlThÓs[Õ,
(C,R,N, ©¬Ü 299) ùLôûX Ït\m (C,R,N, H- TWl© ûYd¡\ôo, ©- GuTYo ¨Xm
©¬Ü 304H) Utßm RtùLôûX (C,R,N, ©¬Ü úSÚ¡\Õ, H-úUtLiP Ït\jûR ùNnRYo
14
CÚdLdáPôÕ, ©¬Ü 299-u ¸r ùLôûX GuTûR A±kÕ / EQokÕ UWQjûRúVô
Ït\UpXôR UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\m ApXÕ úUtùLôu] LôVjûRúVô
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304u ¸r Ri¥dLj RÏkRÕ, ®û[®dÏm BTjûR úUtùLôsYRtÏ
VôùRôÚ LôWQØm CpXôUp Õ¦kÕ
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 300 ¸rLiP RÚQeL°p
AkR ùNnûLûV ùNnRôo Gu\ôp,
UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\jûR “ùLôûX
Ït\UôL” LÚÕ¡\Õ, G]úY. JqùYôÚ ùLôûXÙm UWQm
®û[®dÏm Ït\j§u ¸r APeÏm,
ØRXôYRôL UWQjûR B]ôp. UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\eLs
®û[®dÏm ùNVp UWQjûR Aû]jÕm ùLôûXVôLôÕ,
®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu
ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôp G-Ó : CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p
UWQm ®û[®dL úTôÕUô] JÚ Yôs
CWiPôYRôL LôVm ApXÕ JÚ EÚhÓjR¥ LôVjûRúVô H-©-
CûZdLlTÓTYÚdÏ AdLôVm UWQjûR dÏ AjRûLV LôVm ®û[®dÏm
AúSLUôL ®û[®dLdáÓm Guß úSôdLjÕPu EiPôdÏ¡\ôo, CR]ôp ©-
Ït\Yô°«u A±ÜdÏ / EQo®tÏ TÓ¡\ C\d¡\ôo, CeÏ ©-u UWQjûR
EPtLôVjûR ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjûR H-
AÕ ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôp ùLôi¥ÚdLô®hPôÛm AYo ùLôûX
Ït\m ׬kRYo B¡\ôo,
êu\ôYRôL. GYÚdúLàm
EPp LôVjûR ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu G-Ó : JÚ UdLs áhPjtÏs
AÕ ùNnVlThÓ AqYôß Gu¦V AkR LôWQªpXôUp JÚ ùY¥UÚkÕ
EPtLôVUô]Õ CVtûL«u NôRôWQ AûPdLlThP ÀWe¡ûV ÑhÓ áhPj§p
úTôd¡p UWQjûR EiPôdÏYRtÏ JÚYûW H-ùLôp¡\ôo, CqYôß ùNnV H-
úTôÕUô]RôL CÚd¡\Õ Gu\ôp Øuáh¥úV §hPªPôUp CÚkRôÛm
AYo ùLôûX Ït\m ùNnRYo B¡\ôo,
SôuLôYRôL. AfùNnûLûV
ùNn¡\Yo AÕ ùTÚmTôÛm ©¬Ü 299 ApXÕ 300 GuTûR ¨oQ«dL
15
®û[®dÏm Ït\Uô Guß ¨oQ«dL CkRd úLs®dLô] T§p Bm Gu±ÚkÕ
úYiÓúUô AlùTôÝÕ AkR YZd¡û] B]ôp AkR YZdÏ ©¬Ü 300-u ¸r
êuß T¥L[ôL LÚÕYÕ ÑXTUôL Es[ ®§®XdÏL°u ¸r APe¡]ôp
CÚdÏm Guß EfN ¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ, AkR Ït\m ùLôûX ApXôUp UWQm
®û[®dÏm Ït\UôÏm, CRtLô]
ØRp LhPUôL LÚRúYi¥V úLs®
RiPû] ©¬Ü 304 Tϧ -1u ¸r Es[Õ,
Gu]ùYu\ôp Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
UWQjûR ®û[®dLdá¥V ùNVûX ©¬Ü 300u ¸r Es[ ®XdÏLs
ùNnÕs[ôWô GuTÕ, Ït\m
NôhPlThPY¬u ùNVÛdÏm AR]ôp LÓûUVô] Utßm §¼o
çiÓRp (LôiL K.M. Nanavati V. State
®û[kR UWQj§tÏm Es[ CûQl©u of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605).
Nôh£ SmûU CWiPôYÕ LhPj§tÏ
RtLôl×
GÓjÕf ùNp¡\Õ, CkRd LhPj§p
AfùNVp 229-u ¸r UWQjûR ùTôÕ E¯VoL°u ùNVpLs
®û[®dÏm Ït\Uô GuTûR
§¼o NiûP
GuTûR ¨oQ«dL úYiÓm,
NmURm
CkR úLs®dÏ ØRp TôoûY«úXúV Bm
©¬Ü 299 Utßm 300d¡ûPVp
Guß T§p CÚkRôp êu\ôYÕ LhPUôL
Es[ úYßTôÓ
©¬Ü 300 CkR ùNVÛdÏ ùTôÚkÕUô
GuTûR BWôVúYiÓm, CkR LhPj§p ©¬Ü 299 Utßm 300dÏ CûP«p
¿§Uu\m AWÑ RWl©]ôp ¨ì©dLlThP Es[ úYßTôhûP Melville J. GuTYo Reg
ùTôÚiûULs Aû]jÕm ©¬Ü 300-u V. Govinda, (1876) ILR 1 Bom 342 Gu\
¸r Es[ SôuÏ Es©¬ÜL°p HúRàm YZd¡p LÚ§Ùs[ôo, CkR YZdÏ UWQm
Ju±u ¸r AkRf ùNVûX ùLôiÓ YÚUô ®û[®dÏm Ït\jûR ׬kÕ ùLôsYRtÏ
GuTûR ¨oQ«dL úYiÓm, CkR RtúTôÕ ªL Ød¡VUô] JÚ Y¯Lôh¥,
úLs®dÏ T§p CpûX Guß CÚkRôp CkR YZd¡p
AkRd Ït\m ùLôûX ApXôUp UWQm TVuTÓjRlThÓs[ NhPlTh¥ûL Yô¬Vô]
®û[®dÏm Ït\m Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ JlÀÓ EfN ¿§Uu\j§]ôp Htßd
CRtÏ ©¬Ü 304 Tϧ 1 ApXÕ 2u ¸r. ùLôs[lThÓs[Õ,
©¬Ü 299. 2 ApXÕ 3-YÕ Eh©¬®u ¸r
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16
Tô§dLlThPY¬u JÚ Ï±l©hP CpûXùVu\ôÛm AYÚdÏ UWQm
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CÚRV ¨ûXûVl Tt± R²lThP A±Ü UWQm HtTÓjRdá¥V EPtLôVm GuTÕ
17
UWQm AkR EPtLôVj§u LôWQUôL GuTûR ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, ARôYÕ AÕ
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18
ùNV-]ôp LhPôVm ¨LZd á¥VRôL ãr¨ûXLÞm AkR Ït\j§u NkRolT
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19
UWQm HtTÓjÕm úSôdLm E«¬ZkRôs, CkR YZd¡p EfN
CpXôUúX R]Õ ùNVp UWQjûR ¿§Uu\m KhÓS¬u LY]ªuûUûV
of Andhra Pradesh, (2000) 7 SCC 272 Gu\ ¿§Uu\m Jacob Mathew V. State of Punjab
20
AÔLlThÓs[Õ Gußm E¬ûU«Vp UÚjÕYo ùNnR ùNV-]ôp UWQm
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Guß ¿§Uu\m á±VÕ, LY]ªuûU JÚ SCC 1)
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21
AYs §ÚUQm Ø¥kÕ 7 AqYôß AàUô²lT§-ÚkÕ
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Gußm ¨ì©dLlThPôp ¿§Uu\m GpXôm Rajbabu and Another V. State of Madhya
ãr¨ûXLû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ AkR Pradesh, AIR 2008 SC 3212)
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22
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23
Thakorlal D. Valgame V. State of Gujarat, ùLôÓdÏm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓm
(1973) 2 SCC 413 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN LPjRûX Ri¥dÏm,
¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 361u ¸r çd¡ ùNpYÕ
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YZeÏYRtLôL ùLôiÓYWlThPÕ, AR]ôp NmURjûR A°d¡\ôs GuTûR
Cl©¬®u ¸r JÚYo AWNôeLm ApXÕ ùR¬kÕm AkR NmURjÕPu
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IkRôYRôL. ©jÕ ¨ûX«u
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JqYôRûY APe¡V HúRàm
24
ùLôÓdLlThPRôÛm AlùTi NmURm A¥dL¥ EPÛ\Ü ùLôsÞm TZdLm
A°dÏm ùNV-u RuûUûVúVô ApXÕ Es[Yo Gu\ JúW LôWQj§tLôL AY[Õ
®û[ÜLû[úVô A±Vô§ÚkÕ YôdÏ êXjûR SmTôUp CÚjRp áPôÕ
AfNUVj§p AYs ùLôÓdÏm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ,
NmURjÕPu
Madho Ram V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR
B\ôYRôL. AlùTi 16 1973 SC 469 Gu\ YZd¡p Tô§dLlThP
YV§tÏ EhThPYWôL CÚl©u AY[Õ ùTi¦u YôdÏêXm úYß Nôu±]ôp
NmURjÕPu ApXÕ NmURm Cu± EߧTÓjRlTPô®hPôÛm ARu
A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU RiPû]
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 375 JÚ ®[dLjûR
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Yu×Qof£ Ït\j§tÏ AY£VUô] C,R,N, ©¬Ü 376 Yu×Qof£dLô] RiPû]
Tô-Vp EPÛ\Ü AûUYRtÏ ÖûZRp
Yu×Qof£ Ït\j§tÏ Ïû\kRThNm 7
úTôÕUô]RôÏm, úUÛm JÚYo Ru
YÚP £û\ RiPû]Ùm. ATWôRØm
Uû]®úVôÓ AkR Uû]® 15
®§dLlThÓs[Õ,
YV§tÏhThPYWôL CpXôRùTôÝÕ
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Yu×Qof£ BLôÕ, ùTôÚhÓ JÚ ùTi Juß ApXÕ Ju±dÏ
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16 YV§tÏ ¸r Es[ ùTi¦u
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NmURjûR LÚj§p ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ
áhPôL úNokÕ Yu×Qof£ ùNnRRôL
(Bishnu Dayal V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981
LÚRlTÓm, Pramod Mehto V. State of Bihar,
SC 39) State of U.P. V. Manoj Kumar
AIR 1989 SC 1475 Gu\ YZd¡p SôuÏ
Panday, AIR 2009 SC 711 Gu\ YZd¡p
SToLs úNokÕ JÚ ùTiûQ
Tô§dLlThP ùTi 16 YV§tÏ úU-ÚkR
Yu×Qof£ ùNnRRôLÜm ARtúLt\
JÚ LôWQj§]ôp UhÓm AYs NmURm
UÚjÕY Nôh£VeLÞm CÚkRRôp
A°jRRôL LÚR Ø¥VôÕ Guß EfN
AYoLs Aû]Y¬u
¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ,
RiPû]Ùm ¨ûX¨ßjRlThPÕ,
EfN ¿§Uu\m State of Uttar Pradesh V. CqYZd¡p CYoLs Aû]YÚm
Om, 1999 Cr. L.J. 5030 Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\j§p TeúLt\]Wô ApXÕ Vôo
Tô§dLlThP ùTi TiTt\Ys, úUÛm TeúLt\]o GuTûR ¨ì©dL
úRûY«pûX,
25
Ck§V Nôh£f NhPm ©¬Ü 114H – NmURm úVô² ApXôR Eßl× NôokR EPÛ\Ü
Utßm £ßYoLÞPu AqYô\ô]
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E\ÜLû[Ùm Es[PdÏm,
©¬Ü 376(2)u ¸r (©¬Ü 372(2)(f) R®W)
SPjRlTÓm YZdÏL°p GeùLpXôm 18 YV§tÏ ¸r Es[Yo Tô-Vp
E\®tÏ NmURm A°dL Rϧ CpXôRYo
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Tô-Vp EPÛ\Ü ¨ì©dLlThÓs[úRô
Utßm EPûULÞdÏ G§Wô] Ït\eLs
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 377 – N92 Foundation V. G]úY. §ÚhÓ Ït\m ׬Rp JÚY¬u
Government of NCT and Others, 210 Cri. EPûU«-ÚkÕ AûNÙm ùNôjûR AYWÕ
L.J. 94 YZd¡p ¥p- EVo ¿§Uu\m NmURm CpXôUp ®XdÏRp Utßm
AqYôß ®XdÏRp úSoûUVt\
T§ù]hÓ YV§tÏ úUXô] CWiÓ úSôdLjÕPu AkRl ùTôÚû[ GÓjÕd
U²RoLÞdÏ CûPúV R²lThP ùLôsYRtLôL ùNnRp B¡V CWiÓ
Øû\«p U]ØYkÕ ¨LÝm Aû]jÕ AeLeLû[ ùLôiPÕ,
Tô-Vp E\ÜLÞm Ït\UôdLlTPd
áPôÕ Gußm AqYôß ùNnRp Ck§V G]úY. NmURm CpXôUp JÚY¬u
26
®û[®dÏm ùNVp úSoûUVt\ ùNVp B]ôp H-Sm©dûL úUôN¥ ùNnRRôL
Guß LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ, LÚRXôm,
27
G-Ó : (2) JÚ ùRôûLûV H-dÏ ©-ùLôÓdL ùNpY§p ApXÕ GÓjÕ ùNpX Ø¥Y§p
LhÓlTÓjÕm JÚ LPu Eߧ ºh¥p Ït\Yô° AÕ ¨û\úYßYRtLôL
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T±jRûX ùNn¡\ôo, ®û[®jRôp ApXÕ ®û[®dL
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ùYßm Rô°p ûLùVlTm ChÓ AûR AfÑßjRlThP STÚPu CÚkRôp. AYûW.
R]dÏ ùLôÓdLf ùNn¡\ôo, CqYôß AYÚdÏ ApXÕ úYß JÚYÚdÏ UWQm.
ûLùVôlTm ChP Rôs LôVm ApXÕ Øû\Vt\ RÓjRp
U§l×s[ Tj§WUôL Uôt\dá¥VÕ G]úY EP]¥VôL HtTÓm Guß AfNm
H-AfÑßj§ T±jRp Ït\jûR ùLôs[ ùNnÕ AfÑßj§ T±jRôp Utßm
ùNnÕs[ôo, Chander Kala V. Ram Kishan, AqYôß AfNm ùLôs[ ùNnÕ AqYôß
AIR 1985 SC 1268 Gu\ YZd¡p JÚ AfNm ùLôs[ ùNnVlThPYûW AfÑßj§
Ts°«u RûXûU B£¬Vo JÚ ùTi T±dÏm ùTôÚû[ AkR CPj§úXúV
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ûLùVôlTm CPd á± CpûXùVu\ôp AfÑßj§ T±jRp ùLôsû[VôÏm,
AYûW Uô]TeLm TÓjÕYRôL
G-Ó : ©-I ¸úZ Rs° ©¥jÕ ©-«u
AfÑßj§V§u úT¬p AkR B£¬ûV
TQjûRÙm. SûLûVÙm ©-«u
ûLùVôlTm ChPRôp RûXûU B£¬Vo
CûN®u± AYWÕ EûPûU«-ÚkÕ H-
AfÑßj§ T±jRp Ït\m ׬kRRôL EfN
úUôN¥VôL GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ôo, CeÏ H-
¿§Uu\m Ø¥Ü ùNnRÕ,
§ÚhûP ùNnRYo B¡\ôo Utßm AkR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 390 ùLôsû[ §ÚhûP ùNnÙm ùTôÚhÓ Ru²fûNVôL
©-dÏ Øû\Vt\ RÓjRûX ùNn§Úd¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 390T¥ GpXô ®RUô] G]úY H-ùLôsû[V¥jRYo B¡\ôo,
ùLôsû[«Ûm §ÚhúPô ApXÕ
AfÑßj§ T±jRúXô APe¡Ùs[Õ, G-Ó : H. ©-«u ÏZkûRûV çd¡d
§ÚÓYRtÏ ApXÕ §ÚÓmúTôÕ ApXÕ ùLôiÓ TQlûTûV ùLôÓdLô®hPôp
§Úh¥]ôp ùTt\ ùTôÚû[ GÓjÕf ÏZkûRûV Tôû\«-ÚkÕ Å£ G±kÕ
28
®ÓYRôL ©-I AfÑßjÕ¡\ôo, SXàdLôL ®tß ®hPôp AYo Ït\Øß
ÏZkûRdÏ EP]¥ LôVm ®û[Ùm Gu\ ûLVôPp Gu¡u\ Ït\jûR ùNnRYo
AfNjûR EiPôd¡VRôp ©- TQlûTûV BYôo,
H-«Pm ùLôÓd¡\ôo, CqYôß ¨LrkR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 403 CWiÓ
AfÑßj§ T±jRp ùLôsû[ G]lTÓm,
®[dLeLû[ ùLôiPÕ,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 403 úSoûUVtß ùNôjÕ
®[dLm -1 : ùLôgN LôXj§tÏ UhÓúU
ûLVôPp
úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p ùNnÙm ûLVôPp
ûLVôÓRp GuTRtÏ C,R,N,®p N¬Vô] Cl©¬®u ¸r ûLVôPp G]lTÓm,
®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp CÕ ©¬Ü
G-Ó : ©-dÏ ùNôkRUô] AWÑ LPàR®
403p TVuTÓjRlThÓs[Õ, Ït\Øß
ºhÓ Juû\ H-LiÓ GÓd¡\ôo, ºhÓ ©-
Sm©dûL úUôN¥ Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 405
dÏ ùNôkRUô]Õ Guß A±kúR ©uù]ôÚ
ØRp 409 YûW Es[ Ït\eL°p
LôXj§p ©-«Pm ÁiÓm JlTûPdÏm
“ûLVôPp” GuTÕ JÚ AeLUôL
LÚjÕPu JÚ LPàdÏ _ôÁ]ôL AûR
®[eÏ¡\Õ,
APÏ ûYd¡\ôo, CeÏ H-úUtLiP
G-Ó : ©-dÏ ùNôkRUô] ùTôÚû[ R]Õ Ït\jûR CûZjRYo B¡\ôo,
Guß Sm© SpùXiQjÕPu H-GÓjÕd
®[dLm – 2 : Vôo YNØm CpXôR
ùLôs¡\ôo, CeÏ H-§ÚhûP ùNnV®pûX
ùTôÚû[ LiÓ. AûR TôÕLôdL ApXÕ
B]ôp. H– R]Õ RYû\ EQokR
ùNôkRdLôW¬Pm AûR §Úm© JlTûPdÏm
©u]Úm AlùTôÚû[ Ru ùNôkR
ùTôÚhÓ AkRl ùTôÚû[ GÓd¡\ JÚYo
ETúVôLj§tÏ TVuTÓj§ YkRôp
AûR úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p GÓdL®pûX,
Cl©¬®u ¸r Ït\m ùNnRYo B¡\ôo,
BLúY. AYo CkRd Ït\m ׬kRYo
(G-Ó) H-Ùm ©-Ùm SiToLs, H-JÚ Øû\ B¡\ôo, B]ôp. ARu ùNôkRdLôWûW
©-CpXôR úTôÕ AYÚûPV èXLj§às A±k§Úd¡\ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ A±kÕ
ùNuß ©-«u NmURm CpXôUp JÚ ùLôs¡\ Y¯ CÚd¡\ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ
×jRLjûR T¥jÕ®hÓ §Úl© RÚm ùNôkRdLôWûW LiÓ©¥jÕ A±dûL
GiQjÕPu GÓjÕ ùNp¡\ôo, CeÏ H-©- AàlT ¨VôVUô] Y¯Lû[l TVuTÓj§
«u Uû\ØL NmURm RUdÏ CÚdLXôm G] Utßm AkRf ùNôkRdLôWo ARtÏ
LÚÕYÕ Nôj§VUôÏm, AÕ H-«u E¬ûUdúLôW AYûW
GiQUôL CÚkRôp H-§ÚhÓ ×¬V®pûX, CVp®lTRtÏ ¨VôVUô] JÚ Lô[ A[Ü
B]ôp H-AkRl ×jRLjûR R]Õ ùNôkR YûW AkRl ùTôÚû[ ûYj§ÚlTRtÏ
29
Øu× Rm ùNôkR ETúVôLj§tÏ AûR ApXÕ AkR ùNôjûR R]Õ ùNôkR
E¬VRôd¡d ùLôiPôp AYo CdÏt\jûR ETúVôLj§tLôL Uôtß¡u\ ApXÕ
ùNn¡\ôo, JlTûPdLlThP ùTôßl× Cu]
Øû\«p ¨oY¡dLlTPúYiÓm Guß
G-Ó : NôûX«p H-JÚ ìTôûV AÕ
YûL ùNnVlThP NhPj§u GkR
VôÚdÏ ùNôkRUô]Õ Guß
LhPû[Ùm ApXÕ JlTûPdLlThP
A±VôR ¨ûX«p GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ôo,
ùTôßlûT ¨û\úYtßYûR
úUtLiP ®[dLj§uT¥ AYo Ït\m
Jh¥ ùY°lTûPVôL ApXÕ
׬V®pûX,
Uû\ØLUôL AYo ùNnÕ ùLôi¥Úd¡\
30
AYÚdÏ G§WôL JÚ TXUô] Nôh£VUôL ùTôÚû[ ©\o ûYjÕd ùLôsYRtÏ
GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓm, NmU§dL ùNnYÕ HUôt\p Gu\
Ït\UôÏm, CpûXùVu\ôp YgNû]Vôp
CqYôß ûLVô[lThP TQm JÚYWôp
JÚYûW çi¥ AYÚûPV EPp. Es[m.
ùT\lTh¥ÚkÕ AYo ARtÏ LQdÏûWdL
ùTôÚs. StùTVo CYt±tÏ úNRm ApXÕ
RY± CÚkRôp C,R,N, ©¬Ü 406 –
¾eÏ ®û[®dLjRdL YûL«p Juû\
409 ¨ì©dLlTÓm, ØR-p CkR
ùNnV LÚjÕPu çiÓYÕ ApXÕ
ùTôÚhLs Ït\m NôhPlThPYWôp
Juû\ ùNnVô§ÚdL LÚjÕPu çiÓYÕ
ùT\lThP] Guß AWÑ RWl©p ¨ì©dÏm
HUôtßRp Ït\UôÏm, (LôiL Hira Lal
TôWm Es[Õ, ARu ©\Ï AYo Rôu
Harilal Bhagwati V. C.B.I. (2003) 5 SCC
AlùTôÚhLû[ RuàûPV ùNôkR
257).
TVàdÏ TVuTÓjR®pûX Guß ¨ì©dL
úYiÓm, JlTûPjRp ¨ì©dLlThPôp G-Ó : H-JÚ ùTôÚ°u úTô- Uô§¬ Juû\
ARu ©\Ï Ït\m NôhPlThPYo ©-dÏ Lôh¥ AkRl ùTôÚs Lôh¥V
JlTûPdLlThP ùNôj§û] GqYôß Uô§¬ûVl úTôu\Õ. Guß ©-I Sm×Uôß
TVuTÓj§]ôo Guß ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, úSôdLjÕPu Yg£jÕ Utßm AR]ôp
(LôiL Bhargavan Pillai V. State of Kerala, AkRl ùTôÚû[ ©-TQm ùLôÓjÕ YôeL.
AIR 2004 SC 2317, Mustafikhan V. State of úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p çiÓ¡\ôo, CeÏ
Maharashtra, (2007) 1 SCC 623). H- HUôß¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 – 420 HUôtßRp G-Ó : H-JÚ ùTôÚû[ Yôe¡VRtLôL ©-dÏ
TQf ºhÓ Juû\ RÚ¡\ôo, AlTQf
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415uT¥ JÚYûW HUôtßm ºhÓ ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß H-dÏ ùR¬Ùm,
Ït\j§tÏ ùTôßlúTtL ûYdL úYiÓm B]ôÛm YgNû] LÚjÕPu H-ARû]
Gu\ôp AYo ùNôj§û] RdL ûYjÕd ©-dÏ ùLôÓd¡\ôo, G]úY H-HUôtß¡\ôo,
ùLôs[ ØuYÚmùTôÝúR AYÚdÏ
úSoûUVt\ Utßm úUôN¥ ùNnYRtLô] G-Ó : ûYWm ApX. Guß Rôm
úSôdLm CÚkRÕ Guß ¨ì©jRp A±k§Úd¡\ ùTôÚû[ ûYWm Guß H-
úYiÓm, ©«Pm APÏ ûYjÕ ©-I úSôdLjÕPu
Yg£d¡\ôo, Utßm ©-I LPu
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415u ¸r ¸rLiPûY úRûY, RÚmT¥ ARu êXm CQeL ûYd¡\ôo,
ARôYÕ JÚYûW JÚ ùTôÚû[ ©\ÚdÏ H-HUôtß¡\ôo,
ùLôÓdÏmT¥ ùNnYÕ Utßm JÚ
31
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 417. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 ¸r BYQeLs NôokR Ït\eLs
Es[ RiPû]ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ, HUôtßm
Ït\j§tÏm E¬ûU«Vp RuûUÙûPV C,R,N, ©¬Ü 464 – 477H – ùTôn Tj§Wm.
JÚ JlTkRj§]ôp HtTÓm NiûPdÏm ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp Utßm NôokR
®j§VôNm EiÓ, JlTkRm ÁßRp Juß Ït\eLs
UhÓúU Ït\®Vp YZdÏ ùRôPoYûR
Md. Ibrahim & Other V. State of Bihar &
RÓdLô®hPôÛm ùYßm JlTkRm ÁßRp
Another (2009) 8 SCC 751 Gu\ YZd¡p
UhÓúU JÚYûW C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 ApXÕ
EfN ¿§Uu\m ùTôn Tj§WeLû[ ×û]Rp
420 ¸r ùTôßl× ¨ûX HtLûYdL
Tt±V C,R,N,®u ©¬ÜLû[ ®¬YôL
úTôÕUô]Õ ApX, (LôiL V.Y. Jose and
BWônkRÕ,
Another V. State of Gujarat and Another,
(2009) 3 SCC 78, All Cargo Movers (I) Pvt. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 463 – 465 ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp
Ltd., V. Dhanesh Badarmal Jain and Another,
ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏ ApXÕ GYÚdúLàm
2007 (12) SCALE 391).
úNRm ApXÕ ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏm ApXÕ
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 420u ¸r Ït\m úLô¬dûL ApXÕ Tôj§VûR GûRÙm
G]lTÓYRtÏ HUôtßRp UhÓm BR¬dÏm ApXÕ JÚYûW Rm ùNôjûR
CpXôUp AkR HUôtßR-u ®û[YôL CZdÏUôß ùNnÙm ApXÕ HúRàm
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo HUô±VYûW JÚ ùY°lTûPVô] ApXÕ Eh¡ûPVô]
ùTôÚû[ RÚmT¥úVô ApXÕ JÚ JlTkRm ùNnÙm LÚjÕPu ApXÕ
U§l×s[ Tj§WjûR ØÝYRôL ApXÕ úUôN¥ ùNnÙm ApXÕ
TϧVôL ùNnRp. UôtßRp. A¯jRp úUôN¥ ùNnVlTPXôm Gu\ LÚjÕPu JÚ
B¡VYtû\ ùNnV çiP úYiÓm, ùTônVô] BYQjûR ApXÕ
BYQj§u TϧûV RVô¬d¡\ GYo
CkRl ©¬®u ¸r Ït\UôYRtÏ
JÚYÚm ùTônVôYQm ×û]YûR
Tô§dLlThPYo Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ
ùNnYRôL ùNôpXlTÓYôo, C,R,N, ©¬Ü 470
ùTônVô]Õ Guß ùR¬kúR á\lThP
ùTôn Tj§Wm GuTûR ùTônVôYQm
Ju±u A¥lTûP«p HUô±]ôo Gußm
×û]Y§]ôp HtTÓjRlThP ùTôn
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo úSoûUVt\
BYQm Guß ®[dÏ¡\Õ,
úSôdLjÕPu ØR--ÚkúR ùNVpThPôo
Guß ¨ì©dLlTP úYiÓm, (Mobarik Ali CÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 465 ¸r RiPû]dϬVÕ,
Ahmed V. The State of Bombay, AIR 1957
SC 857).
32
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 464u ¸r ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp êu\ôYRôL. úTôûR«p
úUÛm ®Y¬dLlThÓs[Õ, Es[ JÚYûW ApXÕ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m
CpXôR JÚYûW Rôm Gu] ùNn¡ú\ôm
Md. Ibrahim YZdÏT¥ CkRl ©¬Ü ùTôn
Guß ùR°Ü ùT\ôR ¨ûX«p ApXÕ
Tj§WeLû[ 3 YûLVôL ©¬lTRôL
úUôN¥ ùNnYûR EQWôR ¨ûX«p
á\lThÓs[Õ, AûY.
GYúWàm SôQVªu± úUôN¥VôL JÚ
AlT¥ EÚYôdL ûLùVÝj§P ApXÕ ùNnYûR GYo ùNnRôÛm AkR STo ùTôn
33
ûLùVôlTm ChÓs[ôo, £ AûR A¯jÕ úUtùLôs[lTÓm ùTônVôYQm
Ye¡«p A°lTYÚdÏ ùRôûL A°dÏm ×û]RûX Ri¥d¡\Õ,
YûL«p Uôtß¡\ôo, £ Ït\m ׬¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 471 -
G-Ó : H- JÚ L¥Rm Gݧ A§p ©-«u ùTônVôYQeLû[ EiûU G]
A§LôWm CpXôUp H-JÚ SpX Ti×ûPV TVuTÓjRp
U²Ru Gußm AYo G§oTôWôR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 471 ¸r ùTônVôL ×û]VlThP
LôWQeL°]ôp ÕVWUô] ãr¨ûX«p
BYQjûR AÕ AjRûLV BYQm
Es[ôo Gußm á± ©-«u
Guß ùR¬k§ÚkÕm úSoûU«u± ApXÕ
ûLùVôlTjûR CÓ¡\ôo, CRu êXm
úUôN¥Vô] Y¯«p AûR EiûUVô]
£ Utßm ©\¬PªÚkÕ TQm ùTßYRtLô]
BYQm Guß TVuTÓjÕúYôÚdÏ
RY\ô] úSôdLjÕPu H-ùNVpTÓ¡\ôo,
ùTônVôL BYQm ×û]kRYÚdÏ E¬V
CeÏ £ Utßm ©\o RuàûPV
RiPû] YZeLlTÓm,
ùTôÚhLû[ ùLôÓdLj çiÓm
úSôdLjÕPu H ùTôn Tj§Wm C,R,N, ©¬Ü 474 ¸r. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 466
×û]k§Úd¡\ôo, G]úY. H ùTônVôYQm ApXÕ 467p ®Y¬dLlThP JÚ
×û]Rp Gu¡\ Ït\jûR ùNnÕs[ôo, BYQjûR AÕ ùTônVôL ×û]VlThPÕ
Guß ùR¬kÕ AûR EiûU Guß
ùTônVôYQeLû[ CVtßRp. CÚl©p
TVuTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÚl©p
ûYj§ÚjRp. TVuTÓjÕRp B¡V
ûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏ RiPû]
Ït\eLÞdLôL C,R,N, úUÛm LÓûUVô]
YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ,
RiPû]Lû[Ùm YZe¡«Úd¡\Õ,
34
TôPm – 6 : Ït\®Vp NhPm úRûYdÏm N¬NUUô] Ød¡VjÕYm
A°d¡\Õ,
2 : Ït\®Vp SûPØû\
NhPUu\m. Bh£jÕû\ Utßm
NhPm
¿§jÕû\ CûPúV AW£VXûUl×
A±ØLm NhPj§u A±ÜûWlT¥ Es[ A§LôWl
T¡o®û] CkRf NhPm
Ït\®Vp SûPØû\ NhPm 1898u ùNVpTÓjÕ¡\Õ, AWNôeLj§u
CPj§p Ït\®Vp SûPØû\ NhPm JqùYôÚ ©¬®tÏm ARtϬV
1973 ¨û\úYt\lThPÕ, Ït\®Vp ùTôßl×LÞm. LPûULÞm Es[],
¿§Øû\ AûUlûT Su\ôL CfNhPm CkR A§LôWl TLoÜ
ùNVpTÓjÕYRtLô]
ùLôsûL Á\ôUp TôÕLôd¡\Õ, King
SûPØû\Lû[ CkR NhPm
Emperor V. Nazir Ahmed, AIR 1963 SC
YZeÏ¡\Õ, Ït\eLû[l Tt±V
447 Gu\ YZd¡p Privy Council
×X]ônÜ Utßm YZdÏ ®NôWûQ
¿§Uu\m ¿§jÕû\ Utßm LôYp
ùNnYRtLô]
Õû\ JußdùLôuß CûVkÕ
ùNVpØû\Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ,
ùNVpTP úYiÓm, B]ôp AûY
C,R,N, 1860 (Utßm ©\ £\l× CWiÓm Juß úTôp ¡ûPVôÕ Guß
NhPeLs Utßm RiPû] á±VÕ,
NhPeLs) ¨ûXØû\ Ït\®Vp
CfNhPm TôWôÞUu\j§]ôp
NhPeLs ApXÕ ùNVpTÓjÕm
CVt\lThPôÛm CÕ HZôYÕ
NhPeLs G]lTÓm, B]ôp
AhPYûQ«u ¸r Es[ ùTôÕ
CkR ¨ûXØû\
Th¥V-p CPm ùTtßs[Õ, G]úY.
NhPeLû[ SûPØû\lTÓjR úUÛm
Uô¨X UdL[ûYLs AW£VXûUl×
®Y¬dÏm NhPUôL Ï,S,N, ®[eÏ¡\Õ,
NhPj§uT¥ CkRf NhPjûR RUÕ
CkRf NhPm Ck§V AW£VXûUl×f
úRûYdúLtT Uôt±d ùLôs[Xôm,
NhPj§u ¸r
YZeLlThÓs[ RôdLlThÓs[ Ït\m YûWVû\Ls
NôhPlThPY¬u E¬ûULÞdÏm
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 2 CkRf NhPm ØÝYÕm
NØRôVm Ït\m Utßm
TVuTÓjRlTÓm YûWVû\
Ït\Yô°L°PªÚkÕ Ruû]
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TôÕLôjÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥V
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1
NhPm Ød¡VUô] SûPØû\ Ït\UôÏm, RLYp ùRô¯pÖhTm
NhPUôRXôp úYß ®RUôL NhPm. 2000 ©¬Ü 77© T¥ CfNhPj§u
YZeLlTÓm YûW CkR NhPj§u ¸r ¸r 3 YÚPeLÞdÏ úUp
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NhPeL°p TVuTÓjRlThPôp
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2
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CdÏt\m ©ûQ®Óm Ït\UôÏm,
©¬Ü 2(¥) : ×Lôo
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Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 436 ¸r AYo _ôÁ²p ×Lôo GuTÕ ùR¬kR ApXÕ ùR¬VôR
®Ó®dLlTP úYiÓm, JÚYo Ït\m Juû\ ùNn§Úd¡\ôo
GuTRôL CkRf NhPj§u
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 365 ¸r H T¥ Ït\®Vp SÓYo JÚYo SPY¥dûL
©sû[ LPjRÛdLôL ûLÕ GÓdL úYiÓm Gu\ úSôdLjúRôÓ
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3
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4
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5
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6
©¬Ü 50(1) : ûL§u EfN ¿§Uu\j§]ôp Joginder Sing V.
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7
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8
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9
ØVt£ ùNnÙm JÚ SûPØû\, ®Ó®jRp úYiÓm, Rasik Lal V.
_ôÁ²p ®Ó®lTÕ ©¬Ü 167(2) ¸r Kishore Khan Chand, Wadhwani, AIR
Es[ ¨TkRû]Ls LûP©¥dLlTÓm 2009 SC 1349 Gu\ YZd¡p Ï,S,N,
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10
A§LlT¥ RiPû]«p Tô§ LôXm State of Rajasthan V. Balchand, AIR
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AYo BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ UWQ ®§VôLÜm _ôÁu UßlTÕ
RiPû] YZeLdá¥V ®§®XdLôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm,
Ït\eLû[ ùNn§ÚdLXôm (LôiL - Moti Ram V. State of Madhya
Gu\ ¨VôVUô] LôWQm CÚkRôp Pradesh, (1978) 4 SCC 47).
Au±. ¿§Uu\m (EVo ¿§Uu\m
Utßm AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m ApXôR) Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal V. State of
Utßm LôYp A§Lô¬ AYûW Tamil Nadu AIR 2005 SC 716 Gu\
11
Nôh£VeLs LûXdLlTPXôm Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 437 ¸r YZeLlThP _ôÁu
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RûXUû\YôL CÚkR ®`Vm H-®u _ôÁu ¿dLjûR úLôÚYRtLô]
קV _ôÁu UàûY T¬ºXû] LôWQeLs ARôYÕ ¿§ YZeÏYRtÏ
ùNnÙmúTôÕ ¿§Uu\j§]ôp LÚj§p G§WôL RûX«ÓRp
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UßdL LÚj§p ùLôsÞm ®`VeLs LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Dolat Ram
V. State of Haryana, (1995), 1 SCC 349).
Tt± Ram Govind Upadhyay V.
Sudarshan Singh, (2002) 3 SCC 598, Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ju\u ©u
Piran V. Ram Bilas Ranj as and Pappu Ju\ôL GqY[Ü _ôÁu
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12
CWiPôYÕ Uà HtLlTPôÕ, (Kalyan úYß Y¯L°p RY\ôL TVuTÓjR
Chandra Sarkar V. Rajesh Ranjan & UôhPôo Guú\ô ùR¬kRôp UhÓúU
Pappu Yadav, (2005) 1 SCC 801). CkR A§LôWjûR TVuTÓjRXôm,
ªÏkR LôXm LPkRRôp UhÓúU CkRl ©¬ûY TVuTÓjR
_ôÁu YZeLlTP úYiÓm Guß Ød¡VUô] ¨TkRû] Gu]ùYu\ôp
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13
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14
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ùNnYRtÏ. úRÓRp SPjÕm Øû\
¿§Uu\m Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 82u ¸r T¸WeL
TtßûL SPjÕm Øû\ B¡VYtû\
A±®l× ùNnVXôm, úUÛm. AqYôß
Tt± áß¡\Õ, CkR A§LôWjûR
A±®dLlThP ST¬u AûNÙm Utßm
RY\ô] Øû\«p
AûNVô ùNôjÕdLû[ _l§
TVuTÓjÕY§-ÚkÕ TôÕLôlTRtLôL
ùNnYRtÏm EjRW®PXôm,
RÏkR Lôl×LÞm YZeLlThÓs[],
15
CkR ©¬ÜLs YZdÏ Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ruû]
®NôûQ«uúTôÕ Nôh£Vj§u ®Ó®dÏm Uà RôdLp ùNn§ÚkRôp
Ød¡VjÕYjûR TWôU¬dL AkR NUVj§p AYÚdÏ
Cu±VûUVôRÕ, GpXô BQeLû[ ùLôiÓ YW ùNnYRtLô]
NkRolTeL°Ûm ¿§Uu\m ×X]ônÜ A§LôWm ùLôÓdLlTPôÕ, (State of
A§Lô¬Ls Orissa V. Debendra Nath Padhi, (2005)
CfNhPj§u 1 SCC 568).
A±ÜûWLû[ LûP©¥jÕ Es[]Wô
Guß GûPúTôhÓ TôodL úYiÓm, G-Ó : JÚ Nôh£ûV AWÑ RWl©]o
ÏßdÏ ®NôWûQ ùNnÙmúTôÕ AkR
CkR Aj§VôVm 4 TϧL[ôL Nôh£ JÚ BYQjûR A¥lTûPVôL
©¬dLlThÓs[Õ, ùLôs¡\ôo, B]ôp. AYo AûR
RôdLp ùNnV®pûX, ClùTôÝÕ
BYQm ApXÕ úYß
ùTôÚû[ RôdLp ùNnV Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 91u
AûZlTôûQ - ©¬Ü 91. 92 T¥ AkR BYQm YZdÏ ®NôWûQdÏ
16
úNôRû] ©¥VôûQ - ©¬Ü 93 – 98 LÚRlTÓm Gußm AûR.
A§Ûs[ TQj§tÏm Ït\j§tÏm
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 93u ¸r BYQj§tLôL
úSW¥ ùRôPo× CÚlTRôL NkúR¡jRôp
AûZl× ùLôÓdLlThP STo. AûR
AûR ûLlTt\Xôm Guß á±VÕ,
úRûYdúLtT ùLôiÓ YW UôhPôo
Guß ¿§Uu\m ¨VôVUôL Sm©]ôp Uû]®. ÏZkûR Utßm
¿§Uu\m úNôRû] ©¥VôûQ ùTtú\ôoLÞdLô] ùTôÚÞR®dLô]
©\l©jÕ AkR BYQjûR EjRWÜ
©¥VôûQ«uT¥ úRP ApXÕ
©¬Ü 125 – 128 APe¡V Aj§VôVm 9
TôoûY«P EjRW®PXôm,
Uû]®. ÏZkûR Utßm
©¬Ü 100 úRÓRp ùTtú\ôoL°u TôÕLôl©tLô]
SûPØû\ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ, CkRl
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 100 úRÓRp
©¬ÜLs C]Øû\ NhPeL°u
SPjÕYRtLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[Ùm
©¬ÜLÞdÏ ØWiThÓ CpûX, CûY.
LhÓlTôÓLû[Ùm YZeÏ¡\Õ,
Aû]YÚdÏm ùTôÚkÕ, úUÛm.
CRuT¥ úRÓRp SPjÕmùTôÝÕ 2
C]Øû\ NhPeL°u
R²lThP Nôh£Ls úRûY, úUÛm
©¬ÜLû[ CûY Ïû\ÜTÓjRúYô
ûLlTt\lThP ùTôÚhL°u Th¥VÛm
ApXÕ TXÅ]lTÓjÕYúRô ¡ûPVôÕ,
úRÓRp SPj§V CPj§p
(Captain Ramesh Chandra Kaushal V.
Es[YoL°Pm ùLôÓdLlTP úYiÓm,
Veena Kaushal, (1978) 4 SCC 70).
©¬Ü 102 ûLlTtßRp
©¬Ü 125 T¥ úTô§V YN§ Es[ JÚYo
©¬Ü 102 ¸r LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ RuàûPV Uû]® Utßm
§ÚPlThPÕ Guß NkúR¡dLlTÓm ÏZkûRLû[ (Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 125 (1)(©)
ùNôj§û] Ït\m SPk§ÚdLXôm Guß Utßm (£)T¥ ApXÕ
NkúRLlTÓm ãr¨ûX«p ùTtú\ôoLû[ TWôU¬dL UßjRôp
ûLlTtßYRtÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ, Ït\®Vp SÓYo AqYôß UßjR-u
Nôh£Vj§u úT¬p AkR STo UôR
EfN ¿§Uu\m State of Maharashtra V. ÅRj§p ùTôÚÞR® ùLôÓdL úYiÓm
Tapas D. Neogy (1999) 7 SCC 585 Gu\ Guß EjRW®PXôm,
YZd¡p Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u Ye¡
ÑÚdÏ Øû\ YZdÏ êXm Uû]®.
LQdÏ Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 102u ¸r ùNôjRôL
ÏZkûRLs. ùTtú\ôoLÞdÏ ùLôÓdL
17
úYi¥V ùTôÚÞR®ûV ®ûWYôL Rϧ Es[ ¿§Uu\j§PªÚkÕ
ùNVpTÓjÕYúR CkR Aj§VôVj§u EjRWÜ ùTt\ ©u]o LôYp Õû\
úSôdLUôÏm, EVo ¿§Uu\m Utßm ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
EfN ¿§Uu\m CkR ©¬®u ¸r YZdÏLû[ ×X]ônÜ ùNnÙm AúR
SPdÏm YZdÏLs E¬ûU«Vp RuûU Øû\«p CkR YZdÏLû[Ùm
EûPVûY Guß á±Ùs[], ×X]ônÜ ùNnVXôm, B]ôp
©¥VôûQ CpXôUp ûLÕ ùNnV
LôYpÕû\dÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓm RLYp
Ø¥VôÕ,
Utßm ×Xu BnÜ
G-Ó: C,R,N, ©¬Ü 467 ¸r ©¥VôûQ
JÚ Ït\m SPkRûR A±®dÏm
úYi¥V Ït\jûRl Tt±V RLYp
Øû\L°p. LôYp Õû\dÏ RLYp
LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ ¡ûPd¡\Õ,
ùLôÓlTÕ JÚ YûLVôÏm, CjRûLV
LôYp Õû\«]o Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 154 ¸r
RLYp 2 YûLlTPXôm, ©¥VôûQ
ØRp RLYp A±dûLûV EP]¥VôL
úYiPô Ït\m Tt± RLYp
T§Ü ùNnV UôhPôoLs,
ùLôÓdLlTPXôm ApXÕ ©¥VôûQ
úYi¥V YZdÏl Tt± RLYp ©¬Ü 154 ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
ùLôÓdLlTPXôm, YZdÏLs Tt±V RLYp
18
®NôWûQ SPjR ARLôWm Es[Rô BûQVoLÞdÏ EjRWÜ ©\l©dL
GuTÕ Tt± LÚjÕ úYßTôÓ Es[Õ, úYi¥V LhPôV ¨ûXûU Es[Õ,
ØRp RLYp A±dûL EP]¥VôL T§Ü
Rajinder Singh Katoch V. Chandigarh
ùNnVô®hPôúXô ARàûPV SLûX
Administration, AIR 2008 SC 178 Gu\ ×LôoRôWoLÞdÏ EP]¥VôL
YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m ØRp RLYp ùLôÓdLô®hPôúXô ×LôoRôWo
A±dûL T§Ü ùNnYRtÏ Øu× Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ùNuß LôYp
ØRp ¨ûX ®NôWûQ SPjÕm LPûU Õû\dÏ SÓY¬u EjRW®u SLp
LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ Es[Õ Guß ¡ûPjRÜPu YZdÏ T§Ü ùNnÕ 24
á±Ùs[Õ, U¦ úSj§tÏs ARu SLûX
×LôoRôWÚdÏ ùLôÓdÏUôß EjRWÜ
CkR YZd¡p ¿§Uu\m : Ramesh
ùLôÓdÏUôß ×Lôo ùLôÓdLXôm,”
Kumari V. State (NCT Delhi) and others
Gu\ YZd¡p CkR ¿§Uu\j§u
“CqYôß SPY¥dûL
¾olûTÙm. “NhPlT¥ LôYp Õû\ GÓdLlTPô®hPôp Ït\®Vp SÓYo
A§Lô¬LÞdÏ ¿§Uu\ AYU§l× SPY¥dûLûV
®§dLlThÓs[ LPûUûVl Tt±Ùm úTôÄv A§Lô¬«u ÁÕ GÓdLXôm,
SôeLs A±úYôm, B]ôp Øu× úUÛm RÏkR LôWQªu± ¿§Uu\
á±VT¥ RÏkR YZdÏL°p LôYp EjRWûY Á±VRtLôL RÏkR RiPû].
A§Lô¬LÞdÏ ØRp ¨ûX ®NôWûQ JÝeÏ SPY¥dûL GÓjRp RtLô-L
ùNnÕ Ït\fNôhÓL°p HúRàm ¿dLm ùNnRp úTôu\Ytû\Ùm
EiûU Es[Rô CpûXVô Guß
T¬kÕûW ùNnVXôm,”
LiÓ©¥dÏm LPûUÙm Es[Õ,”
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 154(3) ¸r LôYp Õû\
B]ôp. Lalitha Kumari V. State of U.P. A§Lô¬ ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü
(2008) 7 SCC 164) Gu\ YZd¡p ùNnV UßjRôp ×LôoRôWo ARû]
BûQ ©\l©dÏmùTôÝÕ EfN LôYp Õû\ LiLô¦lTô[¬Pm
¿§Uu\m ¸rLiP EjRWûY AàlTXôm Gußm AYo
YZe¡VÕ, §Úl§VûPkRôp AkRd Ït\jûRl
Tt± Rôú] ×X]ônÜ ùNnVXôm
“úUtá±VYtû\ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ
ApXÕ ×]XônÜ ùNnÙUôß ¸r
Aû]jÕ Uô¨XeL°p Es[ LôYp
A§Lô¬dÏ EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm,
Õû\ CVdÏ]o Utßm LôYp Õû\
19
ØRp RLYp A±dûLRôu ©ûQ®Pô NmTYm SPkRÕ GuTÕ áP ùR¬VôUp
Ït\j§u ¨LrÜ Tt± CÚdLXôm, ØR-p RLYp ùLôÓlTYo
LôYp ¨ûXVj§tÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓm AkR ¨Lr®u LiÔt\ Nôh£VôL
ØRp RLYp BÏm, G]úY. YZdÏ CÚdL úYiÓm Gußm AkR
®NôWûQ«u úTôÕ CRtÏ ªÏkR Ït\jûRl Tt±V Aû]jÕ
Ød¡VjÕYm EiÓ, B]ôp. CkR RLYûXÙm ùLôÓdLd á¥VYWôL
A±dûL«p Ït\m Tt±V Aû]jÕ CÚdL úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm
Öi¦V RLYpLÞm CÚdL úYiÓm ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp. ùLôÓdÏm RLYp
Guß G§oTôodL Ø¥VôÕ, ØRp Ït\m SPkRûR Tt± ®Y¬dL
RLYp A±dûL GuTÕ RLYp úYiÓm, úUÛm. AjRûLV RLYp
L[g£Vm úTôuß ¡ûPVôÕ, (Ramesh LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
Maruti Patil V. State of Maharashtra, Ït\m Juß SPkÕs[Õ GuTûRl
AIR 1994 SC 28; Surjeet Singh V. State Tt±V NkúRLjûR GÝlT úYiÓm,
Kumar Singh, (2003) 6 SCC 1752 Gu\ Nôh£VUôL LÚRlTP Ø¥VôÕ B]ôp.
20
Singh V. Ballowinder Singh, (2003) 2 ùNnRp. úRÓRp Utßm TtßûL ©¬Ü
SCC 518 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m 100. 165 Utßm 102 ¸r ùNnRp.
RôURUôL ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü BYQeLs Utßm ùTôÚhLû[ ©¬Ü
ùNnRRôúXúV AWÑ RWl× YZdÏ 91u ¸r YWYûZjRp. ©¬Ü 160 ¸r
NkúRLj§tÏ Es[ôÏm Guß GkR Nôh£VeLû[ YÚ®jRp. úTôu\ TX
®§Øû\Ùm ¡ûPVôÕ Guß ùNVpLû[ ùNnYRtÏ LôYp Õû\dÏ
á±Ùs[Õ, úUÛm. AjRûLV A§LôWm Es[Õ,
RôURm AWÑ RWl× YZd¡p NkúRLjûR
©¬Ü 161. 162 - Nôh£Lû[ LôYp Õû\
HtTÓjÕUô GuTÕ JqùYôÚ YZd¡u
®Nô¬jRp
úSoÜLû[Ùm NkRolTeLû[Ùm
ùTôßjÕRôu Ø¥Ü ùNnVlTP JÚ YZdÏl Tt±V úSoÜLs Utßm
úYiÓm Guß á±VÕ, CûRl Tt± AûRf NôokR RLYpLû[ A±kR
LQdÏ ®§Ls úTôX Ø¥Ü ùNnRp JÚYûW Yôn ùUô¯VôL ®Nô¬dÏm
áPôÕ, A§LôWm LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ ©¬Ü
161(1) ¸r Es[Õ, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 161(2) ¸r
T.T. Antony V. State of Kerala, (2001) 6
×X]ônÜ A§Lô¬ GÝl×m Aû]jÕ
SCC 181 Gu\ YZd¡p AúR
úLs®LÞdÏm EiûUVôL T§p
úSoÜLû[l Tt± 2YÕ Øû\VôL ØRp
ùNôpXúYi¥V TôWm CkR Nôh£dÏ
RLYp A±dûL T§Ü ùNnYÕ
Es[Õ, B]ôp. Nôh£ûV úYß Ït\
NhPj§tÏ ×\mTô]Õ Guß Ø¥Ü
NôhÓdÏ. RiPû]dÏ ApXÕ
ùNnVlThPÕ B]ôp úUÛm
TtßûLdÏ ùY°lTÓjÕm YûL«p
×X]ônÜ ùNnÕ 2YÕ ØRp RLYp
úLs®Ls CÚkRôp ARtÏ T§p
A±dûLûV á\lThP ¨LrÜLs
ùNôpX úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
Tt±V A±dûL NUol©dL LôYp
Õû\dÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ, (Kari Nôh£Vj§u YôdÏêXjûR ©¬Ü 161
441; Upkar Singh V. Ved Prakash, (2004) úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
21
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 162 LôYp A§Lô¬ Øu× AYo LûP©¥dL úYi¥V
ùLôÓdLlThP YôdÏêXj§p SûPØû\Lû[ ®Y¬d¡\Õ,
Nôh£ ûLùVÝjÕ CPdáPôÕ Guß
Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ Jl×Rp
LhPôVUôL RûP ®§jÕs[Õ, G]úY.
YôdÏêXjûR T§Ü ùNnYRtÏ.
CjRûLV YôdÏ
ùNnVôU-ÚlTRtÏ ®Úl׬ûU
êXeLû[ êXNôh£VUôL YZdÏ
Es[Õ, B]ôp. T§Ü ùNnV Ø¥Ü
®NôWûQ«uúTôÕ TVuTÓjR
ùNnRôp AYo ©¬Ü 164 ¸r
Ø¥VôÕ, B]ôp Ck§V Nôh£Vf
Es[ SûPØû\Lû[ LûP©¥dL
NhPm ©¬Ü 154u ¸r Nôh£ûV ÏßdÏ
úYiÓm, CkR
®NôWûQ ùNnÙmúTôÕ AYo Øu×
SûPØû\Lû[ LûP©¥dLôUp
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 161 ¸r ùLôÓjR
Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu× Jl×Rp
YôdÏêXjûR AYo RtúTôÕ
YôdÏêXm Nôh£VUôL
ùLôÓdÏm YôdÏêXjûR ØWiTÓj§
HtßdùLôs[jRdLRpX, (Tandra Ravi
Lôi©dL TVuTÓjRXôm, (Tehsildar
N. State of Andhra Pradesh, 2001 (CRCJ
Singh V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR
4048).
1959 SC 1012).
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 ¸r Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 Jl×Rp YôdÏêXjûR
Jl×Rp A°lTY¬Pm AYo Jl×Rp
T§Ü ùNnRp
A°dL LPûUlThPYo ApX Gußm
LôYp A§Lô¬«Pm ùLôÓdLlTÓm AqYôß Jl×Rp A°jRôp AkR
YôdÏêXeLs Nôh£VUôL Jl×Rp AYÚdÏ G§WôL Nôh£VUôL
¿§Uu\j§p HtLdá¥VÕ CpûX TVuTÓjRTPXôm Gußm ®[dL
Gu\ôÛm ×X]ôn®uúTôÕ VôúWàm úYiÓm, úUÛm. Jl×Rp YôdÏêXm
RuàûPV YôdÏ êXm ApXÕ A°lTYo AûR Ru²ûNÜ T¥Rôu
Jl×RûX ùLôÓdL ®ûZkRôp AYo AqY[Ü ùNn¡\ôo Gußm Ït\®Vp
ùTÚSLo SÓY¬PúUô Ït\«p SÓYo EߧlTÓjR LPûUlThÓs[ôo,
SÓY¬PúUô Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 ¸r CûR
Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u ®NôWûQûV
ùLôÓdLXôm,
©¬Ü 164(4) ¸r T§Ü ùNnÙmùTôÝÕ
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 281 I
Jl×Rp YôdÏêXjûR T§Ü LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
ùNnYRtÏ ùTtßs[ A§LôWjûRÙm
22
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167 24 U¦ úSWj§tÏs NhPØû\ _ôÁu Guß ùTVo,
×X]ônûY Ø¥dL Ø¥VôR ùTôÝÕ (Dinesh Dalmia V. State, (2007) 8 SCC
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V SûPØû\, 770).
JÚYûW ©¥VôûQ CpXôUp ûLÕ
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173 - ×X]ônÜ
ùNnRôp 24 U¦ úSWj§tÏ úUXôL
Ø¥Ü ¨û\YûPkR ©u
LôY-p ûYj§ÚdL Ø¥VôÕ Guß
©¬Ü 57 áß¡\Õ, úUÛm. AYûW ×X]ônûY ¨û\Ü AûPkRÜPu
LôY-p RdL ûYdL úYiÓm Gu\ôp LôYp ¨ûXVj§u ùTôßl× A§Lô¬
LôYp Õû\ Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167I LôYp A±dûLûV RÏkR T¥Yj§p
LûPl©¥jÕ. ¿§Uu\m êXm LôYp AkR Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôsÞm
ûYl× EjRWûY ùT\ úYiÓm, A§LôWØûPV ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlT
úYiÓm, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173(2) T¥ LôYp
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167(2) Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Õû\«]o Ø¥Ü A±dûLÙm RôdLp
Ït\m NôhPlThPYûW LôYp Õû\
ùNnVXôm, ARôYÕ. Ït\m GÕÜm
LôY-p 15 SôhLÞdÏ úU-pXôR LôX
SPkRRôL ùR¬V®pûX Guß á\Xôm,
A[ÜdÏ ûYdLXôm Guß EjRW®P
A§LôWm ùTtßs[ôo B]ôp. UWQj ©¬Ü 173 ¸r RôdLp ùNnVlTÓm LôYp
RiPû]. BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ 10 A±dûL«p LôYp Õû\«]o
BiÓLÞdÏ úUXô] £û\ RiPû] áß¡u\ úSoÜLÞm AkR
E¬V Ït\eLû[ ùTôßjÕ 90 SôhLs úSoÜL°-ÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏm Ø¥ÜLÞm
YûW«Ûm ¿§Uu\ LôY-p ûYdL CÚdÏm, CkR A±dûL
EjRW®ÓYRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ Nôh£VeLÞPàm ×X]ôn®u
A§LôWm Es[Õ, ©\ ùTôÝÕ T§Ü ùNnVlThP
Ït\eLû[ ùTôßjRYûW«Ûm 60 YôdÏêXeLÞPàm Ït\®Vp
SôhLs YûW LôYp ûYl× EjRWÜ SÓYÚdÏ NUol©dLlThPôÛm AYo
ùLôÓlTRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ C§Ûs[ Ø¥ÜL[ôp LhÓlTP
A§LôWm Es[Õ, úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, Ït\«p
SÓYo R²lThP Øû\«p R]Õ
CkR LôX A[®u Ø¥®p LôYp
¿§NôokR A±ûY Ït\l Tj§¬dûL
ûYl©p CÚkRYo ©ûQ Tj§Wm
Utßm LôYp A±dûL«p
ùLôÓjRôp _ôÁ²p ®Ó®dL E¬ûU
Es[ RLYpLÞdÏ ¿§NôokR A±ûY
ùTtßs[ôo, CqYôß ©¬Ü 167(2) ¸r
ùLôÓdLlTÓm _ôÁàdÏ ùTôÕYôL
23
ùNÛj§ RuàûPV Ø¥ûY GÓdL Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 190 –
úYiÓm, Ït\eLû[ Ït\®Vp SÓYo ×Xu
ùLôsÞRp
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173(8) ¸r Ït\®Vp
SÓYÚdÏ A±dûL AàlTlThP ×Xu ùLôsÞRp GuTÕ Ït\®Vp
©u×m קVRôL HRôYÕ Nôh£Vm SÓYo JÚ Ït\jûRl Tt± ¿§Øû\
¡ûPjRôp AûR ùTôßjÕ úUÛm NôoSÕ ×Xu ùLôsÞRûX ϱdÏm,
×X]ônÜ ùNnYRtÏ LôYp (R.R. Chari V. State of Uttar Pradesh,
Õû\«]ÚdÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ, AIR 1951 SC 207) ×Xu ùLôsÞRp
CkR A§LôWjûR TVuTÓjR LôYp Ït\jûRl Tt±VÕ, Ït\Yô°ûVl
Õû\«]o ¿§Uu\j§u AàU§ Tt±VÕ ApX,
ùT\úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
YZdÏ ®NôWûQ«u GkR LhPj§p Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 190uT¥ Ït\®Vp SÓYo 3
úYiÓUô]ôÛm SPjRXôm, B]ôp NkRolTeL°p ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm,
TX ¿§Uu\eLs CqYôß LôYp Õû\
Ït\m Es[Pd¡V úSoÜLs
ùNnYRtÏ Øu× ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
ùLôiÓs[ ×Lôo ¡ûPjRôp
CûRl Tt±V RLYp ùLôÓdL
úYiÓm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ, AjRûLV úSoÜLs Tt±V
GkR Nôh£Vj§u A¥lTûP«p CkR LôYp A±dûL«u úT¬p
®NôWûQ SPjRlTÓ¡\úRô
AûRlTt±V RLYp Ït\®Vp LôYp A§Lô¬ ApXôR
SÓYÚdÏ HtùL]úY ùR¬k§ÚkRRôp úYù\ôÚYo êXm RLYp
CjRûLV úUp ®NôWûQ NhPj§tÏ ¡ûPjR-u úT¬p ApXÕ
×\mTô]Õ G]Xôm, CqYôß úUÛm RuàûPV ùNôkR A±®u
®NôWûQ SPj§V ©u]o áÓRp ùTV¬p
Ït\l Tj§¬dûL RôdLp ùNnYôoLs,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173 ¸r LôYp A±dûL
úUp ®NôWûQ ùNnYRtLô] A§LôWm
RôdLp ùNnR ©u× Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Ramlal Narang V. State, (1979) 2 SCC
©¬Ü 191 ¸r AkR Ït\jûR ×Xu
322 Utßm Hasan Bhai Vali Bhar
ùLôs[ Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
Quereshi V. State of Gujarat, (2004) 5
SCC 347 YZdÏL°p EfN ©¬Ü 154 ¸r ØRp RLYp A±dûL
¿§Uu\jRôp Ae¸L¬dLlThÓs[Õ, T§Ü ùNnYÕ UhÓm ApXôUp RLYp
24
A°lTYÚdÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu× AkR A±dûLûV T¬ºXû] ùNnÕ
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 200 ¸r ×Lôo ùLôÓlTRtÏm Ït\®Vp SÓYo C,R,N, ©¬Ü 302u ¸r
Y¯ Es[Õ, CkRf NkRolTeL°p Ït\m SPdL®pûX Gußm 304H ¸r
Ït\®Vp SÓYo ©¬Ü 190(1)H ¸r Ït\m SPk§ÚdLXôm Gußm Ø¥Ü
×Lô¬u A¥lTûP«p ùNn¡\ôo, AlùTôÝÕ Ït\®Vp
Ït\eLû[ ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm, SÓYo ©¬Ü 304H Es[ Ït\jûR
Ø¥YôL Ït\®Vp SÓYo RuàûPV UhÓm ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm,
ùNôkR A±Ü / EQoÜT¥. A±ÜPu
SPdÏm Ït\eLû[l ùTôßjÕ ©¬Ü
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ×Lôo
190(1)(£) ¸r RôUôLúYÙm ×Xu
©¬Ü 200 ØRp 203
ùLôs[Xôm,
15-Bm Aj§VôVm (©¬Ü 200 – 203)
SôuLôYRôL. Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ×Lôo ùLôÓlTûRl
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 156(3) ¸r
Tt± áß¡\Õ, úUúX
LôYpÕû\«]ûW ×X]ônÜ
®[d¡VlT¥ JÚ ×Lô¬u
ùNnÙmT¥ EjRW®ÓYRtÏm A§LôWm
A¥lTûP«p Ït\®Vp SÓYo JÚ
Es[Õ, 156(3) Utßm 173(8)
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiPôp AYo ©¬Ü
¸Ýs[ A§LôWeLs JußdùLôuß
200u ¸r ×LôoRôWûWÙm ©\
úYßThPûYVôÏm,
Nôh£VeLû[Ùm BûQ«u ¸r
×Xu ùLôsÞYRtLô] Ød¡V úNôRû] ®Nô¬dL úYiÓm,
Gu]ùYu\ôp JÚ Ït\m
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 202u ¸r JÚ Ït\jûR
SPk§ÚdLXôm GuTRtLô] ØRt
×Xu ùLôsÞm Ït\®Vp SÓYo
TôoûY Nôh£Vm CÚjRp úYiÓm,
¿§Uu\ LhPû[Lû[ Ït\m
AkR Nôh£VeL°u A¥lTûP«p
NôhPlThPYÚdÏ G§WôL ©\l©jRûX
ØWiTÓjRlThPôXu± AûY
RôURm ùNnÕ AkR YZdûL Rôú]
EiûUVôL CÚdLXôm Guß
®NôWûQ ùNnVXôm. ApXÕ JÚ
AàUô²dL úYiÓm, G-Ó : C,R,N,
LôYp A§Lô¬ûV ApXÕ
©¬Ü 302-u ¸r Ït\m
úYù\ôÚYûW ®NôWûQ ùNnÙUôß
CûZdLlThÓs[Õ Gußm ARtϬV
EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm, AqYôß
Nôh£Ls Es[Õ Gußm
®NôWûQ ùNnÕ úUp SPY¥dûL
LôYpÕû\«]Wôp
GÓdL úRûYVô] A¥lTûP Es[Rô
RôdLlThÓs[ A±dûL áß¡\Õ,
CpûXVô Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
25
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 203u ¸r Ït\®Vp SÓYo úUÛm. YZdûL RôúU ®NôWûQ
BûQ Eߧ ùUô¯«u ¸r ×LôoRôWo ùNnVúYô LôYp Õû\ A§Lô¬
Utßm Nôh£Ls ùLôÓdÏm ApXÕ úYù\ôÚYo ®NôWûQ
YôdÏêXeLû[ T¬ºXû] ùNnR ùNnVúYô Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ø¥Ü
©u×. Utßm ©¬Ü 202u ¸r ùNnRôp ¿§Øû\ LhPû[ûV
SPjRlThP ×X]ôn®u ©\l©jRûX RôURm ùNnVXôm,
Ø¥ÜLû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ. úUp CqYôß LhPû[ ©\l©dL úYiÓUô
SPY¥dûL GÓdL A¥lTûP CpûX CpûXVô GuTûR Ø¥Ü ùNnV.
Guß LÚ§]ôp ×LôûW Ït\fNôhÓLû[ BR¬dÏm YûL«p
RsÞT¥ ùNnVXôm, ×Lôo Utßm Nôh£L°p HúRàm
Es[Pe¡V Nôj§VdáßLs Es[Rô
©¬Ü 204 ¿§Øû\ LhPû[Ls
Guß BWônkÕ Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
©\l©jRp
(Nagaruwa Vs. Veeranna, (1976) 3 SCC
Aj§VôVm 16 Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu× 736).
SPY¥dûLLû[ ùRôPeÏRp Tt±
©¬Ü 204u ¸r ¿§Øû\
áß¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 204u ¡r Ït\®Vp
LhPû[ ©\l©jR©u× LhPû[l
SÓYo ×Lô¬u A¥lTûP«p úUp
©\l©dLlThP Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
SPY¥dûL GÓdL RÏkR LôWQeLs
¿§Uu\m Øu× B_o BLúYiÓm,
Es[] Guß LÚ§]ôp AûZlTôûQ
CqYôß B_o TÓjÕRp JÚ
®ÓdLúYô ApXÕ ©¥VôûQ
Ød¡VUô] ®`VUôÏm, Ït\®Vp
ùLôÓdLúYô A§LôWm ùTtßs[ôo,
NhPjûR G°RôL SûPØû\lTÓjR
(H.S. Bains V. State, (1980) 4 SCC 631).
Ø¥VôÕ, CqYôß B_oTÓjÕm
×LôûWl ùTt\ÜPu Ït\®Vp SÓYo
EjRWÜ Ït\®Vp SÓYo AkR
TX Y¯Lû[d LûPl©¥dLXôm, AkRd
YZd¡u úSoÜLÞdÏm ARtÏiPô]
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiÓ ×LôoRôW¬u
NhPj§tÏm RÏkR Øû\«p
YôdÏêXjûR ©¬Ü 200u ¸r T§Ü
RuàûPV A±ûY ùNÛj§ Ø¥Ü
ùNnVXôm, ARu ©u× ©¬Ü 203u ¸r
ùNn§Úd¡\ôo Gußm Lôi©dL
YZdûL ùRôPW RÏkR LôWQeLs
úYiÓm, (Pepsi Food Limited V.
CpûXùVu\ôp ×LôûW
Special Judicial Magistrate, (1998) 5
RsÞT¥ ùNnVXôm, B]ôp. RÏkR
SCC 749).
LôWQeLs CÚkRôp ©¬Ü 204 ¸r
¿§Øû\ LhPû[Lû[ ©\l©dLXôm,
26
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ BYQeLÞm CWiÓ ùTu
AûZlTôûQ ®ÓjR©\Ï RuàûPV ¥ûWqLÞm RôdLp ùNnVlTÓ¡u\],
Ø¥®û] Uß BnÜ Uß T¬ºXû] CûY Aû]jûRÙm ©¬Ü 207u ¸r
ùNnYRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ ùTßYRtÏ ©-dÏ E¬ûU Es[Õ,
A§LôWm ¡ûPVôÕ, (Adalat Prasad V.
State of Uttar Pradesh V. Lakshmi
Rooplal Juridal, 200 4 Cr. LJ 4874,
Brahman, (1983) 2 SCC 3872 Gu\
Subramaniam Sethuram V. State of
YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m CqYôß
Maharashtra, 2004 Cr. LJ 4609).
SLpLû[ ùLôÓjRp LhPôVUô]
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 205 ¸r Ït\m ùTôßl× Gußm CqYôß ùNnRp
NôhPlThPYo úSW¥VôL ¿§Uu\j§p Ït\®Vp SÓY¬u ¨oYôLl ùTôßl×
B_WôL úYiPôm Guß Ït\®Vp ApX Gußm ¿§jÕû\ ùTôßlTôÏm
SÓYo Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, Guß á±VÕ, (Superintendent and
Rememberance of Legal Affairs, West
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 207 – SLpLû[ YZeÏRp
Bengal V. Satyan Bhowmik and others,
LôYp A±dûL«u A¥lTûP«p (1987) 2 SCC 109).
SPY¥dûL úUtùLôs[lThPPôp
Ït\fNôhÓ
Ït\®Vp SÓYo RôURm CpXôUp
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ LôYp Aj§VôVm 17 Ït\fNôhûPl Tt±
A±dûL. Utßm A§p áß¡\Õ, Ït\fNôhÓ GuTÕ JÚ
ϱl©PlThÓs[ SLpLû[Ùm Ï,S,N, Øû\Vô] Ït\m áßRp Gußm
©¬Ü 207u ¸r ùLôÓdL úYiÓm, ARu A¥lTûP«pRôu ¿§Uu\m
CkRl ©¬Ü Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ YZdÏ ®NôWûQ ùNnÙm Gußm
ªLÜm Ød¡VUô]RôÏm, Hù]²p áßYo, ¿§Uu\m Ït\fNôhûP
ØRuØû\VôL LôYp A±dûL GRu YûWVßdL®pûX B]ôp. Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü
A¥lTûP«p RôdLp 211 JÚ Ït\fNôh¥Ûm CÚdL
ùNnVlThÓs[úRô AûY Aû]jÕm úYi¥VûYl Tt± áß¡\Õ,
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ ¡ûPd¡\Õ, JqùYôÚ Ït\fNôh¥Ûm Ït\m
G]úY. AYo R]Õ G§o YôRjûR NôhPlThPYo ÁRô] Ït\eLs. AkR
RVôo ùNnYRtÏ BVjRUôLXôm, G-Ó : JqùYôÚ Ït\j§u R²lThP ùTVo
©-dÏ G§WôL Ït\lTj§¬dûL RôdLp AkRd Ït\m CûZdLlThP NhPj§u
ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ, ARàPu 400 ùTVo Utßm ©¬Ü Gi. Ït\m
27
ùNnVlThP úSWm. CPm Tt±V LQdÏl úTôdÏYWjÕ ¨LrkRRôp
RLYpLs B¡V Aû]jÕm CÚjRp GûRl Tt± CkRd Ït\fNôhÓ
úYiÓm, áß¡\Õ GuTûR H-«]ôp
A±VlTP®pûX G]úY. AYWôp
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 215u T¥ JÚ Ït\jûR
RÏkR Øû\«p T§p YôRm
®Y¬lT§p. ApXÕ JÚ Ït\fNôh¥p
A°dLlTP®pûX, CkR
úRûYlTÓm ®YWeLû[ ®Y¬lT§p.
úSoÜL°-ÚkÕ GqYôß HUôtßRp
Ït\jûRl Tt± á\ôUp ApXÕ
ùNnVlThPÕ Guß á\ô§ÚjRp JÚ
®YWeLû[ á\ôUp ®ÓjRp HÕm
Ød¡VUô] ©ûZ Guß ¿§Uu\m
AjRûLV ©ûZ ApXÕ ®ÓjRp
¾oUô²dLXôm,
LôWQUôL G§¬ RY\ôL §ÚlTlThPôp
Utßm AÕ ¿§dÏ ÏkRLm Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 216u T¥ ¾ol©û]
®û[®j§Úd¡\Õ ùY°«ÓYRtÏ Øu]o GlùTôÝÕ
Guß ¨ì©jRôXu± AYt±tÏ úYiÓUô]ôÛm ¿§Uu\m
Ød¡VjÕYm A°dL Ø¥VôÕ, (Ï,S,N, Ït\fNôh¥û] §ÚjRÜm ApXÕ
©¬Ü 264), Ït\eLû[ úNodLÜm ùNnVXôm,
AlT¥ úNodL ApXÕ Uôt\m
G-Ó : H-©-I HUôt±VRôL Ït\m
ùNnVlThP ©\Ï ®NôWûQûV
NôhPlThÓs[Õ, B]ôp.
ùRôPoYÕ G§¬dÏ ÏkRLm
GkR®Rj§p HUôt±]ôo GuTÕ
®û[®dLdá¥VÕ Guß ¿§Uu\m
Ït\fNôh¥p ®Y¬dLlTP®pûX
ApXÕ AWÑ RWl©]o LÚ§]ôp ×Õ
ApXÕ RY\ôL ®Y¬dLlThÓs[Õ,
®NôWûQ SPjR úYiÓm Guú\ô
H-R]Õ G§oYôRm A°dÏmùTôÝÕ
ApXÕ úRûYlThP LôXj§tÏ AkR
Nôh£Lû[ AûZjÕ RuàûPV
®NôWûQûV Jj§ ûYdL
RWl©û] ®Y¬d¡\ôo, C§-ÚkÕ
úYiÓùUuú\ô EjR®PXôm,
¿§Uu\m HUôtßRp GqYôß SPkRÕ
Guß á\ô§ÚjRp Ød¡VªpûX Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 217uT¥ YZdÏ ®NôûQ
Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, ùRôPe¡V ©u× Ït\fNôhÓ §Új§
Yû]VlTÓmùTôÝúRô ApXÕ
G-Ó : H-©-I HUôt±VRôL Ït\m
Ït\fNôh¥p קV Ït\eLs
NôhPlTÓ¡\Õ, úUÛm. GqYôß
úNodLlTÓmùTôÝúRô AWÑ RWl©]o
HUôt±]ôo GuTÕ á\lTP®pûX, H-
Utßm Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u
dÏm ©-dÏm CûPúV TpúYß
RWl©]o Nôh£Lû[ §Úm© AûZdL
28
AàU§dLlTPXôm. ARtϬV
AûZlTôûQLû[Ùm ©\l©dLXôm,
úUÛm. úYß Nôh£LÞm Ød¡Vm
Guß LÚRlThPôp AYoLû[Ùm
AûZdL AûZlTôûQ ©\l©dLXôm,
29
©¬Ü 218 ØRp 224 : úUtThP TX Ït\eLû[ JúW STo
Ït\fNôhÓLû[ Juß úNojRp ׬kÕs[ùTôÝÕ AjRûLV
JqùYôÚ Ït\j§tÏm AkR STo ÁÕ
JÚYo ÁÕ ÑUjRlTÓm JqùYôÚ
Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlThÓ JúW
R²lThP Ït\j§tÏm Ï,S,N, ¸r JÚ
®NôWûQ«p ®Nô¬dLlTPXôm,
R²lThP Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlTP
úYiÓm, úUÛm. AjRûLV JqùYôÚ G-Ó : H-©-I NhPléoYUô] LôY-p
Ït\fNôhÓm R²jR²úV ®Nô¬dLlTP CÚkÕ ®Ó®d¡\ôo, AlùTôÝÕ
úYiÓm, B]ôp. Ït\m NôhPlThP AeÏs[ LôYp £-dÏ LÓeLôVm
STo GÝjÕ êXUô] ®iQlTj§u ®û[®d¡\ôo, H- C,R,N, ©¬Ü 225
êXm AjRûLV ®ÚlTjûR Utßm 333u ¸r Ït\m NôhPlThÓ
ùR¬®jRôp. AR]ôp AkR STÚdÏ Ri¥dLlTPXôm,
GkR Tô§l×m HtTPôÕ Guß
Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlTÓmùTôÝÕ
Ït\®Vp SÓYo LÚÕmùTôÝÕ
Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u ÁÕ ØRp
AjRûLV STo ÁÕ
TôoûY«p YZdÏ Es[RôL UhÓm
Yû]VlThÓs[ Aû]jÕ ApXÕ
CÚkRôp úTôÕm, AkRd LhPj§p
AYt±p TX Ït\fNôhÓLû[ Ju\ôL
Nôh£VeLû[ GûP«P úYi¥V
®Nô¬dLXôm,
AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
úUÛm. Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 219-T¥ ØRp
YZdÏ ®NôWûQ
Ït\j§tÏm LûP£ Ït\j§tÏm
CûP«p 12 UôReLs CûPùY°dÏs Aj§VôVm 18. 19. 20. 21 TXYûL
JÚ STo ÁÕ 3 Ït\eLû[ ׬kRRRôL YZdÏ ®NôWûQLû[ CfNhPj§u
Ït\m ÑUjRlTÓm ùTôÝÕ AkR STo ¸r SPjÕm SûPØû\ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ,
ÁÕ AjRûLV 3 Ït\eLÞdÏ CfNhPj§u ØRp AhPYûQ Øu×
A§LlTPôUp Ït\fNôhÓ ®[d¡VÕúTôp
Yû]VlThÓ JúW ®NôWûQ«p AYo Ït\eLû[ TXYûLL[ôL ©¬d¡u\Õ,
®Nô¬dLlTPXôm, úUÛm ØRp AhPYûQ
Ït\eLû[ GkR ¿§Uu\j§u ¸r
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 220u ¸r JúW
®Nô¬dL úYiÓm Gu\
T¬YojRû]«p APeLdá¥VÕm
A¥lTûP«Ûm ©¬d¡\Õ,
ùNVpL°u JúW ùRôÏlTôL
AûUVdá¥VÕUô] JußdÏm
30
©¬Ü 225 – 227 AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§u G§WôL SPY¥dûL GÓdL RÏkR
Øu× YZdÏ ®NôWûQ LôWQeLs CpûX Guß Ø¥Ü
ùNnRôp ¿§T§ Ït\m NôhPlThPYûW
Aj§VôVm 18 AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m Øu×
®Ó®jÕ AqYôß ®Ó®jRÛdLô]
Ød¡VUô] Utßm LÓûUVô]
LôWQeLû[ T§Ü ùNnVXôm,
YZdÏLs Guß LÚRlTÓm ©¥VôûQ
YZdÏLû[ ®NôWûQ ùNnV úYi¥V Yogesh V. State of Maharashtra (2008)
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 10 SCC 394 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN
209 ¸r A§LôWm Es[ JÚ Ït\®Vp ¿§Uu\m JÚ YZdÏ Ï±jÕ 2 YûLVô]
SÓYo AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§]ôp úSôdLeLs CÚkRôp AYt±p Juß
®NôWûQ SPjRlTP úYi¥V JÚ NkúRLjûR UhÓm GÝl©]ôp
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiÓ ARtÏl ©\Ï Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ït\m
ARû] AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ NôhPlThPYûW ®Ó®dL A§LôWm
®NôWûQdÏ AàlTXôm, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü ùLôiÓs[ôo, (LôiL : State of
199p Es[ ®XdÏ R®W úYß GkR Karnataka V. L. Munnisami, (1977) 2
RÚQj§Ûm AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m SCC 699, Union of India V. Prafulla
Rô]ôLúY úSW¥VôL JÚ Ït\jûR Kuma,r (1979) 3 SCC 4).
AdÏt\m AUoÜ ¿§Uu\jRôp
®NôWûQdÏ E¬VRôL CÚkRôÛm ©¬Ü 228u T¥ Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ït\m
×Xu ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, NôhPlThPYo Ït\m CûZj§ÚdLXôm
Guß AàUô²dL A¥lTûP Es[Õ
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 225T¥ AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m Guß LÚ§]ôp ¿§Uu\m
Øu× YZdÏ ®NôWûQ AWÑ RWl× Ït\fNôhÓdLs Yû]kÕ Ït\m
YZdL±OWôp SPjRlTP úYiÓm NôhPlThPYo Rôm Ït\m ùNnRRôL
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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
320(1) ¿§Uu\j§u AàU§ CpXôUp 2006 Bm BiÓ §ÚjRf NhPj§u
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37
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38
LiúQôhPeL°p TôoûY«P Ø¥Ùm ©ûQ®Ó Ït\j§tLôL Ït\j
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39
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40
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41
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42
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10
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Mtzk;. mwpf;iffs;> xg;Gjy; gj;jpuj;jpd; Nky;
20 KiwaPL> kw;Wk; [hkPd; tpz;zg;gq;fs;.
• thOk; cjhuzk; xg;ge;jkhf> ,uz;L
jug;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghlg;gLk;. • tpsf;fk;: mg;gbg;gl;l tiuntOJjy;fs;>
25
rhjhuzkhf Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis kl;Lk;
• ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa rl;l cwTfis nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; thrfUf;F cgNahfkha;
25
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd cj;Njrk;. ,Uj;jy;.
rl;l tiuantOJjypy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa cjhuzq;fs;: fl;rpjhuupd; fbjq;fs;> kw;Wk;
30
tpjpKiwfs; rl;lf; fUj;Jfs;.
30
• “rhjhuz czu;Tf;fhd thu;j;ijfs;”: rl;l tiuntOJjypd; %d;W epiyfs;:
thu;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; nrhw;nwhlu;fis mjd;
msthd kw;Wk; rhjhuz mwpjy; Nghy; rl;l tiuntOJjypd; ntt;NtW tifahd
NtWgl;l mZFjy;fs;> %d;W-epiy ePjpKiw 35
cgNahfg;gLj;jp cWjpgLj;jTk;.xU rhjhuz
fl;lis> njhopYf;F Gjpjhf tUk;
35 Mq;fpy thu;j;ijapd; nghUs;> Nfs;tpf;fhd
epfo;ghL kw;Wk; mijr; rhu;e;j Njitfs; MFk;. tof;fwpQu;fSf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkha;
,Uf;fkhW tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
• “xNu khjpupahd nrhy;ypay;” :jpUk;g jpUk;g 40
jpl;lKiw epiy
tuf;$ba xt;t;nthU thu;j;ijfs; my;yJ
40 nrhw;fis xNu khjpupahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh
• tptuf;fl;lisfis fl;rpjhuuplk; ,Ue;J
vd;gij cWjpgLj;jTk;. ePq;fs; nghUis khw;w
ngWjy;: ,jd; njhlu;ghf> cupikAs;s my;yJ
tpUg;gg;gl;lhy; jtpu cq;fs; nkhopia
rupahd eguplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l 45
khw;wNtz;lhk;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; nghUis khw;w
tptuf;fl;lis ahTk; rupghu;f;fg;gLtJ kpf
tpUk;gpdhy; gpwF vg;nghOJk; nkhopahf khw;wTk;.
45 $lNt mjd; mbg;gil tpjpKiwahdJ xNu Kf;fpak;.
Mtzj;jpy; xNu thu;j;ijf;F ntt;NtW • cz;ikahd kw;Wk; rl;l R+oiktpy;>
nghUs;fs; ,Uf;f$lhJ> jtpu rpy ghlf;Nfhg;gpy;
jug;gl;Ls;s tptuf;fl;lisfis Muha;jy; 50
re;ju;g;gtrj;jhy; fl;lhakhf mfw;Wjy;.
kw;Wk; mtw;iw jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;jy;:
50 rl;l tiuntOjypd; tiffs;: Kf;fpaj; jfty;fis Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;jy;
mjhtJ jug;gpdupd tpguq;fs;> Nehf;fq;fs;>
nray;fs;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jug;gpdupd; flikfs; kw;Wk; cj;jputhjq;fs;
55
55
kw;Wk; cq;fshy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; tiff;Fwpfs;
Nghd;witfs; MFk;. tzpf tshf nrhj;Jf;fs; • tiutpw;fhf Nahridfis cUthf;fy; :
njhlu;ghd tplaj;jpy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpf;F Nfhg;Gf;fhd tiuT jahuhdJk;> tiutpy;
Neupilahf nrd;W ghu;g;gNj nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,izf;fg;gl Kbe;j> mij Muha;e;J kw;Wk;
5 kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tpjkhf kidg;gpupit Muha;e;J rl;lk; kw;Wk; epfo;ghl;by; NkYk; gy 5
fz;Lgpbj;jy;. Nahridfis vz;zpg;ghu;j;jy;>
• fhuzq;fis Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; • jpl;lkpLjy; epiyapy; fUJk; midj;J
Mtzq;fis cUthf;fypy; gpd;dhy; cs;s cs;slf;fq;fSk; tiutpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L
10 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: gy tiuntOjy;fs; 10
cWjpgLj;jpf;nfhs;ycjy; Ntz;Lk;:
tof;fwpQu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk;> fl;rpjhuupd; jpl;lkpLjy; epiyapy; vLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
tptuf;fl;lisfSf;F Vw;g nra;JKbg;ghu;. ahTk; MNyhrpj;J ,e;j epiyapy;
mjdhy;> fl;rpjhuupd; ,yf;F> eyd;fs;> kw;Wk; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. ju;f;fuPjpahf tiuit
15 tptuf;fl;lisfis fz;lwpa kpf Kf;fpa Kjy; xOq;FgLj;Jjy; epiyapy; tiuT gbtj;jpy; 15
gbahFk;. $l;L ];jhgd t];jhf ,Ue;jhy;> nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk; xNu khjpupahd tiuit
fl;rpjhuupd; tpahghu Nehf;fq;fis Muha;e;J rupghu;g;gJ NjitahfpwJ. ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk;
fz;lwptJk; $l NjitahfpwJ. nkhopia xNu khjpupahf cs;sjh vd
rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. tof;fpy; cs;s midj;J
20 • nghUj;jkhd etPd rl;lj;ij Muha;jy; kw;Wk; cWg;GiufSk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd 20
rupahd gbtj;ij my;yJ Kd;Djhuj;ijf; rupghu;f;Fk; gl;baiy jahupf;fTk;.
fz;lwpjy;: ghjpf;fg;gl;l xg;ghtzk; my;yJ
Mtzk; jahupf;fg;gl;L> rl;lj;ij MNyhrpj;jy; jpUj;j epiy
kw;Wk; Muha;jy;> kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy;> VNjDk;
25 fl;Lg;ghLfs; jpzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdTk; my;yJ • tpjpKiwfs;> cz;ikahd epiy kw;Wk; 25
rl;lj;jpy; VNjDk; khw;wk; cs;sjh vdTk; rl;l Muha;r;rp gw;wp kW-Ma;T nra;jy;.
jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• $l;Lg;nghUj;jk; cWjpg;gLj;j jpUk;g
• milahsq;fhl;Lk; Nju;Tfs;: tof;fpd; vOJjy;.
30 elj;ijapy; Kd;Ndw;ghlhf> khw;Wtopfis 30
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. mNj topia fl;rpjhuuplk; • tof;if njspthfTk; kw;Wk; gadu;-
vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd khw;W NjhoikAzu;Tld; kW-xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
topfis kdjpy; itj;J> rl;l R+oiktpy;
35 fl;rpjhuUf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij Kjd;ik • tof;if njhFj;jy; kw;Wk; 35
Nehf;fkhf va;jg; ngWjy;.
• vOj;Jf; Nfhu;it kw;Wk; nra;Aspy;
vOJk; epiy ftdkha; ,Uj;jy;.
gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. kw;Wk;>
50 NtW Nehf;fk; ,y;yhj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ.
50
(C. I. T.> cja;G+u; tp.nkf;Nlhty; mz;l; Nkw;gl;l nghUs; kw;Wk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
fk;ngdp.> (2009) 10 SCC 755) nraw;ghl;Lg;nghUs;fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ mij
jdpj;jdpahfg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ> xt;nthU
55 • vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; v];l; vf;];f;ShrpNah nraw;ghl;Lg;nghUs;> mjw;Fupa nghUis
My;nlupa];( xU nghUspd; nrhw;nwhlu;> nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. 55
kw;nwhd;bd; ntspNaw;wk; MFk;) tpsf;fk;. A $Wifapy; ehd; jpl;lkpl;L>
kuGupikahf vd;Dila cz;ikahd kw;Wk;
5 RUf;fkhf vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; newpKiwahf nrhe;jkhd nrhj;ij B jUfpNwd;. jpl;lkpLjy;
vd;dntd;why;> xJf;fPL epiwa nghUl;fis vd;w nrhy; cz;ikahd nrhj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ 5
cs;slq;fpaJ. mjpy; rpyJ kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. kw;Wk; kuGupik vd;w nrhy; nrhe;j nrhj;ijf;
cjhuzq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;glhky; ,Ue;jhNyh Fwpf;fpwJ.
my;yJ NtW VNjDk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf
10 Fwpg;gplg;glhky; ,Ue;jhNyh mijj;jptpu mjd;gb> ,e;j newpKiwia cgNahfg;gLj;jp>
kw;witahTk; Kd;nkhopjypy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gLk;. Nky;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s thf;fpaj;ij> gpd;tUkhW 10
gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ehd; jpl;lkpl;L vd;Dila
nghJthd tpjpg;gb> gl;baiy cjhuzkhf midj;J cz;ikahd nrhj;ijAk; kw;Wk;.
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L kw;Wk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;w kuGupikahf vd;Dila nrhe;jkhd nrhj;ij
15 thu;j;ijfis KOikahf cgNahfpf;fhky; B jUfpNwd;.
,Ug;gJ. 15
thJiufs;
tpsf;fk;. ,e;j thf;fpak;> xt;nthU FbkfDk;
thf;fspf;f cupik ngw;wtu;. mijf; Fwpg;gJ thJiufs; nghJthf
20 vd;dntd;why;> Fbkfdhf ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;>
thf;fspf;f cupik ,y;iy. chpik tof;F tprhuidKiw njhFg;Gr; rl;lk;> 20
(1908) cj;juT-6 tpjp-1 thJiu vd;why; xU
• ,e;jpahtpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ,ij rupahf KiwaPL my;yJ vjpu; tof;Fiu vdf;
tof;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jp cs;sJ. nrhw;nwhlu; $WfpwJ.
25 thu;j;ijahd kl;Lk; my;yJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j
thJiufis fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sthWk; 25
Nghd;w thu;j;ijfs; rl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l
gFjpfspy; gad;gLj;j Njitapy;iy. ,q;F tiuaWf;fyhk;:
mjpfgl;r vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; v];l;
xU tof;fpy; thjpAk; gpujpthjpAk; xUtH
30 vf;];f;ShrpNah My;nlupa]; kw;wtUf;F vjpuhf ju;f;fk; nra;tjhFk;. Mdhy;
,e;jj; ju;f;fk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L xU rhpahd 30
gad;gLj;jp rl;l vy;iyia ePf;fyhk;. (A. B.
C.Nykpdhu;l; g;iuNtl;. ypkpNll;. tp.V.gp. mYtyfj;jpy; vOj;Jg; G+Htkhf thJiufshf
Vn[d;rP];> Nryk;> VIMu;> 1989 SC 1239) itf;fg; gLtjhFk;”. (lhk;ypd;]; rl;l mfuhjp)
35 ‘thJiu vd;gJ ele;j cz;ikfis fhuz
• nunld;Nlh rpq;Fyh rpq;yp]; (Fwpg;GfSf;F 35
fhupa hPjpahfTk; rl;lg;G+HtkhfTk; vOg;gg;gLk;
kl;Lk; 20 ,Wjpapy; kl;LNk)
thq;fpaq;fshFk;. ,J thjpapd; tof;F
rl;lj;jpd; thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;slf;fpaJ gy;NtW %yj;ijNah my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; jw;fhg;gpd;
mbg;gilfisAk; Kd;itf;fpwJ” (rl;l
40 Kd;nrYj;Jfpu kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpisTfis nrhw;fsQ;rpak;)
Vw;gLj;Jfpw thu;j;ijfis gpupj;J gbf;fNtz;Lk;. 40
mjhtJ xt;nthU nrhw;nwhlUk; kw;Wk; thJiufspd; KO Nehf;fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ghtj;ijAk; rupahd nghUis ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;. jug;Gfis xU gpur;ridia ikag;gLj;j
vq;F xU fLikahd thf;fpaj;jpy; xd;Wf;F itg;gjhFk;. thJiu rhu;e;j tpjpfs; me;j
45 gpur;ridia rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;j xU jug;Gk;
me;jg; gpur;rid vg;NghJ tof;Ff;F te;jJ> 45
KbTf;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;gij mwpahky; ve;j ve;jf; fUj;Jf;fisg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J
nra;Jtplf;$ba tpjj;jpy; nghpjhfhky; jLf;Fk;
50 Nehf;fpyhditahFk;. cz;ikapy; ,j;jifa ‘thJiufs; Kiwg;gb ,y;iy vd;gjw;fhf
mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfis xU kl;Lk; mtw;iw xJf;fhJ. me;j thJiufspy; 50
ikag; gpur;ridfspy; xUikg;gLj;jp mjd;%yk; rhuKk; kw;w jug;Gf;F vjpuhf jg;ngz;zj;ij
nryTfisAk; Neuj;ijAk; Fwpg;ghf cUthf;fhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuAk; mJ ve;j
tprhuidapd;NghJ rhl;rpfspd; msT Fog;gkpf;fjhfTk; my;yJ
55 vz;zpf;ifkpr;rg;gLj;JtjhFk;.’ (yd;ld; md; fiyEZf;fkpd;wp vOj;jg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
yq;fhi\u; ,d;#ud;]; fk;ngdp vjpu; gpdha; mtw;iw ePjpkd;wk; xJf;fhJ.’ (Nfjhu; yhy; 55
vjpu; `hp yhy;> AIR 1952 SC 47).
fpU\;d kpl;lu;> AIR 1999 SC 162). thJiufspd; mbg;gil tpjpfs; (CPC> cj;juT-
6 tpjp-2)
vdNt> thJiufspd; Nehf;fkhf
5 fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iwf; $wyhk;: xt;nthU thJiuAk; rl;lj;ijad;wp 5
cz;ikiaNa $w Ntz;Lk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;GfspilNa cs;s
cz;ikahd gpur;ridia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfshy; typAWj;jg;gl;lhYk;
mtu;fSf;fpilNa cs;s Kuz;ghLfis ,y;iyahdhYk;> xt;nthU rl;lj;jpw;fhd
10 FWf;FtJ Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; fz;lwpe;J mij Ma;tJ 10
xt;nthU jug;Gk; ve;nje;j Nfs;tpfis ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf chpa nghWg;G vd;gjd;
Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpj; njsptila mbg;gilapNyNa ,e;j tpjp cUthfpAs;sJ.
itg;gJ ele;j cz;ikfis tpsf;fhJ rl;lj;jpd;
xU jug;G kw;w jug;ig Mr;rhpa%l;Ltij ca;j;JzHTfis vLj;Jf;$wp thJiuapy;
15 jtpu;g;gJ> NkYk; Fwpg;gpLtJ jtwhd KiwahFk;. 15
,t;thW ePjp jtwhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jdJ thJiuapy; egu;-1 jhNd
thJiu fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ: ,we;j jdJ je;ijahd egu;-2-d; thuPR vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,J xU ca;j;Jzu;jyhFk;. egu;-
20 thjpiag; nghWj;jtiu – KiwaPL 1 jdJ thJiuapy; egu;-2f;F jhd; vt;thW 20
gpujpthjpiag; nghWj;jtiu vjpu; KiwaPL thhPrhf cs;shu; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
jhthtpy; cs;s fUj;Jfis tpsf;F tjw;fhf
gpur;ridfisf; fl;likg;gjw;F Kd; tpjpf;fhd tpyf;F: thJiuapy; mjw;fhd
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdupd; my;yJ rl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplf;$lhJ vd;w tpjpf;F
25 MNyhrfu;fspd; thf;F%yq;fs;. tpyf;fhf ntspehl;Lr; rl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Nl 25
thJiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;j
KiwaPl;bNyh vjpHKiwaPl;bNyh Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ePjpkd;wk; cs;s ehl;bd; rl;lq;fshNyNa
Mtzq;fs; thJiuapy; ,Uf;fhJ. fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. kw;w ehl;Lr;
rl;lq;fSf;F ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gLtjpy;iy.
30 KiwaPl;bNyh vjpu; KiwaPl;bNyh cs;s ntspehl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;kPJ xU jug;G ek;gpf;if 30
thf;F%yq;fs; xd;iw xd;W vjpu;f;fj;jf;f itj;J Mjhukhf itf;f tpUk;gpdhy; mij
tifapNyh my;yJ Kwz;gLk; tifapNyh xU cz;ikahff; fUjpNa thJiuapy;
ve;jmsT vd;why; xd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjh Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
cWjpg;gLj;JtNjh kw;nwhd;iw ePf;ff;$ba
35 mstpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba thJiufs; Kwz;ghLs;s 35
thJiufs; vdg;gLk;. ePjpkd;wk; xd;iw xd;W thJiuapy; epju;rdkhd cz;ikfis
Kwpabf;fhj khw;W Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itf;FkhW kl;LNk Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
thjpapd; tof;F %yj;jpw;Nfh gpujpthjpapd;
40 thJiufisfis ePjpkd;wk; mtw;wpd; jLg;Gf;Nfh epju;rdkhf ele;j cz;ikNa 40
cz;ikahd kjpg;ig czu KOikahf Mjhukhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tof;F%yk;
thrpf;fpd;wd. cs;sJ vdf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jNth my;yJ
,y;iy vd kWg;gjw;Nfh Fw;wk; Rkj;jf;$ba
my;yJ eP&gpf;ff;$ba cz;ikNa epju;rdkhd
45 cz;ikahFk;. 45
epju;rdkhd cz;ikf;Fk; ajhu;j;jkhd
tptuq;fSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; cz;L. vy;yh
ajhu;j;jkhd tptuq;fSk; tof;fpw;Fl;gLj;jg; cz;ikfisf; nfhz;L (factum probantia) thjp
gLtjpy;iy vDk;NghJ ePjpkd;wk; rpwe;j me;j ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba cz;ikfis
50 tptuq;fisf; Nfl;fyhk;. ajhu;j;jkhd tptuq;fis ep&gpf;fpwhH vd;gjw;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il 50
mspf;fj; jtWtJ tof;fpw;Nfh kWg;Gf;Nfh tpsf;FfpwJ.
nfhy;gpioahfptpLk;.
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
Fwpg;Gfs;:
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
RNu\; Gju;khy; fyhdp vjpu; kfhuh\;bu muR> 1998 gl;ltu;fs; mtu;fs; thf;F%yk; mspf;Fk;
(7) SCC 377-y; xU cld; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthpd; epiyapy; cs;sdu; vd kUj;Jtu;
thf;F%yj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wk; rhd;wspj;jgpd; jq;fspd; jug;G thf;F%yk;
Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf mtUk;; ePjpkd;w mspf;f ,t;tpjp gadspf;fpwJ. ,tw;iwg;
5 tprhuidapy; ,Ue;jhyd;wp rhl;rpakhfg; gad;gLj;j gpd;du; me;j tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. 5
KbahJ vd;fpwJ.
gf;fhyh ehuhadRthkp tof;fpy; ,we;jtu;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-3-I nfhiy nra;jjhf egu;-1 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W gzk;
kw;Wk; egu;-2 ,UtUNk Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. t#ypj;J tUtjhfr; jd; kidtpaplk;
10 egu;-1 jhDk; egu;-2-k; ,ize;J nfhiy nra;jjhf $wpAs;shu;. rpy ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ cly; 10
xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; mspf;fpwhu;. ,e;j Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; thq;fpa xU ngl;bapy;
thf;F%yj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij egu;-2-f;F vjpuhfg; milf;fg;gl;Lf; fple;jJ. ,q;F ,we;jtu; jd;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. kidtpaplk; filrpahff; $wpr; nrd;w
thu;j;ijfs; tof;fpy; rhl;rpakhf gphpT-
15 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-3-I nfhiy nra;jjhf 32(m)tpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gl;ld. ,J xu 15
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;shu;. egu;-1-k; egu;-2-k; #oy; rhl;rpakhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xU
,ize;Nj mf;nfhiyiar; nra;jjw;fhd Mjhuk; ,wg;G thf;F%yk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f
cs;sJ. ,q;F egu;-2 jhDk; egu;-1k; ,ize;Nj Ntz;Lkhdhy; me;j thf;F%yk; mspj;jtu;
me;jf; nfhiyiar; nra;jjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,q;F me;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l epfo;tpy; mile;j
20 egu;-2-d; xg;Gjy; thf;F%yj;ij egh;-1-f;F vjpuhfg; fhaq;fshy; ,we;jjhf ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 20
gad;gLj;j KbahJ. Vndd;why;> egu;-2 xU cld;
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltuy;y. rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-40 – 45: nghUj;jkhd
Ntisapy; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPu;g;Gfs;:
gphpTfs;-32> 33: rhl;rpfs; vd;W $wKbahjtu;fspd;
25 thf;F%yq;fs;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-40: 25
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
gphpTfs;-40>41 kw;Wk; 42-d;fPo; vjpu; jug;G S.52 kw;Wk; 55> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy;>
nghUj;jkhdjhff; $Wk; jPu;g;G mjw;Fj; jFjpaw;w rhl;rpapd; Fzj;ij eltbf;if
5 ePjpkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ Nkw;nfhs;tJld; S S.52 kw;Wk; 54 ,d; 5
NkhrbahfNth tQ;rff;$l;lhfNth ngwg;gl;lJ nghOJ> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy;
vdf; fhl;b ve;j xU jug;Gk; thjhlyhk;. fl;rpf;fhuu;fspd; rhl;rpapd; elj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-45-51: nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy;
“elj;ij” vd;w nrhy;> tpsf;fTiuapd; fPo;>
10 %d;whk; eghpd; fUj;J 10
S.55 cs;slq;fpaJ ahnjdpy;> ,uz;bYk;
mjhtJ egupd; ew;ngau; kw;Wk; kdepiy.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; rhu;e;j jfuhwhf ,Ue;jhy;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; newpQh;fspd; fUj;ij ehlyhk;. xU S.52 rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> Fw;wtpay; tof;F
%d;whk; eghpd; fUj;Njh ek;gpf;ifNah tof;fpw;F tprhuizapy;> NghJkhd rhl;rp> ey;y xOf;fk;
15 nghUj;jkw;wjhf vdNt Vw;fj;jf;fjy;y vdpDk;; vd $Wk; tiu> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltupd; 15
xUrpy Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; %d;whk; eghpd; jPaFzk; vd mwpag;gLk;. ,e;j tof;Ffspy;>
rhl;rpak; nghUj;jkhdjhf rl;lk; fUJfpwJ. Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F jPaFzk; vd;gJ
nghUj;jkhFk;.
ty;Ydu; rhl;rp
20 gFjp II: Mjhuk; 20
S.45 toq;FtJ> ntspehl;L rl;lk;> mwptpay;
my;yJ fiy> milahsf;ifnaOj;J my;yJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Njitapy;yhj rk;gtq;fs;.
ifNuif mr;R Mfpatw;iwr; rhu;e;j fUj;ij
S.57 toq;FtJ> ePjpkd;wk;> ePjpJiwiar;
ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. rk;gtj;jpw;F
rhu;e;j mwpf;if kw;Wk; S.56 ,d;
25 ty;Yeu;fspd; fUj;J nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. jd;ikapdhy;> mJ Nghd;w rk;gtq;fis 25
,e;j khjpupahd rhl;rpfs; kpfTk; gytPdkhdJ. ep&gpf;fj;Njitapy;iy.,e;j rk;gtq;fs;
ek;gj;jFe;j rk;gtj;ij Neupy; fz;l rhl;rp/rhd;W> cs;slq;fpaJ vd;dntd;why;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
itf;fg;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPL kUj;Jtrhd;W/ vy;yh tpj rl;lq;fSk;> ,e;jpa
Fw;wtpay; tof;F tprhuizapd; nghOJ> kUj;Jt vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;>
30 Neuq;fisg;gpupj;jy;> cyfj;jpd; Gtpapay; 30
ty;Yeu;fspd; rhl;rp. ( uhkhfhe;j; uha;.kjd; uha;>
2003 (12) SCC fhz;f) ePjpkd;wk; gapw;rpia gpupj;jy;> nghJthd gz;biffs;> tpujk; kw;Wk;
mwpTWj;JtJ> ftdk; kw;Wk; vr;rupf;if> tpLKiwfs;> mYtyf murpuopy;
ty;Ydh;fspd; rhl;rp eltbf;ifapd; nghOJ nrupag;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;ddp rhl;rpia Kaw;rpg;gJ. ( Kuhup.yhy;
35 S.58 toq;FtJ> mr;rk;gtq;fs;> jug;gpduhy; 35
kj;jpa gpuNjr khepyk;. AIR 1980 SC 531)
xj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs;
Ss.45 kw;Wk; 47> mq;fPfupg;gJ vd;dntd;why;> ep&gpf;fj;Njitapy;iy.
rhl;rp vOj;jhsuha;> ifnaOj;J ty;Yeupd;
SS. 59-60 rl;lk;> tha;nkhop rhl;rp
fUj;Jgb ep\&gpf;fg;gLjy;. kw;Wk; rhl;rp $Wk;
40 egu; njupag;gLj;JtJ vd;dntd;why;> egupd; 40
midj;J thf;F%yk;> mjhtJ ePjpkd;wk;
ifnaOj;J Nfs;tpahfpwJ. S.73 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mDkjpj;j my;yJ mspf;fg;glNtz;ba
Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> ePjpkd;wk; MdJ> thf;F%yk;> rhl;rpf;F Kd;G njhlu;Gila
ifnaOj;Jfs;> vOj;Jfs; my;yJ Kj;jpiuia rk;gtq;fs; tprhuizapd; fPo;
xg;gPL nra;a mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. tprhupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,J tha;nkhop rhl;rp vd
45 45
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
S. 59 toq;FtJ> Mtzj;jpy; jilnra;ag;gl;l rl;lk; S.65 ,d; fPo; toq;FtJ> xNu re;ju;g;g
cs;slf;fq;fspy;> midj;J rk;gtq;fSk;> R+o;epiyapy;> Kjz;ik rhl;rp ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;
tha;nkhopahf ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. S.60 gl;rj;jpy;> ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpia
“nrhy;yf;Nfl;l Nfhl;ghl;by; fUj;J njuptpg;gJ” cgNahfpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. kw;Wk; Nfs;tpapy;
kw;Wk; tha;nkhop rhl;rpahf midj;J tof;Ffspy; rk;gtj;jpd; rpwg;ghf mtrpakha; nfhLf;f
Neubahfj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,aYk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp> vg;nghOJ
mspf;f KbAk; vd;why;> Mtzj;jpd;
,Ug;gpDk;> rhl;rp> rk;gtj;jpy; rhl;rpahf> mtd;> ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ.
Neubahf mwpe;j nra;jpia kl;Lk; jhd; Mtzj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp
mspf;fKbAk;. mspf;fKbahJ. vg;nghOJ vdpy;> cz;ikahd
Mtzq;fis mDkjpf;f ,ayhJ vd
tpsf;fk;: B, A f;F jug;gl;l njhiff;fhf>
mwpag;gLk;.
mtUila Ramwptpd;gb> rk;gtj;jpd; jd;ikahy;>
A ,B tpw;F fld; jUk;nghOJ> C mr;rk;gt tpsf;fk;: efypy; ,Ue;J NtW xU gpujpia
,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ. C apd; tha;nkhop rhl;rp jahu; nra;jy;>Mshy; gpd;du; mij mrYld;
nghUj;jkhdJ. kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpy; Neubahf xg;gpLtJ ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpahFk;. Mdhy;
rhl;rpahtJ. vg;gbahUe;jhYk;> C ,d; rhl;rp xg;gplg;gl;l efy;> cz;ikahdnjdpy;>
$WtJ> vd;dntd;why;> X vd;dplk; $wpaJ> “A, B ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>
aplk; fld; Nfl;ly;” nrhy;yf;Nfl;l rhl;rpahf efy;> mjpypUe;J NtW xU gpujp jahu;
mspj;jpUg;gJ nrhy;yf;Nfl;l Nfhl;ghl;bd; nra;ag;gl;lNjh. mJ mrYld; xg;gplg;gl;lJ
tpjptpyf;F kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy;> nghUj;jkhf MFk;.
njuptpg;gJ.
jfty; njhopy;y El;gk; rl;lk; 20 gb> ,r;rl;lk;
Mtzg;glr; rhl;rp mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by;>
mDkjpj;J mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. S.65 – A
S.74 tptupg;gJ(kw;Wk; tpsf;FtJ) Mtzq;fspd;
toq;FtJ> kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by;
gpupT> “nghJ Mtzq;fs;” kw;Wk; S.7 5 toq;FtJ>
cs;slf;fq;fs;> ahTk; S.65 – B ,y;
nghJ Mtzq;fs;;> jdpahu; Mtzq;fisj jtpu>
,zf;fkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. S.65 – B ,y;
midj;J Mtzq;fs;. ,e;j
toq;FtJ> kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by; epge;jidapd;
nrhy;“Mtzg;glf;fhl;rp” tptupg;gJ> S.3
.
,e;j
fPo; ep&gpf;f ,aYk;.
midj;J Mtzq;fSk;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy;>
fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lg toq;fg;gLfpwJ. S S.91-10 rl;lk;: Mtzg;gl rhl;rpay; tha;nkhop
tpyf;fy;
Kjz;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp:
S.91 rl;lk;
S.61 epiyapy;> Mtzq;fspd; cs;slf;fq;s; ahTk;>
Kjz;ik my;yJ ,uz;lhtJ epiy rhl;rpahy; S.91toq;FtJ> xg;ge;j fhyj;jpd;nghOJ>
ep&gpf;fg;gLtJ. S.63 toq;FtJ> ,uz;lhtJ epiy Mtzk; Fiwf;fg;gLtJ kw;Wk; midj;j;
rhl;rpapy;. tiuaiw cs;gl kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;W> tof;FfspYk;> ve;j xU tp\aj;jpYk;>
rhd;wpjo; efy;fs;> ,ae;jpu nray;Kiwapd; rl;lj;jhy; Njitg;gLk; Mtzk;> kl;Lk;
cz;ikahd efy;fs;> rupNeu; mYtyupd; Mtzkhf mij ep&gpf;f ,aYk; my;yJ
Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; xU eguhy; Mtzj;jpd; NkYk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpapy; cs;s
cs;slf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tha;f;fzf;Ffs;> mtdhy; cs;slf;fq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tof;Ffspy;
my;yJ mtshy; ghu;g;gJ. kl;Lk; mtrpakhFk;>.
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
S.135 – 166 rl;lk; : rhl;rpahsu;fspd; tprhuiz tpyf;$W S.162 Cr. P.C., Gydha;tpd;nghOJ>
fhty;Jiwahy; rhl;rpahsuplk; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l
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rhl;rpahsu;fs;> VNjDk; tof;fpy; Njitg;gLk; kWj;Jf;$Wk;nghOJ kl;Lk; cgNahfpf;f
VNjDk; rk;gtj;jpw;F Njitapy;iy. cluePjpkd;wk; KbAk; vd S.145 rl;lj;jpy; rupahf
ifahz;l epiwa tof;Ffspy;> rhl;rpahsupd; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpyf;f$W 4.162 (1) Cr.
juj;ij kl;Lk; jhd; epWj;jpAs;sJ. vz;zpf;ifia P.C., apy; ghu;itapy;> tpNr\kha;
my;y. Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
S.134> toq;FtJ> cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;> S.161 ,d; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffs;>
nray;Kiw rl;lj;ij> jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l Mizia tof;F njhlu;e;jtupd; cWjpghl;Lld;
rhl;rpahsu; cUthf;fpa kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;jij cgNahfpf;fKbahJ. jLg;G eltbf;if my;yJ
gpuNahfpj;J jug;gLfpwJ. ePjpkd;w rhl;rpahf ( jhrpy;jhu; rpq;
cj;jpugpuNjrk;> AIR 1959 SC 1012 mwpf;if)
S.137> tptupg;gJ> vd;dntd;why;> Kjz;ik
tprhuizapy;> jug;gpdupd; rhl;rpahsu; tpil miktpdh
tprhuizf;fhf mtis mioj;jy;. NkYk;
tptupg;gJ> vd;dntd;why;> vjpu;jug;gpdu; thapyhf> S.141 tptupg;gJ> tpil miktpdh vd;gJ>
rhl;rpahsiu FWf;F-tprhuiz nra;jy;. S.137> VNjDk; Nfs;tpf;F tpil MNyhrpg;gJ> xU
tptupg;gJ> jug;gpdu; rhu;ghf> FWf;F tprhuizf;F egu;> tpUg;gq;fis my;yJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis $wp
gpwF mtis mioj;jy;. ngWtJ. Kjz;ikfl;l tprhuizapd;nghOJ>
my;yJ kW-tprhuizapd;nghOJ>
S.138> njspthf toq;FtJ> tprhuiz Nfs;tpfSf;F mDkjp ,y;iy. ePjpkd;w
cj;jputpd;gb> kw;Wk; kpf Kf;fpakhf toq;FtJ> mDkjpiaj; jtpu. (S.141, S.143 )
rk;gt vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lg FWf;F – tprhuiz vg;gbapUg;gpDk; toq;fg;gLtJ ahjdpy;> tpil
nra;aj;Njitapy;iy. mtspd; Kjz;ik iktpid> FWf;F tprhuizapd; nghOJ
tprhuizapy;> rhl;rp ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xUNtis Nfl;fg;glyhk;. FWf;F
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S.145> njspthf toq;FtJ> mtshy; Ke;ija rhl;rpgw;W jFjpAilikahjy;.
mwpf;ifapy; vOjg;gl;Nlh my;yJ vOJjy;
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Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh rhl;rpia FWf;F-tprhuiz
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nghUj;jkhjy;. VNjDk; Nfd;tpfis Nfl;f xU egiu
mDkjpj;jy;> mjhtJ vjpu;jug;G thapyhf
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mjhtJ S.145> ,y; rupahf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(rhl; ghy; nly;ypapy; ,Ue;J fhz;f> Ml;rp AIR rhl;rpapd; epiyapd; nghOJ> mopf;fg;glf;$ba
AIR 1976 SC 294)) Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu; tof;fpy;>
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2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
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Aµ]¯»ø©¨¦). SÖURk ö\´Áx AÀ»x,
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
my;yJ mtUf;Fk; kw;w xd;W my;yJ mjw;F egu;-1 ,e;J eguhd ,tUf;F mtNu
Nkw;gl;ltu;fSf;Nfh chpik khw;wk; nra;J Nru;j;j nrhj;J cs;sJ. mtUf;F xU
jUtjhFk;’ vd;fpwJ nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;. ifk;ngz;Zk; (egu;-2) xU rNfhjuUk;
(egu;-3) cs;sdu;. egu;-2-d; MAs;
5 ‘thOk; egu;fs;’ vd;gJ epWtdq;fs;> kd;wq;fs;> fhyj;ijtpl mjpf ehl;fs; egu;3 capu; 5
FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; (mit Kiwg;gb gjpT tho;e;jhy; mtUf;F me;jr; nrhj;jpd;kPJ
nra;ag;gl;lhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;) ntWk; tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,e;j chpikia
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. mtu; khw;wpf; nfhLf;f KbahJ.
me;j egu;-1 jdJ kidtpahd egu;-2-
10 nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-7-d;gb xU nrhj;ij f;Fk; mtUf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ 10
xUtu; khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;Lkhdhy; fPo;f;fhZk; gps;isfSf;Fk; ; nryTf;fhd fUidj;
jFjpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: (m) xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; njhifahf mspg;ghuhdhy; gpd; egu;-3f;F
jFjp (M) nrhj;jpd; chpikahsuhfNth my;yJ chpik jug;gLkhdhy; me;j chpik egu;-
nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtuhfNth 1f;F Foe;ij cs;sijg; nghUj;Jk;
15 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;gtUf;F me;j eyd;fs; khw;wg;glf; $bajh 15
me;jr; nrhj;J chpikahdJ ,y;yhtpby; me;jr; vd;gijAk; nghUj;jjhFk;.
nrhj;jpid khw;wk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij (gtu; epge;jid kPwYf;fhf kWgjpT chpik
M/g; ml;lhu;dp my;yJ Kftu;) khw;wj;jf;fjy;y
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
egu;-1> xU ,e;J kjj;jtu; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fhd chpikahsu; jdJ kidtp
35 mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid egu;-2 kw;Wk; rNfhjuiutpl;L (egu;-3) ,we;J 35
chpik khw;wk; nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. ,q;F egu;- tpLfpwhu;. egu;-3 me;jr; nrhj;ij milAk;
3-d; chpik epiyahdNj. Vnddpy; egu;-2-d; tha;g;ig kl;LNk ngWfpwhu;.
,wg;Gf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fr; Nru;tJ egu;-1 jdJ kidtpahd egu;-2f;F jdJ
cWjpahfpwJ. nrhj;ij mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk;
40 egu;-1 egu;-3d;kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhf gpd;du; mtUf;Fg;gpd; kfd; egu;-3-f;Fk; xU 40
egu;-2f;F xU nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk; nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk; nra;J
nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-3 25 tajilAk;NghJ nfhLf;fpwhu;. jtwpdhy; egu;-4-f;F ,e;jr;
me;jr; nrhj;ij egu;-2 egu;-3-f;F nfhLf;f nrhj;J nry;Yk;. ,q;F egu;-4-d; chpik
Ntz;Lk; vd cs;sJ. ,q;F egu;-3d; chpik epiyaw;wJ.
45 epiyahdNj. egu;-3 18 tajilAk;NghJ me;jr; egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs; 45
nrhj;ij mDgtpf;f chpik cs;sJ. (nrhj;J KOikf;Fk; mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fk;
khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-14-d;gb). (mtu; tho;e;jhuhdhy;)xU nrhj;jpid
xU nrhj;J rkkhf egu;-1> 2 kw;Wk; egu;-3 chpik khw;wk; nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;.
MfpNahUf;F rkkhf mtu;fs; 18 jtwpdhy; egu;-3 kw;Wk; egu;-4-d; chpik
50 tajilAk;NghJ Nru Ntz;Lk; vd mspf;fg; epiyaw;wJ. 50
gLfpwJ. 18 tajilAk; Kd; ,we;J tpl;lhy;
mr;nrhj;J egu;-4-w;F chpaJ vd cs;sJ. nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-21-d;gb xUtu; 18
,q;F egu;-1> egu;-2 kw;Wk; egu;-3-d; chpikfs; tajilAk;NghJ chpik ngWthu; vd;W
epiyahdNj. xU epfo;itg; nghWj;J me;j ,Ue;jhy;> mJtiu rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpd;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
tUkhdk; mtuJ gad;ghl;Lf;F chpaJ my;yJ me;j epge;jid epfo Kbahky; nra;J
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vd;why; tpLtjhy;> me;j capYf;F mtu; fl;Lg;gl
mtupd; chpik epiyaw;wjhff; fzf;fpl KbahJ khl;lhu;.
vd;fpwJ.
5 ,jw;F khwhf> xU nraYf;fhd fhy msT 5
epge;jidAld;$ba nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;jhy; kw;Wk; me;jr; nray;
Njhy;tpAw;w epiyapy; me;j chpik
xU epge;jidapd; Nghpy; xU nrhj;Jhpik toq;fg; NtnwhUtUf;Fr; nry;Yk; vdf;
gLfpwJ vd;why;> me;j epge;jid eilngw Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; me;j NtnwhUtu; jdf;F
10 KbahjpUe;jhNyh> rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;gl;lhNyh> me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w 10
mij epiwNtw mDkjpj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd; vz;zj;jpy; me;j epge;jidia epiwNtw;w
eyj;jpw;Nf NfL tpistpf;Fk; jd;ikAs;sJ KbahjthW jLj;jhy;> me;j epge;jidia
vd;whNyh> my;yJ Nkhrbahdjhf ,Ue;jhNyh epiwNtw;w NghJkhd fhyk; $Ljyhf mspf;fg;
my;yJ kw;wtUf;Nfh my;yJ kw;wthpd; glyhk;. mthpd; Nkhrbapd; fhuzkhf me;j
15 nrhj;jpw;Nfh jPq;fhFk; vd;whNyh me;jr; epge;jidia vf;fhyKk; my;yJ ePz;l 15
nrhj;Jhpik Njhy;tpailfpwJ. NkYk;> me;j fhyj;jpw;F epiwNtw;w KbahjthW
epge;jidapd; ngWk;gFjp epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhNy nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; me;j epge;jid epiwNtw;wg;
KOikahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;. gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;.
egu;-2-f;F mtu; egu;-3-idj; jpUkzk; nra;J nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-52 nghJthf
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL egu;-1 mwpag;gLk; ‘yp]; ngd;ld;];’ Nfhl;ghl;bid
xU nrhj;jpid khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j (epYit tof;F) Vw;fpwJ. ,jd;gb> fPo;f;fhZk;
25 khw;wk; epfOk; ehspy; egu;-3 ,we;J tpLfpwhu; epge;jidfspy; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l 25
vdpy; me;j khw;wk; nry;yhjjhfpwJ. mirahr; nrhj;jpid khw;wNth mJ rhu;e;j
egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F mtuJ fdtiu tpl;Lg; gphpa nray;fspy; <LglNth jLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;:
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL xU nrhj;jpid
khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j khw;wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;;J rhu;e;j tof;F
30 nry;yhjjhfpwJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; my;yJ 30
egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F mtu; egu;-3> egu;-4 kw;Wk; egu;- tprhuidapy; cs;sJ
5-d; Vw;NghLjhd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s mt;tof;F my;yJ ePjpkd;w tprhuid xU
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL xU nrhj;jpid tQ;rf Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljy;y.
khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-5 ,we;J tpLfpwhu;. tof;fpy; my;yJ ePjpkd;w tprhuidapy;
35 egu;-2 kw;w ,Utuhd egu;-3> egu;-4-d; Vw;NghL ikakhf cs;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jhFk;. 35
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. vdNt ,q;F egu;- tof;fpy; cs;s nrhj;J khw;wg;gl;bUf;f
2 me;j epge;jidia epiwNtw;wpajhff; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tof;Fj;
nfhs;syhk;. njhlu;e;jpUg;gtUf;F mjpy; rk;ge;jk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
40 epge;jidAld;$ba nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; vdpy;> xU me;j nrhj;ij tpw;gJ mLj;j jug;igg; 40
nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij epge;jidahff; nfhz;L ghjpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
me;j khw;wk; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> me;j nray;
epiwNtw;wj;jpw;fhd fhy msT Fwpf;fg;glhJ xU tof;fpd; ve;j xU jug;igAk; ,e;jr;
,Ue;jhy; me;j epge;jidia vf;fhyj;jpYk; nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; ghjpf;Fk; vd;why; kl;LNk
45 epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfNth my;yJ ePz;l ,e;j gphpT-52 jiyapLk;. me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik 45
fhyj;jpw;F epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfNth khw;wk; my;yJ ve;j xU nraYk; jd;dpNyNa
mr;nrhj;jpd; chpikiag; ngWgtu; nra;jhy; me;j nry;yhjjy;y kwhf mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
epge;jid Kwpabf;fg; gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;. jug;gpdhy; nry;yhjjhf;ff;$bajhFk;. mJ
me;j tof;fpd; jPu;g;igg; nghWj;J mikAk;.
50 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ kuz capypy;; egu;-2 ,q;F me;j nrhj;ijg; ngWgtUf;F me;j 50
jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; tof;Fgw;wp Kd;dwptpg;G cs;sjh vd;gijg;
vdTk;. mg;gb ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; me;j capYf;F nghWj;jJ.
egu;-2 fl;Lg;glhjtu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. egu;-2
NtnwhU ngz;iz kze;J nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jd;%yk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;