TôPm – 1 : UôtßY¯ RLWôß AmNeLs CÚlTRôL ¿§Uu\m ¨û]jRôp

¿§Uu\m AjRûLV
¾oÜØû\ ¾oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ AûR
YZdÏRôWoL°u LÚjÕdLôL ùLôÓjÕ.
Ck§V AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕ 39H ¸r
AYoLs ReL[Õ LÚjûRd ùLôÓjRl©u]o
AWNôeLm NhPj Õû\«u ùNVpØû\
¿§Uu\m ¾oÜdLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ YûWkÕ
¿§ûV ¨ûXSôhÓm úSôdLjÕPu GkRùYôÚ
AkR RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NUWN ¾oÜ
Ï¥ULàdÏm ùTôÚ[ôRôWªuûU ApXÕ
Øû\. Uj§VvR Øû\ ApXÕ UdLs
úYß CVXôûU«]ôp ¿§ ¡ûPdLôUp
¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTXôm,
CÚdLdáPôÕ GuTRu ùTôÚhÓ
Aû]YÚdÏm ¿§ûV AÔL NU Yônl×m. CfNhPj§u ©¬Ü 89(2) ¸r JÚ RLWôß
RÏkR NhPeLs Utßm ©\ §hPeLs AqYô\ô] ¾ol©tÏ. ϱl©hÓ
êXUôL CXYN NhP ER® YZeLÜm AàlTlTh¥ÚdÏm úTôÕ :
á±Ùs[Õ,
 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ
EfN ¿§Uu\Øm ®ûWYô] ®NôWûQdLô]
ùNu±ÚkRôp CûNÜ ¾oÜ Utßm NUWN
E¬ûUûV (right to speedy opial) Ck§V
NhPm. 1996-u ©¬ÜLs CkR CûNÜ ¾oÜ
AW£VXûUl× NhPm. `WjÕ 21 ¸r
Øû\ Utßm NUNW Øû\dÏ ùTôÚkÕm,
YZe¡Ùs[Õ,
 UdLs ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùNu\ôp
CkR A±ÜûWûV ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ
NhP úNûYLs BûQVm NhPm. 1987 ©¬Ü
SôPôÞUu\m TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯
20(1) T¥ Utßm AfNhPj§u ©\ ©¬ÜLs
RLWôß ¾oÜ Øû\Lû[ Ae¸L¬jÕs[Õ,
T¥ SûPùTßm,
CûY. CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NUWN ¾oÜ Øû\.
Uj§VvR Øû\ Utßm UdLs ¿§Uu\eLs  ¿§Øû\ ¾oÜdÏ ùNu\ôp
BÏm, ¿§Uu\m JÚ RÏkR ¨ßY]m ApXÕ
STûW ¨VªjÕ AjRûLV ¨ßY]m ApXÕ
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\fNhPm. 1908 ©¬Ü 89
STo UdLs ¿§Uu\UôL AàUô²dLlThÓ
TXYûLVô] Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß ¾oÜ
NhP úNûY BûQVf NhPj§u Aû]jÕl
Øû\Ls êXm RLWôßLû[ ¾odL
©¬ÜLÞm ùTôÚkÕm,
Y¯YÏjÕs[Õ,

CfNhPjRu ©¬Ü 89(1) ¸r YZdÏRôWoLs  Uj§VvR Øû\dÏ ùNu\ôp

HtßdùLôsÞm YûL«p. ¾oÜdLô] ¿§Uu\m YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ CûPúV NUNW

1
¾o®û] HtTÓj§ ϱl©PlThP
SûPØû\Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1u ¸r Aû]jÕ Jl×RpLs
Utßm Ußl×Lû[Ùm T§Ü ùNnR ©u]o
¿§Uu\m YZdÏRôWoLû[ AYoLÞdÏ
®ÚlTUô] HúRàm JÚ UôtßY¯ RLWôß
¾oÜ Øû\ûV úRoÜ ùNnV á\Xôm,
LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1(©) T¥ NUWN ûUVm
ApXÕ A§Lô¬ Øu× B_o BYRtÏ úR§
ϱjRp Tt±Ùm LhPû[ 10 ®§ 1(£) NUWN
Øû\ ØVt£Ls ùYt±VûPV®pûX
Gu\ôp AkR RLWôû\ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ §Úl©
Aàl×m Øû\l Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ,
CfNhPm. úYß TX NkRolTeL°Ûm Uôtß
Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\Lû[ TVuTÓjR
GiÔ¡\Õ,
ÏÓmTeLÞdÏ CûPúV SPdÏm YZdÏLs
Tt± ®Y¬dÏm LhPû[ 32H
T¥ GeùLpXôm Nôj§VUô¡\úRô YZd¡u
RuûU Utßm NkRolTeLÞdÏ ùTôÚkÕm
YûL«p ¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ AkR YZdûL
ÑêLUôL ¾olTRtÏ Y¯ ùNnV LPûU
Es[Õ, CRtLôL. ÏÓmT SX ¨×Q¬u
ER®ûVÙm ¿§Uu\m SôPXôm, CúR
úTôp AWNôeLm ApXÕ ùTôÕ A§Lô¬
YZdÏRôWWôL CÚdÏm JqùYôÚ YZd¡Ûm
¿§Uu\j§tÏ YZd¡u RuûU Utßm
NkRolTeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ YZdÏ
RôWoLs JÚ NêLUô] ¾olûT AûPV ER®
׬V LPûU Es[Õ,
Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uôtß Y¯
RLWôß ¾oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls
1996 NhPm Utßm 1987 NhPm ¿§Uu\m
YZdÏRôWoLû[úV CûNÜ úRoÜ Øû\
NUWNm Øû\ ApXÕ UdLs ¿§Uu\m
B¡VYt±p HúRàm JÚ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV
úRoÜ ùNnÙUôß áßm NkRolTjûR
G§oTôodL®pûX, CfNhPeLs ©¬Ü 89u
¸r ¾oÜØû\dÏ AàlTlThP ©\Ï Rôu
ùTôÚkÕm, (Salem Advocates Bar Association V.
Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕ 21u ¸r
Es[ ®ûWÜ ®NôWûQdLô] E¬ûU
Utßm YZdLôÓm ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏ
®ûWYôL ¨VôVUôL Utßm A§L
ùNX®pXôUp ¿§ YZeÏm ùTôÚhÓ EfN
¿§Uu\m Aû]jÕ EVo ¿§Uu\eLÞm
NhP BûQVj§]ôp CVt\lThP Uô§¬
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß
¾oÜ Øû\ ®§Lû[ Uôt\eLÞPú]ô
ApXÕ CpXôUúXô LûPl©¥dLXôm Guß
T¬kÕûW ùNnÕs[Õ, (Salem Advocates Bar
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
NhP BûQVj§]ôp CVt\lThP CkR
Uô§¬ Uôtß Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\ ®§Ls. Uôtß
Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV AÔÏm YZdÏRôWoLs
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[ áß¡\Õ, CkR ®§L°u
¸r ¿§Uu\eLs YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ RÏkR
T¥VôL Y¯Lôh¥ YZdÏdÏ E¬V Aû]jÕ
Ød¡V AmNeLs. YZdÏRôWoLs LQd¡p
2
GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥V ©\ ®`VeLs ùNpÛT¥VôÏm JÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
B¡VYtû\ á\ úYiÓm Guß EPuT¥dûL ØR-p CÚjRp úYiÓm,
EjRW®PlThÓs[Õ, Cq®§L°u ¸r CkR JlTkR RôWoLÞdÏ JlTkR NhPj§u
¿§Uu\eLs ùYqúYß ¾oÜ Øû\LÞdÏ ©¬Ü 11 Utßm 12 ¸r JlTkRj§p
YZdûL ϱl©hÓ Aàl×m Øû\Ùm ¾oÜ ÖûZYRtLô] Rϧ CÚdL úYiÓm,
Øû\ ùYt±VûPVôR ùTôÝÕ AûR
NhPlT¥ úRûYVô] GÝjÕ êXm CÚdÏm
¿§Uu\j§tÏ §Úm© Aàl×m Øû\Ùm
EPuT¥dûL. ¨ÛûY«p Es[ ApXÕ
YZeLlThÓs[Õ, (Salem Advocates Bar
YÚeLôX RLWôßLs Utßm AYtû\
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
CûNÜ ¾oÜdÏ Aàl×m úSôdLm. R®W JÚ
NhPj§u Tϧ 10u ¸r GkR YûL«p ¾oÜ JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ûV úRoÜ ùNnV úYiÓm GuTÕ EPuT¥dûLVôL LÚRlTÓYRtÏ
ùTôÚjÕm. ®§Ls CVt\ úRûYVô]ûY,
EVo¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ,
ÏÓmT SX ¿§Uu\ NhPj§p  CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u Ø¥Ü
Es[ ®§LÞdÏ áÓRXôL CqYôß CÚRWl©]ûWÙm LhÓlTÓjÕYRôL CÚdL
EVo¿§Uu\eL[ôp CVt\lThP ®§Ls úYiÓm,
ùNVpTP úYiÓm, (Salem Advocates Bar
 CÚRWl©]ÚdÏm
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
Es[ E¬ûULû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× CÚRWl©]¬u
NmURm êXúUô ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\
êXúUô NhPj§u êXúUô ùT\lTP
YZdÏRôWoLs NôoTt\ JÚ êu\ôm ST¬Pm
úYiÓm, úUÛm. CRu êXm RLWôß
(CûNÜ ¾olTô[o) Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p ¾odL úYiÓm Guß
NUol©dÏm JÚ ¿§ ¾oÜ Øû\, CûNÜ
ùR°YôL CÚjRp úYiÓm,
¾oYô[ÚdÏ ¿§Uu\ SÓYûW ®P TX
Lô¬VeLs ùNnYRtLô] Rϧ CÚkRôÛm  ¾olTôVm êXm CÚ
SûPØû\ Utßm Nôh£V ®§Ls ùTôßjÕ RWl©]¬u ¨ûXØû\
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ¿§Uu\j§p E¬ûULs ¨oQ«dLlTÓm Guß
YZdLôÓRûX úTôuú\ BÏm, JlTkRj§p á\lTP úYiÓm,

CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ùNpÛT¥VôYRtÏ

 ¾olTôVm CÚ RWl©]¬u
Ck§V JlTkR NhPm 1872 ¸r
E¬ûULû[Ùm TôWThNm CpXôUp

3
 ¿§Øû\ NôokR YûL«p CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm YpÛ]o ¨oQ«jRp GuTÕ JÚ RLWôû\
NUUô] LPûUÙPu ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p R²lThP êu\ôm STo TôoûY«hÓ
SPdL úYiÓm, AYÚûPV ¨×QjÕYjûR TVuTÓj§
AûR ¨û\Ü ùNnYÕ BÏm,
 RLWôûW ¾olTôVj§tÏ AàlT AjRûLV ¨oQVm U§lÀÓ. A±ÜNôo
Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm EPuT¥dûL ùNôjÕ¬ûU LQd¡ÓRp úTôu\Yt±tÏ
NhPlT¥ CÚdL úYiÓm, ERÜm, YpÛ]o RuàûPV ¨oQVj§tLô]
LôWQeLû[ ùLôÓdL úRûY«pûX,
 ¾olTôVm HtùL]úY RLWôß
úUÛm CûNÜ ¾ol× úTôuß CjRûLV
ϱl©hÓ Aàl©«ÚkRúTôÕ YûWVlThP
YpÛ]o ¨oQVjûR ùNVpTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ,
RLWôß ùTôÚhÓ Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
CRû] ¿§Uu\j§p G§odLÜm Ø¥VôÕ,
 ¾olTôVm CÚRWl©]PªÚkÕm
JÚ JlTkRm CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûVúV
Nôh£Lû[ ùTtß YôReLû[ úLhL
HtTÓjÕ¡u\Õ Gußm
úYiÓm ApXÕ Yô§Óm YônlûTVôYÕ
YpÛ]o ¨oQVjûRl Tt± á\®pûX
A°dL úYiÓm, (K.K. Modi v. K.N. Modi, AIR
GuTûRÙm E£RlTÓjR ¸rdLiPYtû\
1998 SC 1297; Bharat Bhusan Bansal V. Uttar Pradesh
¿§Uu\eLs á±Ùs[],
Small Industries Corporation, AIR 1999 SC 899, Uttar
Pradesh Rajkiya Nigam Ld. V. Indure (P) Ltd., AIR
 YÚeLôX RLWôû\ R®odÏm
1996 SC 1373).
ùTôÚhÓ CpXôUp Øû\Vô] ¨LrLôX
AWNôeLjÕPu L¥R úTôdÏYWjÕ êXm RLWôß CÚjRp
áP JlTkRm êXm JÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûLûV HtTÓjRXôm, (P.B. Ray V.  úRokùRÓdLlThP ¾olTôVm
Union of India, AIR 1973 SC 908). B]ôp úRûYVô] Nôh£VeLû[ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ
CjRûLV JlTkRm Ck§V AW£VXûUl× YZdÏRôWoL°u YôReLû[Ùm
NhPm 299 ¸r JlTkRj§p ÖûZVdá¥V úLhÓ ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p ¾olT°jRp,
RÏkR A§LôWm EûPV AWNôeL
 ¾ol× CÚRWl©]ûWÙm
A§Lô¬«]ôp UhÓúU HtTÓjR Ø¥Ùm,
LhÓlTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÚjRp, (K.K.
CqYôß Ae¸LôWm CpXôRYo HtTÓjÕm
Modi V. K.N. Modi, AIR 1998 SC 1297)
JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ, (State of Punjab V.
Om Prakash, AIR 1988 SC 2149). CÚRWl©]WôÛm TVuTÓjRlTÓm
AûZdÏm Øû\ûV CߧVôL
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ Utßm
ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, AkR JlTkRj§u
YpÛ]o ¨oQ«jRp

4
úSôdLm Utßm LôWQjûR BWôV úYiÓm,
“CûNÜ Y¯ ¾olTô[o” ApXÕ “CûNÜ
Y¯ ¾oÜ Øû\” B¡V ùNôtLs Ø¥Yô]
®[dLeLû[ A°dÏm ùNôtLs ¡ûPVôÕ.
CQeL®dLYpX ùNôtLs UhÓúU BÏm,
G-Ó : ReLÞd¡ûPúV Es[ RLWôß Utßm
úYßTôÓLû[ ¾odÏm ùTôÚhÓ JÚ
ÏÓmTj§u CÚ ©¬ÜLÞm JÚ JlTkRjûR
HtTÓj§d ùLôiP], CkR JlTkRj§u
Ød¡VUô] áß. CÚ ©¬®]oL°ûPúV
YÚeLôXj§p ùNôjÕdLû[l ©¬jRp.
AYtû\ JÚ ùTV¬PlThP ¨ßY]m êXm
U§l©ÓRp. AYtû\ JÚ Ï±l©hP ©¬Ü
ApXÕ §hPj§u ¸r úYß
ùTV¬PlThP ¨ßY]j§]ôp U§l©PlTÓRp
B¡VYt±p GÝmTdá¥V Aû]jÕ
RLWôßLû[Ùm R®olTÕ Guß CÚkRÕ,
úUÛm. CkR JlTkRjûR
ùNVpØû\TÓjÕY§p HtTÓm Aû]jÕ
CûPëßLs ùTôßjR Ø¥Ü ¨§
áhPûUl©u RûXY¬Pm ùLôÓdLlThPÕ, 
AYo úYß úLs®Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYß
VôúWàm ¨VªdL A§LôWm ùTt±ÚkRôo,
CkR JlTkRm Nôh£VeLû[ T§Ü
ùNnVúYô ApXÕ ¿§Øû\«p ¾oÜ
LôQúYô YZeL®pûX, G]úY C§p
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ Gu\ ùNôp
TVuTÓjRlTh¥ÚkRôÛm CÕ JÚ
YpÛ]o ¨oQVm Gußm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ CpûX Gußm ¾oUô²dLlThPÕ,
(K.K. Modi V. K.N. Modi, AIR 1998 SC 1297).
¨ßY]m NôokR CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm
ùTÚmTôÛm CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûLûV
ùLôiÓs[Õ, CRu êXm
Øu× ¨ßYlThP ®§L°u T¥ HúRàm
JÚ ¨ßY]m CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV SPj§
AûR ¨oYô¡dL ¨VªdLlTÓ¡u\Õ,
CjRûLV ¨ßY]eL°u G-Ó : International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC), London Court of
International Arbitration (LCIA), and American
Arbitration Association (AAA).
CjRûLV ¨ßY]j§u ¨oYô¡l× ùNXÜ
ªÏ§VôL CÚlTÕ Ød¡VªpûX Gu\ôp
CkR ¨ßY] Y¯ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\
ùTÚmTôÛm ®ÚmTlTÓ¡\Õ, CkR
Øû\ûV ùNXÜ ùNnÕ
©uTt\dá¥VYoLs
¸rLiP ¨û\Lû[ LÚj§p
ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
ØuúT ¨ßYlThÓ Su\ôL
TVuTÓjRlThP ®§LÞm SûPØû\LÞm,
CR]ôp CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ EP]¥VôL
BWm©jÕ ºWôL ùNpÛm,
 ¨oYôL Utßm ùRô¯pÖhT ER®
 úRokR Utßm AàTYØûPV
CûNÜ ¾olTô[oLs,
 ¾olTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp
YZdLô[oL°u ®iQlTj§u
úT¬p ¨ßY]j§]ôp ùNnVlTÓm,
5
 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV SPjÕm
ùTôÚhÓ £\kR YN§Ls Utßm úNûYLs,
 RVdLUôL CÚdÏm
SToLû[ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Y¯«p
úUtùLôs[ FdLlTÓjR ER®,
 CûNÜ ¾oûY EߧTÓjÕm
Øu]o AûR CߧVôL Uß BnÜ ùNnÕ
G°V Øû\«p SûPØû\lTÓjRÜm
Ae¸LôWm ùT\Üm Y¯ YÏjRp,
 RÏkR A±®l× ùLôÓlTRtLô]
ùNVpØû\ TVuLs,
 HúRàm JÚ CûNÜ
¾olTô[¬u ¨Vªl× G§odLlThPôúXô AYo
Wô´]ôUô ùNnRôúXô EP]¥VôL úYß
JÚYûW ùTßYRtÏ G°RôL JÚ CûNÜ
¾olTô[o ÏÝ,
¨ßY] CûNÜ ¾ol©u A¥lTûP Ïû\Ls
¸rLiPYôß :
 CÕ ùUÕYôL Utßm Lh¥ßdLUô]
Øû\
 ùT¬V ùRôûL
Es[ RLWôßL°p ¨ßY]eL°p
Es[ YN§Ls Utßm úNûYLû[l
TVuTÓjR LhPQØm AdLhPQm
RLWô±p Es[ ùRôûLûV ùTôßjÕ
CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ ªÏ§VôL CÚdÏm,
RLWô±p £±V A[®p ùRôûL
CÚkRôÛm ¨ßY] LhPQm. AkR
ùRôûLûV ®P ªÏ§VôL CÚdLXôm,
 £dLp ¨û\kR T¦jÕû\ ®§Ls
úUÛm ùNXÜLû[ Ht\Xôm, LôX RôURØm
ùNnVXôm,
RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\
YZdÏRôWoL[ôúXúV (¨ßY]m Utßm
êu\ôm STo ApXôR) JqùYôÚ YZd¡tLôL
HtTÓjRlTÓm ®§L°u T¥ ¨oY¡dLlTÓm
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ G]lTÓm, CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p
Aû]jÕ ®`VeLÞdÏm ARôYÕ. GkR
NhPm ùTôÚkÕm. GkR ®§L°u ¸r CûNÜ
¾oÜ Øû\ ùNVpTÓm. GkR Øû\«p
¾olTô[ûW úRokùRÓdLXôm. GkR CPjRp
CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV úUtùLôs[Xôm.
ùUô¯. CߧVôL Utßm ªL Ød¡VUôL
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Y¯ êXm ¾odLlTPúYi¥V
Ød¡V ®`VeLs B¡V Aû]jûRl
Tt±Ùm YZdÏRôWoLú[ HtTôÓ ùNnYo,
YZdÏRôWoLs JÚYúWôÓ JÚYo
JjÕûZdÏm úSôdLjÕPu Cj¾oÜ
Øû\ûV AÔ¡]ôp CÕ
£dL]Uô]RôLÜm. ¨ßY] CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ûV ®P ®ûWYô]RôLÜm G°RôL
Uôt\dá¥VRôLÜm CÚdÏm,
RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«u Ïû\Ls
6
 Øu©ÚkúR ®§Ls CpXôRRôp CÚ
RWl©]Úm Cߧ YûW Su\ôL JjÕûZdL
úYi¥V úRûY Es[Õ, C§p CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm A§LlT¥Vô] A§LôWm
Es[Õ,
 ùNVpØû\TÓjR Ø¥VôR ¾oÜ Øû\
áßLû[ CÚ RWl©]Úm
YûWk§ÚdLdá¥V ATôVm, ùTôÕYôL
©¬ÜLs ªL ®YWUôLÜm TXYûLVô]
ùTôÚs TÓjÕRpLs CÚdÏmT¥Ùm
Yû]VlTÓYRôp TXØû\ CûY
¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ ùNuß YZdLôPlTP
úYi¥V ¨ûXûU HtTÓ¡u\Õ,
 ©ûZVô]
SûPØû\Lû[ Jl×dùLôiÓ AûY
LûPl©¥dLlTh¥ÚkRôp CûNÜ ¾ol×
ØÝYÕúU ùNVpTÓjRlTP
Ø¥VôRT¥ úTôLXôm,
LûPl©¥dL CÚ RWl©]Úm Ø¥Ü
ùNnVXôm, CpûXùVu\ôp.
JÚ ¨ßY]jûR. CûNÜ ¾ol×
Øû\ûV ¨oYô¡dL ¨VªjÕ B]ôp.
AkR ¨ßY]j§u ®§L°p JÚ TϧûV
®Xd¡d ùLôs[Xôm,
YZdÏRôWoLs ¨ßY]jûR CûNÜ
¾olTô[ûW ¨VªlTRtÏ UhÓm TVuTÓj§d
ùLôs[Xôm, RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV
úUtùLôsÞm RWl©]o ReLÞûPV ùNôkR
®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dÏmùTôÝÕ AYoLs
GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ ¨ßY]j§u
®§Lû[Ùm LûPl©¥júRô ApXÕ I,Sô,
Uô§¬ ®§Lû[ LûPl©¥dL úRoÜ
ùNnVXôm,

 LhPQm. ùUô¯
ùTVolTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp. YZdÏ
SûPùTßm Sôs ϱjRp
B¡VYt±tÏ ¨oYôL úUtTôoûY CÚdLôÕ,

 EhLhPûUl×Ls Utßm úRûYVô]

YN§Ls Ïû\Ü,

RtLô-L CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ ¨ßY] CûNÜ

¾oÜ Øû\ûV Øt±Ûm R®ojÕ CÚdL
úYi¥V AY£Vm CpûX,
JÚ ¨ßY]j§tÏ Øt±Ûm EhTPôUp
Ak¨ßY]j§u ®§Lû[ Utßm

7
NhP Øû\ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
TX Uj§V Utßm Uô¨X NhPeLs ϱlTôL
CfNhPeL°u ¸r GÝm×m RLWôßLÞdÏ
¾oÜ LôQ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
TVuTÓjR ϱl©hÓs[Õ, G-Ó : ªuNôW
NhPm 1910. ªuNôW YZeÏRp NhPm 1948
CjRûLV CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ 1996
NhPj§]ôp LhÓlTÓjRlTÓYRôp CqYô\ô]
NhPeL°p Es[ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
TVuTÓjR úYiÓm Gu\ ©¬ÜLs CûNÜ
¾ol× EPuT¥dûLL[ôL LÚRlTÓm, (Grid
Coporation of Orissa V. Indian Change Chrome Ltd.,
AIR 1998 Ori 101).
®ûWÜ Y¯ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ Utßm
BYQeLs UhÓm CÚdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol×
Øû\
CÚ RWl©]Úm YônùUô¯VôL YôReLs
NUol©dL úYiPôm Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnRôp
¾olTôVm ®ûWYôL CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLs
YZd¡tÏ NôRLUôL
NUol©jÕs[ BYQeL°u A¥lTûP«p
UhÓúU ¾ol× YZeLXôm,
1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
1996 NhPm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ ùTôßjR
ØkûRV NhPeL[ô] CûNÜ ¾ol× NhPm
1940. CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ (áhÓ
EPuT¥dûL Utßm ùTôÕ CQdL
JlTkRm) NhPm 1937. Utßm ùY°SôhÓ
Ø¥ÜLs (Ae¸LôWlTÓjÕRp Utßm
ùNVpTÓjÕRp NhPm) 1961 B¡VYtû\
¿dÏ¡\Õ,
CfNhPm. NoYúRN ®VôTôW NhPm ϱjR
Id¡V SôÓL°u ÏÝYôp (UNCITRAL)
CVt\lThP ®§Lû[ NôokÕ EsSôhÓ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\. NoYúRN Y¦Lm NôokR
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Ls. ùY°SôhÓ
Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕRp Utßm NUWN
Øû\Lû[ NôokR NhPeLû[ YûWVßjRp.
B¡VYtû\l Tt±V
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, CkR Uô§¬ NhPm
Utßm ®§Ls CfNhPjûR ׬kÕ
ùLôs[ TVuTÓjR úRûYVô]Rôp 1996
NhPj§u TϧVôdLlTP®pûX, (Union of
India V. East Cost Boat Builders & Engineers Ltd., AIR
1999 Del 44).
1996 NhPm Uôtß Y¯ RLWôß ¾oÜ
Øû\L°p JÚ ×§V Øuú]t\jûR
ϱd¡\Õ, 1940 NhPj§u ¸r Ø¥Ü
ùNnVlThP YZdÏLs CfNhPj§u ¸r
GÓdLlTP úYi¥V Ø¥ÜL°p úRôußm
©WfNû]Lû[ ¾oÜ ùNnV LY]jÕPu
TVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm, (Sundaram Finance
Ltd. V. N.E.P.C. India Ltd., AIR 1999 SC 565).
CfNhPj§u ©¬ÜLû[ 1940 NhPj§u
ùLôsûLLÞdÏ EhTÓjRôUp R²lThP
Øû\«p ׬kÕùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Furest Day
Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC
2293).
1940 NhPm JÚ CûNÜ ¾oûY
ùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ Øu× AûR
8
¿§Uu\j§p RôdLp ùNnÕ ¿§Uu\
EjRWYôL UôtßYRtÏ úRûYVô]
SûPØû\ûV YZdÏ¡\Õ, 1996 NhPj§u
Ød¡V úSôdLm ®ûWYôLÜm Uôtß
Y¯«Ûm RLWôßLû[ ¾odL úYiÓm
GuTRôp úUtá±V SûPØû\ CfNhPj§p
¡ûPVôÕ, ùY°SôhÓ
Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕYRtÏ áP ARu
ùNVpTÓjÕm RuûUûV Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ
AûR ¿§Uu\ EjRWYôdÏYRp Utßm
AûR ùNVpTÓjÕRp G] CWiÓ R²lThP
SPY¥dûLLs úRûY«pûX, ùY°SôhÓ
Ø¥ûY ùNVpTÓjÕm ¿§Uu\m AkR ØÝ
YZdûLÙm JúW SPY¥dûL«p GÓjÕd
ùLôs[Xôm, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal
Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293)
1996 NhPj§u ùRôPdLm
CfNhPm BLvÓ 16. 1996 Auß
_]ô§T§«u Jl×Rp ùTt\ôÛm CÕ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Utßm NUWNm (AYNW NhPj§u)
ùRôPof£VôL LÚRlThPRôp CÕ _]Y¬ 25.
1996. ARôYÕ AYNW NhPm AUÛdÏ YkR
úR§«-ÚkÕ AUÛdÏ YkRRRôL
LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ, (Furest Day Lawson Ltd. V. Juridal
Exports Ltd., AIR 2001 SC 2293), G]úY. _]Y¬
25. 1996dÏ Øu× ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ
CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLÞdÏm 1940 NhPm
ùTôÚkÕm, (Shetty’s Construction Co. (P) Ltd. V.
Konkan Railway Construction, (1998) 5 SCC 599).
1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 85(2)(G) ¸r 1940 NhPm
¿dLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm YZdÏRôWoLs úYß
®RUôL Jl×dùLôi¥ÚkRôXu±
AfNhPj§u ©¬ÜLs _]Y¬ 25. 1996 Øu×
ùRôPe¡V Aû]jÕ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
SPY¥dûLLÞdÏm ùTôÚkÕm, ©¬Ü 21 ¸r
YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
SPY¥dûLûV ùRôPeÏYRtÏ úYß
úR§ûV ϱlTRtÏ ®Úl׬ûUûV
YZeÏ¡\Õ, G]úY. CûNÜ ¾ol©p
TeúLtÏm CÚ RWl©]Úm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
SPY¥dûL _]Y¬ 25. 1996dÏ ©\Ï ùRôPeL
úYiÓm Guß Ø¥Ü ùNn§ÚkRôp 1996
NhPj§u ©¬ÜLs ùTôÚkÕm,
CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLs 1996 NhPj§tÏ
ØuTôLúY ùRôPe¡«ÚkÕ CûNÜ
¾olTô[¬u Øu²ûX«p ¨ÛûY«p
CÚkRôp YZdÏRôWoLs 1996 NhPm AkR
SPY¥dûLdÏ ùTôÚkÕm Guß Jl×d
ùLôs[Xôm, (Thyssen Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel
Authority of India, (1999) SCC 334).
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ GuTÕ 1996
NhPj§p YûWVßdLlTP®pûX,
Ck§Vô®p SPdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûL. Cߧ«p CfNhPj§p Tϧ 1-u
¸r EsSôhÓ ¾ol©p Ø¥kRôp AÕ
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü
2(2) – 2(7) ) G]úY. Ck§Vô®p
Ck§VoL°ûPúV Ck§V ¨ûXØû\
NhPj§uT¥ SûPùTßm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
9
EsSôhÓ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ BÏm, (©¬Ü
28(1)(H)),
1996 NhPm Tϧ - 1
Tϧ 1-u ¸r Ck§Vô®p CûNÜ ¾ol×
Øû\ûV Tt±V NhPm Utßm SûPØû\l
Tt± Y¬ûNVôL CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\«u
JqùYôÚ ¨ûX Yô¬VôL. ARôYÕ CûNÜ
¾ol× EPuT¥dûL. ¾olTôVjûR ¨VªjRp.
CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV SPjÕRp. ¾olûT
YZeÏRp. ¾ol×Ls Ae¸LôWm ùTtß
ùNVpTÓjRlTÓRp Guß Aû]jûRl
Tt±Ùm ®Y¬d¡\Õ,
CÚ RWl©]Úm RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾ol×
Øû\dÏ AàlT Jl×d ùLôiP ©\Ï
AYoL°p JÚYo JÚU]RôL C§-ÚkÕ
Ruû] ®Xd¡d ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ
¾olTôVm CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm CߧVôL
©ûQdÏm YûL«p ¾ol× A°dÏm, (©¬Ü
35) AjRûLV ¾ol× RϧÙs[ A§LôW
YWm×ûPV ¿§Uu\j§]ôp
RsÞT¥ ùNnVlThPôp Au±. E¬ûU«Vp
SûPØû\ NhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\ ¾olTôûQ
úTôXúY ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm (©¬Ü 36),
LhÓlTôPô] ¿§Uu\ RûXÂÓ
CfNhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\ RûXÂÓ êXm
JÚ YZdûL CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT
Y¯ ¡ûPVôÕ, ©¬Ü 5 ¿§ Õû\«u
RûXÂhûP ªLÜm Ïû\d¡\Õ, CÕ
CfNhPj§u ©\ úSôdLeLÞPu JjÕ
RLWôßLû[ ®ûWYôLÜm Ïû\kR
ùNXÜPàm ¿§Uu\j§u RûXÂÓ
CpXôUÛm CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
HtTÓjRlThÓs[Õ, (P. Anand Gajapathi Raj V.
P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL
©¬Ü 11-u ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm
A§LôWm CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL
CÚlTRtÏ EhThúP TVuTÓjRlTPXôm,
CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô
GuTÕ AÕ CPm ùTt±ÚdÏm
JlTkRj§-ÚkÕ úYßThPÕ, CkR
JlTkRm ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß
A±®dLlThPôÛm A§-ÚdÏm CûNÜ
¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL Re¡«ÚdÏm,
Hù]u\ôp CkR áßLs JlTkRj§u ©\
áßL°-ÚkÕ ©¬dLdá¥VûY, CûNÜ
¾oÜ áßLs R²úV JÚ JlTkRm
úTôu\ûY, (Firm Ashok Tradors V. Gurumukh Das
Saluja, (2004) 3 SCC 155).
CûNÜ ¾oÜ áß CÚkRôp CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûL«p
Es[ ¨TkRû]LsT¥ CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT úYi¥V
Li¥lTô] LPûU ¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ
Es[Õ (©¬Ü 8), B]ôp. CfNhPm
CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL«u CÚ
RWl©]Úm ©¬Ü 8u ¸r RÏkR SPY¥dûL
GÓdL®pûXùVu\ôp E¬ûU«Vp
¿§Uu\j§u A§LôW YWmûT ¿dLôÕ,
10
AúR úTôp ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 8u ¸r CûNÜ G-Ó : £X RWl©]o JÚ E«p NhP Øû\
¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p BdLlTP úYiÓUô Gu\ úLs®ûV
Es[ ®`VeLû[ ùTôßjÕ UhÓúU CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ AàlT
CÚRWl©]ûWÙm CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ HtßdùLôiÓs[]o, CjRûLV
AàlTXôm, CûNÜ EPuT¥dûLdÏ YZdÏL°p Ck§V Yô¬Ñ¬ûU NhPj§u ¸r
ùY°úV Es[ HúRàm JÚ ®`VjûRl YZeLlTÓm ¾ol×Ls inrem GuTRôp CkR
ùTôßjÕ YZdÏ ùRôPWlThÓ AûY úLs®ûV CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ
EPuT¥dûLdÏ EhTPôR RWl©]ÚdÏ AàlT Ø¥VôÕ, (Chiranjilal Shrilal Goenka V.
CûPúV CÚkRôp ©¬Ü 8 ùTôÚkRôÕ, Jasjit Singh, (1993) 2 SCC 507).

“®`Vm” G]lTÓm ùNôp JÚ YZd¡u

©¬Ü 8-u ¸r Es[ ®iQlTm AúR
Aû]jÕ AeLeLû[Ùm ϱdL úYiÓm,
YZd¡úXô ApXÕ AúR ¿§Uu\j§p JÚ
CûY Aû]jÕm EPuT¥dûL«p
R²lThP ®iQlTUôLúYô RôdLp
AeLeL[LÜm CÚdL úYiÓm, (Sukanya
ùNnVlTPXôm,
Holdings Pvt. Ltd. V. Jayesh H. Pandya, (2003) 5 SCC
531). ùTôÕYôL ©¬Ü 8u ¸r Es[ ®iQlTm

©¬Ü 8 CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Vôp RϧÙûPV AkR YZd¡p G§o EûW RôdLp

CûNÜ ¾olTô[Wôp ¾odLdá¥V ùNnVlTÓYRtÏ Øu]ôp RôdLp

RLWôßLÞdÏ UhÓúU ùTôÚkÕm, ùNnVlTP úYiÓm, B]ôp. ©W§Yô§ G§o

EûW RôdLp ùNnR ©\Ï CûNÜ ¾oÜ
G-Ó : JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓYûR ùTôÚhÓ Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlT ®iQlTm
GÝm úLs®Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnV £X RWl©]o ùNnÕ ARtÏ Yô§ BhúNTûQ
AûR CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\dÏ AàlT ùR¬®dL®pûX ùVu\ôp ¿§Uu\m AkR
HtßdùLôiÓs[]o, B]ôp. LmùT² RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ
NhPj§u ¸r LmùT² ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTXôm, CkR SPY¥dûL
UhÓúU JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓm A§LôWm ¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùLôiÓ YÚYRtÏ ØuúT
Es[Õ, CûNÜ ¾olTô[ÚdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL CÚdL úYiÓm
JÚ ¨ßY]jûR êÓYRtLô] A§LôW YWm× Gu\ AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, CkR
CpûX GuTRôp ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 8u ¸r SPY¥dûL ¨ÛûY«p CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ
CRû] CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ HtTÓjRlTPXôm, JÚ YZdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
AàlT Ø¥VôÕ, (Haryana Telecom Ltd., V. Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ AàlTlThP ©\Ï
Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. AIR 1999 SC 2354). E¬ûU«Vp YZd¡p Es[ SPY¥dûLLs
Ø¥YûPkRRôL LÚRlTÓm, CûNÜ ¾olûT

11
G§ojÕ ¨YôWQm ùTßYRtÏ CÚ
RWl©]Úm AÔL úYi¥V ¿§Uu\m Tt±
©¬Ü 2(D)«p ϱl©Pl ThÓs[Õ, CÕ
©¬Ü 8u ¸r ®iQlTm ùNnR AúR
¿§Uu\m ¡ûPVôÕ, (P. Anand Gajapathi Raju V.
P.V.G. Raju, AIR 2000 SC 1886).
¿§Uu\m Øu× SPY¥dûLLs ¨ÛûY«p
CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm CûNÜ
¾oÜ Y¯«p ¾oÜ LôQ JlTkRj§p
ÖûZkRôp AYoLs 1996 NhPj§u
©¬ÜL°u T¥ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdL
úYiÓm,
G-Ó : EVo ¿§Uu\m RuàûPV BûQ
©\l©dÏm A§LôW YWmûT TVuTÓj§
GkRùYôÚ YZdûLÙm CûNÜ ¾olTô[ÚdÏ
ϱl©hÓ Aàl© ARuT¥ ¾ol×
NUol©dLlThP ©\Ï EjRWÜ YZeL
Ø¥VôÕ, (Tamil Nadu Electricity Board V. Sumathi,
AIR 2000 SC 1603).
¿§Uu\j§p YZeLlTÓm CûPdLôX ùNVp
EjRWÜLs
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\Ls ùRôPeLlTÓYRtÏ
Øu]úW ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\eLÞdÏ
CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWÜLû[ ùLôÓdL
A§LôWm Es[Õ, CûNÜ ¾ol×
áßLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕm YûL«p A±®l×
Aàl×YRtÏ Øu× áP CkR EjRWÜLs
©\l©dLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V.
N.E.P.C. India Ltd. AIR 1999 SC 565) ©¬Ü
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u CߧVô] ¾ol×
YZeÏmúTôÕ TôÕLôdL úYi¥V
E¬ûULs Åi BLôUp CÚdÏm ùTôÚhÓ
¿§Uu\eLs CûPdLôX
EjRWÜLû[ YZeLXôm, (Firm Ashok Traders V.
Gurumukh Das Saluja, (2004) 3 SCC 155).
©¬Ü 21u ¸r A±®l× AàlTlTÓYRtÏ
ØuTôLúY ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
CûPdLôX ¨YôWQm úLô¬ ¿§Uu\j§u
Øu× ®iQlTm RôdLlThPôp ¿§Uu\m
ØR-p ùNpÛT¥VôÏm CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô Gußm.
®iQlTRôWo RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\dÏ GÓjÕ ùNpX GiQm
ùLôiÓs[ôo. Gußm Ruû] EߧlTÓj§
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AqYôß Eߧ AûPkR
©u]o ©¬Ü 9u ¸r ¿§Uu\m YZd¡u
úSoÜLs Utßm NkRolTeLû[ LÚj§p
ùLôiÓ RÏkR CûPdLôX ùNVp EjRWûY
©\l©dLXôm, CqYôß EjRWÜ
©\l©dÏmùTôÝÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
ùRôPeL ®iQlTRôWo RÏkR SPY¥dûL
GÓdL úYiÓm ùTôÚhÓ ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
¿§Uu\m JÚ ¨TkRû] EjRWûY
©\l©dLXôm, CRu ¸r ®iQlTRôWo
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ûV úUtùLôs[ RÏkR
SPY¥dûL GÓlTRtLôL ¨TkRû]LÞm
úNodLlTPXôm, (Sundaram Finance Ltd. V. N.E.P.C.
India Ltd., AIR 1999 SC 565).
JÚ YZdÏ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«u ¸r ùNu\
9u ¸r ©\Ï EVo¿§Uu\m CûNÜ ¾olTô[o
ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u Ø¥ÜLú[ôÓ
12
SPY¥dûLLs SPkÕ ùLôi¥ÚdÏm 1996 NhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ
NUVj§p RûX«PôÕ, YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ NmURj§u A¥lTûP«p SPlTÕ, G]úY.
©¬Ü 34 Utßm 37dÏ ¸r UhÓúU CÚRWl©]Úm JlTkRjûR ReLÞdÏ
¿§Uu\jûR AÔL AàU§ Es[Õ (SBP Ht\Yôß AûUjÕd ùLôs[Xôm, CÚ
and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb L R RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ
285 (SC)). ¾olTô[oLû[ úRokùRÓlT§p A§LThNm
ÑRk§Wm ùLôÓdLl ThÓs[Õ UhÓªpXôUp
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u AûUl×
¾olTô[oL°u
©¬Ü 2¥ ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTôVm GuTÕ ©¬Ü Gi¦dûLûV ¨oQ«lT§Ûm ÑRk§Wm
10 Utßm 11u ¸r ¨VªdLlThP JÚ R² Es[Õ,
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ApXÕ JÚ CûNÜ
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§u
¾olTô[o ÏÝûY ϱdÏm, CûNÜ
A¥lTûP«p ¾olTôVm AûUdLl
¾olTô[oL°u Gi¦dûL
Th¥ÚkRôp AûR AûUjR Øû\ Utßm
CWhûPlTûP«p CÚdLdáPôÕ, Hù]²p
A§-ÚlTYoLs NhPj§u Tϧ 1-dÏ
LÚjÕ úYßTôÓ CÚl©u NUUô]
G§WôL ¨VªdLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm AûR
Gi¦dûL«p CÚ RWl©Ûm ¾olTô[oLs
G§odÏm E¬ûU ¡ûPVôÕ, úUÛm. 1996
CÚdÏm ¨ûX GÝmTXôm,
NhPj§u T¥ JÚ ¾ol× YZeLlTh¥ÚkRôp
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ÑRk§WUôLÜm. TôWThNm AlùTôÝÕ ¾olTôVj§u AûUl× Utßm
CpXôUÛm CÚdL úYiÓm, SûPØû\ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
¾olTô[o ¨VªdLlTÓYRtÏ Øu× Es[ JlTkRj§tÏ ØWiThÓ CÚkRôÛm
RuàûPV ÑRk§Wm Utßm TôWThNm AûR G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, CÚ
CuûUûV ϱjÕ NkúRLm GZdá¥V RWl©]¬ûPúV CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u
NkRolTeLs Tt±V Aû]jÕ AûUl× Utßm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dLô]
®YWeLû[Ùm GÝjÕ êXm SûPØû\Ls Tt± GkR®R JlTkRØm
YZdÏRôWoLÞdÏ ùLôÓdL úYiÓm, (©¬Ü CpûXùVu\ôp ¾olTôVj§u ¾oÜ 1996
12(1)), úUÛm CfNhPj§u ¸r CûNÜ NhPj§tÏ G§oUô\ôL CÚkRôp AûR
¾olTô[¬u ¨VU]jûR G§odLÜm. G§odLXôm, (Narayan Prasad Lohia V. Nikunj
AYÚûPV SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥Ü Kumar Lohia, (2002), 3 SCC 572).
ùNnVÜm. AYÚdÏ T§XôL úYù\ôÚYûW
CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRm CWiÓ
Uôt\m ùNnVÜm. SûPØû\Ls
CûNÜ ¾olTô[oLû[ ¨VªlTRôL CÚkRôp
YZeLlThÓs[] (©¬Ü 13-15),
AÕ UhÓúU AkR JlTkRjûR

13
ùNpÛT¥ CpXôRRôL Uôt\ôÕ, Ø¥ùYÓdÏm RuûU Es[Rôp CÕ JÚ
CqYôß ¨VªdLlThP CWiÓ CûNÜ ¿§jÕû\ EjRWYôL LÚRlTÓm, RûXûU
¾olTô[oLÞm RûXûU CûNÜ ¾olTô[WôL ¿§T§ ApXÕ AYWôp ¨VªdLlThPYo
T¦×¬V JÚ êu\ôYÕ CûNÜ ¸rLiP Ytû\ CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ùTôÚhÓ
¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdL úYiÓm (©¬Ü 11(3)), Li¥lTôL Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
CÚ RWl©]Úm BhúNTûQ Cu± CWiÓ
ApXÕ CWhûPlTûP GiÔûPV CûNÜ  AYÚdÏ A§LôW YWm× Es[Rô.

¾olTô[oLs EûPV CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u

 CûNÜ ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL
Øu× SPY¥dûLL°p DÓTh¥ÚkRôp
Es[Rô.
AYoLÞdÏ AjRûLV ¾olTôVj§]ôp
YZeLlTÓm ùTôÕYô] ¾olûT G§odÏm  ®iQlTRôWo AjRûLV CûNÜ
E¬ûU ¡ûPVôÕ, CYoLs CkR E¬ûUûV ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p ûLùVôlTm
©¬Ü 4u ¸r ®hÓ ùLôÓjRRôL LÚRlTÓm, ChÓs[ôWô.
(Narayan Prasad Lohia V. Nikunj Kumar Lohia, (2002),
3 SCC 572).  A§LôWjûR
TVuTÓjÕRtLô] ¨TkRû]Ls
CûNÜ ¾olTô[oL°u
LûPl©¥dLlThÓs[Rô. Utßm
Gi¦dûLûV ¨oQ«jRp Utßm CûNÜ
¾olTô[oLû[ ¨VªjRp ùYqúYß  CûNÜ
R²lThP ùTôßl×Ls BÏm, CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ¨VªdLlTPúYi¥V ùTôÝÕ
¾olTô[oL°u Gi¦dûL ØR-p CÚ AYÚdÏ ARtúLt\ Rϧ Es[Rô,
RWl©]WôÛm ¨oQ«dLlTP úYiÓm,
CpûXùVu\ôp CûNÜ ¾olTôVm JúW JÚ (SBP and Co. V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb
LR 285 (SC)).
CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ùLôi¥ÚdÏm, B]ôp.
CûNÜ ¾olTô[¬u ¨VU]m CÚ CkR SûPØû\ ¾oUô²dÏm RuûUûV
RWl©]¬ûPúV Es[ JlTkRj§u ùLôiÓs[Rôp RûXûU ¿§T§. ¿§jÕû\
A¥lTûP«p CÚdL úYiÓm, ApXôR ©\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ CkR ùTôßlûT
CpûXùVu\ôp NhPj§u ©¬Ü 11u ¸r ùLôÓdL Ø¥VôÕ, G]úY. EfN
Es[ Øû\lT¥ CÚdL úYiÓm, ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§ CkR
A§LôWjûR EfN ¿§Uu\j§u úYù\ôÚ
RûXûU ¿§T§ ©¬Ü 11-u ¸r CûNÜ
¿§T§«PmRôu ùLôÓdL Ø¥Ùm, AúR
¾olTôVjûR ¨VªdÏm A§LôWm JÚ
úTôp EVo ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§
¿§Õû\ NôokR A§LôWm BÏm, C§p
CkR A§LôWjûR EVo ¿§Uu\j§u

14
úYù\ôÚ ¿§T§«PmRôu ùLôÓdL Ø¥Ùm, TVuTÓj§ CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm YZdÏ RôdL
CkR A§LôWjûR UôYhP ¿§T§«Pm ùNnVúYô ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p
ùLôÓlTRtÏ AàU§ ¡ûPVôÕ, (SBP and Co. RLWôû\ ¾ojÕd ùLôs[úYô ÑRk§Wm
V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)). A°j§ÚkRôp EfN ¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 11(12) ¸r
CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm A§LôW
©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW ¨VªdÏm
YWmûT ùNVpTÓjRdáPôÕ, (Wellington
Øu× ®iQlTRôWo ApXôR Cuù]ôÚ
Associates Ltd. V. Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
RWl©]ÚdÏ Yônl× A°dÏm ùTôÚhÓ
A±®l× AàlTlTP úYiÓm, (SBP and Co. CûNÜ ¾olTô[o ¨VªdLlTP úYi¥V
V. Patel Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)). ùTôÝÕ EfN ¿§Uu\m CÚ RWl©]¬u
ùN[L¬VjûRÙm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ RuàPV
©¬Ü 11 (6)T¥ EfN ¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU
®Úl׬ûUûV TVuTÓjRXôm, (Dolphin
¿§T§VôúXô ApXÕ AYo ¨VªdÏm
International Ltd. V. Ronarks Enterprises Inc., (1998) 5
¿§T§VôúXô GÓdLlTÓm Ø¥ÜdÏ G§WôL
SCC 724).
GkRùYôÚ úUp Øû\ÂÓm ¡ûPVôÕ,
AÕúY CߧVô]Õ, B]ôp. EVo CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm×
¿§Uu\j§u RûXûU ¿§T§ ApXÕ
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ RuàûPV A§LôW
AYo ¨VªjR ¿§T§«u Ø¥ûY
YWmûT Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWm
AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕ 136u ¸r úUp
YZeLlThÓs[Õ, úUÛm. CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (SBP and Co. V. Patel
EPuT¥dûL Es[Rô ApXÕ
Engineering Ltd., 2005 (3) Arb LR 285 (SC)).
ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Tt±V
©¬Ü 11(2) ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTô[ûW NoYúRN BhúNTûQLû[Ùm Ø¥Ü ùNnV ARtÏ
Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ A§LôWm EiÓ, CûR ùTôÚhÓ CûNÜ
ùTôÚhÓ ¨VªlTRtLôL ®iQlTm ¾oÜ áßLs AkR JlTkRj§u TϧVôL
ùNnVlTÓmùTôÝÕ G§o RWl©]o AkR CÚkRôÛm AkR JlTkRj§u
RLWôû\ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dÏ Ï±l©hÓ ©\ ¨TkRû]L°PªÚkÕ R²lThP
AàlT úYi¥ GkRùYôÚ Li¥lTô] Øû\«p LÚRlTPúYiÓm, C§-ÚkÕ
áßm CpûX Guß á±]ôp Ck§Vô®u CûNÜ ¾olTôVm JlTkRm. CpXô ¨ûX
RûXûU ¿§T§ AkR EPuT¥dûL«p AkR ùLôiPÕ Utßm ùNpÛT¥ BLôÕ Guß
RLWôß CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\«p Ø¥Ü ùNnRôÛm CûNÜ ¾oÜ áßLs ipso
¾odLlTPúYiÓm Guß Es[Rô Guß jure ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnV
¾oUô²dÏm A§LôWjûR ùTtßs[ôo, AkR Ø¥VôÕ GuTÕ ùR°Yô¡\Õ, (Olympus
EPuT¥dûL “ùNnVXôm” Gu\ ùNôpûX

15
Superstructures (P) Ltd. V. Meena Vijay Khetan, AIR
1999 SC 2102).
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× Ï±jR
Aû]jÕ BhúNTûQÙm ¾olTôVj§u
Øu× GÝlTlTP úYiÓm, ¾olTôVm
A§LôW YWm× CpûX Gu\ YôRjûR Htßd
ùLôiPôp AÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
ùTôßjÕ úUp SPY¥dûL GÓdLôUp ©¬Ü
32(2)(£) T¥ CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûLLû[ Ø¥jÕd ùLôsÞm,
B]ôp. CkR Ø¥ûY G§ojÕ úUp
Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm, (©¬Ü 37(2)(G)),
¾olTôVm A§LôW YWm× CpûX Gu\
YôRjûR ¨WôL¬jRôp CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
SPY¥dûLLú[ôÓ úUp ùNuß CûNÜ ¾ol×
YZeLXôm, CûR G§ojÕ Tô§dLlThP
RWl©]o ©¬Ü 34(2)u ¸r úUp Øû\ÂÓ
ùNnVXôm, ¿§Uu\j§tÏ CûNÜ
¾olTôVj§u A§LôW YWm× Ï±jR
úLs®Lû[ Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV A§LôWm
¡ûPVôÕ,
RûXûU ¿§T§ ©¬Ü 11u ¸r CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûL ùNpÛT¥VôÏUô Guß Ø¥Ü
ùNnÕ ARu ©u]o AkR RLWôß CûNÜ
¾olTô[¬Pm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\dLôL
ϱl©hÓ AàlTlTP úYiÓUô Guß
Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm A§LôWjûR ©¬Ü 16 B]ôp
®[dL ®pûX, (Wellington Associates Ltd., V.
Kirit Mehta, AIR 2000 SC 1379).
CûNÜ ¾olTôVm CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûLL°uùTôÝÕ RLWôßdϬV
ùTôÚû[ TôÕLôdÏm ùTôÚhÓ CûPdLôX
EjRWûY YZeLXôm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü 17u ¸r
CjRûLV EjRWÜ ùTôÚhÓm TôÕLôl×
YZeLXôm, CjRûLV CûPdLôX
EjRWÜdÏ G§WôL ©¬Ü 37(2) ¸r úUp
Øû\ÂÓm ùNnVXôm,
©¬Ü 17u ¸r CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ
CûPdLôX EjRWÜLs YZeÏm A§LôWm
YWm©tÏhThPÕ, ¾olTôVm ¿§Uu\m
CpXôRRôp ARàûPV EjRWÜLs
¿§Õû\ EjRWÜLs úTôp BLôÕ,
¾olTôVm ϱl©hÓ Aàl×Rp (reference)
ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× EPuT¥dûLdÏ
G§WôL ApXÕ AYtû\ ®P ®¬YôL
GkRùYôÚ EjRWûYÙm ©\l©dL Ø¥VôÕ,
CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûLL°p TeÏ ùT\ôR
SToLÞdÏ G§WôL CYtû\ ùNVpTÓjR
Ø¥VôÕ, CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ CkRl
©¬®u ¸r RuàûPV EjRWûY
ùNVpTÓjR GkR JÚ A§LôWØm
YZeLlTP®pûX, úUÛm. ¿§Øû\«p
ùNVpTÓjRÜm A§LôWm YZeLlTP®pûX,
(M.D. Army Welfare Housing Organisation V.
Sumangal Services (P) Ltd., AIR 2004 SC 1344).
CûNÜ ¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLû[ SPjÕRp
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 18 ØRp 27 YûW CûNÜ
¾oÜ SûPØû\Ls Tt±V TpúYß
®§Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 18u ¸r CÚ
RWl©]Úm NUUôL SPjRlTP úYiÓm
Gu¡u\ ¨TkRû]dÏhThÓ ©¬Ü 19u ¸r
CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLÞdÏ YN§Vô]
16
SûPØû\Lû[ HtTÓj§d ùLôsÞm
ÑRk§WjûR ùTtßs[]o, ©¬Ü 20 CûNÜ
¾ol× Øû\«p TeúLtÏm CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ SûPùT\
®ÚdÏm CPjûR úRokùRÓdÏm E¬ûUûV
YZeÏ¡\Õ,
CûNÜ ¾olTôVm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
NhPj§u ¸r
YZeLlThÓs[ SûPØû\L[ôp
LhÓlTPôÕ, CÚ RWl©]Úm SûPØû\ûV
Jl×d ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AYoLs AqYôß
Jl×dùLôs[®pûX Gu\ôp CûNÜ
¾olTô[o SûPØû\ûV YZeL úYiÓm,
AqYôß YZeLlTÓm SûPØû\ CVtûL
¿§ ùLôsûLLÞdÏ EhThÓ CÚdL
úYiÓm, CVtûL ¿§ ùLôsûL ¨VôVUô]
Øû\«p SPY¥dûLLs ùRôPW
Cu±VûUVôRÕ GuTRôp CÕ SûPØû\
NhPjûR ®P úUXôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ,
CûNÜ ¾ol×
¾ol× YZeÏm Øû\ LhPôVUôL
CfNhPj§u £ßûUTÓjÕm
©¬ÜLû[ Ïû\ÜTÓj§ Ød¡VUôL CûNÜ
¾olTô[o ¾ol× YZeÏYûRl Tt±
áß¡\Õ (©¬Ü 28-33),
©¬Ü 28 RLWô±u Ød¡V AmNeLÞdÏ
ùTôÚkÕ¡u\ ®§Lû[ ¨oQ«lTûRl
Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 29 ¾olTôVj§tÏs
Ø¥ùYÓdÏm Øû\ûV Tt±VÕ, ©¬Ü 30
CÚ RWl©]Úm ReLÞdÏsú[úV RLWôû\
¾ojÕd ùLôsYûR Tt±VÕ, CkR ©¬Ü CÚ
RWl©]¬u Jl×RúXôÓ CûNÜ ¾olTôVm
Uj§VvR Øû\. NUWN Øû\ ApXÕ úYß
SûPØû\Lû[ CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûL«u GkRùYôÚ LhPj§Ûm
¾olûT FdÏ®dÏm ùTôÚhÓ
TVuTÓjRXôm Guß áß¡\Õ,
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 31. CûNÜ ¾ol©u
Y¥Ym Utßm Es[PdLjûR ϱd¡\Õ,
1940 NhPm úTôp ApXôUp CfNhPm CÚ
RWl©]Úm ¾ol©p LôWQeLs ùLôÓdL
úYiPôm Guß JlTkRm êXm ©¬Ü 30u
¸r Jl×d ùLôi¥ÚkRôXu± ¾olTôVm
JqùYôÚ ¾ol©tÏm GkR A¥lTûP«p
Aj¾ol× YZeLlThPÕ Gu\
LôWQeLû[ Li¥lTôL YZeL úYiÓm
Guß ©¬Ü 31 áß¡\Õ,
©¬Ü 32 CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûLLû[ ¨oQ«jRp Tt±Ùm ©¬Ü
33 ¾olûT ׬kÕ ùLôsÞRp Utßm
§ÚjÕRp Tt±Ùm úUÛm áÓRp ¾ol×
YZeÏRp Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ,
CûNÜ ¾olûT G§ojÕ ¨YôWQeLs
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 34 CûNÜ ¾olûT
G§ojÕ Es[ ¨YôWQeLû[l Tt±
áß¡\Õ, CûNÜ ¾olûT RsÞT¥ ùNnV
ªLd Ïû\kR LôWQeLú[ Es[], AûY :
 HúRàm JÚ RWl©]¬u
Rϧ«uûU
17
 ùNpÛT¥VôLôR JlTkRm
 JÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ Øû\Vô]
A±®l× CpXôûU
 ϱl©hÓ Aàl×RÛdÏ G§Wô]
¾ol× (beyond reference)
 ¾olTôVj§u AûUlúTô ApXÕ
CûNÜ ¾ol× SûPØû\úVô NhPj§tÏ
×\mTôL CÚjRp,
 RLWôß CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\«]ôp
¾odL Ø¥VôRRôL CÚkRôp,
 ¾ol× ùTôÕ SX ùLôsûLLÞdÏ
G§WôL CÚkRôp,
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 34 I,Sô, Uô§¬ NhPj§u
`WjÕ 34I A¥lTûPVôL ùLôiPÕ,
¾olûT RsÞT¥ ùNnV. 1940 NhPj§u ©¬Ü
30 ApXÕ 33u ¸r Es[ LôWQeLû[ ®P
1996 NhPj§p Es[ LôWQeLs ªL
Ïû\Yô]ûY, (Olympus Superstructures (P) Ltd.
V. Meena Vijay Khetan, AIR 1999 SC 2102).
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ CûPúV
Es[ RLWôû\ ùTôßjR Cߧ ¾olTô[o,
CûNÜ ¾olTô[o úSoÜLû[ N¬VôL T¬ºXû]
ùNnV®pûX Gußm AYo RôUôLúY Ø¥Ü
ùNnÕs[ôo Gu\ LôWQeLÞdLôL ¾olûT
G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, (Sudershan Trading Co. V.
Government of Kerala, AIR 1989, SC 890).
CûNÜ ¾olTô[úW Nôh£VeL°u RWm
Utßm A[ûY Tt± Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm JúW
SÓYo BYôo, AúR Nôh£VjûR ¿§Uu\m
Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnRôp ¾olTô[¬u
¾ol©tÏ Uô\ôL úYù\ôÚ Ø¥Ü YWXôm
Gu\ôÛm ¿§Uu\m ¾olTô[o Øu×
Es[ Nôh£VjûR Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnV
Ø¥VôÕ, (M.C.D. V. Jagan Nath Ashok Kumar,
(1987) 4 SCC 497). AúR úTôp NhPm Tt±V
úLs® CûNÜ ¾olTô[o Øu× ùNuß AYo
Ø¥Ü ùNnRôp AkR NhPjûRl ùTôßjÕ
úYß úSôdLm ùLôs[Xôm Gu\
A¥lTûP«p G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, (Alopi Parshad
& Sons Ltd., V. Union of India, (1960) 2 SCR 793).
CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§tÏ ¾ol× YZeÏm
A§LôWm ARtÏ SûPØû\ EjRWÜLs
YZeL Es[ A§LôWjûRÙm. CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûL«u CûPúV EjRWÜ YZeÏm
A§LôWjûRÙm ®P úYßThPÕ, AjRûLV
EjRWÜLs ¾ol×Ls CpXôRRôp AYtû\
©¬Ü 34-u ¸r AûY ¾olûT
RsÞT¥ ùNnVÜm §Úl© AàlTÜm
LôWQUôL CÚdLdá¥VûYVôL CÚkRôÛm
G§odL Ø¥VôÕ, G-Ó : CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§u
A§LôW YWm× ApXÕ TVuTÓjRlTP
úYi¥V ¨ûXØû\ NhPm Tt±V
úLs®Lû[ ¾olTôVm Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ ARu
®û[YôL JÚ ¾olûT YZeLXôm, B]ôp.
Nôh£VeL°u Ht×jRuûU
LiÓ©¥l×L°u GpûX úTôu\ûY
SûPØû\ RuûUûV ùLôiÓs[Rôp
18
AûY JÚ EjRWÜ êXUôLúY Ø¥Ü
ùNnVlTÓ¡u\], AûY ¾ol×Ls BLôÕ,
Acquiescence Utßm estoppel
ùLôsûLL°]ôp JÚYo CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûLL°p TeúLt\ ©u]o CûNÜ
¾ol× Øû\ áßLû[úV G§odL Ø¥VôÕ,
G-Ó : JÚ RWl©]o CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
á±uT¥ CûNÜ ¾olTôVj§]ôp CûNÜ
¾ol× Øû\ SPjRlTÓYRtÏ NmU§jÕ
A§p TeúLt\ ©u]o AjRûLV áß
CpûX Gu\ YôRjûR ùLôÓdL Ø¥VôÕ,
(Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd., V. G. Harish
Chandra Reddy, (2007) 2 SCC 720).
Acquiescence ùLôsûL CûNÜ ¾olTô[o JÚ
RûX ThNUôL RuàûPV A§LôWjûR
®¬Yôd¡d ùLôiÓ Ru Øu× CpXôR
®`VeLû[l ùTôßjÕm A§LôWjûR
Htßd ùLôiPôp ùTôÚkRôÕ,
G-Ó : £X RWl©]o ùY°lTûPVô]
JlTkRm êXm YôPûL TQjûR §ÚmT
ùTßYRtLô] úLô¬dûLLû[ ùTôßjÕ
UhÓúU CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ûV
LûPl©¥dL Ø¥Ü ùNnR]o, CûNÜ
¾olTô[o ϱl©hÓ Aàl×RÛdÏs
ÖûZkR ©u]o RuàûPV A§LôWjûR
®¬ÜTÓj§d ùLôiPôo,
BhúNTûQLÞdÏl ©\Ïm AYo AqYôß
ùNnRRôp úYß Y¯«u± Aû]jÕ
RWl©]Úm SPY¥dûLL°p TeúLt\]o,
AjRûLV TeúLt× Acquiescence
BLôÕ, ¨Vªl©tÏ ©u]o CûNÜ
¾olTô[o Ru Øu× CÚ RWl©]WôÛm
ùLôiÓ YWlThÓs[ ®`VeLû[l Tt±
UhÓúU Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, ¾olTô[o úYß
úSôdLjÕPu NhPlT¥ RYß ùNnRôp AkR
¾ol× Rs° ûYdLlTPXôm, (Union of India V.
M/s. G.S. Afwal, AIR 1996 SC 2965).
CûNÜ ¾ol×Ls Cߧ RuûU ùTßRp
Utßm ùNVpTÓjÕRp
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 35T¥ AfNhPj§u Tϧ
1dÏ EhThÓ JÚ CûNÜ ¾oÜ CÚ
RWl©]ûWÙm AYoLs êXm
úLôÚTYoLû[Ùm ùTôÚhÓ CߧVôLÜm
©ûQdÏmT¥Ùm CÚdÏm, Cߧ Gu¡u\
ùNôpûX ¾olûTl ùTôßjÕ CkRl ©¬®p
TVuTÓjÕmùTôÝÕ “Cߧ ¾ol× ”
GuTÕPu ÏZlTdáPôÕ, “Cߧ” Gu¡u\
ùNôp JÚ ¾ol× ©tTôÓ Uôt\lThPôXu±
GkR ®`VeLû[l ùTôßjÕ Es[úRô
AûYl Tt± CÚRWl©]ûWÙm AYoLs
êXm úLôÚTYoLû[Ùm ùTôßjÕm
Ø¥Yô]RôÏm, ϱl©hÓ Aàl×R-p
HúRàm ®`VeLs ÁRªÚkRôp áP ¾ol×
ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm,
CfNhPj§u ©¬Ü 36T¥ CûNÜ ¾ol× Ut\
¾ol×ûWLû[ úTôu\ AúR Y¯«p
AYtû\ G§ojÕ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏs
Øû\ÂÓ CpXô®hPôúXô ApXÕ
AqYôß CÚkÕ AÕ
RsÞT¥ ùNnVlThPúXô
ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm, CûNÜ ¾ol× YZdÏ
19
¾ol×ûWûV úTôuú\ ùNVpTÓjRlTPXôm
GuTRôp CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ SPY¥dûLLs
E¬ûU«Vp YZdÏLs úTôuß BLôÕ,
CûNÜ ¾olûT G§odÏm LôX YWm×
Ø¥YûPkRÜPu ¿§Uu\m úYß GÕÜm
ùNnVôUúXúV Aj¾ol× EP]¥VôL ©¬Ü
34-u ¸r ùNVpTÓjRdá¥VÕ, ©¬Ü 34u
ùTôÚsTÓR-p úYú\àm NkúRLm
CÚkRôp AûY 1996 NhPj§u AûUlûTd
ùLôiÓ. ¿§Uu\j§u
A§LôWeLû[ LôXYWm× NhPm ©¬Ü 5u
T¥ LhÓlTÓjÕm YûL«p Ø¥Ü
ùNnVXôm, (Union of India V. Popular
Constructions, (2001) 8 SCC (470)).
CûNÜ ¾oÜ Øû\ SPY¥dûLLs 1996
NhPm AUÛdÏ YÚYRtÏ Øu× ùRôPeLl
Th¥ÚkÕ ¾ol× 1996dÏ ©\Ï YkRôp
Aj¾ol× CûNÜ ¾ol×f NhPm
1940T¥ ùNVpTÓjRlTÓm, (Thyssen Stanlunion
Gmbh V. Steel Authority of India, (1999) SCC 334).
NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\Ls
Utßm ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥ÜLs
NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\ 1996
NhPm ©¬Ü 2Gl ¸r Ck§V NhPj§u ¸r
Y¦LjÕYm YônkRÕ Guß LÚRlTÓm
NhPlT¥Vô] E\ÜL°p HúRàm JÚ
RWl©]o
 ùY°SôhÓ Ï¥UL]ôLúYô
ApXÕ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV YZdLUôL
Ï¥«ÚlTYWôLúYô CÚkRôp
 Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV T§Ü
ùNnVlThP JÚ áhPûUlTôLúYô
 JÚ ¨ßY]m. R² SToL°u
áhPûUl× ARàûPV Ød¡V ¨oYôLm
Utßm LhÓlTôÓ Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV
CÚkRôp
 ùY°SôhÓ AWNôeLUôL CÚkRôp
CYt±p ùTôÚkRdá¥V NhPm
JlTkRjûR ùTôßjÕ Ck§V NhPUôLúYô
ApXÕ ùY°SôhÓ NhPUôLúYô CÚdLXôm
(©¬Ü 2(1)(Gl) Utßm 28(1)(©),
1996 NhPj§u Tϧ 1 Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°úV
SûPùTßm NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾oÜ
Øû\LÞdÏm CÚ RWl©]Úm
ùY°lTûPVô] ApXÕ Uû\ØLUô]
JlTkRj§u êXm ®Xd¡ «ÚkRôp R®W
ùTôÚkÕm, ©¬Ü 2(1)(Gl)p
YûWVßdLlThÓs[ NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ
¾ol× Øû\ Ck§Vô®tÏs SPdÏm CûNÜ
¾ol× Øû\Lû[Ùm ùY°úV
SPlTûYLû[Ùm úYßTÓjR®pûX,
Tϧ 2 CQdL SôÓL°p SûPùTßm CûNÜ
¾ol× SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ UhÓúU ùTôÚkÕm,
B]ôp. NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× Øû\
CQdL SôÓ ApXôR úYß SôÓL°Ûm
SPdLXôm, 1996 NhPm Tϧ (1) CQdL SôÓ
20
ApXôR úYß SôÓL°p SPdÏm CûNÜ ØRp Aj§VôVm ¨ëVôod CQdLm NôokR
¾ol× Øû\LÞdÏ ùTôÚkRôÕ Guß ¾oÜLû[ Tt±VÕ, CûYl Tt±
á\®pûX, CfNhPj§u Ød¡V úSôdLm CfNhPj§u ØRp AhPYûQ«p
VôùR²p NoYúRN Y¦L CûNÜ ¾ol× ùLôÓdLlThÓs[Õ, CWiPôm Aj§VôVm
Øû\LÞdÏ JÚ ºWô] NhP AûUlûT ù_ÉYô CQdLm NôokR ¾oÜLû[l
HtTÓjR úYiÓm GuTÕRôu (Bhatia Tt±VÕ, CYtû\ 2YÕ Utßm 3YÕ
International V. Bulk Tradings, AIR 2002 SC 1432). AhPYûQLÞPu úNojÕ T¥dL úYiÓm,

G-Ó : CûNÜ ¾ol× “ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü” Gu¡u\ ùNôp Ck§V

EPuT¥dûL«u ¨TkRû]L°u T¥ CÚ
ùY°SôhÓ RWl©]oL°ûPúV CûNÜ ¾ol×
SPY¥dûL I££ ®§Ls T¥ Ck§Vô®tÏ
ùY°úV SPkRôÛm AjRûLV
SPY¥dûLL°p JÚ RWl©]o CûPdLôX
EßjÕdLhPû[ ©¬Ü 9u ¸r úLhLXôm,
AjRûLV EßjÕd
LhPû[ AWNôeL ¨ßY]Uô] ONSC-dÏ
G§WôL AÕ G§o RWl©]ÚdÏ SPY¥dûLLs
Ø¥Ùm YûW GkRùYôÚ ùRôûLÙm
ùLôÓdLd áPôÕ Guß úLôWlThPÕ,
AjRûLV EßjÕd LhPû[ Ck§V
GpûXdÏs CÚdÏm
ùNôjÕdLû[ ùTôßjÕ ùNpÛT¥VôÏm,
B]ôp. Ck§Vô®tÏ ùY°«p CÚdÏm
ùNôjÕdLû[ ùTôßjÕ EßjÕd
LhPû[ úLhLlThPôp ©¬Ü 9u ¸r
Es[ ®iQlTm Ck§V ¿§Uu\eL°p
ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ, (Olex Focas Pty. Ltd. V.
Skodaexport Co. Ltd., AIR 2000 Del 161)).
NhPj§u T¥ Y¦Lm NôokRÕ Guß LÚÕm
NhPlT¥Vô] E\®-ÚkÕ GÝm RLWôß
Tt±V CûNÜ ¾olûT ϱdÏm, JÚ ¾ol×
ùY°Sôh¥p CVt\lThPRôp
UhÓªpXôUp AÕ Ck§V NhPj§]ôp
LhÓlTÓjRl TPôR CûNÜ ¾oÜ
EPuT¥dûL«u úT¬p Ht\lTÓYRôp
AûR ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü Gu¡ú\ôm, (N.T.P.C.
V. Singer Company, AIR 1993 SC 998).
JÚ ùY°SôhÓ Ø¥Ü 1996 NhPm AUÛdÏ
YkRRRtÏ ©\Ï CVt\lThPôp AûR
ùY°SôhÓ ¾ol× (Ae¸LôWm Utßm
ùNVpTÓjÕRp) NhPj§u ¸r ùNVpTÓjR
E¬ûU CpXôRRôp AûR 1996 NhPm Tϧ
2u ¸r ùNVpTÓjR úYiÓm, ùY°SôhÓ
A§LôW YWm×L°p 1996dÏ Øu]úW CûNÜ
¾oÜ SPY¥dûLLs ùRôPe¡ CÚkR]
GuTûR LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Thyssen
Stanlunion Gmbh V. Steel Authority of India, (1999)
SCC 334).

1996 NhPj§u Tϧ 2 ùY°SôhÓ

Uj§VvR ¾oÜ
Ø¥ÜLû[ ùNVpTÓjÕRp Tt± áß¡\Õ,
C§p CWiÓ Aj§VôVeLs Es[],

21
 Uj§VvR ¾oÜ Øû\ GuTÕ
ØWiTÓúYôûW ûUVUôLd ùLôiÓ
AYoLs Ru²fûNVô] Øû\«p.
©ûQdLôR YûL«p. UkRQUô] YûL«p.
LhPûUl×Pu SPjRlTÓm JÚ ¾oÜ Øû\,
CûR £\l× T¡oRp AÔÏØû\. úTfÑ
YôojûR Øû\L°p úRokR JÚ NôoTt\.
SmTLUô] êu\ôm STo LhÓlTÓjÕYôo,
CmØû\ êXm úTfÑ YôojûR SPj§ CÚ
RWl©]ûWÙm ©ûQdÏm JÚ Ø¥Ü
JlTkRjûR HtTÓjR Y¯ ùNnYôo,
CmØû\ Ø¥Ü JlTkRjRp ¨û\YûPÙm,
¿§Uu\ ¾ol× ¡ûPVôÕ,
Uj§VvR Øû\«u Ød¡V LY]m JÚYo
ÁÕ JÚYo LPkR LôXj§p SPkRYtû\l
Tt± T¯ ÑUjÕYÕ ApX.
E\ÜLû[ Y[olTRôÏm, CRu úSôdLm
JÚYo Ït\Yô°Vô ApXÕ ¨WTWô§Vô
Guß ¨ì©lTÕ ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp. TWvTW
׬RûX Y[ojÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm
AYoLÞûPV SuûUûV U]§p ùLôiÓ
RôUôLúY JlTkRjûR HtTÓjRd
ùLôs[ FdÏ®lTRôÏm,
CmØû\«u A¥lTûP ®§Ls
¸rLiPYôß :
 NôoTt\ RuûU : Uj§VvRo
YZd¡p Utßm CÚ RWl©]o ÁÕm
GkRùYôÚ ®ÚlTØm. Nôo× RuûUÙm
CpXôUp CÚdL úYiÓm,
 ÑV ¨oQVm : UjRVvR Øû\
CÚRWl©]¬u ÑV ¨oQVjûR A¥lTûPd
ùLôsûLVôL ùLôiÓs[Õ, ARôYÕ. CÚ
RWl©]Úm ÑRk§WUôL ØÝ RLY-u
A¥lTûP«p Ø¥ÜLû[ úRokùRÓdLXôm,
Uj§VvRo CkR Øû\ûV
LhÓlTÓjÕYRtÏ ùTôßl×ûPVYo, CÚ
RWl©]Úm CmØû\«u ®û[ûY
LhÓlTÓjÕYo,
 UkRQm LôjRp : CÕ ùYt±LWUô]
Uj§Vv§tÏ úRûYVô] Ød¡V AeLm,
CÚ RWl©]Úm GkRùYôÚ IVØm Cu±
Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm ùY°lTÓjR
úYiÓm, AqYôß ùY°lTÓjÕRp
©tLôXj§p AYoLÞdÏ G§WôL
TVuTÓjRlTPXôm Guß IVlTPdáPôÕ,
CqYôß CpXô®hPôp úSoûUdúLPô]
RWl©]oLs CkR Uj§VvR Øû\ûV
RY\ôL TVuTÓj§ CûR JÚ ùT¬V
RiPû]Vt\ LiÓ©¥dÏm Øû\VôL
TVuTÓjRXôm,
JÚ Uj§VvRo ¸rLiPtû\ ùNnV
Øû]V úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl Tt±V
Aû]jÕ ®`VeLû[Ùm AYÚm. CÚ
RWl©]Úm UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm, CÕ
JlTkRjûR ùNVpTÓjRÜm.
SûPØû\lTÓjRÜm ùY°lTÓjÕRp
Aj§VôY£VUôL CÚkRôp R®W Ø¥Ü
JlTkRj§tÏm ùTôÚkÕm,
22
 CÚ RWl©]WôÛm úYß Y¯«p
Jl×Rp CpXô®hPôp Uj§VvRm ùNnTYo
CûNÜj ¾oYô[WôLúYô. Nôh£VôLúYô
GkRùYôÚ CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûL«úXô.
¿§Uu\ SPY¥dûL«úXô Uj§VvR
Øû\«p ®Yô§dLlThP ùTôÚhLû[l Tt±
B_WôL Ø¥VôÕ, úUÛm. CÚ RWl©]Úm
Uj§VvR Øû\l Tt±V GkRùYôÚ
Nôh£VjûRÙm A±ØLlTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ (JÚ
RWl©]o £X
úLô¬dûLLû[ Jl×dùLôiPûRl Tt±.
AYoL°u LiúQôhPm AYoLs ùLôÓjR
BúXôNû]Ls. AYoLs Jl×d ùLôiPûY
Tt±),
 CmØû\«-ÚkÕ CÚ RWl©]Úm
Uj§VvRj§tÏ B_Wô]ôoL[ô CpûXVô.
HúRàm ¾oÜ LôQlThPRô Gu\ RLYp
UhÓúU T§Ü ùNnVlThÓ A±dûL«Ûm
CPm ùT\Xôm,
 ¨VôVUô] Øû\ : Uj§VvRm
SûPùTßm Øû\ ARu Cߧ ®û[ûY
úTôuú\ Ød¡VUô]Õ, CÚRWl©]Úm
RôeLs ¨VôVUô] Øû\«p
SPjRlTÓYRôLÜm AYoLÞûPV
©WfNû]LÞdÏ Ød¡VjÕYm
ùLôÓjÕs[RôLÜm LÚRúYi¥VÕ
AY£Vm,
 Ru²fûNVô] SûPØû\ :
Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u ØÝ
NmURjÕPu UhÓúU SPdLdáÓm, CYoLs
Uj§VvRj§p ¨û\YûPkR Ø¥Ü
JlTkRj§p ûLùVôlTªhÓ AR]ôp
©ûQdLlTPXôm,
Uj§VvRj§tÏ Øu× RVôo ùNnRp
Uj§VvRo ùTÚmTôÛm RLWôßl Tt±
A±kÕd ùLôsYRtLôL CÚ RWl©]¬PØm
Uj§VvRm ùRôPeÏYRtÏ Øu× RLWôßl
Tt±V JÚ ùRôÏlûT úLhLXôm,
ØWiTôÓ EûPVYoLs UhÓúU
Uj§VvRj§p TeúLtL úYiÓm Guß
AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, ©WfNû]dÏ ¾oÜ
LôQdá¥V Aû]YÚm C§p TeúLtLXôm,
JÚ YZd¡tÏ RVôo ùNnÙmúTôÕ
Uj§VvRo Utßm Aû]jÕj RWl©]Úm
AkR RLWôû\l Tt± SuÏ BWôV úYiÓm,
CRtÏ Uj§VvRo AkR RLWôßdÏ
ùTôÚkÕm NhPm Utßm SûPØû\Lû[l
Tt±Ùm. CÚ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPjûRl
Tt±Ùm. JqùYôÚ RWl©]Úm ªL
Ød¡VUôL LÚÕm ©WfNû] Tt±Ùm SuÏ
A±k§ÚdL úYiÓm,
Uj§VvR¬u SPjûR / TôYûQLs
(Demeahour)
Uj§VvRo RuàûPV NôoTt\ RuûU
Utßm CmØû\«u ÁÕ AYo
ùLôiÓs[ LhÓlTôÓ B¡VYtû\ SuÏ
ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, AqYôß
ùNnÙmúTôÕ G°Rô]. NôoTt\
YôojûRLû[ TVuTÓj§ TWvTW
23
 RuûUûV ùY°dLôhP úYiÓm, AYoLû[ AûZdÏm Øû\Lû[l Tt±Ùm
AYÚûPV úTÑmùRô² ¨Rô]UôLÜm úLhÓd ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
®VôTôWm úSôdÏPàm Utßm BWôÙm
YûL«Ûm ØÝ LY]jÕPu CÚdL  CÚ RWl©]¬u

úYiÓm, Aû]YÚm EhLôÚm Øû\dÏ YZdL±OoLû[Ùm YWúYtL úYiÓm,

Ød¡VjÕYm ùLôÓjÕ. Aû]YÚm úSÚdÏ

 Uj§VvR Øû\«p CÚ
úSo úT£d ùLôsYRtÏm. JÚYo úTÑYûR
RWl©]ÚdÏm AYoLÞûPV
JÚYo SuÏ úLhTRtÏm ÑTXUôL AûUdL
YZdL±OoLÞdÏ HRôYÕ Øu AàTYm
úYiÓm,
Es[Rô GuTûR úLhP±V úYiÓm,
ÕYdL YôdÏêXm
 RuàûPV TôWThNªuûU Utßm
JqùYôÚ Uj§VvRØm Uj§VvRWôp JÚ NôoTt\ RuûUl Tt± A±®dL úYiÓm,
ÕYdL YôdÏêXjÕPu ÕYeL úYiÓm,
 UkRQm LôjRp. RÏkR
CÕ CÚ RWl©]¬u ©u]¦dúLtT G°V
YôojûRLû[l TVuTÓjÕRp. EPpùUô¯.
ùUô¯«p CÚdL úYiÓm, CkR ÕYdL
úSÚdÏ úSo TôojÕ úTÑRp B¡VYt±u
YôdÏêXj§p Uj§VvRo
Ød¡VjÕYjûR EQojR úYiÓm,
 Ruû] A±ØLlTÓj§d ùLôiÓ
 CmØû\ JÚYûW JÚYo
RuàûPV T«t£ Utßm Uj§VvRWôL
G§Wô°VôL LÚRôR Øû\ Gußm C§p
CÚkÕ ùYt±dLiP AàTYeLû[l
Nôh£VeLs T§Ü ùNnVlTPôÕ. ¾ol×
Tt±Ùm á\ úYiÓm,
A°dLlTPôÕ Gußm A±ÜßjR úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvR SPY¥dûLLs JÚ
 CmØû\ Ru²fûNVô]
JlTkRj§p Ø¥YûPV úYiÓm Gu\
RuûUûV EûPVÕ Guß A±ÜßjR
R]Õ Sm©dûLûV ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm,
úYiÓm,
 CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm
 CÚ RWl©]o Utßm
A±ØLlTÓj§d ùLôsÞUôß
AYoLÞûPV YZdL±OoLÞdÏ AYoLs
AYoLû[ ®iQl©dL úYiÓm,
YôÕûWL°p á±Ùs[Yt±tÏ úUXôLÜm.
 CÚ RWl©]¬PØm AYoLs úRoÜ úYß RLWôßLû[l Tt±Ùm CmØû\«p
ùNnÙm ùUô¯ Tt±Ùm úT£j ¾ojÕd ùLôs[Xôm Gu\ RLYûX
ùLôÓdL úYiÓm,

24
 ©uTt\ úYi¥V SûPØû\ûV
®[d¡d á± R²lThP AUoÜLÞm
CÚdLdáÓm GuTûR ®[dL úYiÓm,
 Ø¥Ü JlTkRm CÚkRôp ApXÕ
CpXô®hPôp Øû\úV ARtϬV
SûPØû\Lû[Ùm ®[d¡d á\ úYiÓm,
 ¿§Uu\ LhPQm. Ø¥Ü JlTkRm 
ûLùVÝj§hPl ©u]o §Úl© A°dLlTÓm
GuTûR ùR¬®dL úYiÓm,
CÚRWl©]ÚdÏm Uj§VvR Øû\ úYiÓm
GuTûR Uj§VvRo EߧlTÓjRd
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, CÚ RWl©]¬u §¼o
EQof£ ùY°lTôÓ
Lû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRp. ¨oYôL
£dLpLû[ ¨oY¡jRp (KnÜ úSWm.
YzeÏm Øû\ úTôu\ûY) B¡VûY
Uj§VvR¬u ùTôßlTôÏm, úUÛm. CÚ
RWl©]Úm LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[ ùR°YôL ׬kÕ
ùLôiÓs[]Wô GuTûR EߧlTÓjRd
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, GkR RWl©]o
úYiÓUô]ôÛm ØR-p úTNXôm, B]ôp.
ARtÏ Øu× CÚYÚdÏm NUUô] Yônl×
ùLôÓdLlTÓm GuTûR Uj§VvRo á\
úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRj§u ¨ûXLs Utßm AUoÜLs
A±ØLj§tÏ ©\Ï ¸rdLiP ¨ûXLs
ùRôPÚm,
 ©WfNû]ûV
׬kÕdùLôsÞm ¨ûX
 úRûYLs Utßm
®ÚlTeLû[ ׬kÕ ùLôsÞm ¨ûX
 ©WfNû]ûV YûWVßdÏm ¨ûX
¾oÜ LôQ úYi¥V
®`VeLû[ AûPVô[m LôÔm ¨ûX
 ùYqúYß Y¯Lû[ AûPVô[m
LôÔm ¨ûX
 ¾oÜLû[ U§l©Óm ¨ûX
CkR ùYqúYß ¨ûXLû[j ùRôPokÕ
áhPUoÜLs Utßm R²lThP AUoÜLs
CÚdLXôm,
áhPUo®p.
 CÚ RWl©]Úm AYoLÞûPV
YZdL±OoLÞm CÚlTôo;
 G§o RWl©]ûW úYRû]lTÓjÕm
YûL«p GûRÙm á\úYiPôm Guß CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm BúXôNû] YZeLlTÓm,
AjRûLV RLYpLs R² AUoÜL°p
á\Xôm GuTÕm ùR¬®dLlTÓm,
 CÚ RWl©]o AYoL[Õ
YZdL±OoLs RûP«pXôUp úTN
AàU§dLl TÓYo,
25
 NôRôWQUôL ØR-p RWl©]Úm
ARtÏ ÕûQ ùNnÙm YûL«p
AYoLÞûPV YZdL±OoLÞm NhP
NmTkRlThP ®`VeLû[l Tt± ùRôPokÕ
úTNXôm,
 CÚ RWl©]¬u SiTo ApXÕ
E\®]oLÞdÏm úTN Yônl× A°dLlTÓm,
 JqùYôÚ RWl©]o YZdL±Oo
úT£ Ø¥jRÕm Uj§VvRo AYoLs
á±VYtû\ ùRôÏjÕ §Úm©d á± HúRàm
®[dLeLs úRûYlThPôp AYtû\d
úLhLXôm,
 JqùYôÚ RWl©]o YZdL±Oo
úUÛm HúRàm RLYûX úNojÕd á\Xôm,
 Uj§VvRo Vôo úTN úYiÓm
Guß úYiÓúLôs ®ÓjRôÛm ARtÏ
CQeL úYiÓm,
 JÚYo úTÑmùTôÝÕ GkRùYôÚ
RûPÙm SÓ®p AàU§dLlTPôÕ,
CqYôß Rôu Uj§VvR Øû\«u
Li¦Vm LôdLlTÓm,
R²lThP AUo®tÏ JÚ RWl©]o
®iQl©dÏm ùTôÝÕ Uj§VvRo
áhPUoûY ØR-p ¨û\Ü ùNnV úYiÓm,
JÚ RWl©]ÚPu R² AUoÜ Ø¥kRûRj
ùRôPokÕ Utù\ôÚ RWl©]ÚPàm R²
AUoÜ CÚdL úYiÓm, Uj§VvRo Øu
áh¥úV CÚ RWl©]ÚPàm CjRûLV R²
AUoÜLs JÚYÚPu Utù\ôÚYûW ®P
A§L úSWm ùNpX Yônl× Es[Õ Guß
ùR°ÜlTÓjR úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRo JÚ R² AUoûY ¸rLiP
LôWQeLÞdLôL TVuTÓjRXôm,
 áhPUoÜL°p T¡W Ø¥VôR
R²lThP ®`VeLs Utßm
RLYpLû[ T¡okÕ ùLôs[
 GkRùYôÚ RWl©]¬u SPjûRûV
LhÓlTÓjR
 Uj§VvR Øû\«p úRdL ¨ûX
HtThPôp
 ºWô] Øû\«p CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm
ReL[Õ EQof£Lû[ ùY°lTÓjR
AàU§dL
 GRôojRUt\
G§oTôol×Lû[ ùY°lTÓj§ AûY
SûPØû\dÏ JqYôÕ GuTûR ùR¬®dL
 LXkÕûWVôPûX ¨ßj§. ¾oÜ
LôÔRûX úSôd¡ ùNpX
 Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tLô]
Y¯Lû[ BWôV
 JÚ RWl©]¬u Øû]Ü. T§p
Øû]ÜLû[Ùm ØuYÚûL – úLô¬dûLûV
Cuù]ôÚYÚdÏ ùR¬®jRp
26
 Uj§VvRo R² AUoûY ¸rLiP
ãr¨ûXL°p R®odL úYiÓm,
 JÚ RWl©]ûW úSW¥VôLúY
CQeL ûYdL Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp
 JÚ RWl©]o Cuù]ôÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏ Øu× RuàûPV YôRjûR
CQeL ûYdÏm Øû\«p ùR¬®dL
Ø¥Ùm Gu\ôp
Uj§VvRj§u ÖhTeLs
Uj§VvRm GuTÕ
ØWiTôÓLû[ EÚUôtßRp Tt±VRôÏm,
CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm Es[ úYßTôh¥û]
Uj§VvRo ùY°úVt\ úYiÓm, JÚY¬u
×iTÓjÕm ApXÕ çiÓRXô]
YôdÏêXeLû[ Uj§VvRo NôoTt\
Øû\«p Uôt± çiÓRp CpXôR
YûL«p §Úm©d á± AkR YôdÏêXj§p
Es[ Ød¡V úRûYLû[ UhÓm
ùY°lTÓjR úYiÓm, G-Ó :
Uj§VvRj§uúTôÕ JÚYo Utù\ôÚYûWl
Tt± ""AYo Guû] ªÏ§VôL LhÓlTÓjÕm
TZdLm EûPVYo, G]úY Sôu
GpXôYtû\Ùm Es[Pd¡ ûYjÕd
ùLôs[ Yt×ßjRlThÓsú[u@@ Guß
áß¡\ôo,
CRtÏ Uj§VvRo ""¿eLs áßYûR AYo
ùN® ùLôÓjÕ úLhL úYiÓm Guß
G§oTôod¡ÈoLs@@ Guß Uôt±d á\Xôm,
CqYôß áßYRu êXm JÚ G§oUû\
YôNLjûR BdLléoYUô] YôNLUôL Uôt±d
á\Xôm, úUÛm. AkR YôdÏêXj§u
Ød¡V úSôdLm. ARôYÕ AYo
G§oRWl©]¬u ©WfNû]Lû[ ùN®d
ùLôÓjÕ úLhL úYiÓm GuTûR ùR°YôL
ùR¬®dLXôm,
©\ Uj§VvR ÖhTeLs
 ùRôÏjR°jRp : Uj§VvRo CÚ
RWl©]¬u YôdÏêXeL°u Ød¡V
AmNeLû[ ùR°ÜlTÓj§ ÑÚdLUôL.
ØÝûUVôL. ©ûZ Atß ùRôÏjÕ
A°dLXôm,
 LiúQôhPjûR Ht\p :
Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u
YôdÏêXeLû[l Tt±Ùm £k§jÕ
JqùYôÚY¬u LiúQôhPjûRÙm Htß
Øu²ßjÕm YûL«p AûRl Tt± úTN
úYiÓm,
 §ûN §Úl×Rp : Uj§VvRo JÚ
©Wf£û]«-ÚkÕ Utù\ôÚ ©Wf£û]dÏ
CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm §ûN §Úl©
AYoLû[ ®YWeLs ÁÕ LY]m ùNÛjR
ûYjÕ ApXÕ A§L çiÓRXô]
YôdÏêXj§-ÚkÕ AYoLs LY]jûR
§ûN §ÚlTXôm,
 Rs°ûYjRp : JÚ ØWiTôPô]
ãr¨ûXûV R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ Uj§VvRo
HúRàm JÚ úLs®dLô] T§ûX Rs°
ûYdLXôm, CûR áÓRp RLYp ùTßYRtÏ
27
 ApXÕ Y¬ûNVôL
©WfNû]Lû[ ûLVôÞmùTôÚhÓm
ùNnVXôm,
 SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsYRtLô]
Th¥Vp : Uj§VvRo ©WfNû]Lû[ GkR
Y¬ûN«p ®Yô§dL úYiÓm GuTûR
Ø¥Ü ùNnYôo,
T§ÛdÏ U§lÀÓ Ïû\jRûX ûLVôÞRp
 Uj§VvRo JÚ RWl©]¬u
YôdÏêXj§tÏ ùTôßlúTtß Utù\ôÚ
RWl©]o ARtÏ G§oUû\VôL AkR
YôdÏêXm G§o RWl©]Wôp á\lThP
LôWQj§tLôL UhÓúU T§p áßYûR
R®odÏm ùTôÚhÓ RLYûX R]dÏ
ùNôkRUôd¡d ùLôs[Xôm,
JÚ Uj§VvRo CÚ RWl©]¬u
®ÚlTeL°-ÚkÕ AYoLû[ §ûN
§Úl×YRtÏ
 CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm AYoL[Õ
¿iP LôX úSôdLeLû[ LÚj§p
ùLôs[ ùNnÕ ARu êXm HúRàm ùTôÕ
®ÚlTeLs Es[]Yô GuTûR
LiÓ©¥dLXôm,
 úUÛm
RLYpLû[ úNL¬dÏmùTôÚhÓ TpúYß
T§pLs A°dLdá¥V Yônl×ûPV
úLs®Lû[ úLhL úYiÓm,
 CÚ RWl©]¬PªÚkúR Ø¥ÜdLô]
Y¯Lû[ úLhP±V úYiÓm,
 Ïû\kR Ød¡VjÕYm
ùLôÓdLdá¥VRôL CÚkRôÛm Aû]jÕ
Ø¥Ü Y¯Lû[Ùm ùY°lTÓj§ BúXôNû]
ùNnV úYiÓm,
 Aû]jÕ Y¯Lû[Ùm LY]UôL
BWôV úYiÓm, Hù]u\ôp ¾®WUô]
BWônf£dÏ ©\úL AkR ¾oûY JÚ RWl©]o
Jl×dùLôs[ ØuYWXôm,
 Aû]jÕ ¾oÜ Y¯Lû[Ùm
¸rLiPYtßPu Jl©hÓ TôodL úYiÓm,
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm
JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªLf £\lTô]
Ø¥Ü, (B.A.T.N.A. – Best Alternative to a negotiated
agreement).
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm
JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªL úUôNUô]
Ø¥Ü, (W.A.T.N.A. – Worst Alternative to a
negotiated agreement).
o ¿§Uu\m ùNpYÕ êXm
JÚYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLdá¥V ªÏkR
Nôj§Vdáß EûPV Ø¥Ü, (M.L.A.T.N.A. –
Most likely alternative to a negotiated agreement).
28
 EQof£Lû[ ûLVôÞRp
RuàûPV EQof£Ls ùY°lTÓmúTôÕ
Uj§VvRo AûR GqYôß ûLVô[Xôm
GuTûR Øu áh¥úV úVôNû] ùNnÕ
A±V úYiÓm,
EQof£Lû[ ûLVôÞYRtLô] ùNVp
ÖhTeLs ¸rLiPYôß,
 £X ùY°lTôÓLû[ HtL úYiÓm,
(R²lThP AUoÜL°p CÚkRôp Suß)
 EQof£Ls úSoûUVô]ûYVô
GuTûR AYtû\ SuÏ úLhÓ EߧlTÓjR
úYiÓm,
 AkR EQof£«u êXd
LôWQjûR AûPVô[m ùLôiÓ AkR
EQof£dÏ ¾oÜ LôQôUp AkR
LôWQj§tLô] ¾oûY LôQúYiÓm,
 ºWô] ¨ûXûUûV TôÕLôdL
Øû]V úYiÓm,
 G°Rô] ©WfNû]LÞdÏ
®YôRjûR §ûN §ÚlT úYiÓm,
 ©WfNû]Lû[ Ju\u ©u Ju\ôL
ûLVôÞRp,
 CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm ReLÞûPV
EQof£Lû[ Utù\ôÚYÚPu T¡okÕ
ùLôs[ AûZjÕ AkR ãr¨ûX«u
EQof£léoYUô] RôdLp Tt±
ùY°lTÓjR FdÏ®dL úYiÓm,
 KnÜ úSWm GÓjÕd ùLôsÞRp
Uj§VvRj§p AûU§«u CÚl× ¨ûX
Uj§VvRj§p AûU§ûVl TVuTÓjÕYÕ
Cu±VûUVôRÕ, Uj§VvRo CÚ
RWl©]¬u CûP¨ßjRm Utßm
AûU§L°u Ød¡VjÕYjûRÙm
LôWQeLû[Ùm ׬kÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
ùTÚmTôÛm JÚ AûU§Vô] RÚQj§tÏ
©\Ï Ød¡VUô] RLYpLs
ùY°lTÓjRlTÓm,
AûU§ úTÑm JÚYÚdÏ ¸rLiP
LôWQeL°]ôp ER®VôL CÚdÏm,
 úTÑTYo EûWVôP-u úYLjûR
CRu êXm LhÓlTÓjR AàU§d¡\Õ,
 úTÑYRtÏ Øu× úVô£dL
AYLôNm ¡ûPd¡\Õ,
 úTÑTYo EûWVôPûX ùRôPW
úYiÓUô ApXÕ úYiPôUô Guß úRoÜ
ùNnV AàU§d¡\Õ,
AûU§ úLhTYoLÞdÏ ¸rLiP
LôWQeL°]ôp ER®VôL CÚdÏm,
 JÚY¬u ®ÚlTm. U¬VôûR.
ùTôßûUûV ùY°lTÓjR ERÜ¡\Õ,
 YôojûRVôp á\Ø¥VôR
®`VeLû[ ׬kÕd ùLôs[Üm úTÑTYûW
SuÏ LY²dLÜm Yônl× A°d¡\Õ,
29
 Uj§VvRj§p Uu²l× úLôÚRp Utßm
""ØLjûR LôlTôtßRp@@ AÔÏØû\
Uu²l× úLôÚRp GuTÕ G§oYôRm
CpXôUp JÚ RYßdLôL Rôu YÚkÕYRôL
Jl×dùLôsÞRp BÏm, JÚ ùNnûLûV
§Úm© ùT\ Ø¥Vô®hPôÛm AÕ LY²l×
CpXôUp ùNpXô§ÚdL CÕ Ød¡VUô]Õ,
JÚYo Rôu AYUô]lTPd áÓm Guß
AfNlTÓRp JÚ YÛÜûPV EQof£, CÕ
CÚRWl©]Úm ReLÞûPV ¨ûXL°-ÚkÕ 
Uô\ôUp CÚdLÜm ¿§Uu\j§p YZdûL
ùRôPWÜm Y¯YÏdÏm, G]úY. Uj§VvRo
CqYô\ô] ãr¨û«p CÚkÕ G°RôL
ùY°úVßm ¾oÜ Y¯Lû[ BWôV úYiÓm, 
úRdL ¨ûXûV ûLVôÞRp
úRdL ¨ûXûV G§odùLôsÞmúTôÕ
Uj§VvRo ¸rdLiP HúRàm JÚ
Øû\ûV ûLVô[Xôm,
 R² AUoÜ Utßm
áhPUoÜLû[ Uôt± Uôt± úUtùLôiÓ
CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm AYoLÞûPV YZdÏ
GqY[Ü ºWô]Õ GuTûR A±V ùNnV
úYiÓm,
 JÚ RWl©]¬u YZdL±Oo
RuàûPV Lh£ LôWÚdÏ NhPj§]ôp HtL
Ø¥VôR BúXôNû] ùLôÓjÕ AYo
¿§Uu\j§p ùYt±VûPVXôm Guß
ùTônVô] YôdÏ A°j§ÚkRôp AkR
YZdL±OÚPu R² AUoûY
úUtùLôs[Xôm,
 CÚ RWl©]ûWÙm GfN¬jÕ
Aû]YûWÙm Juß úNojÕ ©WfNû]ûV
HtL ùNnVXôm,
 LûP£ LhPj§p ¾oûY úSôd¡
ùNpXdá¥V GkRùYôÚ ØVt£ûVÙm
AàU§dLXôm,
ãZûX Uôt± Aû]YûWÙm
Cû[lTô\ ûYdL SûLfÑûYûV
TVuTÓjRXôm,
Jl×Rp EûPV ®`VeLû[l
Tt± ÁiÓm úTNXôm,
 G°Rô] ©WfNû]Lû[l Tt±
ùRôPokÕ ®Yô§dLXôm,
 CÚ RWl©]ûWÙúU úRdL ¨ûX
LôWQjûRl Tt± úLhLXôm,
 CjRûLV úRdL ¨ûXûV
AÔÏYRtLô] Y¯Lû[Ùm
Aû]Y¬PØm úLhLXôm,
 CÚ RWl©]¬u EûZl× Utßm
NôRû]Lû[ ×LrkÕ á\Xôm,
 JÚYo Utù\ôÚY¬u
©WfNû]ûVl Tt± £k§dÏUôß
®iQl©dLXôm,
30
 CÕYûW«Ûm ¨LZôR
NmTYeLû[ A¥lTûPVôL ùLôiP
(hypothetical) ¾oÜLû[ Øu ûYdLXôm,
 Uj§VvRjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm
Guß BúXôNû]d á\Xôm ApXÕ
TVØßjRXôm,
 JÚ YpÛ]o ApXÕ êu\ôm
ST¬u TeúLtûT LÚÕUôß úVôNû]
á\Xôm,
 EQof£ ùY°lTôÓLû[ AàU§
dLXôm,
 Uj§VvR Øû\«-ÚkÕ
RtLô-LUô] KnÜ GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm,
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm GÝj§p CÚdL úYiÓm
úUÛm
 CÚ RWl©]¬u G§oLôX E\Ül
Tt±V YôdÏêXjûR ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm,
 JlTkRjûR ùNVp
Øû\lTÓjÕYRtÏ CÚ RWl©]¬u
ùTôßlûT Tt± ®[dL úYiÓm,
 ùR°YôL. ØÝûUVôL.
ùNVpØû\lTÓjRdá¥VRôL SûPØû\dÏ
ELkRRôL CÚjRp úYiÓm,
 CÚ RWl©]¬u
XôTeLû[ ©W§T-dL úYiÓm, úUÛm
NUUôL CÚdL úYiÓm,
 Vôo ÁÕm T¯ ÑUjRôUp
BdLléoYUôL CÚdL úYiÓm,
 ¿§Uu\ ¾olûTl úTôu\
ùUô¯«p CpXôUp CÚdL úYiÓm,
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm Uj§VvRWôp Yû]VlTP
úYiÓm, CpûXùVu\ôp CÚ RWl©]o
áP CûR Yû]VXôm, CûR Yû]Ùm
Uj§VvRo YônùUô¯VôL Aû]jÕ
JlTkR ¨TkRû]Lû[Ùm á± Aû]jÕ
ùNôtL°u ùTôÚû[Ùm
®[d¡ ¨TkRû]Lû[ EߧlTÓj§d
ùLôiP ©u]úW AûR GÝjÕ Y¥®p
Uôt\Xôm,
CqYô\ô] JlTkRjûR Yû]ÙmúTôÕ
Uj§VvRo áoûUVVô] / ϱlTô]
ùNôtLû[ TVuTÓj§ GkR®R
NkúRLjûRÙm GÝlTdá¥V
ùNôtLû[ R®odL úYiÓm,
GÓjÕLôhPôL ¨VôVUô]. ®ûW®p.
A¥dL¥. JjÕûZl×.
SûPØû\lTÓjRdá¥V úTôu\ûY,
ùR°YôL GûR. Vôo. GlùTôÝÕ. GqYôß.
GlT¥. GkR A[®p. GkR LôXj§p ùNnYôo
GuTûR ϱdL úYiÓm,
CkR JlTkRm ùR°Yô] ùUô¯«p CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm HtLdá¥V ùUô¯«p CÚdL
31
úYiÓm, Ø¥kR A[®tÏ NhPm NôokR
YôojûRLû[ R®odLXôm,
JlTkRj§u CÚ RWl©]Úm JlTkRj§u
JqùYôÚ Rô°Ûm ûLùVÝj§P úYiÓm,
YZdL±Oo AYÚûPV Lh£dLôW¬u
ûLùVÝjûR CߧlTdLj§p
AjRôh£ ùNnV úYiÓm, CÚ RWl©]Úm
ûLùVôlTm ChPÜPu Uj§VvRo
JlTkRj§p ûLùVÝj§hÓ JqùYôÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm JÚ SLûX A°dL úYiÓm,
Uj§VvRjûR Ø¥Ü ùNnRp
Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u ØVt£«u
®û[YôRXôp Uj§VvRo ARu Ø¥Ü
ºWôL CÚlTRtÏ ØVt£ ùNnV úYiÓm,
CÚ RWl©]Úm GkR ùYôÚ Ø¥®tÏm
YW®pûX Gu\ôp Uj§VvRo
AÕYûW«Ûm SPkÕs[ Øuú]t\j§tÏ
AYoLû[ Yôrj§ G§oLôXj§p Ø¥Ü
HtTPXôm Gu\ Sm©dûLûV ùR¬®dL
úYiÓm, úRôp®VûPkR Uj§VvRm Guß
GÕÜm ¡ûPVôÕ,
CÚ RWl©]Úm HúRàm JÚ Ø¥®tÏ
YkRôp Uj§VvRo AYoLû[ YôrjR
úYiÓm, Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§u úR§«p
Uj§VvRØm Ø¥YûPÙm,
Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ Uj§VvR
®§Ls. 2003
Uj§VvR Øû\Lû[l ùTôßjÕ JÚ
ØÝûUVô] NhPm Ck§Vô®p CpûX
Gu\ôÛm EfN¿§Uu\m Aû]jÕ EVo
¿§Uu\eLÞm NhP BûQVj§]ôp
YûWVlThP Uô§¬ E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
Uj§VvR ®§Ls. 2003 I
úYßTôÓLÞPú]ô CpXôUúXô
TVuTÓjRXôm Guß T¬kÕûW ùNnÕs[Õ,
(Salem Bar Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005
SC 3353).
CkR ®§Ls Uj§VvRûW ¨VªdÏm Øû\.
Uj§VvR¬u RϧLs Utßm Uj§VvRm
ùNnV úYi¥V SûPØû\ Tt± áß¡\Õ,
®§ 12 Uj§VvRo Ck§V Nôh£Vf NhPm
1872 Utßm E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\
NhPj§tÏ CQeL úYiPôm
Gußm ¨VôVm Utßm ¿§ NôokR
ùLôsûLLÞdÏ CQe¡ CÚRWl©]¬u
E¬ûULs Utßm LPûULû[ U]§p
ùLôiÓ Y¦L TVuTôÓLs Utßm
NiûP«u RuûUûV A±kÕ ùNVpTP
úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ,
®§ 16 Uj§VvRj§p Uj§VvR¬u TeÏ
Tt± ®[dÏ¡\Õ, Uj§VvRo CÚ
RWl©]Úm RôUôLúY RLWôßdÏ Ø¥Ü
LôQf ùNnV Y¯ ùNnRp úYiÓm, úUÛm.
JÚ RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPjûRl Tt±
Cuù]ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ á±. Ød¡VUô]
©WfNû]Lû[ AûPVô[m LiÓ. RY\ôL
׬kÕdùLôsÞRûX R®ojÕ. CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm GÕ Ød¡Vm GuTûR
32
LiP±kÕ TpúYß ®ReL°p ¾oÜ LôQ
Y¯Lû[ BWônkÕ Ø¥ùYÓdÏm ùTôßl×
CÚRWl©]ûWÙm NôokRÕ GuTûR GÓjÕ
EQojR úYiÓm, Uj§VvRo
GkRùYôÚ ¨TkRû]ûVÙm LhPôVlTÓj§
HtLf ùNnVdáPôÕ,
®§ 17 CÚ RWl©]o UhÓúU AYoLÞûPV 
Ø¥ÜdÏ ùTôßl× Gußm Uj§VvRo
GkR®RUô] Ø¥ûYÙm LhPôVlTÓjR
Ø¥VôÕ Gußm áß¡\Õ, úUÛm.
Uj§VvRm Ø¥Ü JlTkR§p ¨û\YûPÙm
Guß GkR EjRWYôRØm Uj§VvRo
ùLôÓdL CVXôÕ,
CkR ®§L°p Uj§VvR Øû\L°p
UkRQm LôjRûXl Tt± LÓm
LhÓlTôhÓûPV ©¬ÜLs YZeLlThÓs[Õ,
®§ 11 Uj§VvRo CÚRWl©]ûWÙm R²VôL
Nk§jÕ úTN Y¯ YÏd¡\Õ, ®§ 20 UkRQm
LôdL úYiÓm Gu\ ¨TkRû]ÙPu GkR
RWl©]Úm JÚ RLYûX Uj§VvRÚdÏ
A°jRôp AûR Utù\ôÚ RWl©]ÚdÏ
ùY°lTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ Guß RûP ®§d¡\Õ,
Uj§VvR Øû\l Tt±V Aû]jÕ
®`VeLû[Ùm UkRQm LôdL úYiÓm
Gußm. CkR Øû\«u êXm ùT\lTÓm
GkR RLYûXÙm Nôh£VôL úYß GkR
SPY¥dûL«Ûm ¸rLiPYtû\ ùTôßjÕ
A±ØLlTÓjRdáPôÕ Guß
á\lThÓs[Õ,
 Uj§VvR Øû\«u ùTôÝÕ
ùY°YÚm GkR®R Jl×Rp ApXÕ JÚ
RWl©]¬u LiúQôhPm
 UkRQUôL A°dLlTÓm
BYQeLs. YûWÜLs Utßm RLYpLs
JÚ RWl©]o Ø¥ÜdLô]
Øû]ûY Jl×dùLôiPôWô CpûXVô
GuTûRl Tt±V RLYp
Uj§VvRo ¿§Uu\j§Pm JÚ RWl©]o
Uj§VvRj§tÏ YW®pûX Gußm CÚ
RWl©]¬u NmURjÕPu AYÚûPV
U§l©p AkR YZdÏ Uj§VvR êXm
Ø¥YûPVdá¥VÕ ApX Gußm CÚ
RWl©]Úm RLWôÚdÏ Ø¥Ü LiÓs[]o
GuTûR UhÓúU T¡WXôm Guß ®§ 21
áß¡\Õ,
®§ 24 CÚRWl©]¬ûPúV Yû]VlTÓm
JlTkRjûR GÝjÕ Y¥®p Uôt±
ûLùVôlTm CP úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ,
CkR JlTkRm úUp SPY¥dûLdLôL JÚ
L¥RjÕPu Uj§VvR¬]ôp ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
AàlTlTÓm, ¿§Uu\m ®§ 25T¥ CûR
EjRWYôL Uôt± BûQl ©\l©dÏm, CkR
JlTkRm êXm YZd¡u JÚ Tϧ
UhÓúU ¨û\YûPkRôÛm ¿§Uu\m AkRl
TϧûVl ùTôßjÕ EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm,
Ø¥YûPVôR ©\ TϧûV Tt± ¿§Uu\m
Ø¥Ü ùNnR ©\ÏRôu BûQ ©\l©dL
úYiÓm Gu\ AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, CkR
33
 CÚ TϧLÞm ©¬dLd á¥VÕ CpûX
Gu\ôp ¿§Uu\m ÁRØs[ TϧLÞm
Ø¥YûPYRtÏ LôdL úYiÓm,
®§ 27 Uj§VvR¬u Suù]± RWm ϱjÕ
áß¡\Õ
 ®§Lû[ ºWô] Øû\«p
LhÓlTôhÓPu LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvR¬u ùTôßl©tÏ JqYôR
YûL«p SûPjûRûV úUtùLôs[d áPôÕ,
 Uj§VvR
Øû\«u ¨VôVjûRÙm
Li¦VjûRÙm ¨ûX¨ßjR úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvRj§p TeúLtÏm CÚ
RWl©]Úm A§p Es[ SûPØû\Lû[l
Tt± SuÏ A±kÕs[]o GuTûR
EߧlTÓjR úYiÓm,
 ùRô¯pçVô] YûL«p CkR
Uj§VvRjûR úUtùLôiÓ ¨û\Ü ùNnV
Rϧ Es[Õ GuTûR EߧlTÓj§d
ùLôs[ úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvRj§u TôWThNªuûUûV
Tô§dÏm YûL«p GkRùYôÚ E\Ü ApXÕ
®ÚlTm CÚkRôÛm AûR ùY°lTÓjR
úYiÓm, ApXÕ AYo NôoTtß CÚlTôo
GuT§p NkúRLm GZdá¥V YûL«p
HúRàm CÚkRôÛm AûR ùY°lTÓjR
úYiÓm,
 CÚ RWl©]ÚPàm úTfÑ YôojûR
SPjÕm úTôÕ Nôo× RuûUûV
ùY°dLôhÓm YûL«p SPkÕ
ùLôs[dáPôÕ,
 RÏkR NhPlT¥ UhÓúU RLWôû\l
ùTôÚjR Aû]jÕ SPY¥dûLLÞm
úUtùLôs[úYiÓm,
 Uj§VvR Øû\ CÚ RWl©]¬u
ÑV ¨oQVj§u A¥lTûP«p SPd¡\Õ
GuTûRÙm CkR Øû\«p CÚ RWl©]Úm
RôUôLúY HúRàm JlTkRjûR HtTÓj§d
ùLôs[ úYiÓm GuTûR Ae¸L¬dL
úYiÓm,
 ÅQôL Ø¥ÜLs Tt± Ej§WYôRm
ùLôÓlTûR RÓjÕ UkRQm LôjRûXl
Tt±V ¨VôVUô] G§oTôolûT LôdL
úYiÓm,
NUWN Øû\
NUWN Øû\ GuTÕ Uj§VvR Øû\ûV
ϱlTRtÏm £X ùTôݧp TVuTÓjRlTÓm,
£X NhP ¨×QoLs CûR úYß ®RUô] JÚ
Uj§VvR Øû\ Gußm C§p NôoTt\ JÚ
êu\ôYÕ RWl©]o Uj§VvRûW ®P
Cuàm Øû]kÕ CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
Es[ RLWô±tÏ ¾oÜ LôQ Y¯ YÏlTôo
Guß áßÙs[]o, (Salem Advocates Bar
Association V. Union of India, AIR 2005 SC 3353).
34
 NUWNjûR SPjÕm Øû\ ARtϬV
A¥lTûP ®§Ls Utßm Suù]± RWeLs
B¡VûY Uj§VvR Øû\ûVl
úTôu\úRVôÏm,
1996 NhPm NUWN Øû\ûVl ùTôßjR ØRp
ØÝûUVô] NhPUôÏm, CfNhPj§u Tϧ
3 £±V NkRolTeLÞdϬV Uôt\eLÞPu
I,Sô,®u NUNW Øû\ ®§Ls. 1980 I
LûPl©¥jÕs[Õ,
1996 NhPm NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ HúRàm
JÚ RWl©]¬u AûZl©u úT¬p
ùRôPeÏRp Tt±Ùm (©¬Ü 62). NUWNm
ùNnTY¬Pm YôdÏêXeLû[ NUol©lTûRl
Tt±Ùm. RLWô±u RuûUûV ®[dÏRp
Tt±Ùm ¾odL úYi¥V ©WfNû]Ls
Tt±Ùm áß¡\Õ, (©¬Ü 65), NUWNm ùNnTYo
E¬ûU«Vp SûPØû\ NhPm Utßm
Ck§Vf Nôh£V NhPj§u LhÓdÏs
YWUôhPôo (©¬Ü 66),
NUNWm ùNnTY¬u CÚl× ¨ûX
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 66 NUWNm ùNnTY¬u
CÚl× ¨ûXûV ¸rLiPYôß ®[dÏ¡\Õ,
 NUWNm ùNnTYo RLWô±tÏ ÑêLUô]
¾oÜ LôÔm ùTôÚhÓ CÚ RWl©]ÚdÏm
ÑRk§WUô] TôWThNUt\ YûL«p ER®
ùNnV úYiÓm,
 NUNWm ùNnTYo ¨VôVm. ¿§ B¡V
ùLôsûLL°]ôp LhÓlThÓ CÚ RWl©]¬u
LPûULs Utßm E¬ûULû[ LÚj§p
ùLôiÓ ®VôTôW YZdLeLû[Ùm LÚj§p
ùLôiÓ RLWôû\ Tt±V ãr¨ûXûVÙm
Øu©-ÚkúR CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
Es[ Y¦L TZLLYZdLeLû[Ùm LÚj§p
ùLôiÓ ùNVXôt\ úYiÓm,
 YZd¡u NkRolT ãr¨ûXLs. CÚ
RWl©]¬u ®ÚlTeLs HúRàm JÚ
RWl©]o NUWNm ùNnTYo RmúUôÓ R²VôL
úTN úYiÓm Guß LÚ§]ôp ARtÏ
CQeÏRp Utßm RLWôßdÏ ®ûWYôL ¾oÜ
LôQ úYiÓm B¡V Aû]jûRÙm
LÚj§p ùLôiÓ NUWN SPY¥dûLLû[ Rôu
Ht\Õ Guß LÚÕm Øû\«p SPjRXôm,
 NUWN SPY¥dûL«u GkR
LhPj§p úYiÓUô]ôÛm NUNWm ùNnTYo
¾oÜdLô] Y¯Lû[ Øu ûYdLXôm, CûY
GÝjÕ Y¥®p CúdLúYiÓùUußm
ARtϬV LôWQeLs ùTôßjR YôdÏêXm
AY£Vm CpûX Gußm á\lThÓs[Õ,
UkRQm LôjRp. NUWNm Øû\«p JÚ
Ød¡VUô] TeÏ Y¡d¡\Õ, 1996 NhPj§u
©¬Ü 69 NUWNm ùNnTYo JqùYôÚ
RWl©]ÚPàm R²VôL Nk§jÕ úTÑYRtÏ
Y¯ ùNn¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 70 UkRQm LôdL
úYiÓm Gu\ ¨TkRû]ÙPu JÚ RWl©]o
NUNWm ùNnTYÚdÏ ùLôÓdÏm GkRùYôÚ
RLYûXÙm ùY°lTÓjRdáPôÕ Guß
RûP ®§d¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 75 úYß GkR NhPj§p
GqYôß á\lTh¥ÚkRôÛm ARtÏ
35
 CQeLôUp NUNW
SPY¥dûLLû[ ùTôßjÕ Aû]jÕ
®`VeLÞm UkRQm LôdLlTP úYiÓm
Guß A±ÜßjÕ¡\Õ, CjRûLV UkRQm
LôjRp Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tÏm
AûR ¨û\úYt\ Utßm ùNVpTÓjR
úRûYlThPôXu± ùTôÚkÕm,
úYß YûL«p CÚ RWl©]¬ûPúV
Jl×dùLôs[lTh¥ÚkRôp Au± 1996
NhPj§u T¥ NUWNm ùNnTYo NUWNm ùNnR
YZdûLl ùTôßjR GkRùYôÚ ¿§Uu\
ApXÕ CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûL«Ûm
CûNÜ ¾olTô[WôLúYô JÚ RWl©]¬u
YZdL±OWôLúYô ApXÕ HúRàm JÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏ Nôh£VôLúYô CÚdLdáPôÕ
Guß áß¡\Õ, (©¬Ü 80)
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 81u T¥ ¸rLiPYtû\
CÚ RWl©]Úm Nôh£VUôL GkRùYôÚ
CûNÜ ¾ol× SPY¥dûL«Ûm ¿§Uu\m
A±ØLlTÓjRdáPôÕ,
 NUWN Øû\«u ùTôÝÕ
ùY°YÚm GkRùYôÚ LiúQôhPm ApXÕ
Ø¥Ül Tt±V £kRû]Ls
 NUWN Øû\«uúTôÕ ùY°YÚm
GkR®R Jl×Rp
 NUNW ùNnTY¬]ôp Øu
ûYdLlTÓm Øû]ÜLs
 JÚ RWl©]o Ø¥ÜdLô]
Øû]ûY Jl×dùLôiPôWô CpûXVô
GuTûRl Tt±V RLYp
1996 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 73 CÚ RWl©]Wôp
ûLùVôlTªPlTÓm Ø¥Ü JlTkRm
AYoLû[l ùTôßjRYûW«p CߧVô]Õ
Gußm ©ûQdLdá¥VÕ Gußm áß¡\Õ,
CkR JlTkRm NUWNm ùNnTY¬]ôp
AjRôh£ ùNnVlTPúYiÓm, ©¬Ü 74
CjRûLV Ø¥Ü JlTkRj§tÏ ©¬Ü 30u
¸r CûNÜ ¾ol©tÏ YZeLlTÓm
AúR ¨ûXûV YZeÏ¡\Õ. ARôYÕ
¿§Uu\ EjRWûY úTôuß,
CÚ RWl©]WôÛm ûLùVôlTm CPlTÓm
Ø¥Ü JlTkRm E«o ùTßmùTôÝÕRôu
ùYt±LWUô] NUWN SPY¥dûL
Ø¥YûPkRRôL LÚRlTÓm, CjRûLV
JlTkRm Rôu 1996 NhPm ©¬Ü 74u ¸r
CûNÜ ¾ol©tϬV AúR ¨ûXûV
ùTtßs[Õ, (Haresh Dayaram Thakur V. State of
Maharashtra, AIR 2000 SC 2281).
©\ NhPeL°u ¸r NUWN Øû\
TX NhPeLs RLWôßLû[ NUWN Øû\«p
¾ojÕd ùLôsYRtLô]
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, CûY
ùRô¯tNôûX RLWôßLs NhPm. 1947. CkÕ
§ÚUQf NhPm 1948. ÏÓmT ¿§Uu\f NhPm
1984. ¡WôU ¨VôVXôV NhPm 2008
úTôu\ûY, 1987 NhPj§u ©¬Ü 20. UdLs
¿§Uu\eL°]ôp YZdÏLs ×Xu
36
ùLôs[lTÓYÕ Tt± áß¡\Õ,
CRuT¥ ¿§Uu\j§-ÚkÕ GkRùYôÚ
YZdÏm ¾oÜ LôiTRtLôL UdLs
¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlTlThPôp
Ak¿§Uu\m GqY[Ü ®ûWYôL Ø¥ÙúUô
AqY[Ü ®ûWYôL A§u ÁÕ SPY¥dûL
GÓjÕ ¿§. ¨VôVm Utßm ©\ NhPd
ùLôsûLLû[ ©uTt± Ø¥Ü ùNnV
Øû]V úYiÓm Guß
A±ÜßjRlThÓs[Õ, 1987 NhPj§u ¸r
¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùNpYRtÏ Øu×
úUtùLôs[lTP úYi¥V NUWNm Utßm
¾oÜ Øû\Ls Tt±Ùm
á\lThÓs[Õ, ¨WkRW UdLs ¿§Uu\j§p
NUWN Øû\«p ¾oÜ LôQ YZdûL
Aàl×YRtÏ Øu× LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[Ùm CÕ áß¡\Õ, ¨WkRW
UdLs ¿§Uu\m ÑRk§WUô]. TôWThN
Øû\«p NêLUô] ¾oÜ LôiTRtÏ CÚ
RWl©]ÚdÏm ERY úYiÓm Gußm
CfNhPm áß¡\Õ,

37
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQH Fohk; NjHT
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
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5 kw;Wk; fhytuk;Gr; rl;lk; 1963
Kd;Diu
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jug;Gfspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisf;
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eilKiw> me;j chpikfs; flikfis
15 mKyhf;Fk; Jiwfs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;;wd.
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Code”) rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; vt;thW
eilKiwr; rl;lk; filgpbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;jr; rl;lj;jpy; gy
20 jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy;
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25
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m) 158 gphpTfis cs;slf;fpa rl;lj;jpd;
30
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40
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rl;lg; gphpTfNs ntw;wpailAk;.
45
mjpfhu tuk;Gk; fhytiuaiur; rl;lKk;
ve;j xU jdpegUk; kw;w xUtNuhL chpik
rhHe;j jfuhW ,Uf;Fkhdhy; VjhtJ xU
50 rl;lj;jhy; ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ kiwKf
khfNth jLf;fhjtiu> mjw;Nfw;w FbAhpik
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpik
cs;sJ. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 9). (fhz;: tq;fkhkpb
ntq;fl Rghuht; vjpH rj;ygs;sp rPj;jhuhkuj;dh
Mz;LfshFk;. ,og;gPL juj;jf;f Fw;wk; rhHe;j
uq;fehafk;kh (1997) 5 SCC 460 jput;
fphPd;/gPy;L ypl;. vjpH `f;fk;rpq;> (2002) 6 SCC
416)
5
tof;fpidj; njhLf;Fk; xUtH my;yJ rl;l
eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;Fk; xUtH ‘thjp’
vdTk; tof;ifr; re;jpg;gtH ‘gpujpthjp’ vdTk;
miof;fg;gLtH. 10
rl;l eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F
thjpaplk; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf
‘tof;F %yk;’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt
tof;fpd; mbg;gil ahFk;. nghJthf ,J xU 15
mbg;gil cz;ikfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. thjp
ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;j cz;ikfis
mtH ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhz;: rjhde;jd;
gj;jpud; vjpH khjtH Rdpy; FkhH> (1998)> 6 10
SCC 514; uh[];jhd; caHePjp kd;w 20
tof;fwpQHfs; rq;fk; vjpH ,e;jpa muR> (2001)
2 SCC 294; etPdr; e;jpuh k[pj;jpah vjpH
kfhuh\;bu muR> (2000) 7 SCC 640).
25
Fwpg;gpl;l jfuhWf;Fj; jf;fthW thjp
gpujpthjpf;nfjpuhf Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tuk;gpw;Fs;
tof;fpidj; njhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt ‘fhy
tuk;G’ fhyk; vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
fhytuk;G rl;lk; 1963 (RWf;fkhf fhytuk;Gr; 30
rl;lk;) tof;Ff;fhd fhy tuk;gpidAk; kw;w
eilKiwfisAk; tiuaWg;gNjhL xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; epWtg;gLk; ntt;NtW
tifahd (tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; Nky; KiwaPLfs;
cl;gl) eilKiwfSf;fhd fhytuk;igAk; 35
tiuaWf;fpwJ. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lj;jpd;
,izg;Gg; gl;bay;) fzf;Ffs;> xg;ge;jq;fs;>
mirAk; nrhj;Jfs;> jPHkhd mwpf;iffs;>
jPHg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfs; rhHe;j tof;F
fSf;fhd fhy tiuaiw %d;W 40
Mz;LfshFk;. mirahr; nrhj;Jfs; rhHe;j
tof;FfSf;fhd fhy tuk;G 12 Mz;LfshFk;.
milkhdk; itf;Feuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk;
tof;Ff;fhd fhytuk;G m) milkhdk;
itf;fg;gl;l mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fis jpUk;gg; 45
ngWtjw;fhd fhytuk;G 30 Mz;LfshfTk;>
M) milkhdk; itf;FeuplkpUe;J milkhdk;
ngw;wtH mjpfkhf t#ypj;jij milkhdk;
Kbe;jgpd; jpUk;gg; ngWk; fhytuk;G %d;W
Mz;LfshFk;. milkhdk; ngw;wtH 50
milkhdj;ij milkhd fhy tuk;gpw;F
Kd;dNu Kbj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;b tof;Fj;
njhLg;ghuhdhy;> mjw;fhd fhytuk;G 30
gztif rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G: rl;lj;jpd;
 tof;fw;fhd fhytuk;G nghJthf xU Mz;Nlh
%d;W Mz;LfNsh MFk;. fhytiuaiur; rl;lk;
5 1963-dhy; tiuaWf;fg; glhj ve;j xU
tof;fpidAk; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd fhytuk;Gk;
tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpikngw;w ehspypUe;J
%d;W Mz;LfshFk;. (fhytiuaiu rl;lj;jpd;
,izg;Gg; gl;baypy; A113 kw;Wk; A137; gQ;rhg;
10 muR vjpH FUNjt; rpq;> (1991)> 4 SCC 1)
fhytiur; rl;lj;jhNyh my;yJ NtW ve;jr;
rl;lj;jhNyh tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhy tuk;Gf;Fs;
rl;l eltbf;if njhlq;fg;glh tpl;lhy;
15 mt;tof;fpid ,e;j xU fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt
gpujpthjpahy; jdJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ,J
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;glh tpl;lhYk; js;Sgb nra;a
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cs;sJ. (S3 –
fhytiuaiur; rl;lk;> 1963)> tP.vk; ry;nfsfhH
20 md; gpu. vjpH kHkNfhth JiwKff; fofj;jpd;
nghWg;ghsHfs;> (2005) 4SCC 613). ,Ug;gpDk;
tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd fhy tuk;gpw;Fs;
tof;Fj; njhLf;fhjjw;fhd fhuzj;ij
ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; tof;fhsp
25 fhuzq;fis mspj;jhy; me;j fhyjhkj;ij
kd;dpg;gjw;F ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
(S 5, fhytiur; rl;lk;> 1963)> Ntjgha; vjpH
rhe;jhuhk; ghGuht; ghl;by; (2001) 9SCC 106). xU
xg;ge;jk; njhlHe;J kPwg;gLkhdhy; my;yJ
30
,og;gPL Nfhuj;jf;f Fw;wk; njhlHe;J ,iof;fg;
gLkhdhy; mj;jifa Fw;wk; ,iof;fg;gLk;
xt;nthU KiwAk; Gjpjhf ,e;jf; fhy tuk;G
njhlq;FfpwJ. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; 1963> S 22)
35
jfuhW fhuzkhf rl;l eltbf;if thjpahy;
njhlq;Fg; gLtjw;F Kd; me;j tof;fpid
tprhhpg;gjw;Fk; jPHg;gspf;fTk; chpa mjpfhu
tuk;Gs;s nghWj;jkhd ePjpkd;wk; vJ vd;gij
thjp jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhz:
40
mjpfhug;G+Htkhd nghWg;ghsH vjpH rr;rpe;jpuh
ehj; rhl;lH[p> AIR 1969 SC 823) gue;Jgl;l
nghUspy; $Wtjhdhy; mjpfhu tuk;G ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;:
45
 gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G: xt;nthU
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjw;nfd gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j
mjpfhu tuk;G cs;sJ. mijj;jhz;b
mjdhy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;j
50 ,ayhJ. xU khtl;l ePjpgjpapdhy; me;j
Fwpg;gpl;l khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; kl;LNk jdJ
mjpfhujk; nrYj;j KbAk;. mijj;jhz;br;
nrYj;j ,ayhJ.
mirAk; nrhj;jpw;F vjpuhfNth Fw;wk;
,iof;fg;gl;lhy; mf;Fw;wk; vq;F ele;jNjh
me;j gug;ngy;iyia mjpfhu tuk;ghff;
5 nfhz;l ePjpkdwj;jpNyh my;yJ gpujpthjp
ghHitapy; xU ePjpkd;wk; gzk; rhHe;j
jdJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s
tof;Ffis kl;LNk vLj;J tprhhpf;f 5
,aYk;. mjhtJ> gzk; rhHe;j mjpfhu
vy;iy vd;gJ tof;fpd; gz
kjpg;Gf;Nfw;wthW mij tprhhpf;Fk;
ePjpkd;wk; NtWgLfpwJ.
10
fPNo fhzg;gLk; mjpfhu tuk;G rhHe;j
tpjpfis kdjpy; ,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 xU tof;F mjw;fhd kpff; Fiwthd
mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhhpf;fg;
gl Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lj;jpd; S.15 $WfpwJ. 15
vdNt> thjp jdJ tof;fpd; kjpg;gpid
Kjypy; njhpe;Jnfhz;L mjw;Nfw;w gzk;
rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tof;fpidg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
20
 mirahr; nrhj;J rhHe;jitgw;wpf; $Wk;
rl;lj;jpd; S.16 fPo;f;fhz;git rhHe;j
tof;Ffs; me;j mirahr; nrhj;J ve;j
ePjpkd;w gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu
tuk;Gf;Fs; cs;sNjh me;j ePjp
25
kd;wj;jhNyNa tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$WfpwJ: m) mirhar; nrhj;J thlif
kw;Wk; yhgj;NjhNlh ,y;yhkNyh kPl;gJ> M)
mirahr; nrhj;Jg; ghfg;gphptpid> ,)
mirhar; nrhj;J rhHghd milkhd fhyk;
30
KbAKd; Kwpg;gJ> tpw;gJ> kPl;gJ Mfpad>
<) mirhar; nrhj;jpd;kPJ NtW ve;j xU
KiwaPLk;> c) mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fhd
Nrjhu ,og;gPL> C) mirAk; nrhj;J
gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;lhy;. me;j gug;ngy;iy
35
rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;G cs;s ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; S.16
caHePjp kd;wj;jpd; mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j
mjpfhu tuk;gpidr; nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp
kd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. mjhtJ> tof;F
40
Neubahf caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;F tUk;NghJ
,J nghUe;jhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
 gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;Gila
ntt;NtW ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ve;j xU
mirahr; nrhj;J rhHe;j tof;fpidAk; 45
mNjNghd;w ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; rl;l
eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
S.17). rl;lj;jpd; S.17 caHePjp kd;wj;jpd;
mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j mjpfhu tuk;gpidr;
nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fg; 50
nghUe;jhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
 xU egUf;F vjpuhfNth my;yJ mtuJ
mspf;fpd;wdH. ,jpy; egH-1 kw;w ,Uthpd;
kPJk; tof;F %yk; eilngw;w
myfhghj;jpNyh my;yJ egH-2 thOk;
nfhy;fj;jhtpNyh my;yJ egH-3 thOk; 5
 ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gug;ngy;iy rhHe;j
mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs; tho;fpwhNuh my;yJ jq;fp
gzp GhpfpwhNuh> my;yJ njhopy; GhpfpwhNuh
me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd
10 tof;fpidj; njhLf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.19).
tpsf;fk; : nrd;idapy; thOk; egH-1
[gy;G+hpy; egH-2 I jhf;FfpwhH. egH-2
[gy;G+hpNyh my;yJ nrd;idapNyh egH-1 f;F
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;.
15
tpsf;fk;: rd;idapy; thOk; egH-1 [gy;G+hpy;
egH-2 Ig; gw;wp mtJ}whf vOJfpwhH. egH-2
[gy;G+hpNyh my;yJ nrd;idapNyh egH-1 f;F
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;.
20  NkNy $wg;gl;lit jtpu gpw tof;Ffs;
fPo;f;fhZk; ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
njhlq;fg; glyhk;: (m) tof;F %yk;
KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth njhlq;Fk;
,lk;. (M) gpujpthjp thOk; my;yJ
25 gzpGhpAk; my;yJ njhopy; GhpAk; ,lk;> (,)
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpujpthjpfs; cs;sNghJ
ve;jxU gpujpthjp thOk; my;yJ gzpGhpAk;
my;yJ njhopy; GhpAk; ,lk; Mfpatw;wpy;
VjhtJ xd;wpy;. Mdhy;> mg;gb tof;Fj;
30 njhlq;Ftjw;F gpujpthjp vjpHg;Gj;
njhptpj;jpUe;jhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Kd; mDkjp ngwhky; tof;Fj; njhLf;f
,ayhJ. my;yJ mg;gFjpapy; thohj
gpujpthjp tof;F NtnwhU ,lj;jpy; elg;gij
35 rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.20).
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 ngq;fSUtpy; thOk; xU
tpahghhp. egH-2 nrd;idapy; thOk; xU
tpahghhp. egH-2 ngq;fSUtpy; cs;s jdJ
40 KftH %yk; egH-1-lkpUe;J nghUl;fis
thq;fp mtw;iw egH-1-I fpof;F ,e;jpa
uapy;Nt fk;ngdpapy; NrHf;FkhW $WfpwhH.
,q;F egH-1 egH-2-d; kPJ mg;nghUs; kjpg;gpd;
kPjhd tof;fpid tof;fpd; %yk; eilngw;w
45 ngq;fSUtpNyh my;yJ egH-2 thOk;
nrd;idapNyh tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 lhH[pypq;fpy; tho;fpwhH. egH-2
nfhy;fj;jhtpYk; egH-3 Kk;igapYk;
50 tho;fpd;wdH. %tUk; myfhghj;jpy;
cs;sNghJ egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 ,UtUk;
,ize;J gzf; Nfl;Nghiyia egH-1-f;F
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Nfs;tp vOk;NghJ (rl;lj;jpd;
S.47(1); ckhrq;fH vjpH rHg[Pj;> (1996) 2 SCC
371);
5 ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljw;F ,og;gPL Nfhl;Nlh>
jPHg;Gf;F Ke;ija [g;jp nra;jjw;Nfh>
,ilf;fhyj; jil Nfl;Nlh kDr;
nra;ag;gl;bUe;J mjd;kPJ cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;
Kk;igapNyh tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
me;j ,lj;jpy; thohj gpujpthjp vjpHj;jhy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp tof;Fj;
njhLf;f ,ayhJ. rl;lj;jpd; S.20 caHePjp
kd;wj;jpd; mry; FbAhpik rhHe;j mjpfhu 10
tuk;gpidr; nrYj;Jtjpy; caHePjp
kd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;gij kdjpy;
,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; S.120)
 nghJ tpjpahf> xg;GjNyh> chpikia
tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gNjh my;yJ rfpg;Ngh xU 15
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhu tuk;gpid mspf;f
,ayhJ. khwhf> tof;Fj; njhLf;f
chpikapy;iy. (g`;nua;d; ngl;Nuhypak;
fk;ngdp ypl;. vjpH gp.n[. ghg;G AIR 1966 SC
634). Mdhy;> ,J jug;gpdhpilNa eilngw;w
20
rl;lg;G+Hkhd xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lgb
eilngwyhk;. xU tof;F %yk; ntt;NtW
ePjpkd;w mjpfhu tuk;ngy;iyf;Fs;
eilngw;wpUe;jhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; jug;gpdH
mtHfspilNa jfuhW cUthdhy; ve;j xU 25
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpidj; njhLf;fyhk;
vdj; njspthf> ntspg;gilahf ,e;jpa
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; 1872> S.23 f;F vjpuhf
,y;yhj tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; me;j
30
tof;F xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;L
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk
tof;Fj; njhLf;f KbAk;. kw;w ve;j xU
ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; me;j tof;F %yk; NtW
ePjp kd;w mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs;
35
eilngw;wpUe;jhYk; me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpy;
tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. (fhz;: Md;ify;
,d;RNyrd;]; vjpH Njtp M\;NkhH ,e;jpah
ypl;. (1995) 4 SCC 153)
40
fPo;f;fhZk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; tof;Fj; njhLg;g
jpypUe;J rl;lk; thjpf;F tpyf;fspf;fpwJ
 Kd;nkhope;Js;s tof;F Vw;fdNt
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F te;J tof;Fj; njhLf;fj;
45
jil tpjpf;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; (rl;lj;jpd; S.11)
 tof;if tprhhpj;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu
tuk;ig Rl;lbf;fhl;b ePjpkd;w
jPHg;Gf;nfjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;jpUe;jhy;
(rl;lj;jpd; S.21A) 50
 Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fpy; jPHg;G
epiwNtw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy; mjd;kPJ jpUg;jp
vLj;Jf; nfhs;SKd; me;j ,U jug;gpdhpilNa
cs;s ,e;jg; gpur;ridapd; tof;F %yk;
kw;nwhU nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jj;
jug;gpdUf;fpilNa eilngWk; tof;fpd; 5
NeubahfNth gFjpahfNth tof;F %ykhf
,Uf;fpwjh vdf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
rl;lg; gFjpapd; Nehf;fk; ntt;NtW
ePjpkd;wq;fs; xNu tof;fid vLj;Jf;
10 gl;bUe;jhy; ,og;gPL Nfl;L tof;Fj;njhLf;f
,ayhJ (rl;lj;jpd; S.95(2))
 rl;lj;jpd; S.144(1) d;gb xU kDr; nra;tjd;
%yk; ghpfhuNkh kw;w epthuzNkh ngw
KbAkhdhy; mtw;iwg; ngwj; jdpahf
15 NtnwhU tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ
(rl;lj;jpd; S.144(2)
 tof;fpy; epthuzj;jpd; xU gFjpia
tof;fpypUe;J thjpahy; tpl;bUe;J mjw;fhf
xU gFjp epthuzk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
20
mDkjpapd;wp ngw;wpUe;jhuhdhy; epthuzj;jpd;
kw;nwhU gFjpiag; ngWtjw;fhf tof;Fj;
njhLf;f ,ayhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9> tpjp
9)
25  xU tof;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; cj;juitg;
gpd;gw;wtpy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jhy; js;Sgb
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; thjp kPz;Lk; mNj tof;F
%yj;jpw;fhf tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22> tpjp 9)
30  thjp Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jdf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba
chpikia tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jpUe;J mjw;fhf
kw;nwhU GJ tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp-1(1))
 thjp jhdhf tof;fpd; xU gFjpapypUe;J
35 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp xJq;fpf;
nfhs;thuhdhy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp-
1(3))
 xU rkurj; jPHT rl;lg;G+HkhdJ ,y;iy vd
rkurj; jPHg;Gf;F vjpuhf KiwaPL nra;ag;
40
gl;bUe;jhy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-23> tpjp-3-A)
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G gw;wpa kWg;Gfs;
gpujpthjpahy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kjy;
tprhuizapd;NghNj Kjy; re;jHg;gj;jpNyNa
vOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpur;rid jPHf;fg;gl;lhy;
45
jPHTf;F Kd;dNuh jPHtpd;NghNjh vOg;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk; (rl;lj;jpd; S.21)
Res Sub Judice and Res Judicata
 xU FbAhpik rhHe;j tof;fpidj;
50 njhLf;FKd; xUtH Res Sub Judice
and Res Judicata Nfhl;ghLfis
kdjpy; ,Wj;j Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; S.10 Res
Sub Judice gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ve;j xU
ePjpkd;wKk; xU tof;fpid tprhuidf;F
xU ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ cr;r ePjp
kd;wj;jpNyh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;if tprhhpf;Fk;
5 ePjp kd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l
tof;fhf mJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
,U jug;gpdUNk ,U tof;fpYk; mNj ngahpy;
tof;fhl Ntz;Lk;.
Res Judicata Nfhl;ghl;ilf; filgpbf;f fPo;f;fhZk;
10 epge;jidfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gNj (xUrpy Neuq;fspy; 10
xU tof;fpd; tof;F %yk; gy ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
mjpfhu tuk;Gf;Fs; tuyhk;)
rl;lj;jpd; S.11 res judicata Nfhl;ghL gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ. mjhtJ mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s xU
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; xU jfuhW tprhhpf;fg;gl;L 15
jPHg;gspf;fg; gl;lgpd; mNj jfuhW NtnwhU
tof;fpd; %yk; Gjpjhf tprhhpf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
(fhz;: kdeyk; kw;Wk; euk;gpaYf;fhd Njrpa
epWtdk; vjpH rp. guNk];tuh> (2005) 2 SCC
256). ,e;jf; nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fk; ePjpj; jPHg;G 20
xU njhlHfijahf ,y;yhky; mjw;F xU
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL xUtH
xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf ,UKiw Nehff; $lhJ
vd;gJkhFk;. (fhz;: ghtehuhadRthkpthp
25
Nfhtpy; vjpH ntq;fl ghtehuhadhrhHAY>
(1970) 1 SCC 673).
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhf egH-2-d;
kPJ tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhH. me;j tof;F
js;Sgb nra;ag; gLfpwJ. egH-1 mNj 30
xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhfTk; mjw;fhfj; jdf;F
ghpfhuk; Ntz;b xU GJ tof;fpid egH-2-f;F
vjpuhfj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; mNj
fhuzj;jpw;fhfj; njhLf;fg;gl;l tof;F
js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. res sub judice 35
Nfhl;ghl;bidg; gpd;gw;w fPo;f;fhZk;
epge;jidfs; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
 mq;F ,U tof;Ffs; xd;W Kjypy;
40
njhlq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,uz;lhtJ mLj;Jj;
njhlq;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,uz;lhtjhfj; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;fpd;
ikag;nghUs; Kjy; tof;NfhL Neubahf
rhpahdjhfr; rhHe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45
 ,U tof;FfspYNk thjp gpujpthjp ,U
jug;gpdUNk xNu egHfshfNth mtHfsJ
gpujpdpjpfshfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l tof;F mNj ePjp
kd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj 50
mLj;j tof;Fk; mNj ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh
my;yJ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,e;jpa murhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ njhlug;gLk; ve;j
 ePjpj; jPHg;G Nkhrbahfg; ngw;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s
rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf chpik NfhUfpwJ.
5
tof;Ffs;:
tof;F vd;why; xU ePjp kd;wj;jpy; KiwaPL
nra;tjd; %yk; njhlq;fg;gLk; ve;j xU
chpikapay; rhHe;j eltbf;ifAk;; MFk;. 10
(rl;lj;jpd; S.26 kw;Wk; cj;juT-4 tpjp-1). xU
  ,uz;lhtJ tof;fpy; cs;s ika jfuhW
NeubahfTk; cWjpahfTk; Kjy; tof;fpd;
ikaj; jfuhiw xj;jjhf cz;ikahfNth
15
Mf;fg;G+HtkhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjy; tof;fpd; thjp gpujpthjpfNs ,uz;lhk;
tof;fpd; thjp gpujpthjpfshfNth
mtHfSf;fbapy; cs;stHfshfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
20
 ,U jUg;gpdUk; mNj ngahpNyNa Kjy;
tof;fpYk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Kjy; tof;if tprhhpj;J jPHg;gspj;j ePjp
kd;wk; ,uz;lhtJ tof;ifAk; my;yJ
25 gpd;dhy; mNj ika gpur;ridf;fhfj;
njhLf;f tpUf;Fk; tof;fpidAk; tprhhpf;Fk;
mjpfhu tuk;G ngw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;>
 ,uz;lhtJ tof;fpy; NeubahfTk;
30 cWjpahfTk; cs;s ikag; gpur;ridia
mNj ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; tof;fpy; tprhhpj;J
jPHg;G toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ntspehl;L ePjpj; jPHg;Gfs;
rl;lj;jpd; Ss 13, 14 Mfpad ntspehl;L ePjpj;
35 jPHg;Gfs; rhHghf mjhtJ xU ntspehl;L
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;l xU jfuhWf;F
mspf;fg;gl;l jPHg;G rhHghd res judicata
Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $WfpwJ. ,t;thW> jdJ mjpfhu
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l tof;fpid tprhhpj;J toq;fg;gl;l
40 jPHg;Gid ,e;jpa ePjpkd;wj;jhy; nray;gLj;jg;
glyhk;. me;j ,U jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa xU thf
nrayhw;wyhk;. Mdhy;> fPo;f;fhz;git ,jw;F
rpy tpyf;FfshFk;:
 mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mjpfhu tuk;Gs;s
45 ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPHg;G toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
 tof;fpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;wthW jPHg;G toq;fg;gl
tpy;iy
 tof;F tprhuidapy; ntspg;gilahfNt
50 gd;dhl;L rl;lq;fis rhpahfg; ghHf;fhkNyh
my;yJ me;j gpur;ridf;Fhpa ,e;jpar;
rl;lj;ij mq;fPfhpf;fhkNyh tprhhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,aw;if ePjpf;F vjpuhd tpjj;jpy;
tprhhpf;fg;gl;L jPHg;G toq;fg; gl;lJ.
nra;jyhfhJ my;yJ mtuJ nrhj;Jfs;
ePjpkd;w Mizapd;wp gwpKjy; nra;a
KbahJ. me;j mjpfhhp ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
5 NeHepiyahtjhy; mtuJ nghJr; Nritf;Fg;
gq;fkpy;yhky; mtuJ flikahw;W tjpypUe;J
xJq;f ,ayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeHepiyahtjpypUe;J mtUf;F
tpyf;fspf;fyhk;. vd rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-81
10 $WfpwJ. murpdhNyh my;yJ muRf;F vjpuhfNth
my;yJ muR mjpfhhpf;F vjpuhfNth tof;Fj;
njhlq;fg; gLkhdhy; (mjpfhuk; rhHghdJ )
filgpbf;f Ntz;ba eilKiwfis rl;lj;jpd;
KiwaPL vd;gJ chpik NfhUk; xU thf;fpak;
my;yJ xU MtzkhFk;. ,ij rkHg;gpg;gjd; %yk;
tof;F Jtf;fg; gLfpwJ. xt;nthU KiwaPl;bYk;
m/gpltpl; %yk; cz;ikfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 15
,e;j m/gpltpl; vd;gJ ele;j cz;ikfis
jd;ikapy; vOj;J %yk; vOjg;gl;L mij xU
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhhp Kd;dpiyapy; cWjpg;gLj;jp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngha;ahd m/gpltpl; kPJ
cWjpnkhop mspg;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
ngha;r;rhd;W jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;. (S. 191 20
,e;jpaj; jz;lidr; rl;lk;> 1860). thjp
NeubahfNth my;yJ jdJ tf;fPy; %yNkh
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeH;epiyahfyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
9 tpjp-1) xU thjpahNyh> my;yJ mtuJ
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpahNyh> my;yJ NtW ve;j 25
xU gtH M/g; ml;lhHdp –apd; fPo; rhpahd
Kiwapy; rl;lg;g+Htkhf vOj;J %yk; mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;l xUtuhNyh vOj;J %yk; ve;j xU
thJiuQUk; epakpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thwpy;yhky; xU thJiuQH jd;id me;j
thjpf;fhf thjhl ,ayhJ. ,j;jifa xt;nthU
30
epakdKk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag; gl
Ntz;Lk;.
rpy rpwg;G tof;Ffs;
35
 murhNyh my;yJ muRf;F vjpuhfNth
my;yJ muR mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhfNth
(mjpfhuk; rhHghd) njhLf;fg;gLk;
tof;Ffs;: murpd;kPNjh my;yJ ve;j xU
muR mjpfhhpapd; kPNjh (mjpfhuk; rhHghf) 40
xUtH tof;fpidj; njhLf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;
mtUf;Nfh muRf;Nfh ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F
Kd;dNu tof;F %yk;> ngaH>
epfo;e;jtw;wpd; tpsf;fk;> thjpapd; ,Ug;gplk;
kw;Wk; thjp Nfl;Fk; ghpfhuk; Mfpatw;iwf; 45
Fwpg;gpl;L mwptpg;G mDg;gg; gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lj;jpd; S. 80
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. xU muR mjpfhhpapd;kPJ
mtuhy; njhpe;Nj ,iof;fg;gl;l xU
mjpfhur; nraYf;fhf tof;F njhlq;fg; 50
gLkhdhy;> me;j mjpfhhpia ifJ
Kjpuh tajpduhNyh mtHfSf;F vjpuhfNth
kw;Wk; kdepiy rhpapy;yhjtHfSf;F
vjpuhfNth njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffs;: Kjpuh
taJilNahuhy; mjhtJ 18 taJ 5
tuhjtuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F ePjp
kd;wj;jhy; mtiuAk; mtuJ nrhj;Jf;fis
Ak; ghJfhf;f epakpf;fg;gl;l mtuJ
ghJfhg;ghsuhNyh neUq;fpa ez;guhNyhjhd;
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (nk[hhpl;b 10
rl;lk;> 1875 gphpT-3 d;gb xUtH 21
tajile;j gpd;dNu KjpH tajilfpwhH)
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-1). ,e;j Kjpuh
 cj;juT-27 tpsf;FfpwJ.
15  mayhs; vjphpahy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffs;:
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ NghH njhLf;Fk; xU ehl;by;
thOk; xUtH me;j ehl;by; kj;jpa murpdhy;
mjw;fhd mDkjpapd;wp njhopy; nra;J tUk; ve;j
xUtUk; ‘mayhs; vjphp’ vd miof;fg; gLfpwhH.
20 kj;jpa murpd; mDkjpNahL ,e;jpahtpy;
thOk; mayhs; vjphpfSk; mtHfSila
mayhs; ez;gHfSk; xU nghUj;jkhd
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fisg; Nghd;Nw
tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> kj;jpa murpd;
25 mDkjpapd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; mayhs;
vjphpfs; mt;thW tof;Fj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-83)
 ntspehl;bdhy; njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F: ,e;jpa
ePjp kd;wk; vjpYk; ntspehl;L muR tof;Fj;
30 njhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j tof;fpd; Nehf;fk;
me;j murpd; Ml;rpahshpd; jdpeyd; rhHe;j
chpikia epiyehl;lNth my;yJ me;j muR
mjpfhhpapd; mtuJ mjpfhuk; rhHe;jjhfNth
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-86).
35  ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsHfs;> J}jHfs; kw;Wk;
J}Jg; gpujpepjpfs; kPjhd tof;ffs;: ve;j xU
ntspehl;bd;kPNjh Ml;rpahsHfspd;kPNjh>
J}jHfs;kPNjh> J}Jg; gpujpepjpfspd;kPNjh
kj;jpa murpd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp tof;Fj;
40 njhLf;f ,ayhJ. mg;gb mDkjp toq;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;fhd epge;jidfs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghd;W kj;jpa
murpd; mDkjpapd;wp ntspehL> ntspehl;Lj;
J}jH> kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lj; J}Jg; gpujpepjpfs;
45 MfpNahhpd; nrhj;jpw;F vjpuhf ve;j xU
jPHg;gpidAk; nray;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
mNjNghd;W> ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsiuNah>
J}jHfisNah> J}Jg; gpujpepjpfisNah
fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; MizahsiuNah
50
my;yJ kj;jpa muR Fwpg;gpLk; mtuJ
gzpahsHfisNah ,r;rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ifJ
nra;a ,ayhJ.
chpikAk; Nfhutpy;iy> (M) gpujpthjpfs;
gytifapy; chpik NfhUfpd;wdH> kw;Wk; (,)
thjpf;Fk; gpujpthjpfspy; ahnuhUtUf;Fk;
5 kiwKf cld;ghL VJk; ,y;iy –
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L KiwaPL nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-35> tpjp-1).
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-35 tpjp-5 ahdJ rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-35-id KftHfs; jq;fsJ
10
Kjyhspfspd;kPNjh my;yJ thlifjhuHfs;
chpikahsHfspd;kPNjh tof;Fj; njhLj;J
cz;ikahd chpikNfhUNthud;wp
kw;wtHfisAk; ,izj;J Kjyhspfs;
my;yJ chpikahsHfs; topahf ,z;lHgpsPL
15 nra;a neUf;Fjy; Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;fpwJ.
tajpduhy; jdJ neUq;fpa ez;ghpd; %yk;
njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;fpw;F gpujpthjpahy; 15
nrytplg;gl;l njhiff;Nfh my;yJ
xUNtiy nrytplg;glf; $ba njhiff;Nfh
cj;juthjj; njhifia me;j ez;gNu
nrYj;j ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-32 tpjp-2m). xU Kjpuh tajpdhpd; 20
kPJ tof;Fj; njhlug; gl;bUe;jhy; me;j
tof;ifr; re;jpg;gjw;F me;j Kjpuh
tajpdUf;fhf xU fhg;ghsiu (ad litem)
ePjpkd;wNk epakpf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-32 tpjp-3). ahnuhUtH ey;y 25
kdeyj;NjhL cs;s KjpH tajile;j
ahnuhUtUk; mtuJ neUq;fpa ez;guhfNth
my;yJ mtuJ fhg;ghsuhfNth ,e;j
tof;fpw;fhfr; nray;glyhk;. Mdhy;> Kjpuh
tajpdhpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuh tpUg;gk; 30
nfhz;ltuhf me;j egH ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
neUq;fpa ez;guhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
mtNu gpujpthjpahf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
fhg;ghsuhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; thjpahf
,Uf;fyhfhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-4). 35
Kjpuh taJ thjp KjpH tajile;jhy;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-15-y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
ve;j tifahd eltbf;ifia Ak;
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32-y;
cs;s midj;J \uj;JfSk; (tpjp-2m 40
jtpu) kdeyk; ,y;yhjtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-1)
 ,d;lHgpsPlH tof;F: xNu fldpd;kPNjh>
njhifapd;kPNjh my;yJ NtW nrhj;jpd; kPNjh
mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;jpd;kPNjh 45
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; xUtH
kw;wtUf;F vjpuhf %d;whk; eghplkpUe;J ngw
chpik Nfhhpdhy;> mNj Neuk; me;j %d;whk;
egH mjw;fhd nryTj; njhif kw;Wk; fl;lzk;
jtpu NtW vijAk; chpikNfhuhjtuhf 50
mf;Fwpg;gpl;l flidNah> njhifiaNah
nrhj;ijNah chpik NfhUk; rhpahd egUf;F
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-34 tpsf;FfpwJ.
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-34 tpjp-1 milkhdk;
itf;fg;gl;l nghUspd;kPJ chpikNfhUk;
midUk; my;yJ mij kPl;gjw;fhd 5
chpikNfhUk; midtUk; milkhd tof;fpd;
xU jug;ghf ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
tpiuT tof;Ffs;: xU tof;fpd; thjp xU
gpujpthjpia jhd; njhLj;j tof;fpd;
cz;ikahd gpujpthjp ,y;iy vdf; fUjpdhy; 10
mtH rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37-d; fPo; xU tof;Fj;
njhlHe;J me;j tof;fpidj; tpiue;J js;Sgb
nra;AkhW Nfhuyhk;. ‘tpiuT’ vd;w thHj;ij
FWfpa fhy tof;iff; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ>
tof;fkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tphpthd tof;F 15
tprhridf;Fg; gjpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; FWfpa
fhy tprhuidahFk;. tof;fkhf
 tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2-lk; xU eifg;ngl;bia
xU Kftuhff; fUjp nlg;ghrpl; nra;fpwhH.
20 egH-3 jd;dplkpUe;J egH-1 jtwhf vLj;J
tpl;ljhfTk; vdNt egH-2 mijj; jd;dplk;
juNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; NfhUfpwhH. ,jpy; egH-2
xU ,z;lHgpsPlH tof;fpid egH-1f;Fk; egH-3-
f;Fk; vjpuhfj; njhLf;f ,ayhJ.
25
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2-lk; xU eifg;ngl;bia
xU Kftuhff; fUjp nlg;ghrpl; nra;fpwhH.
gpd; egH-1 egH-3-f;F vOj;J %yk; mthplk;
thq;fpa flDf;F <lhf me;j eifg;ngl;bia
30 itj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW $WfpwhH. gpd; egH-1
egH-3d; flid milj;J tpl;ljhf $WfpwhH.
Mdhy; egH-3 mt;thW milf;fg;gl tpy;iy
vdf; $WfpwhH. ,UtUNk (egH-1 kw;Wk; egH-
3) egH-2 –lkpUe;J me;j eifg;ngl;bf;F
35 chpik NfhUfpd;wdH. ,e;jr; #oypy; egH-2
me;j ,UtUf;Fk; (egH-1 kw;Wk; egH-3)
vjpuhf ,z;lHgpsPlH tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;.
 tWikapy; cs;Nshuhy; njhLf;fg;gLk;
tof;F: fPo;f;fhz;git cWjpahdhy; xUtiu
40 tWikapy; cs;stuhff; fUjyhk;: (m) xU
tof;Fj; njhLg;gjw;Ff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk;
nrYj;jj; Njitahd gz trjp ,y;yhj
epiyapy; ,Ug;gtH (M) tof;Fj; njhLf;f
fl;lzk; Fwpf;fg;glhj epiyapy; mthplk; xU
45 Mapuk; &gha; kjpg;Gs;s nrhj;J$l ,y;yhj
tuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-32 tpjp-
1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-33 tWikapy;
cs;NshH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpngw;W ePjp
kd;wj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; nrYj;jhky;
50 tof;Fj; njhLf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ.
 milkhd tof;Ffs;: mirahr; nrhj;J
milkhdk; rhHghd tof;F eilKiwfis
tprhhpf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ vdTk;
gpujpthjpapd; thjk; mlhtbj;jdkhdNjh
tpisahl;Lj; jdkhdNjh ,y;iy vd;gijAk;
5 ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fhytuk;Gr; rl;lk;> 1963
A.118 kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37 tpjp-3>
nkf;fhyf; ,d;rpdpahpq; md; jahhpg;ghsHfs;
vjpH Ngrpf; vfpA+g;nkd;l; fhHg;gNu\d;> (1976)
4 SCC 687)
10
 nghJ mwf;fl;lisfs;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-92>
kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;> mwepiyak; my;yJ
kjk; rhHe;j nghJ mwf;fl;lisfSf;F
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlq;FtJ gw;wp
tpsf;FfpwJ. me;j tof;F jiyik
15
tof;FiwQuhNyh my;yJ me;j mwf;
fl;lisapd; kPJ MHtKila ,uz;L my;yJ
%d;W egHfshNyh ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;
mDkjp ngw;W tof;Fj; njhluyhk;.
,g;gbg;gl;l tof;fpypUe;J ngUk; mjw;fhd
20
epthuzKk; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sd. (fhz;: Rf;uh
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tphpthd tprhuid
Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitapy;yhj NghJ tof;F
tprhuidia tpiue;J Kbf;fj; Njitahd 20
mDkjp ngw;wpUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh> jPHg;ghaj;jpd; Kd;Ngh> my;yJ
mjpfhu mikg;gpd; Kd;Ngh Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
FWfpa fhy tof;F tprhuidNa tpiuT
tof;F vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; 25
cj;juT-37 fPo;f;fhZk; tifahd
tof;FfSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;: (m) gzg;ghpkhw;w
urPJ> fld; cWjpg; gj;jpuk;> `d;bfs;
Nghd;wit rhHe;j tof;Ffs; (M) thjpahy;
fld; kl;LNk jpUg;gp ngWtjw;fhf my;yJ 30
gpujpthjp nrYj;j Ntz;ba mWjp nra;j
,og;gPl;Lj; njhif mjw;fhd tl;bAlNdh
my;yJ tl;bapy;yhkNyh kPlf ; njhLf;fg;gLk;
tof;Ffs; - mit: (1) vOjg;gl;l xg;ge;je;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; my;yJ (2) nra;rl;lj;jpy; 35
kPl;fg;gl Ntz;baJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahf
,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ fld; vdpy; mJ xU
mguhjj; njhifahf ,y;yhkNyh ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ (3) nghWg;GWjp
cj;juthjhj;jpd; kPJ ________(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT- 40
37 tpjp-1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-37 tof;fpd;
jd;ikiaNah ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu
tuk;igNah khw;Wtjpy;iy. tpiuT tof;fpy;
gpujpthjp jdJ jug;G thjj;ij vLj;Jiuf;f
chpik mbg;gilapy; mDkjpf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. 45
gpujpthjp jdJ jug;G thjj;ij vLj;Jf;$w
tpUk;gpdhy; me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gj;J
ehl;fSf;Fs; kDr;nra;J Kd; mDkjp ngw
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb mDkjp ngw me;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NghJkhd Mjhuj;ij ntspapl 50
Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; thjpapd; tof;fpid jPu
Ntz;ba nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;AkhW jpUg;gp mspf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-7 tpjp-10)
5
thjp xU tof;Fj; njhlUk;NghJ mJgw;wp
gpujpthjpf;Fj; njhpag; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW njhpag; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ngaH
miog;ghiz MFk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-5
tpjp-1). ,J ePjpkd;w mYtyfj;jpypUe;J 10
mDg;gg;gLk; xU MtzkhFk;. ,jd;%yk;
me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l egH xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhuzj;jpw;fhf ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpiaNah my;yJ
xU mYtyiuNah Neubahfr; re;jpf;FkhW
Nfhug;gLfpwJ. ‘Nftpaj;’ my;yJ vr;rhpf;if 15
mwptpg;G kD mij mDg;GtH $Wtij
Nfl;f tha;g;gspf;fhkNyh my;yJ mj;jug;Gf;F
mwptpg;G mspf;fhky; mtUf;F vjpuhf ve;j
xU eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd
me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; $Wk; xU mjpfhug; 20
 gPgp vjpH `h[p Fk;K> AIR 1969> SC 884;
tpj;Nahjah mwf;fl;lis vjpH Nkhfd;
gpurhj; MH> (2008) 4 SCC 115)
 rpwg;G tof;Ffs;: xU cz;ikapd; kPjhd
25
my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd Nfs;tpf;fhd jPHtpd;
kPJ MHtKs;sjhfr; nrhy;Yk; ntt;NtW
jug;Gfs; xd;whf vOj;J %ykhd
xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; ,ize;J ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
vOj;J %ykhf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ijf;
30
Nfl;gjw;fhf xU tof;F Nghd;Nw kDj;
juyhk;. Mdhy;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
mf;Nfs;tpf;fhd jPHT mspf;Fk;NghJ (m)
me;j ,U jug;gpduhYk; Vw;fdNt KbT
nra;ag;gl;l njhifiaNah my;yJ ePjp
35
kd;wj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; njhifiaNah xU
jug;G kW jug;gpw;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (M)
nrhj;jpd; xU gFjp – mirAk; nrhj;Njh
mirahr; nrhj;Njh xU jug;G kW jug;Gf;F
40 mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ (,) xd;Nwh
my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jug;Ngh
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l NtnwhU nraiyr;
nra;thHfs; my;yJ nra;ahky;
xJq;FthHfs;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-90 kw;Wk;
45 cj;juT-36).
KiwaPl;il jpUg;gp mDg;Gjy;:
tof;fpd; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpyhtJ mij tprhhpf;Fk;
ePjp kd;wk; jdf;F tprhuidapy; cs;s tof;fpd;
ikag; nghUs;gw;wp tprhhpf;f jdf;F
50 gug;gstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;Ngh my;yJ njhif
mstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;Ngh ,y;iy vdf;
fUJkhdhy;> me;j KiwaPL jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl
ld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhH. Mdhy;>
me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; egH-1 mDg;gj;
jtwp tpLfpwhH. ,jdhy;> egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3
5 jdJ njhopypy; ngUj;j el;lkilfpd;wdH.
,jdhy;> egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 MfpNahH egH-1 –
lkpUe;J ,og;gPL ngw chpik cs;sJ. ,e;j
chpik xNu xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J cUthfpwJ.
,jdhy;> ele;j cz;ik kw;Wk; rl;lk; rhHe;j
10 nghJthd Nfs;tpfs; vo tha;g;Gs;sJ. vdNt>
egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3 nfhLj;Js;s egH-1-f;F
vjpuhd ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd tof;if xNu tof;fhf
vLj;J tprhhpf;fyhk;. ,NjNghy;> gpujpthjpfs;
midtUk; xd;whf ,ize;J xNu tof;fpd;
15
gpujpthjpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;F vy;yh
tof;Ffspy; %yKk; xNukhjphpahd
nrayhfNth my;yJ ghpkhw;wkhfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; NkYk; mit midj;ijAk;
jdpj;jdpahf tprhhpg;gjhy; ele;j cz;ik
20 rhHe;j my;yJ rl;lk; gw;wpa nghJthd Nfs;tp
vOk; vdf; fUJk;Nghj me;j gpujpthjpfs;
midtiuAk; xNu tof;fpy; ,izf;fyhk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-3)
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-3)
G+Htkhd tpz;zg;gkhFk;. Nftpaj; vd;gJ
nghJthf xUtH jdf;F vjpuhf kw;nwhU
jug;G ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rl;l eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd vjpHghHf;Fk;NghJjhd;
Nftpaj; kD mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU Nftpaj; 25
mwptpg;ghdJ Nftpaj; kD mspg;gtuhy;
jdf;F vjpuhf ahuhy; rl;l eltbf;if
vLf;fg; gLk; vd fUJfpwhNuh mtUf;Nf
toq;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;> Vw;fdNt rl;l
eltbf;if njhlq;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; mJgw;wp 30
me;j ePjpkd;wk; Nftpaj; kDr; nra;jtUf;Fj;
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Nftpaj; 90
ehl;fSf;F nry;yj;jf;fjhFk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-5 tpjp-1 kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8
tpjp-1) 35
thjpfs; kw;Wk; gpujpthjpfNshL ,izNthH
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 xU tof;fpd; ntt;NtW
jug;Gfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. epthuzj;jpw;fhd 40
chpik NfhUk; vy;NyhuJ tof;F %yKk;
xNu nrayhfNth my;yJ ghpkhw;wkhfNth
,Ue;jhy; NkYk; mit midj;ijAk;
jdpj;jdpahf tprhhpg;gjhy; ele;j cz;ik
rhHe;j my;yJ rl;lk; gw;wpa nghJthd 45
Nfs;tp vOk; vdf; fUJk;Nghj me;j thjpfs;
midtiuAk; xNu tof;fpy; ,izf;fyhk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-1)
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; ghy; 50
Nghpq; rg;is nra;tjw;F egH-2 kw;Wk; egH-3-
uNk\; `puhr;re;j; Fz;ld;khy; vjpH
gue;Jtphpe;j Kk;igf;fhd Kdprpgy;
fhHg;gNu\d;> (1992) 2 SCC 524). fl;lhakhd
jug;igr; rhHe;j xUtNuh my;yJ Kiwahd 5
jug;igr; rhHe;j xUtNuh tof;fpy; ,izf;fg;
gltpy;iy vd;why; ,e;j tof;F ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH’
tof;F MFk;. ,jw;F khwhf> tof;fpy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s xUtH fl;lhaj; jug;igNah
my;yJ Kiwahd jug;igNah rhuhjtuhf 10
,Ue;jhy; ,e;j tof;F ‘kp];[ha;d;lH’ tof;F
vdg;gLk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-9). xU
tof;fpid ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH’ my;yJ ‘kp];
[ha;d;lH’ vd;w xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhfj; js;Sgb 15
nra;a KbahJ. Mdhy; fl;lhaj; jug;gpdH
,izf;fg;glhj tof;fhf ,Ug;gpd; ,J
nghUe;jhJ. ve;j xU ‘ehd;-[ha;d;lH kw;Wk;
kp]; [ha;d;lH’ rhHghd kWg;gpidAk; tof;fpd;
njhlf;ff; fl;lj;jpNyNa vOg;gg; gl Ntz;Lk;. 20
,y;yhtpby; me;j kWg;G iftplg;gl;ljhff;
fUjg;gLk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-13).
Mdhy;> ,J rhHghd kWg;gpid gpujpthjp
tof;fpd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa vOg;Gthuhdhy;>
25
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 xU uapy; gazpahthH.
gazj;jd;NghJ me;j uapypd;kPJ Mspy;yh
nyty; fpuhrpq;fpy; Ntfkhf Nkhjpa yhhpapdhy;
egH-1 kpf Nkhrkhff; fhak; mile;Js;shH.
30 mtH kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; me;j uapy; Xl;LdH
kw;Wk; yhhp Xl;Ldiu ,izj;J gpujpthjpahf
Mf;fp mtHfspd; ftdf; Fiwtpdhy;jhd;
jdf;F tpgj;J Nehpl;ljhf egH-1 tof;Fj;
njhluyhk;. Vnddpy; cz;ik kw;Wk; rl;lk;
35 rhHe;j nghJf; Nfs;tpfs; ntt;NtW tof;Ffs;
njhlHe;jhy; voyhk;.
fl;lhakhd kw;Wk; Kiwahd jug;Gfs;:
40 xU tof;fhdJ fl;lhakhd jug;Gfspd;kPJ
njhlug; gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> mtHfspd;
,Ug;G me;j tof;fpw;F jtpHf;f ,ayhjJ
kw;Wk; mtHfsplk; ,Ue;Nj ghpfhuk;
Nfhug;gLtjhYk; mtHfs; ,y;yhky; jpwk;gl;l
45 jPHT fpilf;fhJ vd;gjhYk; mtHfs; tof;fpw;F
fl;lhakhd jug;ghFk;. ,J rhHghf mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kwnwhU nrhy; ‘Kiwahd
jug;G’ vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ> ,j;jug;gpdH
,y;yhkNyNa jpwk;gl;l jPHTf;F top ,Uf;Fk;.
50 Mdhy;> ,Wjp kw;Wk; KOikahd tof;fpy;
vOg;gg;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tpfSf;Fr; rhpahd jPHT
fpilf;f ,tHfspd; ,Ug;G mtrpakhdJ. (fhz;:
,y;iy. Mdhy;> Kjy; tof;Fj; njhlUk; NghNj
mt;thW tpl;Ltpl ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjp
ngw;wpUe;jhy; kw;nwhU tof;fpd;NghJ me;jg;
5 gFjpia thjp Nfhuyhk;.
tof;F %yq;fis ,izg;gJ
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-3 kw;Wk; tpjp-6 thjp
gpujpthjpf;F my;yJ xNu gpujpthjpfSf;F
10 vjpuhd midj;J tof;F %yq;fisAk; xd;whf
,izj;J tof;Fj; njhluyhk; vd;fpwJ. NkYk;
xNu tifahd tof;F %yk; cs;s thjpfs;
gyH ,ize;J gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;
njhluyhk;. mNjNghd;W gpujpthjpfs; xNu
15 tifahd tof;F %yk; ,Ue;jhy; xNu tof;fpy;
,izayhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F
mt;thW tof;F %yj;ijf; nfhz;L gy
tof;Ffis ,izg;gjhy; rq;flj;ijNah
my;yJ tof;fpidj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
20 trjpaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjpdhNyh
ePjpkd;wk; tof;Ffisg; gphpf;f cj;jutplyhk;.
thJiu:
25 thJiu vd;gJ Nfhhpf;if my;yJ vOjg;gl;l
thf;fpakhFk;. xt;nthU thJiuapYk; ve;j
cz;ikfspd; kPJ thjpapd; thJiu
mNj Neuk; thjp me;j fl;lhaj; jug;gpdiu 25
,izf;f tpUk;ghtpby; me;j thjp jdJ Nky;
KiwaPl;bd;NghJ me;j fl;lhaj; jug;gpdiu
,izg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhH.
gpujpepjp tof;F 30
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-1 tpjp-8 xU tof;fpd;kPJ
gyH MHtk; fhl;bdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mDkjpNahNlh cj;jutpd; NghpNyh xUtNuh
my;yJ gyNuh mtHfspd; kPNj mtHfspy; 35
rpyNu mtHfspd; rhHghfNth gpwhpd;
rhHghfNth tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. thjp jhd;
ahUila gpujpepjpahf tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhNuh
mthplk; Kd; mDkjp ngw Ntz;bajpy;iy.
40
tof;ifj; jahhpj;jy;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-2 ve;j xU tof;F
jahhpf;Fk; NghJk; thjp mt;tof;fpd; tof;F
%yk; fhuzkhf jdf;F ,og;gPlhf ve;j msT 45
Nfhu KbANkh me;j msT KOtijAk;
mt;tof;fpy; Nfhu Ntz;Lk;. thjp mt;thW
nra;ahJ jdf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba ,og;gPl;il
KOtJk; Nfhuhky; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tpl;L
tpl;lhNyh my;yJ chpikia tpl;L tpl;lhNyh
50
mtH kw;nwhU Neuk; me;jf; Nfhhpf;ifapd;
tpl;Ltplg;gl;l gFjpiaf; Nfhu mDkjp
tof;F %yq;fis ,izg;gJ
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-2 tpjp-3 kw;Wk; tpjp-6 thjp
gpujpthjpf;F my;yJ xNu gpujpthjpfSf;F 5
vjpuhd midj;J tof;F %yq;fisAk;
xd;whf ,izj;J tof;Fj; njhluyhk;
vd;fpwJ. NkYk; xNu tifahd tof;F %yk;
cs;s thjpfs; gyH ,ize;J gpujpthjpf;F
vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. mNjNghd;W 10
gpujpthjpfs; xNu tifahd tof;F %yk;
,Ue;jhy; xNu tof;fpy; ,izayhk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F mt;thW tof;F
%yj;ijf; nfhz;L gy tof;Ffis
,izg;gjhy; rq;flj;ijNah my;yJ 15
tof;fpidj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
trjpaw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjpdhNyh
ePjpkd;wk; tof;Ffisg; gphpf;f cj;jutplyhk;.
thJiu: 20
thJiu vd;gJ Nfhhpf;if my;yJ vOjg;gl;l
thf;fpakhFk;. xt;nthU thJiuapYk; ve;j
cz;ikfspd; kPJ thjpapd; thJiu
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j cz;ikfis 25
FWf;fp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; me;j
thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf>
 fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j cz;ikfis
FWf;fp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; me;j
30 thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf>
rhl;rpfspd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-2). gy;NtW tifahd
thJiufs; rl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;s ,izg;G 1-y;
mlq;fpAs;s VjhtJ xU thJiu tifia
35 thjp gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tof;fpd; thJiufs;
VjhtnjhU jphpj;Jf; $wg;gl;l> Nkhrbahd>
ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk; nra;j> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw
nra;aNtz;baij nra;ahky; tpl;l my;yJ
Njitaw;w jiyaPL Nghd;wtw;wpid ek;gpAs;s
40 vy;yh tof;FfspYk;> NkYk; tptuq;fs;
fl;lhakhfj; Njitg;gLk; (ehs; kw;Wk; gpw
Njitg;gl;l juTfs;) kw;w tof;Ffs;
midj;jpYk; cs;s thJiufspy; mit
Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-
45 4). ve;j xU KiwaPLk; rl;lj; jpUj;jk;
%ykpd;wp xU Nfhhpf;iff;fhd Gjpa
mbg;gilia cUthf;fNth my;yJ Ke;ija
thJiuf;F khwhd Fw;wr;rhl;bidf;
nfhz;bUf;fNth $lhJ. xt;nthU thJiuAk;
50 mj;jug;gpdhy; vOjg;gl;L ifnahg;gkplg;
gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; thJiuQH ,Ue;jhy;
mtuhYk; mJ ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f
rhpghHj;jy;: (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-15)
xt;nthU thJiuAk; mjw;fhd jug;gpduhNyh
mj;jug;igr; rhHe;j VjhtJ xUtuhNyh my;yJ
5 ePjp kd;wjj;jhy; mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l me;j tof;F
rhHe;j epfo;Tfs; #oy;fs; Fwpj;J ed;F
mwpe;jtH vdf; fUJk; NtW xUtuhNyh
rhpghHj;J mjd; mbapy; mjw;fhd ifnahg;gk;
,l;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rhpghHf;Fk; egH me;j
10 thJiuapy; gj;jpnad;id Fwpg;gpl;L mjpy; vd;d
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhf mtH mwpTf;Fg; Gyg;gl;lJ
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L jdf;Fj; njhpe;j juTfs;
mtw;wpy; cz;ikahdJ vJ vd;gijr; rhpahff;
Fwpg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb rhpghHj;jijf;
15 Fwpg;gpl;l gpd; mjd; mbapy; rhpghHj;jtH me;j
ehs; kw;Wk; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; ifnahg;gkpl
Ntz;Lk;. me;j thJiuiar; rhpghHg;gtH mJ
rhHghf xU cWjpnkhopg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; jhf;fy;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
20
thJiuapy; jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;:
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-17) tof;F
tprhuizapd; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; thjp jug;gpNyh
my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; jug;gpNyh vOg;gg;gl;l
25 thJiuapidj; jpUj;jNth khw;wp mikf;fNth
(ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rhpahfj; Njhd;Wk;
topKiwapYk; tifapYk;) ePjpkd;wk;
tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. thJiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
mj;jifa jpUj;jk; me;j ,U
30 jug;gpdUf;FkpilNa cs;s cz;ikahd jfuhW
rhHe;j Nfs;tpfis cWjpg;gLj;jf; fl;lhakhfj;
rhl;rpfspd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-2). gy;NtW
tifahd thJiufs; rl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;s 30
,izg;G 1-y; mlq;fpAs;s VjhtJ xU
thJiu tifia thjp gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
tof;fpd; thJiufs; VjhtnjhU jphpj;Jf;
$wg;gl;l> Nkhrbahd> ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk;
nra;j> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;aNtz;baij 35
nra;ahky; tpl;l my;yJ Njitaw;w jiyaPL
Nghd;wtw;wpid ek;gpAs;s vy;yh
tof;FfspYk;> NkYk; tptuq;fs; fl;lhakhfj;
Njitg;gLk; (ehs; kw;Wk; gpw Njitg;gl;l
juTfs;) kw;w tof;Ffs; midj;jpYk; cs;s 40
thJiufspy; mit Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-4). ve;j xU
KiwaPLk; rl;lj; jpUj;jk; %ykpd;wp xU
Nfhhpf;iff;fhd Gjpa mbg;gilia
cUthf;fNth my;yJ Ke;ija thJiuf;F 45
khwhd Fw;wr;rhl;bidf; nfhz;bUf;fNth
$lhJ. xt;nthU thJiuAk; mj;jug;gpdhy;
vOjg;gl;L ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; thJiuQH ,Ue;jhy; mtuhYk; mJ
ifnahg;gkplg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; 50
cj;juT-6 tpjp-14)
jPHkhdpf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vd rl;lk; jPHthff;
$WfpwJ: (1) jpUj;jk; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjhy;
me;j thJiuapd; jd;ik khw;wkilAk;NghJ
(2) jpUj;jj;jpdhy; mt;tof;fpy; gjpanjhU 5
tof;F %yk; tUk; gl;rj;jpy; mJ vjpH
jug;gpd; eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; vdf; fUJk;NghJ
kw;Wk; (3) me;j thJiuj; jpUj;j kDit
Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; fhytiuaiur; rl;lj;ij
Kwpabf;Fk;NghJ. (fhz;: uh[;FkhH Futuh 10
vjpH v];.Nf. rHtfp md; Nfh gp. ypl;> (2008)
14 SCC 364)
KiwaPL:
15
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-1 fPo;f;fhz;git
KiwaPl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
 me;j tof;F njhLf;fg;gLk; ePjpkd;wk;.
 thjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl
Kfthp 20
 gpujpthjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl
Kfthp Mfpad ve;j msT mWjpapl;Lf;
$w KbANk me;j msT
 thjpNah gpujpthjpNah Kjpuh 25
tajpduhfNth my;yJ kdeyk;
,y;yhjtuhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mJgw;wpa
thf;F%yk;.
 tof;F %yj;ij cs;slf;fpa ele;j
rk;gtq;fspd; tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; mJ 30
Njhd;wpa fhyk;
 Njitg;gLkhdhy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;>
mt;tof;F tprhuid njhlq;fpa gpd;dH
mj;jifa thJiuj; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd kDf;fs;
35 mDkjpf;fg; glkhl;lhJ. Mdhy;> vt;tsT
[hf;fpuijahfr; nray;gl;lhYk; tprhuidf;F
Kd; mj;jifa jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Kbe;jpUf;fhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;
,j;jifa jpUj;jq;fis mDkjpf;fyhk;. (fhz;:
40 fNz\; bNubq; fk;ngdp vjpH Nkh[p uhk; (1978)
2 SCC 91). jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s xU jug;gpdH
mDkjpngw;W Mdhy; me;j mDkjp cj;jutpy;
mjw;fhff; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glh tpl;lhy;> my;yJ mjpy; fhyk;
45 epHzapf;fg;gl tpy;iy vd;why; me;j cj;juT
ngw;W 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glh tpl;lhy; me;jf; fhyk;
Kbtile;jgpd; my;yJ 14 ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; -
ePjpkd;wk; me;j fhyf;fl;lj;ij ePl;bf;fhjNghJ
50 - jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s mtUf;F mDkjp
,y;iy. thJiuf;fhd kDit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs;fshy;
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; mirahr; nrhj;jhf
,Ue;jhy; KiwaPL mr;nrhj;J gw;wpa
njspthd tpsf;fj;ij - mjd;%yk;
5 mr;nrhj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;jpy; -
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;nrhj;jpd;
vy;iyfisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; my;yJ
gzf;nfhLg;gdT Mtz my;yJ rHNt
vz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; me;j
10 vy;iyfisNah my;yJ vz;fisNah
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7
tpjp-3)
 thjp xU gpujpepjp vDk; Kiwapy;
tof;Fj; njhlHe;jpUe;jhy; me;j tof;fpd;
15 chpg;nghUs; kPJ thjpf;F cz;ikahd
MHtk; cs;sJ vd;gijAk; mjd;
fhuzkhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fj; Njitahd
midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk; vLj;Js;sij
tpthpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
20 cj;juT-7 tpjp-4)
 thjp jdJ tof;fpd; %yk; mjpfgl;rkhff;
Nfhuj;jf;f ghpfhuj;jpd; xU gFjpiaf;
Nfhuhky; tpl;LtplNth chpikiaf;
iftplNth tpUk;gpdhy; mg;gb tplg;gLk;
25 njhif.
 njhif mstpyhd mjpfhu tuk;gpidj;
jPHkhdpf;fTk; tof;F mDkjpf;Fk;
ePjpkd;wf; fl;lzj;njhifiaj;
30 jPHkhdpf;fTk; tof;fpd; chpg;nghUSf;fhd
njhiff;fhd thf;F%yk;.
 me;j tof;F fhyk; fle;jjhf ,Ug;gpd;
fhytuk;Gr; rl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fj;
Njitahd fhuzq;fs; (rl;lj;jpd;
 me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
cl;gl;lJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; cz;ikfs;
 tof;fpd; tof;Fg;nghUspd;kPJ
gpujpthjpapd; eyk; kw;Wk; flik 35
 thjpahy; Nfhug;gLk; ghpfhuk;
 thjp NfhUtJ gzk; kPl;G vdpy;
njhifiar; rhpahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-2) 40
 thjp ,ilf;fhy epthuzj;jpw;fhf
tof;Fj; njhlHe;jpUe;jhNyh my;yJ
gpujpthjpf;Fk; thjpf;Fk; ,ilNa
jPHf;fg;glhj fzf;F tof;Ffisr;
rhpghHj;j gpd;dNu Fwpg;gpl KbAk; 45
vd;whNyh my;yJ gpujpthjpaplk; cs;s
mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fs; rhHe;jjhfNth
my;yJ fld; njhifahf ,Ug;gpd;
mtuJ mwpTf;nfl;batiu fzf;fpl
KbahjpUf;Fkhdhy; thjp Njhuhakhd 50
njhifiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L my;yJ tof;fpd;
njhifahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-2)
 Rl;bf;fhl;b Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiuf;Fs;
rkHg;gpf;FkhW mwpTWj;jpAk; thjp mijr;
nra;aj; jtWfpwhH.
 KiwaPl;bd; thf;fpaq;fs; rl;lj;jhy; 5
jilnra;ag;gl;l tpjj;jpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ
 KiwaPL efy;fNshL rkHg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
 thjpf;F ePjpkd;wk; KiwaPl;bd; efy;fisf; 10
nfhLf;Fk;gb cj;jutpl;Lk; KiwaPl;L
efy;fisAk; gpujpthjpfSf;F miog;ghid
mDg;Gtjw;fhd njhifiaAk; me;j
cj;juT ngw;W VO ehl;fSf;Fs;
gpujpthjpfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fj; jtWfpwhH. 15
vjpH tof;Fiu:
gpujpthjp jdJ Kiwapl;bd; %yk; me;j
tof;F Ngzg;gl Ntz;bajy;y vd;gjw;fhd
midj;J tplaq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk; my;yJ 20
tof;fpd; Nfs;tpapYs;s ghpkhw;wk; xd;W
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; nry;yhjJ my;yJ
jtpHf;ff;$baJ kw;Wk; mJNghd;w midj;J
jw;fhg;Gf; fhuzq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL
,e;jg; gpur;ridia Kd;ndLf;fhtpby;
25
vjpHjug;Gf;F Mr;rhpak; mspf;ff; $Lk; vdTk;>
KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gplhj gpw cz;ikr;
rk;gtq;fis cjhuzkhf Nkhrb> fhytuk;G>
ntspaPL> fl;lzk;> nrayhf;fk;> my;yJ
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd cz;ikfisf; 30
Fwpg;gpl;Lk; KiwaPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
gpujpthjp jdJ KiwaPl;by; cz;ik
epfo;Tfs; vt;thW jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd
vdTk; jhd; vtw;iw cz;ikay;y khwhf
35 cj;juT-7 tpjp-6)
KiwaPl;ilj; js;Sgb nra;jy; (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-7 tpjp-11): xU KiwaPl;bid
fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzq;fSf;fhfj; js;Sgb
40 nra;ayhk;:
 KiwaPl;by; me;j tof;fpd; tof;F %yk;
ntspaplg;gltpy;iy
 KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ghpfhuj;njhif
45 kpff; Fiwthff; Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;J
mij thjpf;F ePjpkd;wk; Rl;bf;fhl;b
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; jpUj;Jk;gb Nfhhpa
gpd;dUk; me;jf; fhyj;jpw;Fs;
jpUj;jtpy;iy.
50
 KiwaPl;by; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s njhif rhpahf
,Ue;Jk;> rhpahd Kiwapy; Kj;jpiuaplg;
glhjpUe;J mij ePjpkd;wk; thjpf;Fr;
mij nrl;-M/g; nra;ayhk;. tpsf;fk;: egH-1
egH-2-d; kPJ khw;wj;jf;f urPJ rhHghf tof;Fj;
njhlHfpwhH. egH-2 jdJ cilikfis egH-1
5 fhg;gPL nra;ahky; tpl;Ltpl;lhH vd egH-1-d;kPJ
Fw;wk; Rkj;JfpwhH. NkYk;> mjdhy; egH-2f;F
Vw;gl;l ,og;gPl;il egH-1 <Lfl;l nrl;-M/g;
nra;ayhk; vdf; NfhUfpwhH. ,q;F njhif
cWjpahf ,y;yjjhy; nrl;-M/g; nra;a
10 ,ayhJ.
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 kw;Wk; egH-2 Mapuk; &gha;f;fhf
egH-3-d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpd;wdH. egH-3
jdf;F egH-1 ju Ntz;ba flDf;fhf mtiu
kl;Lk; nrl;-M/g; nra;a ,ayhJ.
15
tpsf;fk;: egH-1 Mapuk; &gha;f;fhf egH-2 kw;Wk;
egH-3-d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpwhH. jdf;F egH-1
ju Ntz;ba flDf;fhf mtiu kl;Lk; egH-2
nrl;-M/g; nra;a ,ayhJ.
20
vjpH Nfhhpf;if (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-6m):
,J gpujpthjpahy; thjpf;F vjpuhfj;
njhLf;fg;gLk; vjpH Nfhhpf;if tof;fhFk;.
thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifad;wp ,J xU jdpahdJk;
25 thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifapypUe;J gphpf;fj; jf;fJkhd
Nfhhpf;ifahFk;. ,ij FWf;F nray;fs; %yk;
epiwNtw;wyhk;. ,J gpujpthjpapd; thjpf;F
vjpuhd tof;F %ykhFk;. ,e;j vjpH Nfhhpf;if
me;j ePjpkd;w njhifmstpyhd mjpfhu
30 tuk;gpw;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. ,ijNa
gpujpthjp vOjg;gl;l thf;F%yk; %ykhf
rkHg;gpf;fyhk;. ,e;j vjpH Nfhhpf;if xU
Nfhhpf;ifahff; fUjp kw;w Nfhhpf;iffspd;kPJ
vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;if Nghd;Nw eltbf;if
35 Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpujpthjpapd; vjpH
Nfhhpf;iff;F vOj;J %ykhd kWg;G
mwpf;ifia ePjpkd;wk; nfhLj;Js;s fhyf;
,og;GfNs vd;gijr; Rl;b vOj Ntz;Lk;. 35
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-2)
nrl;-M/g;
gzj;ij kPl;gJ rhHe;j tof;fpy; - thjpf;Fk; 40
gpujpthjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba
gu];gu fld; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xU fldhy;
kw;nwhU flid milf;f KbAk;. vOjg;gl;l
thf;F%yj;jpy; ,e;j nrl;-M/g; Fwpj;j
juTfisAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; 45
cj;juT-8> tpjp-6) tpsf;fk;: egH-1 jdf;F
khw;wj;jf;f urPJ %yk; &.500/- juNtz;Lnkd
egH-2 –d;kPJ tof;Fj; njhlHfpwhH. egH-2f;F
egH-1 xU jPHg;gpd; %yk; &.1000/- juNtz;Lk;
50
vd;fpwhH. ,e;j ,uz;L Nfhhpf;iffSk;>
njhif cWjpahd gzk;rhHe;jjhf cs;sjhy;
,Ujug;gpdUk; Kd;dpiyahjy; (rllj;jpd;
cj;juT-9):
thjpahy; tof;F njhlug;gl;l gpd; mJ rhHghf 5
gpujpthjpfSf;F miog;ghiz tof;fg;gl;l
gpd; mLj;j rl;l eltbf;if ,U jug;gpdUk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiyahtjhFk;. fPo;f;fhZk;
topKiwfSf;fhd tpjpfis kdjpypUj;j
Ntz;Lk;: 10
 tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; NeubahfNth
my;yJ mtHfspd; thJiuQH %ykhfNth
miog;ghizapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Fwpj;j
ehspy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiyahf 15
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9 tpjp-1)
 thjpNah gpujpthjpNah miog;ghizapy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;l ehspy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
Kd;dpiyahfj; jtwpdhNyh my;yJ
Kd;dpiyahf Kbahj fhuzj;ijf; 20
$whtpl;lhy;> Kd;dpiyahfj; jtwpatH
thjpahf ,Ug;gpd; me;j tof;if js;Sgb
nra;ayhk; my;yJ Kd;dpiyahfj;
jtwpatH gpujpthjpahf ,Ug;gpd; xU
jug;ghf KbT nra;ayhk;. 25
 gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf xU jug;ghf jPHT
KbT nra;jpUe;jhy;> gpujpthjp fPo;f;fhZk;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;: (m) xU
jug;G KbT nra;ag;gl;l ehspypUe;J 30 30
ehl;fSf;Fs; jhd; Kd;dpiyahtjw;Fj;
jtwpajw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fhl;b mij
xJf;fp tpLkhW Nfhhp kDr; nra;ayhk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-9 tpjp-13) my;yJ (M)
mjw;F vjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk; 35
(,) kW Ma;T nra;Ak;gb kDr;
nra;ayhk;. (<) Nkhrb ele;jjhf tof;Fj;
njhluyhk;.
 nfLTf;Fs; thjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;ayhk;.
40
thjpAk; gpujpthjpAk; rhHe;Js;s Mtzq;fs;
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-14 kw;Wk; cj;juT-8
tpjp-1m):
______________________________
45
50
 xNu tof;fpy; rl;lk; rhHe;j kw;Wk; rk;gtk;
rhHe;j gpur;rid ntspte;jhy; me;j tof;Nfh
my;yJ me;j tof;fpd; xU gFjpNah
5 rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; js;Sgb
nra;ag;glyhk; vdpy; me;jg; gpur;ridia
Kjypy; tprhhpj;J me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu
tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;lJjhdh my;yJ rl;lj;jhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l NtW ‘ghH’-f;F chpajh vdj;
10
jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mtzq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;> Ma;jy;> kw;Wk;
jhf;fy; nra;jy; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-11 kw;Wk;
13):
15
tof;F rhHe;j thJiufis ,U jug;gpdUk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;j gpd;dH> jdJ
thJiuapy; vjpH jug;G gw;wp jhd; vOjpa
juTfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd czuyhk;.
tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dNu tof;fpd;
20 midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk; jdJ vjpH jug;gpdhplk;
cs;s mtH jug;ig epahag;gLj;Jk; czuj;jf;f
cz;ikfisAk; mthplk; cs;s me;j
tof;Ff;F Mjhukhd Mtzq;fisAk; njhpe;J
nfhs;s chpik cs;sJ. ‘fz;Lgpbj;jy;’ vd;gJ
25
vjpH jug;gplk; cs;s my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;
cs;s cz;ikfisAk; Mtzq;fisAk;
Nfl;Lg; ngWtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J vjpH
jug;gpdhplk; tpdhj; njhLg;gjd; %yk; ngwyhk;.
xU jug;G me;j tpdh nghUj;jkhdjy;y vd;Nwh>
30
Njitaw;wJ vd;Nwh> mtkhdkhdJ vd;Nwh>
nfl;l Nehf;fpyhdJ vd;Nwh rpwg;GhpikAilaJ
vd;Nwh $wpg; gjpyspf;f kWf;fyhk;.
fz;Lgpbj;jy; vd;gJ Mtzq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yKk; elf;fyhk;. xU jug;G
35
jdf;F vjpHjug;gplk; cs;s Mtzq;fs;
Ntz;Lnkd;W kDr;nra;J vjpHjug;G gpukhdg;
gj;jpuk; jhf;fy; nra;af; Nfhhpdhy; mtH
mtw;iw vjpHjug;G ghHf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb xU jug;G
40
 tof;fpd; Kjy; tprhuidapd;NghJ
ePjpkd;wk; me;j KiwaPl;by; cs;s
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljh 40
my;yJ kWf;fg;gl;ljh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jp gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-10 tpjp-1).
 mjd;gpwF> ePjpkd;wk; rl;l mbg;gilapNyh
my;yJ rk;gt mbg;gilapNyh mt;tof;fpy; 45
ntspg;gLk; rl;lk; rhHe;j my;yJ rk;gtk;
rhHe;j xU jug;ghy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gLk;
kw;Wk; vjpH jug;ghy; kWf;fg;gLk;
gpur;ridfis fl;likj;Jg; gjptpl
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-14 tpjp-1) 50
NghpNyh my;yJ jhdhfNt ,U jug;gpdhpilNa
cs;s kw;w Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpYf;fhff;
fhj;jpuhky; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vJ rhp vdj;
Njhd;WfpwNjh me;j cj;juitNah jPHg;igNah 5
me;j xg;Gjypd; Nghpy; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;Gf;Nfw;w
jPHtpid Vw;gLj;jyhk; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-12
tpjp-6)
,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs;: 10
xU tof;F njhlug;gl;l gpd; me;j tof;F
Kw;wpYk; Kbahj epiyapy; ePjpkd;wk;
,ilf;fhy cj;jutpid ePjpkd;wk; rhpahdJ
vd epidf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; kw;wtw;Wf;F 15
,ilapy; tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpd; chpikia
epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf ntspaplyhk;. mJ ,Wjpj;
jPHg;Gtiu eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU
‘cj;juT’ vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rl;lj;jPHthFk;.
mJ xU Kbthd jPHty;y (gpd;dhy; 20
tpsf;fg;gLk;). xU tof;fpw;Nfh> kDtpw;Nfh
my;yJ tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Nfh cj;juT
gpug;gpf;fyhk;. vy;yh cj;juTfsNk Nky;
KiwaPL nra;aj; jf;fjy;y.
25
fPo;f;fhZk; KiwapNyh my;yJ #oypNyh
,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;:
 nryTj;njhiff;F cj;juthjkhf
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-25): tof;fpd; ve;jf; 30
fl;lj;jpyhtJ gpujpthjp me;j
tof;fpw;fhfr; nrytpLk; njhiff;F
cj;juthjj; njhifapidr; nrYj;JkhW
thjpf;F cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
trpf;fhj thjpahf ,Ue;J mtUf;Fg; 35
NghJkhd mirahr; nrhj;J tof;fpy;
cs;sijj; jtpu ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;yhky;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; ,j;jifa cj;juT
fl;lhakhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
40
 tpdhtpw;Fg; gjpyspf;fNth Mtzq;fisj;
jhf;fy; nra;aNth jtwpdhy; mg;gbj; jtwpatH
thjp vdpy; tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;ayhk;
my;yJ gpujpthjp vdpy; mtuJ jug;G tpthjk;
45 jLf;fg;gLk;.
xg;Gf;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; jPHg;G
thJiuapNyh my;yJ NtW topapNyh>
50 tha;nkhopahfNth my;yJ vOj;Jg;
G+HtkhfNth ele;j rk;gtq;fis
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy; ePjpkd;wk; ve;j xU
fl;lj;jpYk; xU jug;G Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljd;
KbTf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; xU nrhj;ij
tpiuthf tpw;f my;yJ (v) mikr;Rg;
gzpia epiwNtw;w. xU egiu Gyd;
5 tprhuid nra;a tof;F tprhuid
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; cs;s khepyj;jpw;F
ntspapy; cs;s ve;j xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; –
tprhhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba egH ve;j ePjp
kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tho;fpwhNuh
10 me;j ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F (caH ePjp kd;wk;
jtpu) Miz mDg;gyhk;. me;j MizahsH
(m) tof;fpd; jug;gpdiu mioj;J mtHfs;
tUifg; gjpitg; ghHitapl;L tprhhpf;fyhk;
(M) Mtzq;fisf; Nfhhpg; ngw;W Ma;T
15 nra;ayhk; (,) ePjpkd;w Mizapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpw;Fs;Nsh my;yJ fl;llj;jpw;Fs;Nsh
Eioayhk; (<) ePjpkd;w Mizapy;
Fwpg;gpl;lthW ve;j xU jug;ghtJ
Kd;dpiyahfhky; ,Ue;jhy; xUgf;f rhHghf
20 KbT nra;ayhk;.
 jPHg;Gf;F Kd;dNu ifJ nra;tJ (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-38): rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 16-y;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tof;Ffs; (epyk; my;yJ
mirahr; nrhj;J tof;Ffs;) jtpu gpw
25 tof;Ffspd; ve;j epiyapYk; ePjp kd;wk;
gpukhdg; gj;juj;jpd; %yNkh my;yJ
NtWtpjj;jpNyh cz;iknad czHe;jhy;
(m) gpujpthjp tof;fpd; thjpiaNah my;yJ
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffisj; jtpHf;fNth
30 jhkjg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;NfhNlh my;yJ
jPHtpidj; jLf;fNth my;yJ me;j jPHT
mtUf;Fg; ghjfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
xspe;Jtpl;lhNyh my;yJ me;j ePjpkd;w
mjpfhu tuk;G vy;iyf;F ntspNa nrd;W
35 tpl;bUe;jhNyh my;yJ xspe;J nfhs;sNth
ntspNaw vz;zpNah> my;yJ ehl;iltpl;Nl
ntspNaw vz;zp ,Ue;jhNyh ,jd;%yk;
thjp ghpfhuk; ngWtijj; jLf;fNth
jhkjg;gLj;jNth vz;zpapUg;gjhf ePjp kd;wk;
40 fUjpdhy; ePjpkd;wk; me;jg; gpujpthjpiaf;
ifJ nra;aTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; NeHepWj;jTk;
cj;jutplyhk;. ,jd;%yk; mtH Vd;
Kd;dpiyahtjw;F gpizaj;njhif
 Mizfs; (rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 75-78 kw;Wk;
cj;juT-26): fPo;f;fhzk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
xU jug;gpd; tpz;zg;gj;ij Vw;Nwh my;yJ
jhdhfNth ePjpkd;wk; Mizfisg;
gpwg;gpf;f chpik cs;sJ: (m) xUtiu 45
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j (M) cs; tprhuid elj;j
(,) fzf;Ffis rhpghHf;f my;yJ
rhpnra;a (<) gphptpid nra;a (c)
mwptpay; G+Htkhd> njhopy; El;g> Nkk;gl;l
tprhuid elj;j (C) tpiuthfTk; 50
,aw;ifahfTk; mope;J Nghff;$ba
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fhg;gpy; cs;s jPHg;gpd;
ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNt gpujpthjp jdf;F
vjpuhf jPHg;G tuyhk; vdf; fUjp tof;fpd;
jPHg;ig jLf;fNth my;yJ js;spg;NghLk;
Nehf;fpNyh (m) mtuJ nrhj;J 5
KotijANkh my;yJ xU gFjpiaNah
tpw;Wtpl Kaw;rpj;jhy; (M) me;j ePjpkd;w
MSiff;Fs; cs;s nrhj;J KotijANkh
my;yJ xU gFjpiaNah me;j ePjpkd;w
MSiff;F ntspNa efHj;j Kaw;rpg;gjhf 10
cWjpahff; fUjpdhy;> gpujpthjpia
Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpizaj; njhifia
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; fl;b mjd; nghUg;gpy; tpl
cj;jutplyhk;. my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; 15
Njitg;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;
$ba me;j nrhj;ijNah my;yJ nrhj;jpd;
kjpg;igNah my;yJ mjd; xU
gFjpiaNah my;yJ NeHepiyahfp
mtUf;F mtH Vd; gpizaj; njhif 20
nrYj;jf;$lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;L
mwptpg;Gf; nfhLf;fyhk;. ePjpkd;wk;
NtWtifapy; cj;jutpl;lhyd;wp thjp
gwpKjy; Ntz;ba nrhj;ijNah my;yJ
mjw;F ,izahd njhifiaNah Fwpg;gpl 25
Ntz;Lk;. gpujpthjp Vd; gpizak;
nrYj;jf;$lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;L
nfhLf;fg;gl;l mwptpg;Gf;F ePjpkd;wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gjpyspf;fj; jtwpdhy;
me;j nrhj;J gwpKjy; nra;ag;glyhk;. 30
Mdhy;> xU tptrhapapd; tpisr;riy
gwpKjy; nra;a cj;jutpl KbahJ.
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-38 tpjp-5-d; Nehf;fk;
ve;j xU gpujpthjpAk; thjpf;F rhHghf
tuf;$ba jPHg;ig me;j nrhj;ij tpw;W 35
tpLtjhNyh my;yJ ePjpkd;w MSiff;F
ntspNa efUk; nrhj;ij efHj;JtjhNyh
Kwpabj;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;gNjahFk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpapd;
mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; ePjp 40
kd;wk; me;jg; gpujpthjp mt;thW nray;gl
mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhy; xU jPHit ePjpkd;wk;
mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kw;wpYk;
 nrYj;jf; $lhJ vd fhuzk; Nfl;fyhk;.
45 ,Ug;gpDk;> ifJ cj;jutpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
ve;j xU njhifiaAk; ifJ nra;a te;j
mjpfhhpaplk; gpujpthjp fl;Ltjd; %yk;
thjpapd; Nfhhpf;ifia eptHj;jp nra;jhy;
mtH ifJ nra;ag;gl khl;lhH.
50  jPHg;Gf;F Kd;dNu gwpKjy; nra;jy;
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-38): tof;fpd; ve;jf;
fl;lj;jpyhtJ> gpukhdg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ
cj;juT-38 tpjp-5 –iar; nray;gLj;Jtjpy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; jPtpukhdjhfTk;
mrhjhudkhdjhfTk; cs;sJ. mg;gbg;gl;l
5 mjpfhuk; ,ae;jpuj;jdkhfNth Nfl;fg;gl;lJ
vd;gjw;fhfNth gad;gLj;jyhfhJ. kpf
mhpjhfTk; tpjpapd;gb ftdkhfTk;
gad;gLj;jg; gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-38 tpjp-5 –d; Nehf;fk;
10 cj;juthjkw;w flid cj;juthjf;
fldhf;Ftjy;y. (fhz;: uhkd; nlf; md;
gpuhr]; vd;[pdpahpq; fk;ngdp vjpH Nrhyq;fp
bNulH];> (2008) 2 SCC 302).
15  jw;fhypfj; jilfs; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-39):
jil cj;juT vd;gJ xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
cj;juthFk;. ,q;F VjhtJ xU jug;G
(thjp my;yJ gpujpthjp) xU nraiyr;
nra;aNth (tw;GWj;Jf; fl;lis)my;yJ
20 nra;af; $lhJ vdNth (jil Miz)
ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;j ,ilf;fhyj;
jilfs; jw;fhypfkhdjhfNth my;yJ
epue;jukhdjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. jw;fhypfj;
jilapid xU ePjpkd;wk; fPo;f;fhZk;
25 re;jHg;gq;fspy; cj;jutplyhk;: (m) tof;fpy;
cs;s gpur;ridf;fhpa nrhj;J gad;glhky;
Ngha;tpLk; Mgj;jpNyh> VjhtJ xU jug;ghy;
Nrjg;gLj;jNth> ifkhw;wg;glNth my;yJ
jtWjyhf xU jPHit epiwNtw;Wk;
30 tpjj;jpy; tpw;fg;glNth $Lkhdhy;. (M)
gpujpthjp jdf;F fld; toq;fpatHfis
Vkhw;Wk; Nehf;fpy; jdJ nrhj;jpid
tpw;fNth ifkhw;wNth mr;RWj;jpdhNyh
my;yJ epidj;jhNyh> (,) tof;fpy; cs;s
35 VjhtJ xU nrhj;Jj; jfuhW fhuzkhf
thjpiaj; jhf;fp fhaNkw;gLj;jNth my;yJ
mtuJ clikiag; gwpf;fg; NghtjhfNth
mr;RWj;jpdhy;> (<) xg;ge;jj;ij gpujpthjp
kPwg;NghtjhfNth my;yJ
VjhtnjhUtifapy; fhag;gLj;jNth
40
,Ue;jhy; (c) ePjpapd; eyDf;fhf mt;thW
jil cj;juT gpwg;gpg;gJ ey;yJ vd
ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-39
tpjp-1 kw;Wk; 2) xU jug;Gf;F vjpuhf jil
cj;juT gpwg;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dhy; ePjpkd;wk;
45
fPo;f;fhz;git Fwpj;J jpUg;jpaila
Ntz;Lk;: (m) me;jj; jil cj;juitf;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> me;jg;
gpujpthjp jdf;F vjpuhf tuf; $ba 45
jPHtpid Kwpabf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nrhj;ij
KOtijANkh my;yJ mjd; gFjpiaNah
tpw;fNth my;yJ mij ePjpkd;w
MSiff;F ntspNa efHj;jNth
Kaw;rpg;gij ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; 50
tifapy; ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd;
jPHkhzpf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; NkYk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
cz;ikfs; mijj; jhf;fy; nra;j jug;G
Nfl;Fk; ghpfhuj;jpw;F chpatH vdf; 5
fUjpdhy; (,) me;j cj;juitf; NfhUk;
jug;gpw;F me;j cj;juitg; gpwg;gpf;fh
tpl;lhy; kpfg;nghpa ,og;igr; re;jpf;f
NehpLk; vdf; fUjpdhy;> NkYk; (<)
,Wjpahf> ,U jug;gpYk; ngWk; tha;g;G 10
trjpfis xg;gpLk;NghJ jil cj;juT
NfhUgtUf;F Vw;gLk; tha;g;G trjpfs;
jil cj;juT nfhLf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;
vjpH jug;igtpl kpf mjpfkhff;
FiwAkhdhy; jil cj;juT nfhLf;fyhk;. 15
,ilf;fhyj; jil cj;juT nfhLf;fyhkh
nfhLf;ff; $lhjh vd;gij me;jr; #oypy;
mtuplk; ,Ue;j rl;l chpikfs; thjpahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $Wk; Neuj;jpy; mjd;
chpik kPwyhy; cs;s ghjpg;G ,tw;iwr; 20
rPHJ}f;fp mit NkYk; jPtpu
tprhuidf;Fl;gLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
,ilf;fhyj; jil cj;jutpdhy;
mspf;fg;gLk; epthuzk; thjpf;F Vw;gLk;
mePjpapd; Mgj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; 25
me;j tof;fpd; cWjpapd;ik jPHf;fg;gLk;
Kd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpujpthjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ePjp kd;wk;
thjpaplk; VjhtnjhU cilikiaNah
gzj;ijNah ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rkHg;gpf;FkhW 30
Nfl;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> ,Wjpj; jPHg;G
gpujpthjpf;F rhHghf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
NghJkhd msT mtH el;l <L ngw
KbAk;. (fhz;: F[uhj; ghl;ypq; fk; ypl;
vjpH nfhf;Nfh Nfhyh fk;ngdp (1995) 5 35
SCC 545> fhrp kl rk];jhdk; vjpH =kj;
Rj;jPe;jpu jPHj;j Rthkp (2010) 1 SCC 689.;
vjpH jug;Gf;F tha;g;gspg;gjhy; fhy
jhkjkhfp mjd; Nehf;fk; Kwpabf;fg;gLk;
vd;W ePjpkd;wk; jpUg;jpahf czuhjNghJ 40
,ilf;fhy jil cj;juT mspf;FKd; ePjp
kd;wk; mJgw;wp vjpH jug;Gf;F
mwptpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-39 tpjp-3). ePjpkd;wj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-39 tpjp-1> 2 d;gb ,lg;gl;l jil 45
cj;juTf;F fPo;g;gbah tof;Ffspy;
 NfhUk; jug;gpd; Kjy; Nehf;fpNyNa mtuJ
rhHghf Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwJ mjhtJ> mJ
50 ey;nyz;z jfuhW MFk;. (M)
tprhuizf;F Vw;w tof;fhfTk; mJ NkYk;
Gyd; tprhuidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;
 ,ilf;fhy cj;juTfs; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
39): ,ilf;fhy cj;juTk; xU jw;fhypfkhd
cj;juNtahFk;. tof;fpd; chpg;nghUshf
5 cs;s my;yJ gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l
mirAk; nrhj;J nfl;Lg;Ngha;tplf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ VjhtJ
NeHikahd NghJkhd fhuzj;jpw;fhf
cldbahf tpw;WtpLtJ ey;yJ vdf;
10 fUjpdhy; mij tpw;Wtpl cj;jutpl
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cs;sJ. ePjpkd;wk;
NkYk; tof;fpd; chpg;nghUshf cs;s xU
cilikia fhtypy; itf;fNth>
ghJfhf;fNth> my;yJ Ma;T nra;aNth
15 mJ rhHghd Nfs;tp vOk;NghJ
cj;jutplyhk;.
 nrhj;jhl;rpaH (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-40):
nrhj;jhl;rpaH vd;gtH tof;fpd;
chpg;nghUshf cs;s nrhj;ijNah
20 gzj;ijNah tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghhplKk;
mr;nrhj;J ,Ug;gJ ey;yjy;y vd
ePjpkd;wk; fUJk;NghJ tof;F
KbTwhjNghJ jdJ ghJfhg;gpy; itj;Jg;
ghJfhj;J ePjpahd KiwapYk; tha;g;G
25 trjpf;F Vw;gTk; gad;gLj;j ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l xU jdp eguhthH. me;j
nrhj;jhl;rpaUf;F fPo;f;fhZk;
mjpfhuq;fis ePjpkd;wk; toq;fyhk;: (m)
tof;fpidj; njhlq;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk;> (M)
30 tof;fpd;fPOs;s nrhj;jpid ngwTk;>
epHtfpf;f> ghJfhf;f> gj;jpug;gLj;j> NkYk;
tpUj;jpahf;f (,) thlif t#ypf;f>
thlifiaj; jPHkhdpf;f> mjd;
tUthiaAk; thlifiaAk; nfhLf;f (<)
35 Mtzq;fis nrayhf;f (c) gpw ePjpkd;wk;
rhpahdJ vd czUk; ve;j xU
chpikiaAk; toq;f.
tprhuid:
40
tof;fpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; jq;fs; KiwaPLfisj;
jhf;fy; nra;jgpd;dH kw;Wk; gpur;ridfisf;
fz;lwpe;J fl;likj;J mit gjptplg;gl;lJk;
xU tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghUk; jq;fspd; jug;G
45 thjq;fisAk; vLj;Jiuf;fj; Njitahd
Mjhuq;fisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; Nfhhpg;
ngWtH. ,e;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhf> ve;j xU
jug;ghUk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jdf;Fj; Njitahd
rhl;rpfSf;F miog;ghiz mspj;J
50
mjw;Ff; fl;Lg;glhjthpd; nrhj;jpidg;
gwpKjy; nra;Ak;gb cj;jutplyhk;. NkYk;
mtiu %d;W khj fhyj;jpw;F kpfhky; 50
rpiwaplTk; cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-39 tpjp-2m)
miog;ghiz> tUifg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; rhl;rp
tprhuidfs; Nghd;witgw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
rhl;rpfSf;F miog;ghiz tpLg;gJ gw;wp
tpsf;Fk; mNj rl;l \uj;Jfs; tof;Ff;Fj; 5
Njitahd Mtzq;fisNah my;yJ gpw
nghUl;fisNah rkHg;gpf;f tpLf;Fk;
miog;ghizf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
nghJthf jug;gpd; rhl;rpfshy; tha;nkhopahf 10
toq;fg;gLk; jlaq;fs; ePjpgjpapd;
Kd;dpiyapy; mtuJ cj;jutpd; Nghpy; mtuJ
Neub Nkw;ghh;itapy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
rhl;rp tprhuidapd;NghJ rhl;rpfspd;
tof;Ff;Fj; Njitahd fUj;Jf;fs; me;j 15
kdepiyNahL gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-18 tpjp-12). ,Ug;gpDk; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ
cj;jutpd; Nghpy; cs;s tprhuidf;FOtpd;
Kd;dpiyapy; rhl;rpfspd; jlaq;fis
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-26 tpjp-4m –apd;gb gjpT 20
nra;Ak;gb $wyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-28
tpjp-19).
jlaq;fspd; tpjpfspypUe;Nj njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
chpik fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt> thjp rhl;bAs;s 25
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis gpujpthjp Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;
kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; gf;fj;jy; (cjhuzkhf
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G> fhytiuaiu>
my;yJ nu]; [_bfhj;jh) my;yJ NkYk; rpy
$Ljy; cz;ikfisf; fhl;b Fw;wk; 30
rhl;LtjhYk; thjp ve;jtpj ghpfhuKk; ngwj;
jFjpaw;wtH vd thjpl;lhyd;wp thjpf;Nf
njhlq;Ftjw;F chpik cs;sJ. ,e;jr;
#oypy; gpujpthjpf;Nf njhlq;Ftjw;fhd
chpik cs;sJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-18 tpjp-1). 35
vdNt tof;F tprhuidf;Ff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l
ehspy; njhlq;Fk; chpik cs;s jug;G jdJ
jug;G thjq;fisAk; jlaq;fisAk; jhd; ve;j
KiwaPl;il ep&gpf;f Ntz;LNkh mjw;F Vw;g
Kd; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpwF vjpHjug;G 40
jdJ jug;G thjq;fisAk; jlaq;fisAk;
(VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) Kd; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;gpd;dH me;j KO tof;Fgw;wpa
nghJthd tplaq;fis ePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. njhlq;fpa jug;G gpd;dH me;j KO 45
tof;Fgw;wpa jdJ thjq;fis
vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;. ,U jug;ghUNk jdJ jug;G
thjq;fis vOj;Jg; G+HtkhfTk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
rkHg;gpf;fyhk;. mg;gbg;gl;l vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd
thjq;fisg; vjpH jug;Gf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. 50
 ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tuitf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tpz;zg;gk; nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 30 –
32 kw;Wk; cj;juTfs;-16> 18 Mfpait
xU jlaj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rkHg;gpf;f
VjhtJ xU jug;gpw;F fhy mtfhrk; toq;fpAk;
me;j Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; mt;thW toq;fj;
5 jtwpdhNyh my;yJ rl;l eltbf;iffs;
njhlHe;J eilngw mtrpakhd VjhtnjhU
nraiyr; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;> mt;thW
jtwpioj;jpUe;jhYk; (m) ,Ujug;ghUk;
NeHepiyahfp ,Ue;jhy; me;j tof;if
10 cldbahf KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. my;yJ
(M) ,U jug;ghUk; NeHepiyahfp ,Ue;jhNyh
my;yJ xU jug;G NeHepiyahfky; ,Ue;jhNyh
mLj;j tprhuidf;fhd ehisf; Fwpf;fyhk;.
NkYk;> mt;thW jtwpa jug;G mjw;fhd
15 ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpLk; nryTj; njhifia
fl;Lk;gb cj;jutplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-17
tpjp-3)
js;Sgb nra;jy;
20
 xU jug;igr; rhHe;jthpd; ,wg;G: thjpNah
my;yJ gpujpthjpNah ,we;J tpl;lhnud;whYk;
tof;Fj; njhlUk; chpik ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
me;j tof;F js;Sgb nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ
25 mjhtJ> KbTf;F tuhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
22 tpjp-1). rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 –y; tof;fpd;
VjhtJ xU jug;G ,we;J tpl;lhy; ve;j
topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd
tpsf;FfpwJ. rl;lj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l
30 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j ,we;j thjp my;yJ
gpujpthjpapd; gpujpepjpiaj; jPHkhzpf;f
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk; %yk;
njhpag;gLj;jhtpby; me;j tof;F me;j ,we;j
thjpiag; nghUj;jtiu js;SgbahFk;
35 my;yJ ,we;j gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhf
KbthFk;. rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22-d;gb
js;Sgbahdhy; mNj tof;F
%yj;ijf;nfhz;L Gjpjhf tof;Fj; njhlu
KbahJ. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 tpjp-9). jdJ
40 jug;Gf;fhf thjhLk; thJiuQH me;jj;
jug;gpdH ,we;J tpl;lhH vd;gij mwpe;jhy;
mJgw;wp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; ePjpkd;wk; mJgw;wp gpujpthjpapd;
jug;Gf;Fj; njhptpf;Fk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22
45 tpjp-10m).
 xU jug;igr; rhHe;jthpd; jpUkzk;: ngz;
thjpapd; jpUkzNkh my;yJ gpujpthjpapd;
jpUkzNkh tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;Ak;
50 fhuzq;fsy;y. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22 tpjp-7)
 xU jug;G nehbj;Jg; Nghjy;: thjp nehbj;Jg;
Nghtjhy; me;j tof;F js;SgbahfhJ.
 ,Ue;jhy; mij ePjpkd;wk; NghJkhdJ vd
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-18 tpjp-2).
 mtuJ xJf;fPL ngw;wtNuh>
nrhj;jhl;rpaNuh me;j tof;if mtUf;Ff;
fldspj;jtHfSf;fhf njhlHe;J elj;jyhk;.
Mdhy;> me;j xJf;fPL ngw;wtNuh my;yJ 5
nrhj;jhl;rpaNuh me;j tof;ifj; njhlHe;J
elj;j tpUk;ghtpby; my;yJ ePjpkd;wk;
tpjpj;j nryTj; njhiff;fhd gpiziar;
nrYj;jhtpby; me;j tof;fpid thjpapd;
nehbj;j jd;ikiaf; fhuzk; fhl;b 10
js;Sgb nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-22
tpjp-8). gpujpthjpapd; nehbj;j jd;ik me;j
tof;fpy; mtUf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffis
ePjpkd;wk; epWj;jp itf;fr; nra;Ak;.
15
tof;fpd; KbT
toikahf xU tof;F fPof;fhZk; VjhtJ
xU Kiwapy; KbtilAk;:
 tof;ifj; jpUk;gg; ngWjy; (rl;lj;jpd; 20
cj;juT-23 tpjp-1): tof;F njhlq;fpa
gpd;dH ve;j xU fl;lj;jpYk; jdJ
tof;iff; iftplyhk; my;yJ mtuJ
gpujpthjpfspy; xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ
vy;yhUf;Fk; vjpuhd Nfhhpf;ifapd; xU 25
gFjpia ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpNahNlh
mDkjpapd;wpNah iftplyhk;. mt;thW
iftpl;lhy; mij me;j thjp kPz;Lk; xU
Gjpa tof;fpy; mNj chpg;nghUisf; fhl;b
tof;Fj; njhlu KbahJ. VjhtnjhU 30
Kiwg;gbahd fhuzj;jpw;fhf (cjhuzkhf
jug;Gfspd; kp];-[ha;d;lH> ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
nrYj;jNtz;ba fl;lzj;ijf; fl;lj;
jtWjy;> tof;F%yj;ij ntspg;gLj;j
kWj;jy;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gug;gsT rhHe;j 35
mjpfhu tuk;gpd;ik) me;j tof;F
Njhy;tpailAk; vd ePjpkd;wk; cWjpahff;
fUjpdhy; my;yJ thjp NtnwhU Gjpa
tof;Fj; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; me;j tof;fpd;
chpg;nghUs; rhHe;j NghJkhd fhuzq;fs; 40
,Ue;jhy; ePjpkd;wk; thjp me;j tof;ifj;
jpUk;gg; ngwNth my;yJ mtuJ
Nfhhpf;ifapd; xU gFjpiaj; jpUk;gg;
ngwNth tha;g;gspj;J Gjpa tof;fpidj;
jhf;fy; nra;a tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. 45
 tof;fpd; rkurj; jPHT (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
23 tpjp-3): tof;fpd; ,Ujug;gpdUk;
rkurkhf tof;fpd; KOtjpYNkh my;yJ
gFjpapNyh xj;Jg;Ngha; rl;lj;jhy; 50
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba vOj;Jg;G+Htkhd
xg;ge;jk; my;yJ rkurk; Nghd;wit
,d;Dk; tof;fpy; gzpfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
 Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; my;yJ gpujpthjp thjpia
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; rhHe;j Nfhhpf;if
5 KOtJkhfNth my;yJ gFjpg; ghpfhuk;
%yNkh kdepiwtilar; nra;jhy; ePjpkd;wk;
me;j xg;ge;jj;ijNah> rkurj;ijNah
my;yJ kdjpUg;jpiaNah gjpT nra;J
mjd;gb jPHtpid mwptpf;fyhk;. (gpd;dH
10 tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
 jPHg;G: jPHg;G vd;gJ ePjpgjp jPHtpd;
mbg;gilapNyh my;yJ cj;jutpd;
mbg;gilapNyh toq;Fk; xU thf;fpakhFk;.
tprhuid KOikahf Kbe;jgpd; ePjpkd;wk;
15 jpwe;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xNu Neuj;jpNyh my;yJ
vjpHfhyj;jpy; NtW xU ehspNyh tof;fpd;
,U jug;Gf;Fk; kw;Wk; mtHfspd;
thJiuQHfSf;Fk; chpa mwptpg;G
mspj;jgpd; jPHg;gpid toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
20 (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-33 kw;Wk; cj;juT-20 tpjp-1).
toikahf> xU jPHg;G me;j tof;fpd;
FWfpa thf;fpaj;ijAk;>
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
fUj;Jf;fs;> mjdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfs;>
25 kw;Wk; me;j KbTfs; vLj;jjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uf;Fk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-4).
ePjpkd;wk; me;j tof;F rhHe;j
fl;likf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpur;ridfs;
30 midj;jpw;Fk; jPHg;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
 jPHg;ghiz: xU Kiwg;gbahd ePjpkd;wj;
jPHg;G mt;tof;fpd; jug;gpdUf;fhd me;j
tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; gpur;ridfs;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; my;yJ xUgFjp rhHe;j
35 chpikfis Kbthf cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
tof;F tprhuid Kbe;jJk; tof;fpd;NghNj
,e;jj; jPHg;ghiz toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU jPHg;ghizANk Nky;KiwaPL
nra;af; $baNj (mjw;F khwhf
40 ntspg;gilahff; Fwpg;gplhjtiu). jPHg;G
Kbe;J 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; jPHg;ghiz
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mJ jPHg;NghL
xj;Jg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;. jPH;g;ghiz
jug;gltpy;iy vdpy; jPHg;ghizapd; efypd;wp
45 Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-20 tpjp-6m)
 jPHg;ghiz tiffs;: jPHg;ghiz
Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhfNth my;yJ
50 ,WjpahdjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
Kd;Ndhl;lkhd jPHg;ghiz vd;gJ xU
tof;F Kw;wpYk; Kbe;J tplhky;
gl;rj;jpy; mjw;F <lhd njhifiaAk;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-
10).
5  jPHg;gpidNah> jPHg;ghiziaNah
cj;juitNah jpUj;Jjy;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-152
ntspaplg; gLtjhFk;. me;j tof;F
Kw;wpYk; KbAk;NghJ ntspaplg;gLk;
jPHg;ghiz ,Wjpahd jPHg;ghizahFk;. xU 5
jPHg;ghizapd; xU gFjp
Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhfTk; kw;wgFjp
,WjpahdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf>
xU ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk; jUk; mirahr;
nrhj;J rhHe;j tof;ffhf ,Ue;jhy; 10
mjhtJ xU nrhj;ij xUthplkpUe;J
mgfhpj;j nrhj;jpypUe;J rhpahfg;
gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhy; tUk; tUkhdj;ij
mtH ngw;wpUe;jhYk; ngwhtpl;lhYk;
ePjpkd;wk; me;j nrhj;ij jpUg;gp 15
mspf;Fk;gb jPH;g;ghizaplyhk; NkYk;
,ilf;fhy tUkhdk;gw;wp tprhhpf;Fk;gb
cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;jj; jPHg;ghizapy; Kjy;
gFjp ,Wjpahd jPHg;ghizahFk;. Mdhy;>
,uz;lhtJ gFjp Kd;Ndhl;lkhdjhFk;. 20
Vnddpy; ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk; ,d;Dk;
tprhuidapy; cs;sJ. mJ rhHe;j ,Wjpj;
jPHg;ghiz me;j ,ilf;fhy tUkhdk;
rhHe;j tprhuiz Kbe;J mj;njhif
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;dNu mspf;f KbAk;. 25
jPHg;ghizapd; cs;slf;fq;fs;: xU
jPHg;ghizahdJ> kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;>
tof;fpd; vz;> thjp gpujpthjpfspd;
ngaHfs; kw;Wk; tphpthf;fq;fs;> mtHfspd; 30
,Ug;gpl Kfthpfs;> tof;fpd;
Nfhhpf;iffspd; tptuq;fs;> toq;fg;gl;l
epthuzk; my;yJ tof;fpd; NtW
jPHkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; me;j tof;fpw;fhd
nryTj; njhif> me;jj; njhifia 35
ve;jj;jug;G ve;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J ve;j
msT nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gtw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-6). tof;fpd;
chpg;nghUs; mirahr; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; 40
me;jr; nrhj;ij ,dk; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;jpy;
tpsf;fkhf tpthpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jr;
nrhj;jpid mjd; vy;iyfs; kw;Wk;
mWjpnra;ag;gl;l gjpNtl;L vz; my;yJ
rHNt vz; nfhz;L milahsk; 45
fhzKbAkhdhy; mjd; vy;iyfs;>
vz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-20 tpjp-9). tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs;
mirAk; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; kw;Wk;
jPHg;ghiz me;j mirahr; nrhj;ij 50
xg;gilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhy;> me;j mirAk;
nrhj;jpid jpUg;gp mspf;f Kbahj
iyl; tl;b)
 kw;Wk; (,) jPHg;ghiz ntspahd
ehspypUe;J cz;ikapy; nrYj;jg;gLk;
ehs;tiu cs;s tl;b. 5
 jPHg;gpNyh> jPHg;ghizapNyh my;yJ
cj;jutpNyh Vw;gl;l vOj;jH tifahd
my;yJ vz;tifapyhd jtWfs; my;yJ
10 jtWjyhf vw;gl;l jtWfNsh
tplg;gl;litfisNah ve;j xU fl;lj;jpYk;
ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNth my;yJ vjhtJ xU
jug;gpd; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; NghpNyh
rhpnra;ayhk;.
15  ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa jPHT fhZjy;:
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-89-d;gb me;j tof;fpd;
,Ujug;ghuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
jPHTf;fhd tha;g;G ,Ug;gjhf
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njhpe;jhy; mj;jifa
20 jPHTf;fhd nrhw;nwhlHfis tbtikj;J
,Ujug;ghhplKk; nfhLj;J mtHfspd;
fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;fyhk; vd;fpwJ. mt;thW
Nfl;lwpe;j fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; me;j
jPHTf;fhd nrhw;nwhlHfis khw;wp mikj;J
25 mij nghJtH jPHg;Gf;Nfh>
,izf;fg;gLtjw;Nfh> ,Ujug;gpd;
xj;jpirTf;Nfh> Nyhf; mjyj; cl;gl;l
ePjpKiwj; jPHTf;Nfh mDg;gyhk;.
 ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s ,aw;ifahd
30 mjpfhuq;fs;: rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-151 ePjpia
epiyehl;lNth my;yJ ePjpkd;w Kiwfisj;
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jLf;fNth
Njitahd cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpf;f
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;FfpwJ. rl;lk;
35
me;j mjpfhuj;jpw;F ve;j tifapYk; tuk;G
itf;fhJ.
 jPHg;G kw;Wk; jPHg;ghizfspd;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l efy;fs;: thjp kw;Wk;
40 gpujpthjp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpz;zg;gk; nra;J
jq;fs; nrhe;j nrytpy; ,tw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk; (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20 tpjp-20).
 tl;b: jPHg;ghiz gzk; nrYj;Jjy;
rhHe;jjhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j %yjdj;
45 njhifapd; kPjhd ePjpkd;wk; epHdapf;Fk;
tpOf;fhl;L tl;biar; nrYj;JkhWk;
Mizaplyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-34). me;j
tl;b fPo;f;fhZk; vjhtnjhU my;yJ %d;W
tifapYNk tuyhk;: (m) tof;Fj; njhlUk;
50 Kd;Ng nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;b> (M)
tof;Fj; njhlHe;jjpypUe;J jPHg;ghiz
mspj;j ehs; tiu cs;s tl;b (ngd;ld;l;
mJgw;wpa jpUg;jp Nghd;wtw;iw me;j
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; ePjpkd;wNk KbT
nra;Ak;. ,jw;fhf jdpnahU tof;Fj; njhlu
5 KbahJ. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-47).
xU jPH;ghizapidr; nray;gLj;j (fl;lhaj;
jil toq;Fk; jPHg;ghiz jtpu) fhytuk;G
jPHg;ghiz ntspahd ehspypUe;J 12
 nrYTj; njhiffs;: rl;l eltbf;iff;fhd
nrYTj;njhifiaj; jPHkhdpf;f
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpUg;Gilmjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
NkYk;> me;jj; njhif ahuhy; vt;thW 10
ve;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J ve;j msT nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;fTk; mjw;fhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis mspf;fTk; KO
mjpfhuk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-35 nghJr; nrytpdk; 15
gw;wpAk; gphpT-35m jtwhd tof;F my;yJ
mlhtb tof;Ff;fhd <l;Lj; njhif
gw;wpAk; gphpT-35M jhkjg;gLj;JjYf;fhd
fl;ldj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. NkYk;>
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-20m gpw ,jur; 20
nryTfs; - jug;Gfs; gpw jug;Gf;F
mspf;Fk; mwptpg;G mDg;g> miog;ghid
mDg;g> jl;lr;R nra;a> tof;fpd;
Njitf;fhf ePjpkd;w Mtzq;fis Ma;T
nra;a> kw;Wk; jPHg;G kw;Wk; 25
jPHg;ghizfspd; efy;fisg; ngnw MFk;
nryTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
epiwNtw;Wjy;:
30
epiwNtw;Wjy; vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
mspf;fg;gl;l jPHg;ghizia eilKiwg;
gLj;JtjhFk;. jPHg;G ahUf;Fr; rhHghf
cs;sNjh mtH ‘jPHg;ghiz cs;stH’ my;yJ
35
‘jPHg;G-fld; nfhLj;jtH’ vdTk; ahUf;F
vjpuhfj; jPHg;G cs;sNjh mtH ‘jPHg;G-
fld;ngw;wtH’ vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwhH.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; -36-74 kw;Wk; cj;juT-21
jPHg;ig epiwNtw;Wjy; rhHghd tptuq;fisf; 40
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. me;jj; jPHg;gpid ntspapl;l
ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh my;yJ ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
nray;gLj;j cj;jutplg; gl;Ls;sNjh me;j
ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh nray;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-38. epiwNtw;Wk; 45
ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dhy; nry;yyhfhJ
mjhtJ> jPHg;ghizapd; nrhw;nwhlHfis
khw;wp mikf;f mjpfhuk; ,y;iy khwhf
jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthNw epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk;. mt;tof;fpd; ,U jug;ghUf;FNkh 50
my;yJ mtHfspd; gpujpepjpfSf;Nfh ,ilNa
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk;NghNjh> tpLjiy
nra;Ak;NghNjh Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk;
cj;juT-21 tpjp-15)
 jPHg;G-fldhsp ,we;J tpl;bUe;jhy; mtuJ
rl;lg;G+Htkhd gpujpepjp - ,tH jPHg;G-
fldhspapd; nrhj;J rhHghf kl;LNk 5
ghj;jpag;gLthH jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; my;y
(rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-50> 52> 53)
 jd;idNa jPHg;G-fldhspapd; gpujpepjp vd;W
$wpf;nfhs;gtH (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146) NkYk;>
10 Mz;LfshFk;. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; A.136)
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-11-y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
epge;jidfspd;gb epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
tpz;zg;gk; tha;nkhopahfNth my;yJ
15 vOj;JtopahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
fPo;f;fhZk; egHfs; epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
tpz;zg;gj;ij toq;fyhk;:
 jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtH (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-
20 21 tpjp-10)
 jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtH ,we;Jtpl;lhy;
mtuJ rl;lg;G+Htkhd gpujpepjp (rl;lj;jpd;
gphpT-146)
25  jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gthpd; gpujpepjp
(rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146)
 jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gtUf;F mbapy; cs;s
ahuhtJ xUtH (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-146)
 jPHg;ghid itj;jpUg;gthpd; khw;whs; - (m)
30 jPHg;ghiz vOj;Jg;G+HtkhfNth my;yJ
rl;lg;gbNah khw;wg;gl;bUe;jhy; my;yJ (M)
me;j jPHg;ghizia ntspapl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
mij epiwNtw;w tpz;zg;gpj;jpUe;jhy;> (,)
jPHg;G-fldhspf;Fk; khw;whSf;Fk; ,ilNa
35 mJgw;wpj; njhptpf;f mwptpg;Gk; tha;g;Gk;
toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf tpz;zg;gk; mspj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-49 kw;Wk; cj;juT-
21 tpjp-16)
 xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jPHg;ghid
40 itj;jpUg;NghH. Mdhy; (m) mjw;F khwhf
jPHg;ghizapy; vJTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;ff; $lhJ>
(M) jPHg;ghiz KOtijAk; epiwNtw;w
tpz;zg;gpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; (,) vy;yh
jPH;g;ghiz itj;jpUg;NghUf;Fk; eyk;
45 jUtjw;fhf tpz;zg;gpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-10) NkYk;
 rpwg;ghd tpUg;gk; cs;s ahnuhUtUk;
fPo;f;fhz;gtHfSf;F vjpuhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
50
tpz;zg;gk; toq;fg; glyhk;:
 jPHg;G-fldhsp (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-50 kw;Wk;
nra;ahky; tpw;gjw;fh (,) ahuhtJ xUtiuf;
ifJ nra;J rpiwapyilf;fth (<)
nrhj;jhl;rpaiu epakpf;fth (c) epthuzj;jpd;
5 jd;ikf; Nfw;w cjtpNfl;lh (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-21).
FWf;F jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wjy;:
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18 kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;
10 ,U ntt;NtW tof;Ffspd; FWf;Fj;
jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,U
njhiffisAk; mNj ,U jug;gpdUk; xUtH
 jPHg;G-fldhspapd; gpizak; (rl;lj;jpd; 10
gphpT-150)
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;w mspf;fg;gLk;
xt;nthU vOj;Jg; G+Htkhd tpz;zg;gKk;
ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L tpz;zg;gjhuuhNyh my;yJ 15
me;j tof;fpy; cs;sit gw;wp ed;F
mwpe;jtnud ePjpkd;wk; fUJk; NtnwhUtuhNyh
rhpghHf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mjpy;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-11-y;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW xU fl;lj;jpy; fPo;f;fhZk; 20
tptuq;fs; Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tof;fpd; vz;
 tof;fpd; jug;gpdH
 jPHg;ghiz ehs; 25
 VjhtJ Nky;KiwaPl;bid NjHT
nra;Js;shuh
 VjhtJ (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) jPHg;ghizf;Fg;
gpd;dH ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; ,ilNa vd;d
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ mtHfSf;Fs; 30
vd;d rkurk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 VjhtJ (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;) vd;d
epiwNtw;WjYf;fhd tpz;zg;gk; vg;NghJ
mspf;fg;gl;lJ mjw;fhd tpisT
35
 jPHg;ghizapy; cs;sthW VjhtJ gzk;
nryj;j Ntz;bapUe;jhy; %yjdj;njhif
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd tl;b (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;)
my;yJ NtW VjhtJ epthuzk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy; kw;Wk; mjNdhL
40
mjw;F Kd;dNuh my;yJ mjw;Fg;
gpd;dNuh ntspahd FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizfs;
gw;wpa tptuq;fs;
 nryTj; njhif VjhtJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy;
45
 ahUf;F vjpuhf jPHg;ghiz epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;LNkh mtuJ ngaH
 ve;jtifapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cjtp Njit
(m) jPHg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
nrhj;jpidj; jUtjw;fh (M) VjhtJ 50
nrhj;jpidg; gwpKjy; nra;tjw;fh my;yJ
gwpKjy; nra;J tpw;fth my;yJ gwpKjy;
MfpNahNuhL $l;lhf itj;Js;s
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;w tpz;zg;gpf;fpwhH.
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18d;gb egH-6 me;j
jPHg;ghizia xU FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizahff; 5
fUjyhk;.
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp 26
kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;> me;j jPHg;ghizia
epiwNtw;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; NghJkhd fhuzq;fs; 10
,Ue;jhy; jPHg;G-fldhsp gpiz nrYj;Jk;
gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfis
 kw;wtUf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jhy; mJTk;
xNu Neuj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jhy;
15 mjw;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; te;jpUe;jhy; (m) me;j
,U njhiffSk; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,U
jPHg;ghizfspd; jpUg;jpia milayhk;. (M)
,U njhiffSk; rkkw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j
,U njhiffspy; Fiwthd njhifia fopj;J
20 tpl;L mjpfkhd njhifAila jPHg;G-
itj;jpUg;gtuhNyNa epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf NrHj;Jk; gytifapYk;
jPHg;G-itj;jpUg;gtH mtUf;F vjpuhff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; jPHg;ghizfis jdpahf
25 xUtUf;F rhHghfNth my;yJ gyUf;F
rhHghfNth nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
jPHg;ghizfisAk; xU FWf;Fj;
jPHg;ghizahff; fUjp epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
30 tpsf;fk;: egH-1 egH-2f;F vjpuhf &.1000/- f;fhd
jPHg;ghizia itj;jpUf;fpwhH. egH-2 egH-1-f;F
vjpuhf &. 1000/- f;fhd jPHg;ghizia
itj;jpUf;fpwhH. xUNtis egH-1 vjpH fhyj;jpy;
egH-2-f;F xUrpy nghUl;fis toq;ftpy;iy.
35 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-18-d;gb egH-2 mtH
itj;Js;s jPHg;ghizia FWf;Fj;
jPHg;ghizahff; fUj KbahJ.
tpsf;fk;: egH-1k; egH-2k; $l;L thjpfshtH.
40 mtHfs; egH-3f;F vjpuhf &.1000-f;fhd
jPHg;ghiziag; ngw;Ws;sdH. egH-3 egH-2f;F
vjpuhf &.1000/- f;fhd jPHg;ghizia
itj;jpUf;fpwhH. egH-3 me;j jPHg;ghizia xU
FWf;Fj; jPHg;ghizahf rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21
45
tpjp-18d;gb fUj KbahJ.
tpsf;fk;: egH-1>2>3>4>5 MfpNahH $l;lhfTk;
gyuhfTk; egH-6 itj;Js;s jPHg;ghizapd;
50 %yk; &.1000/- flikg;gl;Ls;sdH. egH-1 egH-
6f;F vjpuhf jdpahf &.1000/- f;fhd
jPHg;ghizia itj;jpUf;fpwhH. mtH egH-2>3>4>5
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l cj;jutpdhNyh
my;yJ jPHg;ghizapdhNyh xUtH
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtH mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
5 ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;a ,lkspj;jhy;
me;j cj;juTf;Nfh> jPHg;ghizf;Nfh vjpuhf
Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. my;yJ kW Ma;T
nra;aNth kW tprhuid nra;aNth Nfhhp
tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. xUrpy Neuq;fspy; fPo;
10 ePjpkd;wk; caH ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j tof;if
ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
mry; jPH;g;ghizapypUe;J Nky; KiwaPL
nra;jy;:
15
Nky; KiwaPL vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; fPo;
Vw;Wr; nray;gLj;jpdhy; me;jj; jPHg;ghizia
epiwNtw;Wtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
fhyj;jpw;F jilnra;J itf;fyhk;. ,J jPHg;G- 15
fldhsp jPHg;gizia ntspapl;l
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ Nky; ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh
KiwaPL nra;J epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj;
jilahiz ngw tha;g;gspf;Fk;.
20
fhHdp\P eltbf;iffs;:
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-21 tpjp-46A - 46I cs;s
\uj;Jfs; fhHdp\P eltbf;if vLf;Fk;
tpjk;gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mjhtJ> jPHg;ghiz 25
itj;jpUg;gtH jPHg;G-fldhspaplkpUe;J ngw
Ntz;ba njhifiaNah nrhj;ijNah jPHg;G-
fldhspapd; fldhspaplkpUe;J (fhHdp\P)
Neubahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhd
eltbf;ifahFk;. jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; 30
ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;Gf; fldhspapd; fldhspahd
%d;whtJ egiu jPHg;G-itj;jpUg;gtUf;Fr;
nrYj;JkhW cj;jutplyhk;.
ntspehl;Lj; jPHg;Gfs;: 35
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-13-toq;fpAs;s tpjptpyf;Ffspy;
tuhj ve;j xU ntspehl;Lj; jPHg;Gk;
,e;jpahtpy; fPo;f;fhZk; tpjq;fspy;
epiwNtw;wyhk;: (m) me;j ntspehl;Lj; 40
jPHg;gpd;kPJ xU tof;Fj; njhLg;gjd; %yk;
my;yJ (M) xUrpy Fwpg;gpl;l tof;Ffspy; -
mjhtJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-44m tpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tof;Ffspy; Neubahf
epiwNtw;Wk; eltbf;iffis vLg;gjd; %yk; 45
epiwNtw;wyhk;. ntspehl;L nghJtuhy;
toq;fg;gl;l jPHg;G mij cUthf;fpa ehl;by;
epiwNtw;wf; $Lkhdhy; mij ,e;jpahtpYk;
epiwNtw;wyhk;.
50
Nky;KiwaPLfs;> ghpe;Jiuj;jy; kW Ma;T
nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nkyha;T nra;jy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gij xt;nthd;whf
vz;fspl;L tpthjkpd;wpAk; tpthpj;Jk; vOjhky;
ntt;NtW jiyg;Gf;fbapy; kpfr; RWf;fkhf
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzk; fl;Lk;gb NfhUk; 5
jPHg;ghizia vjpHj;J Nky; KiwaPL
nra;ag;gLfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
njhifia me;j Nky; ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpLk;
ehl;fSf;Fs; itg;Gj; njhifahfr; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ePjpkd;wk; NfhUk; 10
gpizaj;njhifiaf; fl;l Ntz;Lk;.
fhytiuaiu:
xU jPHg;ghizapid vjpHj;J caHePjp 15
kd;wj;jpy; jPHg;ghiz ehspypUe;J njhd;D}W
 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kbit mjw;F Nky; cs;s
ePjpkd;wk; rl;lg;G+Htkhf Ma;T nra;tjhFk;.
mJ tof;fpd; xU njhlHr;rpNa. Kjy; Nky;
20 KiwaPL vd;gJ xU ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mjd; mry;
mjpfhu tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;L; toq;fg;gl;l
jPHg;ghizia vjpHj;J KiwapLtjhFk;. Mdhy;>
,uz;lhtJ Nky; KiwaPNlh Nky; KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ghizia vjpHj;J
25 njhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; Nky; KiwaPL xU
Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhLf;fg;gLk;. mJ
caHePjpkd;wkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Mdhy;> ,uz;lhtJ Nky; KiwaPNlh caHePjp
kd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk njhLf;f KbAk;. Kjy; Nky;
30 KiwaPL rl;lk; rhHe;j Nfs;tpiaNah my;yJ
ele;j cz;ik rhHe;j Nfs;tpiaNah my;yJ
,uz;ilAk; fye;Njh Kd;itj;J njhLf;fg;
gLfpwJ. fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ujug;ghuhYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l jPHg;ig vjpHj;J tof;Fj; njhLf;f
35 ,ayhJ. (rl;lj;jpd; gpupT-96). ,uz;lhtJ Nky;
KiwaPNlh rl;lk; rhHe;j nghpa mstpyhd
Nfs;tp vOk;NghNjh my;yJ mry; tof;fpd;
chpg;nghUs; gzk; kPl;gJ rhHe;jjhfTk;
mj;njhif &.25>000/-f;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;f
40 Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-102).
Nky; KiwaPl;Lg; gbtk;:
xt;nthU Nky; KiwaPLk; Nky; KiwaPL
45 nra;gtuhNyh my;yJ mtuJ thJiuQuhNyh
Nky; KiwaPl;L kD vOjg;gl;L
ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ
mjdhy; ,jw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhhpaplNkh
rkHg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; Nky; KiwaPl;L
50 kDNthL Ke;ija jPHg;gpd; efiyAk; ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk;. me;j Nky; KiwaPl;L kDtpy; me;j
jPHg;ghizia vij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
cj;jutpNyh Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s chpa gpizak;
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;njhifNa ,Wjpahf
mthplkpUe;J NfhUk; njhifahFk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
5 cj;juT-41 tpjp-5)
Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; $Ljy; jlaq;fisr;
rkHg;gpj;jy;
toikahf> Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPl;L
10 tprhuidapd;NghJ $Ljy; jlaq;fis -
tha;nkhopj; jlaNkh vOj;Jg; G+Htkhd jlaNkh
- rkHg;gpf;f mDkjp ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> (m)
ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J me;j jPHg;ghiz
ntspahdNjh me;j ePjp kd;wk; me;jr;
15 rhl;rpfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. Mdhy;>
mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;why; (M) $Ljy; jlaj;ijj; ju tpUk;Gk;
jug;G jd;dhy; Kbe;jtiu chpa Kaw;rp
vLj;Jk; jdJ mwpTf;F me;jj; jlaj;ijg; gw;wp
20 jPHg;ghiz ntspahFk; Kd; njhpatpy;iy vd
(90) ehl;fSf;Fs; Nky; KiwaPL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. kw;w ePjp kd;wq;fspy; jPH;g;ghiz
ehspypUe;J Kg;gJ (30)Nky; KiwaPL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. (fhytiuaiur;rl;lk;> gphpT-116). 20
jhkjj;ij kd;dpf;ff; NfhUk; tpz;zg;gk;:
fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; epHzapj;j fhyf;
nfLTf;Fs; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ahky; 25
mjd;gpwF Nky;KiwaPl;L kDit mspj;jhy;>
me;j kDNthL xU gpukhzg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
jhkjj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd cz;ikfisj;
njspthf vOjp me;j cz;ikfisr;
rkHg;gpg;jw;fhfNt jhkjkhdJ vd;gij 30
ePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW rkHg;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-41 tpjp-3m)
eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jil:
35
Nky; ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplhjtiu Nky;
KiwaPL nra;Js;sjhy; jPHg;ghiz my;yJ
cj;jutpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; rl;l
eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jil ,y;iy.
Nky;KiwaPL nra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ vd;w xNu 40
fhuzj;jpw;fhf jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;wj;
jil ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j Nky;
ePjpkd;wk; NghJkhd fhuzj;ij me;j Nky;
KiwaPL nra;jtH rkHg;gpj;jhy; me;jj;
jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;wj; jiltpjpj;J 45
cj;jutplyhk;. fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzq;fs;
NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; (m) mg;gb xU jil
Miz gpwg;gpf;fhtpl;lhy; Nky; KiwaPL
nra;Ak; jug;Gf;F ngUj;j el;lk; Vw;gLk; (M)
Njitaw;w fhy tpiuakpd;wp me;j jilf;fhd 50
tpz;zg;gk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. (,) Nky; KiwaPL
nra;jtuhy; me;j jPHg;ghizapNyh
my;yJ xU jug;Gf;F rhHghfNth ,Ue;jhYk;
me;j jug;G Nky; KiwaPl;L kD
mspf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk; ,j;jifa mjpfhuk;
me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ. (rl;lj;jpd; 5
cj;juT-61 tpjp-33).
cj;juTfspypUe;J Nky; KiwaPL:
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-104 kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;> 10
fPo;f;fhZk; cj;juTfSf;F vjpuhf
Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk; vd;fpwJ:
 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-35m –d;gb ntspaplg;gl;l
cj;juTfs; (ngha;ahd> fLg;gbf;Fk;
Nfhhpf;iffs; my;yJ kWg;Gf;fhd 15
,og;gPl;L nryTj;njhif rhHe;j
cj;juTfs;)
 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-91 –d;gb ntspaplg;gl;l
cj;juTfs; (nghJ mikjpf;F gq;fk;
20
 ep&gpj;jhy; (,) Nky; ePjpkd;wk; rhpahd
KbntLf;fj; $Ljy; jlaq;fisj; jUk;gb –
MtzNkh my;yJ rhl;rpfisf;
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhy; my;yJ NtW VjhtJ ngUj;j
25 fhuzj;jpw;fhf me;j Nky; ePjpkd;wk; mj;jifa
$Ljy; jlaq;fis – MtzNkh rhl;rpfNsh –
Nfl;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-41 tpjp-27)
FWf;F kWg;Giufisg; gjpT nra;jy;:
30
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-60 tpjp-22>
kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; xU jPHg;ghizf;F vjpuhf
xUtH mjw;F vjpuhf vjpH jug;G Nky; KiwaPL
nra;jpUg;gjhy; mjw;F vjpuhf FWf;F
35 kWg;Giufisj; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. ,ejf;
FWf;F kWg;Giufis xU Nky; KiwaPl;L
kDthf vjpHjug;G kD nra;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
M[uhFk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Ls;s miog;ghid
ngw;w ehspypUe;J 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; jhf;fy;
40 nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-61 tpjp-
22).
Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;:
45 Nky; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;ba
ve;j xU jPHg;ghiziaNah my;yJ
cj;juitNah gpwg;gpf;fyhk; my;yJ me;j
tof;fpw;F Vw;w mJNghd;w my;yJ gpw
jPHg;ghizfisNah cj;juTfisNah
50 gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. me;j Nky; KiwaPL
jPHg;ghizapd; xU gFjp rhHe;jjhfNt
,Ue;jhYk; kw;Wk; tof;fpd; vy;yhj; jug;Gf;FNk
(rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -7 tpjp-10m –d;gb
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs; jtpu)
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -9 tpjp-9 –d;gb
5 ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs; - xU tof;ifj;
js;Sgb nra;Ak; cj;juit xJf;FkhW
NfhUk; kDit epuhfhpj;jy; (Nky;
KiwaPl;Lf;F tha;g;Gs;s tof;fpy;)
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -9 tpjp-21–d;gb
10
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;.
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -21 tpjp-34-d;gb xU
MtzNkh my;yJ Mizapd; tiuit
kWj;J ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;.
15  rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -21 tpjp-72 my;yJ 92 –
d;gb xU tpw;gidiaj; xJf;fp itj;Njh
my;yJ xJf;fptpl kWj;Njh ntspaplg;gl;l
cj;juTfs;.
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -21 tpjp-106m –d;gb xU
20 kDit Vw;f kWj;J ntspaplg;gl;l
cj;juTfs;. Mdhy;> rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -21
tpjp-105(1)-d;gb Vw;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jhy;
tpistpj;jy; kw;Wk; gpw nghJkf;fisg;
ghjpg;gitfSf;F vjpuhd cj;juTfs;)
my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-92 –d;gb
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs; (nghJ
mwf;fl;lisfSf;F vjpuhd tof;Ffs; 25
rhHe;j cj;juTfs;) rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-91>92 –
d;gb tof;Fj; njhlu Kd; mDkjp
kWj;jy;
 rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-95m –d;gb ntspaplg;gl;l
30
cj;juTfs; (NghJkhd fhuzq;fspd;wp
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljw;Fk;> gwpKjy;
nra;jjw;Fk;> jil cj;juTfs;
gpwg;gpj;jjw;fhfTk; Vw;gl;l ,og;gPL rhHe;j
cj;juTfs;)
35
 xU jPHg;ghizia epiwNtw;Wk; tpjkhf
ahuhtJ xUtiu jz;lidj; njhif
fl;lNth> ifJ nra;AkhNwh> Fbik
rpiwapy; gpizapy; itf;fNth rl;lj;jpd;
VjhtnjhU toptifia mbg;gilahf
40
itj;Jg; gpwg;gpj;j cj;juTfs;.
 rl;ltpjpfspd; gb gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l cj;jutpy;
me;j tpjpNa ntspg;gilahf
Nky;KiwaPl;il mDkjpj;jhy;
45
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -63 tpjp-1-d;gb
Nky;KiwaPL fPo;f;fhZk; cj;juTfspypUe;J
tUfpwJ vd;fpwJ:
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -7 tpjp-10–d;gb
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs; mjhtJ 50
jd;dplk; rkHg;gpf;fg; gl;l KiwaPl;bid
NtW xU rhpahd ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;AkhW jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; cj;juT
KiwaPL nra;a chpik ,Ue;jhy; tof;if
epWj;jp itf;fg;gl ntspaplg;gll
cj;juTfs;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -47 tpjp-4–d;gb 5
kWghprPyid nra;af;Nfhhpa kDit Vw;W
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-41y; cs;s tpjpfs;
cj;juTfspypUe;J Nky; KiwaPL nra;Ak; 10
topKiwfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. (rl;lj;jpd;
cj;juT-43 tpjp-2).
Kj;jpiug; gj;jpuk; Nky; KiwaPLfs;:
15
caHePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fs;NsNa Nky; KiwaPL
nra;a rl;lk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. caHePjp
kd;wj;jpd; xU ePjpgjp mkHT ntspapl;l
cj;juit vjpHj;J me;j gl;la caHePjp kd;w
Kj;jpiug; gj;jpuj;jpd; toptifiag; nghUj;Nj 20
Nky;KiwaPl;bid ,UePjpgjp mkHTf;F mDg;g
KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l Nky; KiwaPL ve;j
cj;juTf;F vjpuhf nra;ag;gLfpwNjh me;j
  rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -22 tpjp-9–d;gb xU
25 tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;a kWj;J
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT tpjp-10–d;gb Kd; mDkjp
toq;fpNah my;yJ mDkjp toq;f kWj;Njh
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
30
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -25 tpjp-2–d;gb xU
tof;ifj; js;Sgb nra;jij xJf;fp
itf;FkhW Nfhhpa kDit js;Sgb nra;j
cj;juTfs; (Nky; KiwaPl;Lf;F tha;g;gspf;fg;
35 gl;bUe;jhy;)
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -33 tpjp-5> 7–d;gb
tWikapy; ,Ug;gtH tof;Fj;njhlu mDjp
Nfl;Fk; kDit kWj;J ntspaplg;gl;l
cj;juTfs;
40  ,d;lHgpsPlH tof;Ffspy; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-35
tpjp-3>4>6–d;gb ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -48 tpjp-2>3>6–d;gb
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
45  rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -39 tpjp-1> 2> 2m> 4> 10–
d;gb ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -40 tpjp-1> 4–d;gb
ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
 rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -41 tpjp-19–d;gb kPz;Lk;
50 tprhuizf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;s my;yJ
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-41 tpjp-21-d;gb kW
tprhuizf;fhf ntspaplg;gl;l cj;juTfs;
rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT -41 tpjp-23> 23m–d;gb
Nky; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;ghizapypUe;J Nky;;
Mdhy; caH ePjpkd;wjj;jpw;Fg; ghpe;Jiuf;F
Kd; rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-46 tpjp-1y; cs;s
epge;jidfs; filgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij
5 cWjpg; gLj;jpf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kW Ma;T
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-114 kWMa;T nra;af; NfhUk;
10 NghJkhd chpikia tof;fhLgtUf;F
mspf;fpwJ. NkYk; cj;juT-47 mjw;fhd
topKiwfis mspf;fpwJ. kW Ma;T vd;gJ
mNj ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mNj ePjpgjpahy; me;j
tof;if kWgbAk; jpUg;gpg; ghHg;gjhFk;. xU
15 jPHg;ghizahNyh my;yJ cj;juthNyh
Ntjidaile;j xUtH mij kW Ma;T nra;a
kDr; nra;ayhk;. mj;jifa kW Ma;T
kDtpid fPo;f;fhZk; re;jHg;gq;fspy;
rkHg;gpf;fyhk;: (1) Nky; KiwaPL nra;a
20 ,ayhj tof;Ffs; (2) Nky; KiwaPL nra;a
tha;g;gpUe;Jk; Nky; KiwaPL nra;ahtpby;. rpW
tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; ghpe;Jiuj;jhy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l jPHg;Gfis kW Ma;T nra;a
rl;lk; mDkjpf;fpwJ. fPo;f;fhZk; vjhtnjhU
25 fhuj;jpw;fhf jPHg;Gf;F vjpuhf kWMa;T kD
cj;juT ntspahd ehspypUe;J 30
ehl;fSf;Fs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. 25
(fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; gphpT-117)
rl;lj;jpd;gb cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL
nra;jy;
30
caHePjp kd;wk; toq;fpa jPhg;igNah>
jPHg;ghiziaNah my;yJ ,Wjp
cj;juitNah vjpHj;J cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; mjw;F caHePjp
kd;wk; (m) me;j tof;F xU rl;lk; rhHe;j 35
ngUj;j Nfs;tpia vOg;gpAs;sJ my;yJ
nghJthd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;sJ vd
cWjpg;gLj;jpdhy; my;yJ (M) caHePjp
kd;wj;ijg; nghUj;jtiu mj;jifa Nfs;tp
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; KbT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; 40
vd cWjpg;gLj;jpdhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
Nky; KiwaPL nra;ag;glyhk;.
caH ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fg; ghpe;Jiuj;jy;
45
ve;j xU ePjpkd;wKk; xU tof;if tpsf;fpf;
$wp mJ rl;lk; rhHe;j Nfs;tp vOk;NghJ
caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jf;Fg; ghpe;jiuf;fyhk;.
caHePjpkd;wKk; mjw;Fr; rhpnadr; Njhd;Wk;
fUj;ij mspf;fyhk;. (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-113). 50
ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNt Kd;te;Njh my;yJ xU
jug;gpd; kDtpd;NghpNyh ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
mij Nkyha;T nra;AkhW kDr; nra;ayhk;.
my;yJ caH ePjpkd;wk; jhdhfNt Kd;te;J
jdf;Ff; fPOs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPhg;ghiziaNah cj;juitNa Nkyha;Tf;F 5
vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-115-d;gb Nkyha;Tf;fhd
kDtpid 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; caHePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 10
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-115d;gb caHePjp kd;wj;jpw;F
cs;s Nkyha;T mjpfhu tuk;G kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gphpT-227 caH
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; caHtpid ,U ntt;NtW 15
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l topKiwfspy;
rpe;jpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ,U mjpfhuq;fSf;fpilNa
cs;s NtWghL vd;dntdpy;> rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-
115d;gb mjd;fPOs;s epge;jidfs; NghJkhd
mstpy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk caHePjpkd;wk; 20
Nkyha;T mjpfhu tuk;igr; nrYj;j KbAk;.
Mdhy;> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gphpT-227-d;gb
mg;gbg;gl;l ve;j xU epge;jidfSk;
,y;yhkNyNa caHePjp kd;wk; jdJ caHthd
mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;jyhk;. 25
 rkHg;gpf;fyhk;: (m) xU Gjpa kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd
jlak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; (M) Mtzq;fis
NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghHf;Fk;NghNj jtW njhpe;jhy;
(,) NtW VjhtJ NghJkhd fhuzj;jpw;fhf. xU
30 ePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa jPHg;gpid (cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 30
jtpu) kW Ma;T nra;af;NfhUk; kD me;j
jPH;ghiz my;yJ cj;juT ntspahd
ehspypUe;J 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. (fhytiuaiur; rl;lk; gphpT-124)
35 35
Nkyha;T:

xU caHePjpkd;wk; jdf;Ff; fPo; cs;s

ePjpkd;wk; tprhhpj;J jPHg;G toq;fg;gl;l (Nky;
40 KiwaPl;Lf;F tha;g;gpy;yhj) tof;fpd; 40
Mtzq;fis jd;dplk; rkHg;gpf;FkhW Nfhuyhk;
vd;fpwJ rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-115. Mdhy;> me;j fPo;
ePjpkd;wk; jdf;F me;j tof;if tprhhpf;fr;
rl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhu tuk;G
45 ,y;yhkNyNa tprhhpj;J Kbj;js;sJ my;yJ 45
mjpfhu tuk;igr; nray;gLj;jhky; tpl;Ls;sJ
my;yJ rhpahd Kiwapy; me;j tprhuid
eilngwtpy;iy vd;why; kl;LNk ,t;thW
Nfhuyhk;. ,jw;Fg; ngaH caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
50 Nkyha;T mjpfhu tuk;G vdg;gLfpwJ. fPo; 50
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ghiz Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbahjjhf czUk; xUtH caHePjp kd;wj;jpy;
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Âõ\µøn}v©ßÓzuõÀ ¤¶Ä 304ß
RÌ usiUP¨£kQÓõº. E¯º}v©ßÓ®
A¢u wº¨ø£ ©õØÔ ¤¶Ä 302ߣi RÌ
©µn ushøÚ AÎzux. EÖ¨¦
134À EÒÍ Âkuø» ¬Êø©¯õÚ
Âkuø» GßÓ ©õ|» Aµ]ß Áõuzøu
|µõP¶zux, SØÓg\õmh¨£mhÁº
EÖ¨¦ 134(1 (a) RÌ \õßÖ
ö£ÓzuUPÁº GßÖ Ea\}v©ßÓ®
wº¨£Îzux. (uõµõ\¢u uõ¬_uõº Gvº

©Põµõèiµ ©õ|»®, AIR 1962 A, SC
130).
E¯º}v©ßÓ®,
Auß Gsnzv÷»õ AÀ»x
£õvUP¨£mh {£µõÀ AÀ»x
AÁ¸UPõP
E¸ÁõUP¨£mh Áõ´ö©õÈ
Âsn¨£zvß ÷£¶÷»õ,
\õßÖ ÁÇ[P»õ®.
C¢u \õßÖ wº¨¦, wº¨£õøn,
÷ÁÖ {hÁiUøP AÀ»x ushøÚ
ÁÇ[P¨£mh Ehß ÁÇ[P¨£k®. (E.
134&A).
£Sv V À GßÚ
TÓ¨£mi¸¢uõ¾®, Ea\}v©ßÓ®
H÷uÝ® }v©ßÓ® AÀ»x
wº¨£õ¯zuõÀ ÁÇ[P¨£mh wº¨¦øµ,
wº¨£õøn, ÷ÁÖ {hÁiUøP AÀ»x
ushønUS GvµõP
Ea\}v©ßÓzvÀ ÷©À¬øÓ±k ö\´¯
]Ó¨¦ AÝ©v ÁÇ[P»õ®. C¢u ]Ó¨¦
AÝ©v ÁÇ[S® ußÛaø\ AvPõµ®
µõqÁ \mhzuõÀ E¸ÁõUP¨£mh
}v©ßÓ® AÀ»x wº¨£õ¯zvß wº¨¦
AÀ»x ushønUS GvµõP
÷©À¬øÓ±k ö\´¯ ]Ó¨¦ AÝ©v
ÁÇ[SÁuØS ö£õ¸¢uõx. (E. 136).
37
Euõµn® : J¸ \©µ\
A¾Á»¶ß BønUS GvµõP J¸
uµ¨¤Úº EÖ¨¦ 136ß RÌ ]Ó¨¦
AÝ©v ÷Põ¶Úõº. \©µ\ AvPõ¶
EÖ¨¦ 136ß RÌ TÓ¨£mh wº¨£¯©õP
P¸u¨£h©õmhõº GßÖ TÔ A¢u
AÝ©vø¯ ©Özux. \©µ\ AvPõ¶
ö£õxÂÀ A©µ ÷uøÁ°Àø».
\õuõµn }v©ßÓ {hÁiUøP
AÁ¸US CÀø». ÷©¾® AÁº
\õm]PÎß Á¸øPø¯ Pmhõ¯¨£kzu
¬i¯õx. GÚ÷Á CÆÁõÖ TÓ¨£mhx.
(áìÁ¢z _Pº ªÀì Gvº »m_ª \¢z,
AIR 1963 SC 677).
EÖ¨¦ 136 Ea\}v©ßÓzvØS
J¸ ö£¶¯ ußÛaø\ AvPõµzøu
ÁÇ[SQÓx. Cxµ¨¤Ú¸US J¸
÷©À¬øÓ±k E¶ø©ø¯ ÁÇ[Põx.
Cx J¸ £µ¢u AvPõµ® BÚõ¾®
wº©õÛUP¨£mh ÁÇUSPøÍ
£õºUS®÷£õx }v{hÁiUøP GvµõÚ
©ØÖ® C¯ØøP }vUS GvµõÚ ]»
Âv»UPõÚ ÁÇUSPÎÀ ©mk÷©
Ea\}v©ßÓ® ]Ó¨¦ AÝ©v
ÁÇ[Q²ÒÍx. ({õº£z][ Gvº öá´§º
Áͺa] AvPõ¶ (2002) 4 SCC (666).
Ea\}v©ßÓ® EÖ¨¦ 136ßRÌ
EÒÍ ußÛaø\ AvPõµzøu
uõÚõP÷Á ö\¯À£kzu C¯¾®.

(£»õßS©õº Gvº í¶¯õÚõ ©õ|»®
(2003) 11 SCC (241).
Euõµn®: J¸ SØÓ¯À
ÁÇUQÀ EÖ¨¦ 136ßRÌ
÷©À¬øÓ±k ö\´¯ ]Ó¨¦ AÝ©v
ÁÇ[P¨£mhx.
SØÓg\õmh¨£mhÁºPÎÀ A GÝ®
{£º ÷©À ¬øÓ±k ö\´¯ÂÀø».
Ea\}v©ßÓ ÷©À¬øÓ±miÀ ©ØÓ
GÀ»õ SØÓg\õmh£mhÁ¸®
Âkuø» ö\´¯¨£mhÚº.
Ea\}v©ßÓ® A GߣÁº
÷©À¬øÓ±mhõ͵õP
CÀø»ö¯ÛÝ® uÚx AvPõµzuõÀ
AÁøµ²® Âkuø» ö\´ux.
(S¸\µs S©õº Gvº µõáìuõß Aµ_
(2003) 2 SCC698).
Cµsk }v©ßÓ[PÒ
ö£õ¸sø© \õº¢u¼ÚõÂøÚ
wº©õÛzu ¤ÓS Ea\}v©ßÓ®
ö£õ¸søø ÂÚõÂøÚ Â\õµøn
ö\´¯õx. Cµsk}v©ßÓ[PÎß
J¸ªzu wº¨¦ ¬ÊÁx® uÁÓõP
C¸¢uõÀ ©mk® AuøÚ \¶ö\´¯
Ea\}v©ßÓ® ö£õ¸sø© ÂÚõøÁ
Â\õ¶US®. (µS{õz ã. £ß÷íÀ Gvº
\õPß»õÀ _¢uºâ Aß÷Põ, (1999)
8SCC 1).
38
\õuõµn©õP, Ea\}v©ßÓ®
E¯º}v©ßÓzvß CøhEzuµÂÀ
÷©À¬øÓ±miÀ uø»±k ö\´¯õx.
Cx ]» ÁÇUSPÎÀ,
ö\´¯¨£mi¸UQÓx.
{õkPÐUQøh÷¯¯õÚ
ÁoPzvß ¬UQ¯©õÚ öPõÒøPø¯
¤ß£ØÓõ©À ÁÇ[Q¯ Â\õµøn
}v©ßÓ Bønø¯ Ea\}v©ßÓ®
\¶¯À» GßÖ TÔ¯x. (uõµõ§º
Aß÷Põ Gvº Â.K.iµõUhº HØÖ©v,
(1969) 1SCC (233).
{øh¬øÓ°À \mh® AÀ»x
EÖ¨¦ /¦¶ß RÌ EÒÍ ÂvPÐUS
Em£mk Ea\}v©ßÓ® AuÝøh¯
wº¨¦øµø¯ ©ÖB´Ä ö\´¯»õ® (E.
137). EÖ¨¦ 145ßRÌ EÒÍ ÂvPÒ,
C¢u ©ÖB´Ä PmhøÍ 47 Âv 1
E¶ø©°¯À {øh¬øÓ \mhzvÀ
TÓ¨£mh PõµnzvØPõP
ö\´¯¨£h»õ® GßÖ TÖQßÓÚ.
GÚ÷Á ©ÖB´Ä RÌUPsh
Põµn[PÎß Ai¨£øh°À
{øhö£Ö®.
 ¦v¯ ¬UQ¯©õÚ Â寮
AÀ»x \õm]¯zvøÚ
PshÔ²®÷£õx,
 39

 ÷©Ø£õºøÁ°÷»÷¯ uÁÓõP JÆöÁõ¸ |»Áõ¶¯õÚ

öu¶²®÷£u; AÀ»x öuõSvUS®, £õµõЩßÓ AÀ»x
\mh©ßÓ ÷uºu¾US J¸ ö£õx
÷ÁÖ H÷uÝ® uS¢u
ÁõUPõͺ £mi¯À C¸UP ÷Ásk®
Põµnzvß÷£õx, \¶ö\´²®÷£õx ©Ý
GßÖ EÖ¨¦ 325 TÖQÓx. CvÀ
\®£¢u©õÚ wºÁÈPÒ EÖ¨¦, 137À
G¢u£õS£õk® C¸UPUThõx. ©u®,
TÓ¨£mkÒÍ AvPõµ[PÎÀ EÒÍx.
CÚ®, \õv, £õ¼Ú® AÀ»x H÷uÝ®
Euõµn®: ÷uºuÀ Bøn¯® JßÔß Ai¨£øh°À ]Ó¨¦
ªßÚq G¢vµ[PøÍ \mh\ø£ ÁõUPÍõº £mi¯¾®
÷uºu¼À ÁõUS£vÄ ö\´¯¨ AÝ©vUP¨£mhx.
£¯ß£kzu»õ® GßÖ TÔ¯x. Cx,
Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ \mh¨£i÷¯õ,
©UPÒ ¤µv|vzxÁ \mh®, 1951 TÓ®
AÀ»x Si°¸UPõuÁº, ©v°ßø©,
øP¯õÀ ÁõUPΨ£x ©mk÷© C¸UP
SØÓ®, »g\® ÷£õßÓÁØÔÀ
÷Ásk® GßÓ ÂvUS GvµõP
Dk£mhÁº GßÓ uSv°ßø©ø¯
C¸¢ux. ªßÚq C¯¢vµ[PøÍ
öPõshÁøµ uµ 18 Á¯x |µ®¤¯
£¯ß£kzv¯x ÷uºuø» £õvUS®
C¢v¯õÂß JÆöÁõ¸ Si©PÝ®
GßÖ® ÷uõÀ²ØÓ ÷Ám£õͺ
£õµõЩßÓ ©UPÍø» ©ØÖ® ©õ|»
CuÚi¨£øh°À CuøÚ Gvºzx
\mh\ø£ ÷uºu¼À J¸ ÁõUPÍõµõP
ÁÇUS uõUPÀ ö\´¯»õ® GßÖ®
ÁõUPÎUS® E¶ø© Eøh¯Áº
}v©ßÓ® TÔ¯x. EÖ¨¦ 324À
(EÖ¨¦ 326). C¢u EÖ¨¦ Á¯x
TÓ¨£mh ÷©Ø£õºøÁ, EzuµÄ
Á¢÷uõº ÁõUS¶ø©ø¯
÷£õßÓøÁ \mhzvØS xøn÷¯
öÁΨ£øh¯õP A[RP¶UQÓx.
BS® GßÖ® \mhzvØS £v»õP
£¯ß£kzu ¬i¯õu GßÖ® }v©ßÓ® £Sv XVI, ]» ÁS¨¦PÒ \®£¢u¨£mh
TÔ¯x. GÚ÷Á, CøÁ ]Ó¨¦ ÁøP¯[PÒ.
£õµõЩßÓzuõÀ AÀ»x
EÖ¨¦ 330, £õµõЩßÓ
\mh©ßÓzuõÀ C¯ØÓ¨£mh
©UPÍøÁ°À £mi¯¼h¨£mh
\mhzvØS GvµõP C¸UP ¬i¯õx.
\õv°Úº ©ØÖ® £mi¯¼h¨£mh
(H.]. ÷áõì Gvº ]ÁߤÒøÍ,
£Ç[Si°Ú¶ß JxURk £ØÔ
(1984) 2SCC 656).

TÖQÓx. ©õ|» \mh\ø£Pξ®
Cx÷£õ JxURk EÒÍx. (E. 332).
÷©¾® B[Q÷»õ C¢v¯
¤µv|vzxÁzvØPõÚ JxURk®
EÒÍx. (E. 331). Cx ©õ|»
\mh\ø£°¾® EÒÍx. (E.333).
C¢u JxURmk ÁøP¯[PÒ
Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦, \mh®,
{øh¬øÓUS »¢uvÀ C¸¢x 60
BskPÒ Áøµ C¸US® GßÖ
uØ÷£õøu¯ Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦ \mh®
TÖQÓx. (E. 334).
÷©¾® £mi¯À \õv°Úº ©ØÖ®
£mi¯À £Ç[Si°Úº \®£¢u¨£mh
JxURkPÒ ©zv¯ ©ØÖ® ©õ|»
£o|¯©Ú® ©ØÖ® £o|ø»
BQ¯ÁØÔß |ºÁõPzuvØS® EÒÍx.
(E. 335). uSv ©v¨ö£søn
uͺzuÄ®, ©v¨¤ku¼ß AÍøÁU
SøÓ¨£x®, ©ØÖ® £u E¯ºÄ
÷£õßÓÁØÔ¾® Cx÷£õÀ EÒÍx.
(EÖ¨¦ 335, Áµ®¦ Áøµ).
Si¯µ_ uø»Áº H÷uÝ®
³Û¯ß ¤µ÷u\zvØ÷Põ AÀ»x
©õ|»zvØ÷Põ Auß BöÍõ¸Áhß
P»¢x B÷»õ]zu ¤ÓS A¢u
©õ|»zvØSshõÚ £mi¯¼À
÷\ºUP¨£h ÷Ási¯ \õv, CÚ®,
40
AÀ»x £Ç[Si°Úº £ØÔ TÖÁõº.
(E. 341). ÷©¾® £Ç[Si AÀ»x
£Ç[Si \¬uõ¯® AÀ»x AuߣSv
AuÝÒ EÒÍ SÊ ÷£õßÓÁØøÓ
£mi¯À £Ç[Si¯õP A[RP¶UP A¢u
©õ|»® AÀ»x ³Û´Ú ¤µ÷u\zøu
ö£õÖzx Aµ]°À Aø©¨¦ \mhzvß
RÌ Si¯µ_zuø»Áº TÖÁõº. (E.
342).
Euõµn®: A ÂÝøh¯
uP¨£Úõº B¢vµ ©õ|» £mi¯À
£Ç[Siø¯ ÷\º¢uÁº. A¢u {»£õmiß
-»® ©zv¯ £oø¯ ö£ØÓõº. ¤ßÚº
©íõµõèiµõÂØS Si ö£¯º¢uõº. A
©íõµõèmµõÂÀ 10 BskPÒ £izx
Áͺ¢uõº. ©íõµõèmµõ ©õ|»
©¸zxÁ PÀ¿¶°À £mi¯À £Ç[Si
GßÓ Ai¨£øh°À Âsn¨£®
ö\´uõº. A GߣÁº ©íõµõèmµõ
©õ|» £mi¯À £Ç[Si¯õP
P¸u¨£h©õmhõº. HöÚÛÀ B¢vµ,
©õ|» £mi¯À £Ç[Si¯õP
P¸u¨£k£Áº ©íõµõèmµõÂÀ
£mi¯À £Ç[Si AÀ» GßÖ
}v©ßÓ® TÔ¯x. £mi¯À £Ç[Si
Gߣx A¢u¢u ©õ|»® AÀ»x
³Û¯ß ¤µ÷u\zøu ö£õÖzux.
GÚ÷Á J¸ ©õ|»® AÀ»x ³Û¯ß
¤µ÷u\zvÀ £mi¯À £Ç[Si¯õP

C¸¨£Áº ©ØöÓõ¸ ©õ|»zvÀ A÷u
|ø»ø¯ öPõsk ö\À» ¬i¯õx.
(÷©¶ \¢vµõ Gvº jß ÷\z ã. Gì.
©¸zxÁ PÀ¿¶ (1990) 3SCC 130);
SC, ST \õv \õßÔuÌ ö£Ö®
{hÁiUøPUS Gvº C¢v¯ Aµ_ (1994
5SCC 244).
£Sv XVII & A¾Á»P ö©õÈ
÷uÁ{õP¶ î¢v C¢v¯ A¾ÁÀ
ö©õȯõS® (EÖ¨¦ & 343). ©õ|»
\mh©ßÓ[PÒ \mhzvß -»®
H÷uÝ® JßÖ AÀ»x AuØS
÷©Ø£mh ö©õÈPøÍ ©õ|»
ö©õȯõP÷Áõ AÀ»x î¢vø¯
A¾ÁÀ ö©õȯõP÷Áõ £¯ß£kzu»õ®
(EÖ¨¦ & 345).
¤ßÁ¸® |ø»PÎÀ B[Q»®
£¯ß£kzu¨£h ÷Ásk® GßÖ
Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦a \mh® ö\õÀQÓx.
 GÀ»õ Ea\}v©ßÓ
{hÁiUøPPÒ ©ØÖ®
E¯º}v©ßÓ {hÁiUøPPÒ,
 ©÷\õuõÂß AÝ©vUP¨£mh
£Sv AÀ»x Auß v¸zuzvß
AÔ¬P¨£kzu¨£mh £Sv.
41
 £õµõЩßÓ® AÀ»x
\mh©ßÓ® C¯ØÔ¯ GÀ»õ
\mh[PЮ ©ØÖ® Si¯µ_
uø»Áº AÀ»x BÐ{º C¯ØÔ¯
GÀ»õ AÁ\µ \mh[PЮ, ©ØÖ®
 H÷uÝ® ©zv¯, ©õ|» \mhzvß
RÌ C¯ØÓ¨£mh EzuµÄ,
ÂvPÒ, {øh¬øÓPÒ AÀ»x
xøn ÂvPÒ.
EÖ¨¦ 348(2)ߣi ©õ|»
BÐ{º Si¯µ_ uø»Á¶ß J¨¦uø»
ö£ØÖ î¢v AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ H÷uÝ®
ö©õÈø¯ A¾ÁÀ ö©õȯõPÄ®,
Ea\}v©ßÓ ¬ußø© ChzvÀ ÁÇUS
ö©õȯõPÄ® £¯ß£kzu AÝ©v
AÎUP»õ®. BÚõÀ Cx E¯º}v©ßÓ
wº¨¦, EzuµÄ, wº¨£õønUS
ö£õ¸¢uõx.
Euõµn®: A GÝ® ÷í¤¯ì Põº£ì
©ÝÂÀ EÒÍ Cøh{£º î¢v°À
Áõu® ö\´÷Áß GßÖ TÔÚõº.
Ea\}v©ßÓ® 1) B[Q»zvÀ Áõuõh
÷Ásk®, 2) ÁÇUPÔbº øÁzx
Áõuõh ÷Ásk®; AÀ»x 3)
B[Q»zvÀ GÊzx Áõu® uµ÷Ásk®
GßÖ TÔ¯x. A GߣÁº GuøÚ²®
HØÖU öPõÒÍÂÀø».

(©x ¼©÷¯ Gvº ÷Áu -ºzz (1970) 3
SCC 738).
£Sv XVIII & AÁ\µ \mh ¤¶ÄPÒ
C¢v¯õÂß AÀ»x C¢v¯õÂß
J¸ £Sv°ß £õxPõ¨¦US S¢uP®
Á¸QÓx GßÖ Si¯µ_z uø»Áº
P¸vÚõÀ, Si¯µ_ uø»Áº ÂÍ®¦øP
AÔUøP -»® ö£õx AÔUøP Âh»õ®
(EÖ¨¦ 352(1)). C¢u ö£õx AÔ¨¦
©ØöÓõ¸ ö£õx AÔ¨¤ÚõÀ ö\À»õ
|ø» BUP¨£h»õ®. (EÖ¨¦ 352(2)).
C¢u ö£õx AÔ¨¦, Aø©a\µøÁ
GÊzx -»©õP Si¯µ_ uø»Á¸US
¬iøÁ öu¶Âzu ¤ßÚ÷µ
öÁΰh¨£h ¬i²®. (EÖ¨¦
353(3)). C¢u ö£õx AÔ¨¦ Cµsk
£õµõЩßÓ AøÁPξ® uõUPÀ
ö\´¯¨£h ÷Ásk®. C¢u AÔ¨¦
¬ØÖ¨ ö£ÓõÂmhõÀ. AuøÚ Bu¶zx
¬iÄ GkUP¨£mh {õÎÀ C¸¢x
BÖ©õu Põ»® Áøµ A©¼À C¸US®
(E. 352(5)). C¢u AÁ\µ Põ» ö£õx
AÔ¨¤øÚ Bu¶zx ¬iÄ GkUS®
÷£õx 2/3 ö£¸®£õßø© C¸UP
÷Ásk® (EÖ¨¦ 353(6)).
C¢u ö£õx AÔ¨¤øÚ
J¨¦uÀ AÎUPõ©À ÂmhõÀ Si¯µ_
42
uø»Áº AuøÚ v¸®£ ö£Ó ÷Ásk®
(EÖ¨¦ 352 (7)).
|v|ø» AÁ\µ Põ» \mh®
SÔzu EÖ¨¦ 360À TÓ¨£mkÒÍx.
J¸ ö£õx AÔ¨¦ A©¼À
C¸US® ÷£õx RÌUPshøÁ
ö£õ¸¢x®.
 ©zv¯ Aµ]ß AvPõµ® ©õ|»
|ºÁõP® GÆÁõÖ ö\¯À£h
÷Ásk® GߣøuU SÔzx
TÖÁx Áøµ ö\¯À£k®.
 HÇõÁx AmhÁøn°ß£i
©zv¯ Aµ_ £mi¯¼À CÀ»õu
ÂÁPõµzvØS® ©zv¯ Aµ_
A¾Á»ºPÐUS AvPõµ®
AÎUPÄ®, Phø©PøÍ
ö\õÀ»Ä® £õµõЩßÓ® \mh®
C¯ØÓ»õ®.
Si¯µ_ uø»Á¶ß ©Úv¸¨v
Gߣx }v©ßÓ B´ÂØS
A¨£õØ£mhx AÀ». öPmh
Gsnzv÷»õ AÀ»x ¬ØÔ¾®
ö£õ¸¢uõu AvP¨£i¯õÚ
PõµnzvÚõÀ AÁ\µ \mh®
C¯ØÓ¨£mhx GßÖ P¸vÚõÀ
}v©ßÓ B´ÂØS Em£kzu»õ®.
Auß ¬Põ¢vµ® ¬ØÔ¾® ¬µnõÚuõP

C¸¢uõ¾® B´ÂØS Em£kzu»õ®
(ªÚºÁõ ªÀì Gvº C¢v¯ Aµ_ (1980)
3SCC 625).
C¢v¯ AÀ»x H÷uÝ® J¸
SÔ¨¤mh £SvUS £õv¨¦ Á¸® GßÖ
P¸v öÁΰh¨£mh ö£õx AÔ¨¦
A©¼À C¸US® ÷£õx £Sv IIIÀ EÒÍ
EÖ¨¦ 19À TÓ¨£mh ©õ|» Aµ]ß
«uõÚ EÒÍ Pmk¨£õk C¸UPõx.
©õ|» Aµ_ G¢uÂu Âv AÀ»x |ºÁõP
{hÁiUøP²® GkUP»õ®. BÚõÀ
AøÁ £Sv IIIß {ßø©UPõP ©mk÷©
C¸UP ÷Ásk®. CÆÁõÖ
C¯ØÓ¨£mh Âv°ÚõÀ ö\´¯¨£mh
AÀ»x ö\´¯õ©À Âh¨£mh
ö\´øP°øÚ uµ ©ØÓ AøÚzx®
A¢u ö£õx AÔ¨¦ ¬iÄUS
Á¢uÄhß A¢u ö\´øP²® ¬iÄUS
Á¢x Âk® (EÖ¨¦ 358).
C¢u EzuµÄ A©¼À C¸US® ÷£õx
©õ|» Aµ_ £Sv IIIß -»®
ukUP¨£mh G¢u Âå¯zøu¨
ö£õÖzx® \mh® C¯ØÓ»õ®. A¢u
\mhzvß AÀ»x Âv°ß
Ai¨£øh°À ö\´¯¨£mh AÀ»x
ö\´¯õ©À Âh¨£mh ö\´øP°øÚ
uµ ©ØÓ {hÁiUøPPÒ AÁ\µ |ø»
¬iÄUS Á¢uÄhß ¬ØÖ¨ ö£ØÖ
Âk® (EÖ¨¦ 359 (1-&A)).
43
AÁ\µ |ø» A©¼À C¸US®
÷£õx C¯ØÓ¨£mh ¬µnõÚ \mh®
ö\À¾£i¯õPzuUPuÀ». Auß
ö\À»õußø© A¢u Põ»zvØS ©mk®
|Özv øÁUP¨£k®. (©uß ÷©õPß
£uU Gvº C¢v¯ Aµ_ (1978) 25SCC
381).
H.i.G®. á£À§º Gvº æÆPõ¢z
_U»õ (1976) 25SCC 521, GßÓ
ÁÇUQÀ Ea\}v©ßÓ }v£v
íßìµõä Psnõ GߣÁº uÚx
©õÖ£mh wº¨¦øµ¯õÀ ÷í¤¯ì GßÖ
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flikiaj; ju vz;zk; ,y;iy. (tPf;]; vjpu;
ilghy;L> (1605) NOY-11)
xg;ge;j cUthf;fk;: toq;FjYk; Vw;gJk; 40
,U jug;gpdu; jq;fSf;fpilNa xU mwpf;ifia
mDg;gp Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; xU
cld;ghl;Lf;F tuyhk;. me;j mwpf;ifia ehk;
‘toq;Fjy;’ vdf; $wyhk;. mJ Vw;Wf; 45
nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJ mJ xU cWjpnkhopahf
khWfpwJ. me;j ‘toq;Fjiy’ Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
xg;Gjy; toq;Fk;NghJ ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;’ MfpwJ.
50
 xU ‘toq;Fjiy’ xU miog;G ‘Nghd;W fUj
tpLf;Fk;’ miog;gpypUe;J NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;.
5 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU filapy; nghUs;fs; mtw;wpd;
tpiyfNshL fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,J
xUtifahd ‘Nghd;W fUj tpLf;Fk;’ miog;ghFk;.
,J xU toq;Fjy; my;y. mij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; xU xg;ge;jkhf khWk; tha;g;G
10 ,jpy; ,y;iy. (/ghu;k]pA+bfy; fk;ngdp M/g;
gphpl;ld; vjpu; G+l;]; Nf\; nfkp];l;]; (rjh;d;) ypl;.>
(1962) 2Q.B.795)
XU Vyj;jpy; xt;nthU Vyk; Nfl;lYk; xU
15 ‘toq;fy;’ MFk;. mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;
my;yJ tplg;glyhk;. vdNt xU Vyk; vd;gJ xU
‘Nghd;W fUj tpLf;Fk;’ miog;ghFk;.
xU ‘toq;fy;’ xU jdp egUf;Nfh (rpwg;G toq;fy;)
20 my;yJ nghJthfNth ahnuhUtUf;FNkh (nghJ
toq;fy;) toq;fg;glyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU epWtdk; jdJ Gifg;ge;Jfis
xU ehSf;F %d;WKiw ,uz;L thuq;fSf;Fg;
25 gad;gLj;jpa gpd; ahuhtJ xUtUf;F
‘,d;/g;Sad;]h’ ,Ue;jhy; mtUf;F 100 lhyu;
nfhLg;gjhf tpsk;guk; mspj;jpUe;jJ. me;j
epWtdk; jdJ Neu;ikiaf; fhl;l xU tq;fpapy;
itg;Gj; njhifahf me;jj; njhifiar; nrYj;jp
30 ,Ue;jJ. xU ngz; me;j tpsk;guj;ij ek;gp me;j
Fwpg;gpl;l kUe;ij Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. Mdhy;> ‘,d;/g;Sad;]h’ mtiuj;
jhf;fNt me;j epWtdj;jpd; kPJ me;jj;
njhifia mspf;FkhW tof;Fj; njhLj;jhu;. me;j
35 epWtdk; me;jj; njhifia mtUf;F mspf;FkhW
gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy;> ,q;F me;j epWtdj;jplk;
me;j toq;fiy xU rl;l hPjpahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
xg;ge;jkhf;Fk; vz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. mJ
vy;yhUf;FNk me;j tpsk;guj;jpd; %yk;
40 njhpag;gLj;jpaJ (nghJ toq;fy;) (fhu;ypy; vjpu;
fhu;ghypf; ];Nkhf; ghy; fk;ngdp> (1893) 1Q.B. 256)
xU toq;fy; (Vw;Gk; $l) jpl;lkhdjhfTk;
cWjpahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j
45 tof;fNyh Vw;Ngh me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; KbTf;F
Vw;w tifapy; njsptw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ
nry;yj; jf;fjhff; fUj KbahJ. xg;ge;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-29 ,t;thW tpsf;FfpwJ:
50 ‘cld;ghLfspd; mu;j;jk; cWjpaw;wjhf
,Uf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ cWjpahf;ff; $batifapy;
,y;yhjNghJ mit nry;yj;jf;fjy;y.’
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf mjpfhhp
55 me;j epWtdj;jpd; xU gzpahsNuhL me;j
epWtdk; nfhLf;ff;$ba epiyapy; cs;sNghJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l msT rk;gsk; mspg;gjhf xU
cld;ghL nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. me;j cld;ghL
cWjpaw;wjhf ,Ue;jjhy; nry;yj;jf;fjy;y
vd KbTnra;ag;gl;lJ. (G\;gghyh Nu vjpu;
,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;L epWtdk;> AIR 1978
Cal.221. 5
xU toq;fy; mJ nry;yj;jf;fjhf Mtjw;F
mLj;jtUf;F njhpag;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xUtUf;F me;j toq;fiyg; gw;wpNa
njhpatpy;iy vd;why; me;j toq;fiy mtuhy; 10
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s tha;g;gpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1k; egu;-2k; njhiyNgrp %yk;
egu;-1-d; nrhj;J tpw;gJgw;wp Nguk; NgRfpd;wdu;.
mJ rhu;e;J midj;J tplaq;fisg; gw;wpAk; 15
Ngrp Kbj;jgpd; egu;-1 ‘vdJ filrp tpiy
&.40 yl;rk;’ ,ij thq;fpf; nfhs;fpwPuf; sh?’
vd;fpwhu;. mNj Neuk; me;j njhiyNgrp
miog;G Jz;bg;gilfpwJ. mij egu;-2
Nfl;ftpy;iy vd;why; me;j toq;fy; nry;yhJ 20
Vnddpy; me;j toq;fy; gw;wp mLj;j jug;Gf;Fj;
njhpahJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyNkh topKiwNah
Fwpg;gplg;gl;L me;j toq;fy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; 25
me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; kw;Wk; topKiwapy;
me;j cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;bUe;jhy; kl;LNk
nry;yj;jf;fJ. mg;gb xU fhyNkh>
topKiwNah Fwpg;gplg;glhjpUe;jhy; mij
Vw;gJ Vw;fj;jf;f topKiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l 30
fhyj;jpw;Fs; ele;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-d; fzpdpia
&.30>000-f;F thq;fpf; nfhs;tjhf ‘toq;fiy’
mDg;Gfpwhu;. mjw;F vOj;Jg; G+u;tkhf 35
gjpyDg;GkhW NfhUfpwhu;. egu;-2 njhiyNgrp
%yk; egu;-2-lk; me;j tpiyf;F tpw;fr;
rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. egu;-1 egu;-2f;F fl;Lg;gl;ltu;
my;y. Vnddpy; me;j Vw;G toq;fypy;
Fwpf;fg;gl topKiwapy; ,y;iy. 40
me;j toq;Fdu; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l topKiw
kl;Lkpd;wp NtW topKiwfspYk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thuhdhy;> me;j topKiwf;F Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;Fs; vjpu;g;Gf; nfhLf;f tpy;iy vd;why; 45
me;j toq;Fdu; fl;Lg;gLfpwhu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tpsf;fj;jpy;
egu;-1 mNj njhiyNgrp ciuahlypd; NghJ
me;j fzpdpia thq;fr; rk;kjpg;gjhff; 50
$wpdhy; mjw;fhd gzj;ij clNd
nrYj;JtjhfTk; $wpdhy; egu;-1
fl;Lg;gl;ltuhfpwhu;. me;jg; Nguj;jpypUe;J
ntsptu KbahJ.
55
xUgf;f xg;ge;jj;jpy; me;j ‘toq;fy;’ xU
nraiyf; Nfl;fpwJ vdpy; me;j mLj;j jug;G
me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;tjw;Ff; fl;Lg;
 gLfpwhu;. ,jpy;> me;j Vw;gtu; jdJ Vw;igj;
njhptpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ njhie;j nghUisf;
5 fz;Lgpbj;Jj; jUgtUf;F ghpR jUtjhff;
$Wfpwhu;. egu;-2 mijf; fz;L gpbj;Jf;
nfhLf;fpwhu;. egh-2 me;j toq;fiy Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tjhfj; njhptpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. me;j
njhiye;j nghUis jpUg;gpj; jUk; nraNy me;j
10 xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; NghJkhdJ.
toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Vw;G mLj;j jug;Gf;F
NeubahfNth my;yJ Vw;gjw;F mjpfhuk;
cs;stUf;Nfh toq;Fduhy; njhpag;gLj;jg;
15 gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. %d;whk; egUf;Nfh njhpahj
xUtUf;Nfh mwptpg;gJ NghjhJ.
Neubahf cldbahfj; njhlu;Gnfhs;sh Clfq;fs;
cjhuzkhf mQ;ry;top my;yJ kpd;dQ;ry;
20 topahfj; njhpag; gLj;jpdhy; (m) jdJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J me;j toq;fy; ntspNawpaJNk
me;j toq;fy; ,WjpahfpwJ. kw;Wk; (M) jdJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J me;j Vw;G ntspNawpaJNk
me;j Vw;G ,WjpahfpwJ.
25
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-lk; xU Fwp;g;gpl;l
njhiff;F rpy ,Uk;G fk;gpfis tpw;gjhf fbjk;
%yk; njhptpf;fpwhu;. Mdhy;> me;jf; fbjNkh
,uz;L ehl;fs; fopj;Nj egu;-2-lk; Nru;fpwJ. mij
30 Vw;gjhf egu;-2 md;Nw fbjk; %yk; njhptpf;fpwhu;.
Mdhy;> njhpahj fhuzj;jpdhy;> mf;fbjk; egu;-1-
lk; 15 ehl;fs; fopj;Nj Nrh;fpwJ. ,e;jf;
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpfspd; tpiy
caUfpwJ. egu;-1 Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyf;F
35 egu;-2-lk; tpw;f kWf;fpwhu;. mq;F xU fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
xg;ge;jk; ,Ue;jjhfj; jPuk ; hzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU toq;fy; vjpu; toq;fspd; %yk;
fhyhtjpahfpwJ. vjpu; toq;fs; xU GJ
40 toq;fyhfNt vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhNy xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ epyj;ij 1000 lhyUf;F
tpw;fj; jahu; vd;fpwhu;. Mdhy;> egu;-2 950 lhyu;
45 ju rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. egu;-1 kWf;fpwhu;. egu;-2
cldbahf egu;-1 Fwpg;gpl;l 1000 lhyUf;Nf
thq;fpf;nfhs;sr; rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. egu;-1 ,g;NghJ
kWf;fpwhu;. egu;-1 jhd; toq;fpa Kjy;
toq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl khl;lhu; vd KbntLf;fg;
50 gLfpwJ. fhuzk;> mtuJ Kjy; toq;fy; egu;-2-d;
vjpu; toq;fypd; fhuzkhf Kjy; toq;fy;
fhyhtjpahfp tpl;lJ. (i`L vjpu; t;nuQ;r;> (1840)
3 Beav.334.
55 xU toq;fy; mijj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjhy;
fhyhtjpahfpwJ. toq;fiyj; jpUk;gg; ngWtJ
me;j toq;fiy Vw;gjw;F Kd; mjhtJ me;j
toq;fy; Kw;Wg;ngWKd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
elf;fyhk;. mNjNghy; xU Vw;ig mJ
Kw;Wg;ngWKd; mjhtJ toq;fdiur; nrd;W
NrUKd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;.
5
nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jj;jpw;fhd Njitfs; -
Rje;jpukhd rk;kjk;:
„,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; xNu
nghUspd;kPJ xNu vz;zj;jpy; xj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ 10
mtu;fs; rk;kjk; njhptpg;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;‟
(xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpT-13)
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-13 ‘fd;nrd;r]; Mj;
,njk;’ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il Kd; itf;fwJ. 15
mjhtJ> ,U jug;gpdUNk xUtu; kw;wtUila
mq;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s cj;juthjq;fis Vw;f
Ntz;Lk;. mq;F ,Uthpd; mwpTk; xd;W
glNtz;Lk;. mg;gb ,y;iy vdpy; cz;ikapy;
mtu;fspilNa xU cld;gbf;if vd;w xd;Nw 20
,y;iy. ‘fd;nrd;r]; Mj; ,njk;’ ,y;iy vdpy;
me;j xg;ge;jk; vd;w xd;W njhlf;fj;jpNyNa
,y;yhjjhf;fptpLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU jdf;Fj; njhpahj 25
nkhopapy; cs;s Mtzj;jpy; ifnahg;gk;
,Lfpwhu;. me;j Mtzj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; egu;-1-f;F xUtu; vLj;Jf;$wp
tpsf;fhjtiu me;j xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
(rpkd;uhk; Nkhjpyhy; vjpu; jpthz;re;j; 30
Nfhtpe;j;uhk;> AIR 1932 Bom. 151)
xU cld;gbf;ifapd; ,U jug;gpdUNk me;j
cld;gbf;ifapd; ghprPyidapy; cs;s
nghUspy; njsptpd;wp ,Ue;jhy; mtu;fspilNa 35
mtu;fspd; mwpT ,izatpy;iy. vdNt> me;j
xg;ge;jNk ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; rl;lk; rhu;e;j xU jtW xU
xg;ge;jj;ij ,y;yhjjhf;Ftjpy;iy vd;gijf; 40
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
,e;jpahtpy; xU rl;lk; eilKiwapy; ,y;iy
vd;gij cz;ik vd Vw;W mg;gb ,e;jpahtpy;
,y;yhj xU rl;lj;jpy; cs;s jtW xU
xg;ge;jj;ij ,y;yhjjhf;fyhk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; 45
gphpT-21)
cld;gbf;ifapd; ,Ujug;ghUNk me;j
cld;gbf;ifapd; ghprPyidapYs;s nghUs;
rhu;ghf rhpahd Ghpjypd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 50
mjpy; xNu xU jug;G kl;LNk ghprPyidapYs;s
nghUs;gw;wp Ghpjypd;wp ,Ug;gJ me;j
xg;ge;jj;ij ,y;yhjjhf;fhJ. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;
gphpT-22)
55
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2d; epyj;ij thq;fr;
rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. ,UtUNk me;j epyj;jpd;
cz;ikahd gug;gsT Fwpj;J ,UtUf;FNk
 rhpahfj; njhpatpy;iy. ,UtUNk me;j ,lk; 20
Vf;fu; gug;Gs;sJ vd epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;>
cz;ikapy; mJ 15 Vf;fu; gug;Gs;sjhf cs;sJ
vd;why; me;j xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhjjhfpwJ. (lhu;nrk;
5 rpq; vjpu; Rf;kpe;ju; rpq;> AIR 1998 SC 1400)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F xUrpy nghUl;fis
tpw;f tpUk;Gfpwhu;. tpw;gid rhu;e;j xU
cld;ghl;Lf;F ,UtUk; tUfpd;wdu;. ,UtUk;
10 mwpahkNyNa egu;-1-d; ,lj;jpypUe;J jpUL
Ngha;tpl;lJ. me;j xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
(ftu;du; n[duy; ,d; fTd;rpy; vjpu; fgPu; uhk;> AIR
1948 Pat. 345 – tof;fpd; mbg;gilapy;).
15 Rje;jpukhd rk;kjk;
xU cld;gbf;ifapd; xU jug;G mtu;fspd; KO
Rje;jpukhd rk;kjkpd;wp cld;gbf;if
nra;Jnfhz;lhy; mJ ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
20
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-14 fPo;f;fhZk; fhuzq;fs;
,y;yhjNghJ xUthpd; rk;kjk; Rje;jpukhdJ
vd;fpwJ:
 epu;g;ge;jk;
25  msTf;fjpfkhf nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jjy;
 jphpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;
 Nkhrb my;yJ
 jtW (xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 20> 21> 22-d;
topKiwfspd; mbg;gilapy;)
30
epu;g;ge;jk;
,e;jpa jd;lidr; rl;lk;> 1860-dhy; jLf;fg;gl;l
nray;fisr; nra;tNjh my;yJ nra;ag; Nghtjhf
35 gaKWj;JtNjh epu;g;ge;jk; vdg;gLk;. my;yJ
xUtiu jd;NdhL xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;s
typAWj;Jk; tpjkhfr; rl;lj;jpw;F khwhf mtuJ
xU nghUisg; gpbj;J itj;jpUg;gJ> my;yJ
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; Nghtjhf kpul;LtJ. (xg;ge;jr;
40 rl;lk;> gphpT-15). ,Wg;gpDk;> ntWk; nghUshjhu
hPjpapyhd rl;lj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd tYf;fl;lhak;
kl;Lk; epu;g;ge;jkhfhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdf;F nrhj;jpidj; jdJ
45 kfDk; kidtpAk; tpw;ftpy;iyahdhy; jw;nfhiy
nra;J nfhs;sg; Nghtjhf kpwl;Lfpwhu;. me;j
kidtpAk; kfDk; cld;ghl;by; ifnahg;gk;
,Lfpd;wdu;. me;j xg;ge;jk; nry;yhjjhFk;.
Vnddpy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; jug;gpdu; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;
50 gl;Ls;sdu;. (rpf;fk; mkpu[{ vjpu; rpf;fk; Nrrk;kh>
AIR 1918 Mad 414 – d; mbg;gilapy;)
msTf;fjpfkhf nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jjy;
55 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,U jug;ghUf;FkpilNa cs;s
cwtpy; xUtu; kw;thpd; Nky; mjpfhuk; nrYj;jf;
$ba tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;J me;j mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf mLj;j jug;gpd;
rk;kjj;ij xUtu; ngw;why; me;j xg;ge;jk;
msTf;fjpfkhd nry;thf;fpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;lJ
vdyhk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-16(1).
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-16(1)-d;gb xUtUf;Fk; 5
kw;w jug;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwT
fPo;f;fhZk; tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; mjpfhuk;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;fpwJ:
 xUthpd; epiy kw;wthpd; kPJ
cz;ikahfNth my;yJ ntspg;gilahf 10
czUk; tifapNyh mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;
tpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; my;yJ mtu;
kw;wtNuhL ed;kjpg;G cwNthL ,Uf;fpwhu;
vd;why; my;yJ>
 jw;fhypfkhfNth my;yJ vg;NghJNkh 15
taJ> cly;eyf;FiwT> kd my;yJ
cly;hPjpahd Jauj;jpd; fhuzkhf kdeyk;
Fd;wpa xUtNuhL kw;w xUtu; xg;ge;jk;
nra;J nfhz;lhy;
20
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Nfhapy; epu;thfj;jpd;
mjpfhhpahd egu;-1 me;j Nfhapypd; gf;juhd
egu;-2-lk; me;j NfhapYf;Ff; nfhil
mspf;FkhW mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j
xg;ge;jk; nry;yhjJ. Vnddpy; egu;-2d; kPJ 25
msTf;fjpfkhd nry;thf;if egu;-1
nrYj;jpAs;shu;. (rpd;dk;kh vjpu; Njthq;f
rq;fk;> AIR 1973 Mys 338).
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU fld;nfhLf;Fk; egu;-1 egu;-2- 30
f;F mjpf tl;bf;Ff; fld; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j
rkaj;jpy; nghJthfNt vq;FNk fld; tl;b
tpfpjk; kpf mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F msTf;F
mjpfkhd nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy.
(xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-16-y; cs;s 35
tpsf;fj;jpd;gb (<))
Nkhrb
Nkhrb vd;gJ fPo;f;fhZk; VjhtJ xU 40
nraiy xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;ghNyh my;yJ
mtuJ cle;ijNahNlh my;yJ mtuJ
Ml;fshNyh xg;ge;jj;jpd; mLj;j jug;igNah
my;yJ mtuJ Ml;fisNah Vkhw;Wk;
Nehf;fpy; my;yJ me;j xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;fr; 45
nra;tjw;fhfr; nra;Ak; NghJ mJ Nkhrb
vdg;gLfpwJ:
 cz;ikfshjtw;iw njhpe;Nj cz;ikahf
ele;jJNghd;W $WtJ.
 cz;ikiaj; njhpe;jpUe;Jk; mLj;j 50
jug;Gf;Ff; $whkhy; ,Ug;gJ
 xU nraiyr; nra;a vz;zk; ,y;yhjpUe;Jk;
mijr; nra;tjhf thf;fspg;gJ.
 xUtiu Vkhw;Wk; Nehf;fpy; nra;Ak; ve;jr;
nraYk; 55
 rl;lk; njspthf NkhrbahdJ vdf;$Wk;
ve;j xU nraiyahtJ nra;tJ.
 xU cz;ikiaf; $whky; mikjpahf ,Ug;gJ
xd;Nw – me;j mikjp mLj;j jug;ig rk;kjpf;fr;
nra;AkhdhYk; - NkhrbahfhJ. Mdhy;> me;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd; #oypd;gb mikjpfhg;gtu; Ngr
5 Ntz;bapUe;Jk; mikjp fhg;ghuhdhy; my;yJ
me;j mikjpNa NgRtjw;Fr; rkkhapd; mJ
NkhrbNa. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpT-17)
xU Nkhrb mLj;j jug;gpdiu cld;gbf;iff;F
10 tw;GWj;Jkhdhy; me;j xg;ge;jk; Nkhrbapd;
fhuzkhf nry;yj;jfhjJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;ij egu;-2-f;F
tpw;f tpUk;Gfpwhu;. cau;e;j tpiyf;F tpw;gjw;fhf>
15 cau;e;j tpiyf;Ff; Nfl;Fk; gpw
thbf;ifahsu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;wjhff; $Wk; rpy
ngha;ahfr; Nrhbf;fg;gl;l fbjq;fis egu;-2f;Ff;
fhl;Lfpwhu;. egu;-2 mit cz;iknad vz;zp egu;-
1-d; nrhj;ij cau;e;j tpiyf;F egu;-1-lkpUe;J
20 thq;f cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jk; Nkhrbapd; fhuzkhf nry;yhjjhfpwJ.
([hd; kpdh]; mg;fh]; vjpu; Y}ap]; Nfu;L
khy;f];> AIR 1939 Cal 473).
25 ntWk; mikjp xU NkhrbahfhJ. Mdhy;>
cz;ikiaf; $whky; mikjp fhg;gjhy;
kw;wtUila Kbitg; ghjpj;J mtiu xg;ge;jk;
nra;aj; J}z;Lfpwhu; vdpy; my;yJ me;j mikjp
NgRtjw;Fr; rkk; vd;why; me;j mikjp xU
30 NkhrbahFk;. xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-17-f;fhd
tpsf;fj;ij ,e;j gFjpia tpsf;Ftjw;fhff;
ftdpAq;fs;.
xUrpy fhg;gPL Nghd;w xg;ge;jq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
35 ghprPyidapYs;s midj;J cz;ikfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tif xg;ge;jq;fs;
kpf cau;e;j ey;nyz;z xg;ge;jq;fshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;Jf;fhd tpz;zg;g
40 kDtpy; cs;s xU gFjpapy; me;j egu; fle;j
Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; vg;NghjhtJ kUj;Jthplk;
nrd;wpUf;fpwhuh vd;gij mq;Fs;s fl;lj;jpy; bf;
nra;AkhW cs;sJ. tpz;zg;gjhuuhfpa egu;-1
mt;thW kUj;Jtiur; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwhu;. Mdhy;>
45 me;jf; fl;lj;ij ‘bf;’ nra;ahky; tpl;L tpLfpwhu;.
,J xU NkhrbahFk;. (kpj;J}yhy; ehaf; vjpu;
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;> AIR 1962 SC 814).
jphpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;
50
jphpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; vd;why; fPo;f;fhz;git mlq;Fk;:
 xU nra;jpia ntspapLk; eghplkpUe;J tUk;
Njitaw;w Neu;kiwahd typAWj;Jjy;>
55 mjhtJ cz;ik vd;gij xUtu;
njhpe;jpUe;jhYk; cz;ik ,y;iy
vd;gjw;fhd topapy; elg;gJ.
 Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;ahtpbDk; jdJ
flikapypUe;J jtWtjhy; mtUf;F
ed;ikahf Kbe;jhy; my;yJ mtUila 5
Ml;fs; mijr; rhjfkhf;fpf; mLj;j
jug;igj; jpirjpUg;gpj; J}z;bdhy; my;yJ
mtUf;fbapy; cs;s ahUf;fhtJ
tha;g;ghfj; jpir jpUg;gp; J}z;bdhy;
 VjhtJ xUtifapy; fsq;fkpd;wpNa 10
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpDk; mJ mLj;j jug;ig
me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhf cs;s
ghprPyidg; nghUspd;kPJ jtwpiof;fr;
nra;Akhdhy; mJ NkhrbahFk;. (xg;ge;jr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-18 15
cld;ghl;bd; kw;w jug;igj; jpirjpUg;gpj;
J}z;b xg;ge;jk; nra;a itj;jhy; kl;LNk xU
jphpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; xg;ge;jj;ij
nry;yj;jfhjjhf;FfpwJ. NkhrbAk; jphpj;Jf; 20
fhl;LjYk; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; - mjhtJ
xw;Wik ,uz;LNk – jpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd>
,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s Ntw;Wik – jphpj;Jf;
fhl;Ljypy; mt;thW nra;gtu; mJ
cz;iknad ek;Gfpwhu;. Mdhy;> Nkhrbapy; 25
mijr; nra;gtUf;F mJ cz;ikapy;iy
vd;gJ njhpe;Jk; nra;fpwhu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU epy cilikahsuhd egu;-1
Fj;jif vLg;gtuhd egu;-2-lk; xU tpl;by; 4 30
gLf;if miwfs; ,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpwhu;.
Mdhy; cz;ikapy; mq;Fs;s xU miw
gLf;if miwahfg; gad;gLj;j yhaf;fw;wJ.
egu;-1-f;F mJ cz;ikapy; njhpahJ. ,J xU
jphpj;Jf; fhl;LjyhFk;. ,e;j xg;ge;jk; 35
nry;yj;jfhjJ. (my;yh ghf;\; fhd; vjpu; R.E.
ghNuh> AIR 1917 Lah 173 – d; mbg;gilapy;)
nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahdit:
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfspd; jFjp 40
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;. gphpT-11-d;gb fPo;f;fhZk;
egu;fs; xU xg;ge;jk; nra;aj; jFjpaw;wthfs;:
 Kjpuh tajpdu;
 kdeyk; ,y;yhjtu; 45
 ve;j xU rl;lj;;jhyhtJ (me;jr;
rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fs;) xg;ge;jk;
nra;aj; jFjpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;.
Kjpuh tajpdu; 50
Kjpuh tajpdNuhL nra;Jnfhz;l cld;gbf;if
njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Kjpuh tajpduhd egu;-1 55
gzk; nfhLg;gtuhd egu;-2-lk; mlkhdk;
itf;fpwhu;. mjw;F Kd; egu;-1-d; jhapd; rhu;ghf
egu;-2-f;F
 jdJ kfdhd egu;-1 xU Kjpuh tajpdu; vdj;
njhpag; gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J njhpe;Jk;> egu;-2 jhd;
xU Kjpu; tajpdu; vd vOjp ifnaOj;jpl;Lj;
jUkhW egu;-1-lk; NfhUfpwhu;. gpd; gzj;jpd; xU
5 njhifia egu;-2 egu;-1-f;F mspf;fpwhu;. mjd;gb
mlkhd cld;gbf;if nra;ag;gLfpwJ. egu;-1 me;j
cld;gbf;ifia ,uj;Jnra;AkhW nfhUfpwhu;.
mjw;F egu;-1 fPo;f;fhZkhW thjpLfpwhu;: (m) egu;-
1 xU Kjpu; tajpdu; (M) egu;-1 jhNd mspj;j
10 gpuflzj;jhy; mtu; xU Kjpuhtajpdu; vd thjhl
KbahJ (,) egu;-1 Kjpuh tajpduhapd; me;j
xg;ge;jk; nry;yhJ Mdhy; ,J nry;yhjJ my;y
(<) ePjpkd;wk; me;j mlkhd cld;gbf;ifia uj;J
nra;Akhdhy; mtu; nfhLj;jpUe;j Kd;gdj;
15 njhifiaj; jpUg;gpj; ju cj;jutpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwhu;. ePjpkd;wNkh me;j Kjpuh tajpdNuhL
nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;if ,y;yhjJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLtNjhL me;j egu;-1 me;jg; gzj;ij
jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtJ fl;lhakpy;iy vd;fpwJ.
20
Kjpuh tajpdu; xg;ge;jq;fis jq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. Vnddpy; mtu;fs;
mjw;Ff; flikg;glhjtu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fs;
cilikfis jq;fs; ngahpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;sj;
25 jilapy;iy. (Firm Bhola Ram Harbans Lal v. Bhagat
Ram, AIR 1927 Lah 24)
rl;lg;gbahd fhg;ghsu;fs; me;j Kjpuhtajpdu;
rhu;ghf mtu;fSf;fhf xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;ayhk;.
30
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-68 ,q;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
“xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;s jFjpaw;wtuhf xUtu;
,Ue;jhy;> my;yJ mtu; ahnuhUtiu rl;lg;gb
35 cjtp nra;af; flikAs;stuhf ,Ue;jhy;>
mtUf;F mtuJ tho;f;if epiyf;Fj; jFe;jthW
kw;nwhUtu; Njitahdtw;iwAk; Nru;j;J
toq;Ffpwhu; vdpy; me;j cjtp nra;gtu; nra;j
midj;J cjtpfisAk; me;jj; jFjpaw;wthpd;
40 clikapypUe;J ngwj; jFjp ngWfpwhu;.‟
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjpy; ‘Njitahdit’ vd;gJ
xU epr;rakw;w nrhy; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,J xt;nthU #oYf;Fk; Vw;wthW
45 jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU njhopy;Kiw
Fj;Jr;rz;il tPuuhd ,tu; xU Kjpuh tajpdu;.
mjw;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;L rq;fj;jpy; mtuhy;
50 kDr; n ra; a g; g l; L chpkKk; toq; f g; g l; lJ. me; j mspg;gthpd; tpUg;gg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
chpkj;jpy; egu;-1 me;j rq;f tpjpfSf;Fk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Vw;gLj;jg;gl cs;s rl;lq;fSf;Fk;
kpff; fz;bg;ghff; flLg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
rq;f rl;ljpl;lj;jpw;F khwhf egu;-1 vjpuhspia
55 Fj; j f; $lhj ,lj; j py; Fj; j ptpl; lhu;
Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lijf; fhl;b me;jr; rq;fk; gLtjhfNth my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; eilngwg;
egu;-1-lkpUe;J mjd; rl;ljpl;lg;gb 3000
lhyu;fis gpbj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;
egu;-1 Kjpuh tajpduhf ,Ug;gpDk; mtu; xU
njhopy; Kiw tPuuhtjw;F me;j chpkk;
fl;lhak; vd;gjhy; xg;ge;jj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;
gl;ltu; vdj; jPug ; ;gspf;fg; gl;lJ. (Doyle v. White 5
City Stadium Ltd., [1935] 1 K.B. 110)
kdeyk; Fd;wpNahu;
kdeyk; Fd;wpNahNuhL Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;j 10
xg;ge;jKk; Kw;wpYk; nry;yhjJ. xg;ge;jr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-12 xU xg;ge;jk; nry;yj;jf;fjhf
,Ug;gjw;F ‘kdeyk;’ vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ:
xUtu; xU xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ me;j
xg;ge;jj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; epiyapy; mjd; 15
tpisTfisg; gw;wp mwpthu;e;j jPug ; ;Gfis
mtUila tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g fzpf;f
KbAkhdhy; me;j egu; kdeyj;NjhL
,Ug;gjhfTk; mtu; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
jFjpAilatu; vd;gjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;. 20
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-68 – xg;ge;jk; nra;aj;
jFjpaw;wtUf;F cs;s Njitfs;gw;wpf;
$Wk;NghJ mNj Njitfs; kdeyk;
Fd;wpNahUf;Fk; cz;L vd;fpwJ. 25
xU rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fs; me;jr;
rl;lj;;jhy; xg;ge;jk; nra;aj; jFjpePf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;
30
xUrpy Ntisfspy;> xU Fwg;gpl;l rpyu; ve;jr;
rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fNsh me;jr; rl;lj;jhy;
xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;sj; jiltpjpf;fg;
gLfpwhu;fs;. mg;gbg;gl;l Ntisapy; xg;ge;jk;
nra;thu;fshdhy; me;j xg;ge;jk; nry;yhJ. 35
cjhuzkhf fhu;g;gNu\d;fs; chpik Kwpfs;>
,aw;Wr; rl;lq;fs;> my;yJ rl;lq;fsplkpUe;Nj
gpwf;fpd;wd. xU fhu;g;gNu\d; mj;jifa rl;lk;>
chpik Kiw> ,aw;Wr; rl;lk; tpjpf;Fk;
tiuaiufisf; fle;J xg;ge;jk; nra;jhy; mJ 40
nry;yhjhfpwJ.
nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahdit:
rl;lg;G+u;tkhd ghprPyid
45
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpT-2(<) ghprPyidia
tiuaWf;fpwJ. me;j tiuaiuapd;gb
Kjyhtjhf> ghprPyidapy; cs;s xU nraNyh
my;yJ nrayw;wjd;ikNah cWjpnkhop
50
,uz;lhtjhf> mJ cWjpnkhop mspg;gtuhNyh
my;yJ mtuJ NtW ahuhtJ xUtuhNy
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf> me;jr; nraNyh
my;yJ nrayw;wjd;ikNah Vw;fdNt
vd; g jw; f hf epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhfNth> epiwNtw;wg; 55
NghtjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
 ,e;jg; ghprPyid me;j cWjpnkhopf;Fr;
rkkhdjhfNth NghJkhdjhfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy. rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; Njitg;
gLtnjy;yhk; mjw;F XusthtJ kjpg;gpUf;f
5 Ntz;Lk; NkYk; mijg; ngWgtUf;F rpwpjsthtJ
Neu;kiwahd khw;wk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 4 fhyd; ngl;Nuhy; thq;fpa
xt;nthU thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; cyff; Nfhg;ig
10 fhy;ge;J tPuhpd; cUtk; nghhpj;j jq;ff; fhR
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J thbf;ifahsNuhL ngl;Nuhy;
thq;Ftjw;fhd cld;gbf;if Vw;gLj;jf; nfhLf;Fk;
xU ghprPyid toq;fyhFk; mJ xU ghpR my;y
vdyhk;. (v];N]h ngl;Nuhypak; fk;. ypl;. vjpu;
f];lk;]; kw;Wk; vf;ir]; fk;kp\du;fs; [1976] 1
15 All ER 117)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ je;ijf;F fld;
cWjpr;rPl;L %yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;F
fld;gl;bUf;fpwhu;. mtu; nrhj;Jg; ghfg;
20 gphptpidapy; rkgq;F jdf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd
njhlu;e;J KiwapLfpwhu;. mtuJ je;ijNah egu;-1
,t;thW KiwapLtij tpl;Ltpl;lhy; mtuJ
flidj; js;Sgb nra;JtpLtjhff; $Wfpwhu;. egu;-
1 KiwapLtij tpl;Ltpl;lNjhL jd;dplk; mtuJ
25 je;ij flidf; Nfl;lNghJ jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jTk;
kWf;fpwhu;. ,jpy; egu;-1 KiwapLtij
tpl;Ltpl;lij xU rhpahd ghprPyidahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. (ntha;l; vjpu; GSal;> (1853)
23 LJ Ex 36)
30
nghJ flikia Mw;WtJ cjhuzkhf> xU
tprhuidapd;NghJ xU miog;ghizf;F
gjpypUg;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Neu;epiyahtJ xU
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba ghprPyid MfhJ. ,jw;F
35 Kd;Ng ,Ue;j kw;w jug;Gf;Nfh my;yJ
r%fj;Jf;Nfh Mw;w Ntz;ba xU flikia
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf nra;ag;gLk; xU nray;
kw;nwhU cld;gbf;iff;fhd ghprPyidahfhJ.
40 cWjpaspg;gthpd; tpUg;gkpd;wp Mdhy; jhdhf
Kd;te;J nra;Ak; xU nray; xU Vw;fj;jf;f
ghprPyidahfhJ.
,ufrpaf; Nfhl;ghL
45
xU xg;ge;jk; mjd; rk;ge;jkhd jug;gpdUf;Nf
my;yhky; NtW ahUf;Fk; chpikia toq;fhJ
flikiaj; jpzpf;fhJ. xU %d;whk; egu; me;j
xg;ge;jk; epiwNtWtijf; Nfhu KbahJ.
50
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-lk; mlkhdk; itg;gjd;
%yk; &.40>000 thq;Ffpwhu;. gpd; egu;-1 me;j
nrhj;ij egu;-3-f;F &.44>000 f;F tpw;W tpLfpwhu;.
egu;-3-lk; &.40000-id me;j mlkhdj;ij
55 milg;gjw;fhf itj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpwhu;. egu;-2 egu;-3-d; kPJ tof;F njhlu;e;J
mtu; me;j mlkhdf; flid milf;Fk;gb
NfhUfpwhu;. egu;-2 mjpy; ntw;wp ngw
Kbatpy;iy. Vnddpy; egu;-1-f;Fk; egu;-3-f;Fk;
,ilapy; cs;s xg;ge;jj;jpy; egu;-2-k; xU
jug;ghf ,y;iy. (aKdh jh]; vjpu; uhk; 5
mj;jhu; ghz;Nl> (1911) 30 I.A. 7.
,e;j ,ufrpaf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F rpy
tpjptpyf;Ffs; cz;L. cjhuzkhf:
10
 epyk; rhu;e;j xg;ge;jq;fs;;: xU nrhj;jpid
xUtu; thq;Ffpwhu;. mjNdhL cs;s xU
Fwpg;gpy; me;j epyj;jpd; nrhe;jf;fhuUf;F
xU cld;gbf;if my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;s Fwpg;gpl;l flikfs; 15
cs;sd vd cs;sJ vdpy; me;j
nrhj;jpid thq;Fgtu; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;s xg;ge;jj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;ghf
,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mtu; flikg;gl;Ls;shu;.
 nghWg;G rhu;e;j ek;gfk;: xU nrhj;J rhu;e;j 20
nghWg;Ngh my;yJ gpw
mf;fiwAs;sitfNsh ahu; trk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh mtu; me;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;ghf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
mtUf;F mij nray;gLj;Jk; chpik 25
cs;sJ.
 jilcj;juit Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;: xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; \uj;jpd;gb xU jug;G %d;whk;
egu; xUtUf;f xU njhif fl;lzkhfr;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,Ue;jhy; mij 30
me;jj; jug;Gk; Vw;W %d;whk; egUf;Ff;
nfhLf;f Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; mq;F xU
%d;whk; egu; rhu;ghd flik
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
35
,e;j xg;ge;j ,ufrpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bid
ghprPyid ,ufrpaj;NjhL Fog;gpf; nfhs;sf;
$lhJ. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; jug;Gfs; %d;whk;
eghpd; kPJ chpikfis toq;fNth
flikfisr; Rkj;jNth KbahJ vdf; $Wk; 40
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-2(<) mq;F
cWjpnkhopf;fhd ghprPyid ,Uf;Fk;tiu xU
%d;whk; jug;G mij toq;fpaJ vd;gJgw;wpf;
ftiy ,y;iy vd;fpwJ.
45
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jdJ kfspd; jpUkzj;jpw;F
toq;Ftjw;fhf xU rpW kuj;Jz;bid tpw;f
tpUk;Gfpwhu; egu;-1. mtuJ kfd; egu;-2 me;j
kuj;Jz;il tpw;gij mtuJ je;ij egu;-1
epWj;jptpl;lhy; egu;-2 me;j ngz;Zf;F 1000 50
lhyu; jUtjhff; $Wfpwhu;. Mdhy;> mt;thW
egu;-2 gzj;ijj; jutpy;iy. me;jg; ngz;Zk;
mtuJ fdtUk; egu;-2-d;kPJ mj;njhiff;fhf
tof;Fj; njhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,jpy; me;jg; ngz;
ve;jtpj ghprPyidAk; nfhLf;fhtpbDk;> me;jg; 55
gzj;ij mtu; ,g;NghJk; ngwyhk; Vnddpy;
mq;F mtuJ je;ijapd; ghprPyid ,Uf;fpwJ.
(ll;ld; vjpu; G+Ny> 1 ntd;l;hp]; 318).
 cWjpnkhopj; jil:
tof;fkhd eilKiwapd;gb cWjpnkhopfs;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sg; gl Ntz;Lk;. rl;lk; xUgf;f
5 cWjpnkhopfisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. mg;gbg;gl;l
#oypy; me;j cWjpnkhop Vw;gtu; xU nraiyr;
nra;a flg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> me;j
cWjpnkhopia Vw;gtu; me;jr; nraiyr;
cWjpnkhop mspj;jtu; tpUk;gpagb nra;J
10 Kbj;jhy; me;j cWjpnkhopia Vw;wtu;
cWjpnkhop nfhLj;jthpd; cWjpnkhopiaf;
nfhz;L fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. me;j cWjpnkhop
mspj;jtu; ,g;NghJ mq;F ghprPyidNa ,y;iy
vdf;$wpj; jg;gpf;f ,ayhky; jLf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
15 ,JNt cWjpnkhopj; jil vdg;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: n`suh khefuhl;rpapd; Mizahsu;
xU efh;kd;wk; fl;Ltjw;F nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J
re;jh Nfl;lhu;. egu;-1 mjd;gb &-100 re;jh
20 mspj;jhu;. NghJkhd re;jh fpilj;jJk; me;jr;
re;jhf;fis ek;gp me;j efu;kd;wk; fl;Ltjw;F
fl;Lkhd epWtdj;NjhL xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lJ.
egu;-1 gpd;du; me;j re;jhj; njhifiaf; fl;l
kWj;J tpl;lhu;. ,jpy; egu;-1 mtuJ re;jhj;
25 njhifiaf; fl;l flg;gl;ltuhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
mjpy; cs;s cWjpnkhop ahnjdpy;: ‘ePqf ; s;
efu;kd;wf; fl;llk; fl;Ltjw;fhd xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gLj;Jtij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; Nghpy; ehd;
mjw;fhd ,e;j; njhifiaf; fl;l cWjp
30 jUfpNwd;’ vd;gjhFk;. (Nfju;ehj; rhl;lu;[p vjpu;
Nfhhp nkhfkJ> (1887) ILR 14 Cal 64).
xUgf;f cWjpnkhopapid cWjpnkhopia Vw;gtu;
me;j cWjpnkhopf;F cWjpnkhop mspj;jtu;
35 kjpg;gspg;ghu; vd ek;gp mjw;fhf ve;jr; nraiyAk;
nra;tjw;F Kd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;.
mjd;gpwF jpUk;gg; ngw KbahJ.
nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahdit:
40 rl;lg;G+u;tkhd Nehf;fk;
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-23 vit rl;lg;G+u;tkhd
ghprPyidfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; vit rl;lg;
G+u;tkhdit my;y vd tpsf;FfpwJ.
45
xU cld;gbf;ifapd; ghprPyidAk; Nehf;fKk;
rl;lg;G+u;tkhdit – fPo;f;fhz;git ,y;yhtpby;:
 rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;gl;lit
 mJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mjd; ,ay;G
50 rl;lj;jpd; topKiwfspd; Nehf;fj;ijNa
rpjwbj;JtpLk;.
 NkhrbahdJ.
 mjpy; kw;w xUtUf;Nfh mtuJ nrhj;Jf;Nfh
fhak; Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ.
55  mij ePjpkd;wk; mwnewpf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ vd
xJf;fpAs;sJ
 nghJtpjpf;F vjpuhdJ
,e;jg; gFjpf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; mjd; nghUis
mwpe;Jnfhs;s kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,tw;iw thrpg;gij Cf;Ftpg;gJ ey;yJ.
XU rl;lj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg; 5
gLtjw;F Kw;wpYk; jFjpaw;wJ. ‘ex turpi causa
non oritur actio’, mjhtJ jtwhd
fhuzj;jpypUe;J xU ey;y fhhpak; tuhJ.
,e;jg; nghJ tpjpapd; mu;j;jk;: ‘ex dolo malo
non oritur actio’- ‘xU mwnewpf;Nfh rl;lj;jpw;Nfh 10
xt;thj nraYf;fhd tof;F %yj;jpw;F ve;j
xU ePjp kd;wKk; MjuT toq;fhJ’.
Locus poenitentiae vd;why; kdk; jpUk;Gtjw;fhd
,lk;> jdJ vz;zj;ij khw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd 15
re;ju;g;gk;> jhd; Vw;fdNt nra;jij
jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s toq;fg;gl;l tha;g;G> xU
vz;zpAs;s Nguj;jpypUe;Njh xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;Njh
mJ xU cWjpahd xg;ge;jf; flikahFtjw;F
Kd; tpyfpf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G> KbTwhj 20
fhhpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;fhd
chpikahFk;. (Nkhhp]; vjpu; [hd;rd;> 219
Ga.81) xU xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;glf;$ba
epiyapy; ,g;NghJk; ,Ue;jhYk;> me;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;G ,e;j Locus poenitentiae– 25
apid gad;gLj;jp jdJ gzj;ijNah
nrhj;ijNah xg;ge;jj;jpd; kw;nwhU
jug;gplkpUe;J me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; rl;lj;Jf;Fg;
Gwk;ghd Nehf;fj;ijg; NghJkhdtiu
epiwNtw;whjNghJ jpUk;gg; ngWk; chpik 30
cs;sJ. mt;thW ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cjtpia
ehLk; xU jug;G me;j rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd
Nehf;fk; NghJkhd msT epiwNtWKd;
mj;jifa fhhpaj;jpw;fhf tUe;jpj; jpUe;j
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> me;jj; jug;G me;jf; 35
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd Nehf;fk;; epiwNtWk;tiu
fhj;jpUe;jhy;> my;yJ mj;jifa fhhpak;
epiwNtw tpUk;gpdhy;> mj;jifa fhhpak;
nghWj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.
40
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fldhspahd egu;-1 jdJ
nrhj;ij N[hbf;fg;gl;l __________________
nghJ tpjpfSf;F vjpuhd cld;gbf;iffs;
45
nghJkf;fSf;F Jd;gk;juf;$ba my;yJ
nghJcilikfSf;Fg; ghjfkhd ve;j xU
cld;gbf;ifAk; nghJ tpjpfSf;F vjpuhdJ
vd;gjhy; ,y;yhjjhfpwJ.
50
‘nghJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfh nghJeyDf;Nfh gq;fk;
tpistpg;gJ fhyj;ijAk; ,lj;ijAk;
nghUj;jJ. xU rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;fhd
fhyNk mjd; cz;ikiaAk;> jd;ikiaAk;
me;j ghjfj;jpd; tPhpaj;ijAk; jPuk
; hdpf;fpwJ. 55
nghJtpjpj; jj;Jtk; khw;wj;jfhjJ my;y
Vnddpy;> mJ khWk; r%fj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g
khWgLfpwJ.’ (gftj; n[D[p fpu;Nk vjpu;
 fq;fhgprhd; uhkNfhghy;> AIR 1940 Bom 269).
nghJtpjpf;F khwhd cld;ghLfs; rhu;e;j rpy
cjhuzq;fs;:
5 rl;lj;jpd;gb Nkhrkhdk; vd Fw;wk; rhl;bdu;.
 mayf vjphpAld; tpahghuk;
 nghJ mYtiy tpw;gJ (vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU
muRg; gzpahsUf;F gzk; mspj;J mtiu
Xa;T milaTk; mjd; fhuzkhf me;j
10 thf;FWjp mspg;gtUf;F Ntiy fpilf;FkhW
nra;tjw;fhd cld;gbf;if nra;tJ me;j
muR mYtiyNa flj;Jtjw;F xg;ghtjhy;
me;j xg;ge;jk; nry;yhjJ. (`_L
ntq;fl;luhkda;ah vjpu; J.M. NyhNgh> AIR 1953
15 Mad 506).
 rl;l eltbf;iffisj; jtwhfg; gad;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd cld;gbf;iffs; cjhuzkhf>
jdf;F rhu;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU chpikapay;
tof;fpy; rhl;rp nrhd;dhy; gzk; jUtjhf
20 xUtu; nra;Ak; cld;gbf;if (rfhGjPd; rhfpg;
vjpu; Njhl;lh ntq;flhr;ryk; nrl;bah> AIR 1938
Mad 911).
 jtpu;epiyg; NgzYk; tof;fpy;
Mjhakiltjw;fhf xUtu; me;j tof;fpd;
25 jug;;NghL cld;gbf;if nra;jYk;: xUtu; ve;j
xU epahakhd fhuzj;Jf;hfTk; ,y;yhky; xU
tof;fpw;F MjuT njhptpf;fpwhu;. Mdhy;>
mjd;kPJ mtUf;F ve;jtpj Mu;tKk; ,y;iy.
,tu; jtpu;epiyg; Ngzypd; fhuzkhf Fw;wk;
30 nra;fpwhu;. ,J jd;dpiyapNyNa me;j
cld;gbf;ifapd; Nehf;fk; jtwhdjhf
,y;yhjtiu (cjhuzkhf epahakw;w
tof;Ffis vOg;GtJ my;yJ tof;F
Rjhl;lk;) nghJ tpjpf;F vjpuhdjy;y.
35 Mjhakiltjw;fhf tof;fpd; jug;NghL xUtu;
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
jtpu;epiyg; Ngdypd; jPtpu epiyahFk;. ,J
jd;dpiyapNyNa nghJ tpjpf;F vjpuhdJ. xU
nrhj;J rhu;ghd tof;fpy; mjpypUe;J Mjhak;
40 miltjw;fhf xUtu; me;j tof;fpd; xU
jug;NghL cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;L me;j
tof;fpy; jtpu;epiyg; Ngzypy; <LgLfpwhu;.
(ify;]; vjpu; jhk;rd;> (1993) 3 All ER 321).
 nghUshjhu neUf;fbapd; fhuzkhf
45 Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epahakw;w cld;gbf;iffs;
my;yJ eltbf;iffs;> Mdhy;>
msTf;fjpfkhd nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jjy;>
my;yJ epu;g;ge;jpj;jypy; tuhj
cld;gbf;iffs;.
50
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU epWtdk;-1 xU muR epWtdkhd
fhu;g;gNu\d;-2-ld; xUrpy jpl;lVw;ghLfs; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. me;jj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb me;j epWtdk;-
1-d; gzpahsu;fs; me;j fhu;g;gNu\d;-2y;
55 Ntiyapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;syhk; my;yJ xU rpwpa
njhifia ,og;gPlhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L
ntspNawyhk;. me;j fhu;g;gNu\d;-2-d; tpjpapd;gb
xUtiu ntspNaw;w Fiwe;jJ %d;W khj Kd;
mwptpg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpjpia me;j
thjpfs; xU aNjr;rpfukhdJ vd;Wk;> me;j
fhu;g;gNu\d; xU jdpahNuhL Ntiy rhu;e;j
xg;ge;jk; epahakw;wJk;> mwpthu;e;jjy;yhjJk;>
5
me;j xg;ge;jk; nghJtpjpf;F vjpuhdJ vd;gjhy;
nry;yhJ vd jPug ; ;gplg; gl;lJ. (nrd;l;uy;
,d;Nyz;L thl;lu; buhd;];Nghu;l; fhu;g;gNu\d;
ypl;.> vjpu; GNuh[hehj; fq;Fyp> AIR 1986 SC
1571).
10
nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahdit:
ntspg;gilahf ,y;yhjjhf mwptpf;fg;glhjit
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;l xUtpy
cld;gbf;iffs; ,y;yhjit vd mwptpf;fpwJ. 15
mit:
 cld;gbf;ifspd; ghprPyidNah my;yJ
Nehf;fNkh rl;lj;jpw;F khwhdjhf ,Ue;jhy;
(gphpT-23>24)
 ghprPyidfs; ,y;yhj cld;gbf;iffs; 20
(gphpT-25)
 jpUkzf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; rhu;e;j
cld;gbf;iffs; (gphpT-26)
 tpahghuf; fl;Lg;ghL rhu;e;j
cld;gbf;iffs; (gphpT-27) 25
 rl;lebtbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
cld;gbf;iffs; (gphpT-28)
 cWjpaw;w> ,ul;ilg;nghUs; jUk;
cld;gbf;iffs; (gphpT-29)
 ge;jaf; fhuhpd; rhu;ghf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 30
cld;gbf;iffs; (gphpT-30)
 nra;aKbahj fhhpaq;fs; nra;tjw;fhd
xg;ge;jq;fs; (gphpT-56)
Kjpuh tajpdiuad;wp NtW ve;j xUtiuAk; 35
jpUkzf; fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;J Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;j
xU xg;ge;jKk; nry;yhJ. mj;jifa fl;Lg;ghL
KOikahdNjh gFjpahdNjh vJthdhYk;
nry;yhJ.
40
tzpfk; nra;tijj; jLf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; mJ
KOikahdNjh gFjpahdNjh Vw;fg;gl;lNjh
,y;iyNah mJ nry;yhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 kw;Wk; egu;-2 ,UtUk; xU
gFjpapd; filelj;Jk; vjphpfshtu;. egu;-2 jdJ 45
filia %btpLtjw;fhf egu;-1 xU Fwpg;gpl;l
njhif mspf;fpwhu;. egu;-2 mjd;gb jdJ
filia %btpl;L me;jj; njhifia egu;-1-lk;
Nfl;fpwhu;. mtu;fspilNa ,Ue;j xg;ge;jk;
nry;yhJ vd jPug ; ;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. (kJ}g; Re;ju; 50
vjpu; uh[;Fkhu; jh];> (1874) XIV ngq;fhy; rl;l
mwpf;iffs; 767)
,e;j tpjpf;F xUrpy tpjptpyf;FfSk; cz;L.
55
  ey;nyz;z tpw;gid: xU tzpfu; jdJ
njhopypd; ew;ngaiu kw;wtUf;F tpw;fpwhu;.
mg;NghJ ,UtUk; me;j ew;ngaiu tpw;gtu;
me;j Fwp;g;gpl;l gFjpapy; mijg;Nghd;w xU
5 njhopiy Muk;gpf;ff; $lhJ vd xg;ge;jk;
nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jilfs; mwpthu;e;jjhf
,Uf;Fk;tiu nry;yf; $baJ.
10 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Jg;ghf;fpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J
mijj; jahhpg;gtuhd egu;-1 me;jj; njhopypd;
ew;ngaiu kw;w xU thq;FgtUf;F tpw;f
Kd;tUfpwhu;. me;j tpw;gid cld;gbf;ifapy; (m)
md;wpypUe;J 25 Mz;LfSf;F tpw;gtu; mNj
15 njhopiy nra;af;$lhJ. (M) ve;jtifapYk;
me;jj; njhopiyg; ghjpf;ff;$ba ve;j xU
njhopiyAk; egu;-1 mf;fhyj;jpy; nra;af;$lhJ.
me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kjy;gFjp nry;yj;jf;fJ
vd;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp mwpthu;e;jjy;y vd;Wk;
20 mjdhy; nry;yhJ vd;Wk; jPhg;gspf;fg; gl;lJ.
(ehu;nld;/ngy;l; vjpu; Nkf;]pk; ehu;nld;/ngy;l;
fd;]; md; mk;%dprd; fk;ngdp ypl;.> (1894) AR
535.
25  $l;Lj;njhopy; rl;lk;: tpahghuf; fl;Lg;ghL
tpjpf;Fk; cld;ghL nry;yhJ vd;w nghJ
tpjpf;F ,e;j $l;Lj;njhopy; rl;lk; xUrpy
tpjptpyf;Ffis Kd;itf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf>
gphpT-11: xU $l;Lj; njhopy; nra;Ak;
30 gq;Fjhuu;fs; me;jf; $l;Lj; njhopy; ,Uf;Fk;
tiu ve;j NtnwhU njhopiyAk; njhlq;ff;
$lhJ vd;w cld;gbf;if nry;Yk; vd;fpwJ.
 ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
tpjptpyf;Ffs;: ,e;j tpjpf;F khwhf xUrpy
35 epge;jidfis ePjpkd;wq;fs; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf> tpahghu
cld;gbf;iffSk;> jdpg;gl;l nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; cld;gbf;iffSk; xUrpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wd. xU
40 epWtdj;jpy; Nrit Ghpgtu; NtW ve;j xU
epWtdj;jpw;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
Nritahw;wf;$lhJ vd;gJ xU Vw;fj;jf;f
cld;gbf;ifahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; xU
epWtdj;jpd; gzpahsuhf ,Ue;J
45 ntspNaw;wg;gl;l xUtu; me;j Kjyhsp nra;Ak;
njhopiy nra;af;$lhJ vd cld;gbf;if
nra;tJ nry;yhJ. mNjNeuk; mJ me;j
Kjyhspapd; ew;ngaiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
vdpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
50
jdJ chpikia epiyehl;l Fwpg;gpl;l
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; kl;LNk (KOikahf) xUtu;
epiyehl;l KbAk; vd my;yJ me;j chpikia
epiyehl;l Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiu fl;Lg;ghL
55 tpjpf;fg;gLk; cld;gbf;if nry;yhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU cld;gbf;ifapd;gb mjpypUe;J
cUthFk; ve;j xU tof;ifAk; tprhhpf;f Kk;ig
ePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk tprhhpf;fyhk; vd ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy;> thjpNah thudhrp ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. me;j tof;F js;Sgb
nra;ag;gl;lJ Vnddpy; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb
Kk;ig ePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk tprhhpf;f KbAk;.
,e;e tof;ifg; nghWj;jtiu Kk;ig kw;Wk; 5
thudhrp ,U ePjpkd;wq;fSf;FNk mjpfhu tuk;G
,Ue;jJ. me;j fl;Lg;ghL KOikahdjhf
,y;yhjjhy; me;j tof;F nry;yf; $baNj
vdj; jPhg;ghdJ. (`f;fk; rpq; vjpu; fk;kd;
(,e;jpah) ypl;.> AIR 1971 SC 740). 10
ge;jag; nghUs; rhu;e;j cld;gbf;iffs;
nry;yhJ. ,jw;Fk; rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; cz;L.
xU jPuk; hzpf;f Kbahj xd;iw jPuk; hzpj;J
mjw;fhf xU njhifiaNah my;yJ mjw;Fr; 15
rkkhd njhifiaNah mspg;gJ ge;jakhFk;.
,e;j tifahd ge;ja xg;ge;jq;fs;
nry;yhjJk; epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfTk;
,Ue;jhYk; mJ rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
vdNt Kf;fpa ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F ,izahd ve;j 20
ghpkhw;wKk; eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $baNjahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F xU ge;jaf;
flid milg;gjw;Fg; gzk; nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-1
me;jf; flid egu;-2-lkpUe;J jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;. 25
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd cld;gbf;iff;Fk;
nry;yh cld;gbf;iff;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd cld;gbf;if vd;gJ 30
rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;gl;lJ MFk;. xU
nry;yj;jfh cld;gbf;if mt;thW rl;lj;jhy;
jLf;fg; glhjJ. mg;gb xU cld;gbf;if
nra;J nfhz;lhy; ePjpkd;wk; mjpy; jiyaplhJ.
vy;yh rl;lj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd cld;gbf;iffSk; 35
nry;yhjit. vy;yh nry;yhj
cld;gbf;iffSk; rl;lj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghdit
my;y. ,e;j ,U tifapYNk Kf;fpakhd
ghpkhw;wk; epiwNtw;wg;gl KbahjJ. Mdhy;
Kf;fpa ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F ,izahd kw;w 40
eltbf;iffs; nry;yhjitahdhYk;
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdjhf ,y;yhjtiu
epiwNtw;wf; $baNj. (Ke;ija tpsf;fj;ijg;
ghu;f;fTk;).
45
gphpf;fj;jf;fit - jj;Jtk;:
rpy Neuq;fspy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjp
jd;dpiyapNyNa rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfTk;>
kw;w gFjpfs; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;glhjitahf 50
,Uf;fyhk;. mg;gbg;gl;l #oypy; nghJtpjp
ahnjdpy;:
‘xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;glhj
gFjpia rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gFjpapypUe;J 55
Kwpf;f Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j xg;ge;jk;
KOtJNk nry;yhjjhFk;. Mdhy;> mijg;
gphpf;f KbAk; vdpy; me;j rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd
 jd;ik nghJr; rl;lj;jhy; tpise;jpUe;jhy; mjpy;
cs;s nfl;l gFjpia ePf;fptpl;L ey;y gFjpia
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.’ (gpf;fhpq; vjpu;
,y;/g;uhNfhk;gp nuapy;Nt fk;.> (1868) LR3 CP 235)
5 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU tq;fp egu;-2d; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jq;fk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jpdk; rhu;e;jxU
<l;Lj;njhiff;fhd xg;ge;jk;. mjd; Kjy; gFjp
rl;lj;jpw;F khwhdjhfTk; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp
rl;lg;G+u;tkhdjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,it gphpf;ff;
10 $bajhf ,Ue;jjhy; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpNa
epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ. (jhk]; gpuTd; md; rd;];
ypl;. vjpu; /g]y; jPd; (1962) 108 CLR 391).
xg;ge;jk; Nghd;W Njhw;wkspg;git:
15
xUrpy Neuq;fspy; rl;lj;jpYk; ePjpapd;gbAk; xUtu;
ve;j xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; thrfj;ijAk; kPwhky; Fw;wr;
nray; Ghpahky; xUrpy flg;ghl;Lf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl
Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. mg;gbg;gl;l
20 flg;ghLfis xg;ge;jk; Nghd;W Njhw;wkspg;git
vdyhk;. Vnddpy;> mq;F ve;j xU xg;ge;jKk;
cz;ikapy; ,y;iy. mit rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;gpdhpd; xg;Gjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit
my;y. mtw;iw xg;ge;jk; Nghd;W Njhw;wkspg;git
25 vdf; $Wk;NghNj mit xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J
njhiytpy; ,Ug;gJ njhpAk;.
rl;lKk; ePjpAk; epahakw;w tpjj;jpy; tsk;
Nru;g;gijNah my;yJ kw;w xUthplkpUe;J ngw;w
30 gzj;ijNah my;yJ NtW ve;j ey;y
fhhpaj;ijNah jpUg;gp mspf;fhky; jdf;Nf
epahakw;w tpjj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;Stijj; jLf;f
Kay Ntz;Lk; vd;w jj;Jtj;jpd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,e;j xg;ge;jk; Nghd;W
35 Njhw;wkspf;Fk; flg;ghLfs; cs;sd.
epahakw;w tpjj;jpy; tsk; Nru;g;gijj; jLg;gjw;F
eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F Kd; fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;:
40
 gpujpthjp me;j ey;y fhhpaj;jhy; gadile;J
tsk; ngUfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;j tsk; ngUfy; thjpapd; ,og;gpypUe;J
te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45  me;j tsj;ij jdf;Nf itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ
epahakw;wJ (kfhgPu; fpN\hu; vjpu; kj;jpa
gpuNjr muR> AIR 1990 SC 313).
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpTfs;- 68 -72 xUrpy xg;ge;jk;
50 Nghd;W Njhw;wkspf;ff;$ba flg;ghLfis
Vw;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf gphpT-71: "xU egu; jdJ
nghUsy;yhj NtnwhUthpd; cilikia fz;L
gpbj;J vLj;J jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;Jf;
nfhs;gtuJ nghWg;G xU gpizia
55 itj;jpUg;gthpd; nghWg;G Nghd;wNj.
epahakw;w tpjj;jpy; nrhj;J Nru;j;j Fw;wj;jpw;fhd
eltbf;ifapypUe;J jg;Gtjw;F me;j nrhj;ijf;
fz;Lgpbj;jtu; mjd; chpikahsiuf;
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. mijj; jdf;Nf itj;Jf;
nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
5
&.1>00>000 njhpahky; fzf;F itj;J tpl;lJ.
egu;-2 me;jg; gzj;ij vLj;J tpLfpwhu;. me;jg;
gzj;ij mtu; me;j tq;fpf;Nf nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. (S. Nfj;ugu;rg;gh vjpu; ,e;jpad; tq;fp>
AIR 1987 Kant 236). 10
xg;ge;jq;fis epiwNtw;Wjy;
xg;ge;jq;fspd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfs; jhq;fs;
mspj;j cWjpnkhopfis mtw;wpypUe;J tpyf;F 15
ngw;wpUe;jhNyh my;yJ xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jhy;
kd;dpj;J tplg;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp fl;lhakhf
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ epiwNtw;Wk;
epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;
NtWtifahd fUj;J ntspg;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp 20
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;igr; rhu;e;jtu; ,we;J
tpl;bUe;jhYk; mtuJ gpujpepjpahy; me;j
cWjpnkhopfs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU
jdp eghpd; jdpg;gl;l Nritfs; toq;Ftjw;fhd
cjhuzkhf xU Xtpau; xU Xtpak; tiutj 25
rhu;e;j xg;ge;jkhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j eghpd;
,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; mtuJ gpujpepjpfs;
flikg;gl;ltu;fs; my;y. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;>
gphpT-37).
30
xU xg;ge;jk; jdp egu; rhu;e;jjhfNth my;yJ
me;j xg;ge;jg; gyid NtW ahUf;Fk;
mspg;gijj; jLj;jhyd;wp xU xg;ge;jj;jpd;
gyid xU jug;G NtW ahuhtJ xUtUf;F
mspf;fyhk;. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; flikia xU 35
jug;G ahuhtJ xUtUf;F vjpu; jug;gpd;
mDkjpNahL toq;fyhk;. Mdhy;> ,J me;j
xg;ge;jj;ij Gjpa xg;ge;jkhf;FtjhFk;. (fu;jh
fk;. ypl;.> nua;khd; md; Nfh (,e;jpah) ypl;.>
AiR 1962 SC 1810) 40
cWjpnkhopia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l mLj;j jug;ghy;
%d;whk; eghpd; %yk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; cWjpnkhop
epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; mJ
nry;Yk;. cWjpnkhop gyuhy; $l;lhf 45
mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; me;j midtUk;
$l;lhfTk; gytifapYk; me;j cWjpnkhop
epiwNtw;Wk; flik cs;sJ. me;j
cWjpnkhopia Vw;wtu; me;j cWjpnkhop
mspj;j midthpd;kPNjh jdp Ml;fspd; kPNjh 50
eltbf;if vLf;fyhk;. mtu;fspy; xUtu; me;j
cWjpnkhopia epiwNtw;wp ,Ue;jhy;> mtu;
kw;w cWjpnkhop mspj;j $l;lhspfsplkpUe;J
mtu;fsJ gq;iff; Nfl;Lg;ngWk; chpik
cs;sJ. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-40 -43). 55
xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;w Kd;tUjy;:
 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;G mij
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Kd;te;J mij vjpu; jug;G
mij Vw;fhtpby; mtu; me;j xg;ge;jk;
epiwNtwhjjw;F nghWg;gy;y. NkYk; fPo;f;fhZk;
5 tifapy; ,y;yhjNghJ mtUf;F me;j xg;ge;jk;
toq;fpAs;s chpikfs; gwpNghfhJ:
 me;j Kd;tUjy; (toq;fy;) epge;jidaw;wJ.
 me;j toq;fy; rhpahd Neuj;jpYk; ,lj;jpYk;
10 toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 me;j toq;fiyr; nra;gtuhy; vij> vq;F>
vg;NghJ mtu; flikapy; KOikiaAkh
my;yJ gFjpiaah toq;f KbAk; vd;gij
me;j toq;fiyg; Vw;gtu; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;
15 NghJkhd tha;g;G toq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; me;j
toq;fy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;>
gphpT-39)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F xUrpy nghUl;fis
20 tpw;f cld;gLfpwhu;. me;j xg;ge;jg;gb egu;-1 egu;-2-
d; Miyapy; Ntiy Neuj;jpy; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy;> egu;-1 me;jg; nghUl;fis ,uT Neuj;jpy;
mUfpy; cs;s njhlu; tz;b epiyaj;jpy;
jUtjhf Kd;te;J $Wfpwhu;. ,J xU
25 nry;yj;jf;f toq;fy; my;y. egu;-1-d; nghWg;ig
tpl;Ltpl KbahJ. (Nu Mz;l;& A+Ny md; Nfh.>
AIR 1932 Cal879).
xU toq;fiy Vw;f khl;Nlhk; vd Vw;fdNt
30 toq;fiyg; ngWk; jug;G kWj;jpUe;jhy; me;j
toq;fy; Njitaw;wjhfpwJ. (,d;lu;Ne\dy;
fhd;l;uhf;lu;]; ypl;.> vjpu; gpurhe;j; Fkhu; ru; (decd),
AIR 1962 SC 77)
35 fhyhtjpahFKd; Kwpj;jy;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;G mtuJ cWjpnkhopia
epiwNtw;w KbahJ vd;fpwhu; my;yJ mtuJ
xl;Lnkhj;j cWjpnkhop epiwNtw;WtjpypUe;Jk;
40 tpyfpf; nfhs;fpwhu; vdpy; me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;
mLj;j jug;Gk; me;j xg;ge;jj;ij jdJ
thu;j;ijahNyh my;yJ nrayhNyh me;j xg;ge;jk;
njhlu ,ijr; rfpj;Jf;;nfhs;tjhff;
fhl;bapUe;jhyd;wp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuyhk;.
45 (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpT-39)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuntl;bahd egu;-1 egu;-2-d;
nrhj;jpYs;s kuj;ij ntl;b mtw;iwj; jdJ
(egu;-1) tz;bapy; Vw;wp mUfpYs;s njhlu;tz;b
50 epiyaj;jpy; jUtjhf xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
mJ epiwNtWKd; egu;-1 jdJ tz;bia tpw;W
tpLfpwhu;. ,J fhyhtjpahFKd; Kwpj;jyhFk;.
egu;-2 mijr; rfpj;Jf;nfhz;L me;j xg;ge;jk;
njhlur; nra;ayhk; my;yJ me;j xg;ge;jj;ij
55 Kbj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ([hd; c];]u; N[hd;];
vjpu; vltu;L ];fhl; fpNuhfd;> AIR 1919 PC 190)
epiwNtw;Wk; Neuk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; tpjk;:
epiwNtw;Wk; fhyk; Fwpg;gplg;glhtpl;lhy;
Vw;fj;jf;f fhyj;jpw;Fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-46). 5
xg;ge;jj;jpd; ikakhf Neuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfs; tpUk;gpdhy;> me;j
cWjpnkhopia me;j Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wj; jtWk;NghJ cWjpnkhopia
Vw;gtUf;F me;j xg;ge;jj;ij Kbj;Jf; 10
nfhs;Sk; chpik cs;sJ. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;>
gphpT-18). nghJthff; $w Ntz;Lkhdhy;>
tzfk; rhu;e;j vy;yh xg;ge;jq;fspYk; fhyk;
vd;gJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. Mdhy;> xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; jug;gpdu; fhyk; vd;gJ 15
mtrpakhdJjhdh ,y;iyah vd;gijj;
njspthff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;j cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
fhyk; mtrpakh ,y;iyah vd;gijj; njspT
gLj;Jk;.
20
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-2-d; kfsJ jpUkzj;jpw;F
,dpg;G toq;Ftjhf egu;-1 cWjpnkhop
mspf;fpwhu;. egu;-2 njspthf egu;-2-lk; me;j
,dpg;Gfs; jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ tUk; mtuJ
tpUe;jhspfSf;Fj;jhd; Ntz;Lk; vdf; 25
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. me;jj; jpUkz ehSk; Fwpg;gplg;
gLfpwJ. egu;-1 cld;ghl;bd;gb ,dpg;ig
toq;fj; jtWfpwhu;. ,q;F fhyk; vd;gJ
xg;ge;jj;jpd; mtrpakhdjhfpwJ. vdNt egu;-2
me;j xg;ge;jj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuyhk;. 30
cWjpnkhop mspg;gtu; mijg; ngWgthplk;
mij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd trjpahd ,lj;ij
KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,lk; gw;wp njspthff;
Fwpg;gplhjpUe;jhy; me;j xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J me;j 35
,lj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 NtW efhpYs;s egu;-2-
lkpUe;J rpy nghUl;fis thq;Ffpwhu;. egu;-1
gpd; egu;-2-I mioj;J jdJ mYtyfj;jpw;F 40
te;J njhifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW
$Wfpwhu;. ,J mwpthu;e;jjy;y. egu;-2 NtW
tpjkhff; $whjtiu egu;-2d; tof;fkhd
mYty; ,lj;jpy; fl;lzk; nrYj;JtJ
eilngw Ntz;Lk;. (Nfhgpuhk; fhrpuhk; vjpu; 45
rq;fu; uht; AIR 1950 MB 72 –d; mbg;gilapy;)
xg;ge;j epiwNtw;wk; me;j cWjpnkhop
Vw;gthpd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb ve;j tifapYk;
mtu; tpUk;Gk; Neuj;jpYk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. 50
(xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gphpT-50)
epiwNtw;Wjy; MfhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: thlifjhuuhd egu;-1 thlifia
chpikahsuhd egu;-2-f;F gztpil %yk;
mDg;Gfpwhu;. Mdhy;> gztpilr; nryit 55
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L kPjj; njhifiaNa
mDg;Gfpwhu;. ,J me;j chpikahsu;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhyd;wp rhpahd Vw;fj;jf;f
 epiwNtw;Wjy; MfhJ. (ehuhad;uht; ahNf\;tu;
uht; vjpu; lhdgh[p jkh[p> AIR 1954 Mag 270)
tha;g;gpd;ikAk; tpuf;jpailjYk;
5 epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. me;jr;
xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;j;jpy; me;jr;
nray; jd;dpiyapNyNa nra;aKba
tha;g;gpy;yhjpUe;jhy; mJ nry;yhJ. xg;ge;jj;jpd;
xU jug;Gf;F me;jr; nraiyr; nra;tjw;F tha;g;G
10 ,y;iy vd ed;F njhpe;Jk; (Mdhy;> vjpu;
jug;Gf;F – cWjpnkhop Vw;gtUf;F
njhpahjpUe;jhy;) mijr; nra;tjhf cWjpnkhop
mspj;jhuhdhy; me;j cWjpnkhop mspj;jtu; mij
epiwNtw;w Kbahjjhy; me;j cWjpnkhop
15 Vw;wtUf;F chpa ,og;gPl;il mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NtW VjhtJ vjpu;ghf;fhj> jLf;f Kbahj
fhuzj;jpdhy; my;yJ me;j xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jg;
gl;lgpd; mJ rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhf Mfpajhy;
20 nfhLj;j thf;FWjpiaf; fhg;ghw;w Kbahky;
Nghdhy; me;j xg;ge;jk; nry;yhjjhfpwJ. me;j
epiwNtw;wYk; epiwNtw;w ,ayhjjhfNth
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdjhfNth khWfpwJ. ,jw;Fg;
ngau; tpuf;jpailjy; jj;Jtk; MFk;. (xg;ge;jr;
25 rl;lk;> gphpT-56).
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 ypd;rPL vz;nza;ia NtW
xU ehl;by; thOk; egu;-2-cld; mtuJ ehl;bNyNa
mspg;gjhf xU xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
30 Mdhy;> ypd;rPL vz;nza; Vw;Wkjpf;F jil
tpjpf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,g;NghJ egu;-1 me;j xg;ge;jg;gb
ypd;rPL vz;nza;ia mspf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Vnddpy; me;j xg;ge;jk; tpuf;jpailjy; jj;Jtk;
fhuzkhf nry;yhjjhfptpl;lJ. (Ju;fh Njtp gfj;
35 vjpu; J.B. mj;thdp md; Nfh ypl;. (1970) 76 Cal WN
528)
Nrhu;e;J Nghjy; jj;Jtj;jpw;F xU xg;ge;jj;jpd;
epiwNtw;Wjy; ,ayhkNyh my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;Fg;
40 Gwk;ghdjhfNth khw Ntz;Lk;. xU xg;ge;jj;ij
epiwNtw;WtJ vjpu;ghu;j;jijtpl fbdkhf
,Ug;gjhNyh yhgkw;wJ vd;gjhNyh mJ ,ayhjJ
MfptplhJ. (mNyhgp gu;\j; md; rd;]; ypl;.> vjpu;
,e;jpa A+dpad;> AIR 1960 SC 588)
45
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cw;gj;jpahsuhd egu;-1 xU
Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyf;F rpy ,ae;jpuq;fis egu;-2f;F
tpw;f cld;gLfpwhu;. me;j xg;ge;jk;
ifnahg;gkhdJk; muR cw;gj;jpf;fhd thpia 20
50 tpOf;fhL cau;j;JfpwJ. egu;-1 me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l
tpiyapy; egu;-2f;F tpw;gJ yhgk; juhJ vd
epidf;fpwhu;. ,J epiwNtw;w KbahjJ vdj;
js;sKbahJ. me;j xg;ge;jk; ,g;NghJk;
nry;yj;jf;fNj. vdNt> egu;-1 me;j
55 cWjpnkhopia epiwNtw;w Ntz;baJ
flikahFk;.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; jug;gpdu; ‘force majeure’ nrhw;nwhliu
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,izf;fyhk;. ,jpy; ,U
jug;gpduhYk; vjpu;ghu;f;f Kbahj fl;Lg;gLj;j
Kbahj nray;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mj;jifa
epfo;Tfs; Vw;gl;lhy; me;j thf;FWjpia
5
nrhw;nwhlu; gphptpy; nghJthf nra;a
Kbahjitay;yhj epfo;TfisAk;
cjuhzkhf> nts;sk;> Ntiy epWj;jk;>
fpsu;r;rp Nghd;witfis ,izf;fyhk;.
10
Gjpjhf;Fjy;:
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; gioa
xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; xU GJ xg;ge;jk; nra;J
nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhNyh my;yJ gioa 15
xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;a tpUk;gpdhNyh jpUj;j
tpUk;gpdhNyh Kjy; xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;w
Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy;> gioa xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg;
gjpy; Gjpa xg;ge;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lkhdhy;
me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfs; 20
mjw;F cld;gl Ntz;Lk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;>
gphpT62)
tpLtpj;jy;> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> ,zf;fk; kw;Wk;
jpUg;jp 25
xU thf;FWjp Vw;gtu; jdf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
thf;FWjp KOikiaANkh my;yJ
gFjpiaNah Ntz;lhnkd tpl;L tplyhk;
my;yJ kd;dpj;J tplyhk;. my;yJ 30
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd fhyj;ij js;spg; Nghlyhk;
my;yJ mry; thf;FWjpf;Fg; gjpy; Gjpaij
Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ ve;j xU
jpUg;jpfukhd nrayhf epidg;gijAk;
nra;ayhk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-63). 35
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F &.10000 flikg;
gl;Ls;shu;. egu;-1 egu;-2f;F &.5000
nrYj;Jfpwhu;. mLj;J egu;-2 kPjKs;s &.5000-
id tpl;Lf;nfhLj;Jtpl;L jd;id me;jj; 40
njhifiaj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtjpypUe;J
tpLtpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,J xU
,zf;fk; kw;Wk; jpUg;jpahFk;. ,jdhy; egu;-1
,dp flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j
Ntz;bajpy;iy. (fg;G+u;re;j; Nfhjh vjpu; 45
`pkhajypfhd; m]k;[h> AIR 1963 SC 250)
tpLtpj;jypd; tpisTk; xg;ge;jk; nry;yhJ
NghtJk;
50
xU nry;yj;jfhj xg;ge;jj;ij tpLtpj;jhy;
mLj;j jug;G me;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s ve;j
xU thf;FWjpiaAk; epiwNtw;w
Ntz;bajpy;iy. xg;ge;jj;ij tpLtpf;Fk; jug;G
kw;w jug;gplkpUe;J me;j xg;ge;jj;jhy; ngw;w 55
midj;Jg; gad;fisAk; jpUg;gp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-64)
 xU xg;ge;jk; nry;yhjJ vdf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;
my;yJ mJ cjhuzkhf> tpuf;jpailjy;
fhuzkhf nry;yhjjhdhy;> me;j cld;gbf;ifapd;
fhuzkhfg; ngw;w midj;J gyd;fisAk; mij
5 jpUg;gp mspf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mij
mspj;jtUf;F <L nra;a Ntz;Lk;. (xg;ge;jr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-65)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: thlifjhuuhd egu;-2lkpUe;J
10 chpikahsuhd egu;-1 rl;lj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l
thlifj; njhifiatpl mjpfkhd njhifia
thlifahf t#ypf;fpwhu;. egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtu;
ngw;w $Ljy; njhifia jpUg;gp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Nrhk;uh[; vjpu; N[j;khy;> AIR 1957 Raj 392).
15
xg;ge;j kPwypd; tpisT: Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fk;
xUrpy Neuq;fspy;> xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpa jug;ig
mj;jug;G mtu;fspd; flikia epiwNtw;Wtij
20 typAWj;Jtjw;fhf kw;w jug;G jz;bf;fyhk;. ,jd;
ngau; ‘Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzk;’ vdg;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l
epthuzk; rhu;e;j rl;lj;ij ‘Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr;
rl;lk;’> 1963 y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
25 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbTf;F Vw;g epiwNtw;wg;gLk;.
 xU thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;whjjhy; Vw;gl;l
,og;igf; fz;lwpa xU nghJ msTnfhy;
30 ,y;yhjNghJk;
 nfhLf;fg;gl;l thf;fpd; kjpg;G ve;j msT
vd;why; ve;j xU gzkjpg;ghYk; <Lfl;l
Kbahjjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
KbNt rpwe;jJ. (Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk;>
35 gphpT-10)
NtWtifapy; cWjpg;gLj;jpdhyd;wp ,t;thW
fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ:
40  xU mirahr; nrhj;ij khw;WtJ rhu;e;j
xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig
gzj;jhy; <Lfl;l KbahJ.
 xU mirAk; nrhj;ij khw;WtJ rhu;e;j
xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig
45 gzj;jhy; <Lfl;l KbAk;. ,jw;F rpy tpjp
tpyf;Ffs; cz;L mit:
o mj;jifa nrhj;J xU rhjhuzkhf
tpw;fg;gLk; nghUsy;y my;yJ me;j thjpf;F
kpf Kf;fpakhd kjpg;Gkpf;f nghUs; my;yJ
50 re;ijapy; fpilf;fhj mhpa nghUshFk;
o me;j nrhj;ij gpujpthjp thjpapd; Mshf
my;yJ br];B ahf mij itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
(Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk;> gphpT-15-d;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L)
55
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT ];biy
egu;-2f;F tpw;f cld;gLfpwhu;. mg;NghJ me;j
];By; Miyfspy; Ntiy epWj;jk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
vdNt ];Biy thq;FtJ kpff; fbdkhfpwJ.
,g;NghJ egu;-1 me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb mtuJ
thf;FWjpiaf; fhg;ghw;w kWf;fpwhu; vd;why;
egu;-2f;F Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ij egu;-2f;F
mspf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; ];By; mg;NghJ 5
re;ijapy; vspjhff; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
(N`hthu;L E. ngu;hp md; Nfh ypl; vjpu;
gphpl;b\; nuapy;Nt Nghu;L> (1980) 2 All ER 579.)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F xU mhpjhd 10
mofhd goq;fhy kug;nghUis tpw;f
cld;gLfpwhu;. Mdhy;> gpd;du; mt;thW tpw;f
kWf;fpwhu;. ,jpy; egu;-2 Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;ij Nfhu KbahJ. me;j egu;-2
mg;gbg;gl;l nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; xU 15
tpahghhpahthu;. mij kWtpw;gidf;fhfNt
thq;f cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
(Nfh`d; vjpu; Nuhr;> (1927) 1 KB 169)
xU mwq;fhtyuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jk; 20
mtuJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F kPwpajhf ,Ue;jhNyh
my;yJ ek;gpf;F vjpuhdjhf ,Ue;jhNyh
mijr; nray;gLj;j KbahJ. (Fwpg;gpl;l
epthuzr; rl;lk;> gphpT-11.)
25
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU mwq;fhtyu; – egu;-1 me;j
mwf;fl;lisapd; epyj;jpid 7 Mz;LfSf;F
Fj;jiff;F tpl mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
me;j egu;-1 egu;-2f;F me;j epyj;ij 7
Mz;LfSf;F Fj;jiff;F tpLfpwhu;. me;j 30
xg;ge;jj;jpy; me;j 7 Mz;L Kbtpy; mtUf;Nf
kPz;Lk; mLj;j jtidf;Fk; GJg;gpg;gjhf
cs;sJ. me;j xg;ge;jk; Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;w
KbahJ. (Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr;rl;lk;> 1877> gphpT-
21(c)-tpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 35
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; gFjprhu; Fwpg;ghd
nrayhf;fk;
nghJ tpjpahf fPo;f;fhz;gitapd;wp xU 40
xg;ge;jj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ij
ePjpkd;wk; tw;GWj;jhJ.
 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;igr; rhu;e;jtu;
jdJ gq;fpd; KOikiaANk nray;gLj;j 45
,ayhjtuhf cs;shu;. Mdhy;>
nray;gLj;jhky; tplf;$ba gq;F me;j
KOikahd kjpg;gpy; kpff; FiwthFk;.
mij gzj;jhy; <Lfl;l KbAk;. ,e;jr;
#oypy; ve;j xU jug;ghtJ vOg;gpAs;s 50
tof;fpy; ePjpkd;wk; me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;
nray;gLj;jf;$ba me;j rpWgFjpia
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;jpw;F cj;jutplyhk;
kw;Wk; nray;gLj;j Kbahky; tplg;gl;l
gFjpf;F <l;Lj;njhif mspf;fTk; $wyhk;. 55
 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU jug;igr; rhu;e;jtu;
jdJ gq;fpd; KOikiaANk nray;gLj;j
,ayhjtuhf cs;shu;. NkYk; nray;
 gLj;jhky; tplf;$ba gFjp:
o me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpahFk;. ,e;jr;
#oypy; ePjpkd;wk; mLj;j jug;G mjw;fhd
njhifiar; nrYj;jpdhNyh my;yJ
5 ghprPyidf;fhd njhifia me;j xg;ge;jk;
KOikf;FNk Vw;fdNt nrYj;jptpl;lhNyh
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;jpw;F cj;jutplyhk;.
o gzj;jhy; <Lfl;l KbahJ vdpy; mLj;j
jug;G mj;njhifiar; nrYj;jpdhy;
10 my;yJ ghprPyidf;fhd njhifia me;j
xg;ge;jk; KOikf;FNk Vw;fdNt
nrYj;jptpl;lhNyh ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;jpw;F cj;jutplyhk;
,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j ,U topapYNk xg;ge;jj;jpd;
15 mLj;j jug;G epiwNtw;wg;glhj me;j rpW
gFjpf;fhd chpikia tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,og;gPLk; Nfl;fyhfhJ.
 xU xg;ge;j;j;jpd; xUgFjp mg;gbNa vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhy; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fk; ngw KbAk;
20 ngw Ntz;Lk;. me;jg; gFjp me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;
fl;lhak; epiwNtw;w Ntz;lhj kw;w
gFjpapypUe;J jdpj;J mjw;Nf chpa tpjj;jpy;
,Uf;fpwJ vdpy; ePjpkd;wk; me;j fl;lhak;
Fwpg;ghf nray;gLj;j Ntz;ba gFjpia
25 epiwNtw;w Mizaplyhk;. (Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-12)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F 100 Vf;fu; epyj;ij
tpw;f cld;gLfpwhu;. Mdhy;> egu;-1-lk; 98 Vf;fu;
30 epyk; kl;LNk cs;sJ. me;j tpLgl;l 2 Vf;fu;
epyk; tpw;f tpUk;ghJ NtW xUtUilaJ. me;j
98 Vf;fu; epyj;ijg; gad;gLj;j me;j 2 Vf;fu;
fl;lhak; ,y;iy. me;j 2 Vf;fu; ,og;gjhy; me;j
,og;ig gzj;jhy; <Lfl;l KbahJ vd;gjy;y.
35 ,e;jr; #oypy; egu;-2 njhLj;j tof;fpy; egu;-1
mtuJ me;j 98 Vf;fu; epyj;ijAk; egu;-2-f;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; xg;ge;jg;gb tpw;fhj 2
Vf;fu; epyj;jpw;fhd ,og;ig egu;-1 egu;-2f;Fj; ju
Ntz;Lk; vd cj;jutplyhk; my;yJ egu;-1
40 njhLj;j tof;fpw;F egu;-2 mtu; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
KOj; njhifapy; mtu; ngwhj 2 Vf;fu;
epyj;jpw;fhd njhifiaf; fopj;Jtpl;L 98 Vf;fu;
epyj;jpw;fhd njhifia kl;Lk; fl;Lk;gb
Nfhuyhk;. (Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr;rl;lk; 1877 gphpT-14-
45 f;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;bd;gb)
Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;w Kbahj xg;ge;jq;fs;
fPo;f;fhZk; xg;ge;jq;fs; Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;w
50 Kbahjit:
 epiwNtw;w Kbahj xg;ge;jj;jpw;F <lhf gzk;
nrYj;jf; $baJ
 xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s \uj;Jfs; kpf mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd EZf;fkhditahfNth
55 my;yJ mJ jdpeghpd; jpwd; rhu;e;jjhfNth
my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdhpd; tpUg;gk;
rhu;e;jjhfNth my;yJ xU ePjpkd;wk;
jiyapl;L mijf; Fwpg;ghf epiwNtw;wr;
nrhy;y Kbahj mstpy; mjd; jd;ik
,Ue;jhy;
 xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik jPuk
; hdpf;ff;$ba
tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; mit Fwpg;ghf
epiwNtw;wf; $baitahFk;. 5
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU vOj;jhsuhd egu;-1 jdJ
Gj;jfj;ij ntspapl ntspaPl;lhsuhd egu;-1-ld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. egu;-2 Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;jpid nray;gLj;j KbahJ. 10
(Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk; gphpT-21-f;fhd
tpsf;fj;jpd;gb)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU epyj;jpYs;s kuq;fis
ntl;l egu;-2-ld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. 15
,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij nghUj;jtiu egu;-1 Fwpg;gpl;
nrayhf;fj;ijr; nray;gLj;jyhk;. Vnddpy;
,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfspd;
tpUg;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jjhf ,y;iy. (uhgu;l; b
rpy;th vjpu; Nuhfpdp vd;lu;gpiur];> AIR 1987 20
Kant 57).
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kwptpdhy; fpilf;f Ntz;ba
,og;gPl;ilg; ngwj; jFjpaw;w> my;yJ
epiwNtw;Wk; jFjpia ,oe;jtu; my;yJ 25
xg;ge;jj;jpy; jhd; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
Kf;fpakhd gq;if kPwpdhNyh my;yJ
xg;ge;jj;jpw;F khwhf Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;lhNyh
my;yJ njhpe;Nj me;j xg;ge;jj;jpw;F
khwhfNth> mijr; rpijf;Fk; tpjj;jpNyh 30
ele;J nfhz;lhNyh xg;ge;jj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w ,ayhJ. jdJ
nra;Jtpl;Nld; vd cWjpg;gLj;jhj my;yJ
me;j thf;FWjpapy; jdJ gq;fpid – mLj;j
jug;ghy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l gFjpiaj; jtpu - 35
epiwNtw;w vg;NghJNk jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;
egUf;Fr; rhu;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ijr;
nray;gLj;j KbahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F xUrpy 40
nghUl;fis tpw;f cld;gLfpwhu;. mjd;gb egu;-
1 mjpy; xUrpy nghUl;fis mDg;gp tpLfpuhu;.
cld;gbf;ifapy; cs;s NtWrpy nghUl;fis
mDg;g egu;-1-dhy; Kbatpy;iy. ,J egu;-1
epiwNtw;w tpUg;gkpd;wp ,Ug;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. 45
,jdhy; egu;-1 Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ijf; Nfhu
KbahJ. (rd; ngu;kdd;l; ngd/gpl; gpy;bq;
nrhirl;b vjpu; nt];lu;d; rgu;gd; md; `hNuh
NuhL ngu;kdd;l; gpy;bq; nrhirl;b> (1921) All ER
Rep 690 –d; mbg;gilapy;) 50
ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ij rl;lg;gb
nfhLf;fyhk; vd;gjw;fhff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,e;j mjpfhu tuk;G
csj;Nju;tpd;gb nra;a Ntz;baJ. xUrpy 55
re;jHg;gq;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;ij toq;fhJ. cjhuzkhf:
  xg;ge;j thrfk;> my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;gpdhpd; nray;fs;> my;yJ xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l #oy;fs; nry;yj;jf;fjhf
,Ug;gpDk; thjpf;F Njitf;FNky; mjpfkhd
5 mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
 xg;ge;jj;ij gpujpthjp epiwNtw;Wtjpy; mjpfr;
rpf;fy;fs; ,Ue;jhy; mij me;jg; gpujpthjp
czuhky; xg;ge;jk; nra;;jpUe;jhy;> Mdhy;>
mNj msT fbdk; thjpf;F ,y;yhJ ,Ue;jhy;
10  gpujpthjp me;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l #oy;
nry;yj;jfhjjhf;ff; $baJ ,y;iy vdpDk;
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;jpw;Fj; jFjpaw;wjhf
,Ue;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;jpid
ePjpkd;wk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
15
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egH-1 jdJ epyj;ij egH-2-lk; tpw;f
cld;gLfpwhH. me;j tpw;gid Nguk; ele;jNghJ
me;jg; gFjpapy; xU fhy;tha; ntl;lg;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjdhy;> me;j epyj;jpd; kjpg;G
20 gd;klq;F caHe;jJ. egH-2-f;F ,J
njhpe;jpUe;jhYk; egu;-1-f;F ,J njhpahJ. ,jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
(uhkfpU\;d ehAL vjpH godpag;g nrl;bahu;. AIR
1963 Mad 17).
25
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;jpw;fhf tof;fpLk; thjp
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;NjhL my;yJ mjw;Fg;gjpy;
,og;gPilAk; Nfhuyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;ijf;
nfhLf;f ,ayhJ vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;
30 mj;jifa Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;W ,og;gPL nfhLf;fT;
cj;jutplyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j ,og;gPl;bid me;j
thjf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;NjhL ,og;gPLk; ju Ntz;Lk; vd
ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy; mt;thW nra;ayhk;. mg;gb
35 ,og;gPL mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd jPHkhdpj;jhy;
mJ rhHghf xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-73-d;gbNa
ePjpkd;wk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. (Fwpg;gpl;l ghpfhur;
rl;lk;> gphpT-21).
40 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ tpl;il egu;-2-f;;F tpw;f
cld;gLfpwhu;. egu;-2 me;jj; njhifia egu;-1f;F
nfhLj;J tpLfpwhu;. Mdhy;> egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;ijf;
nfhLf;f kWf;fpwhu;. me;j Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;jpw;fhd tof;fpd; jPu;g;G 3
45 Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; egu;-2-d; rhu;ghf toq;fg;
gLfpwJ. ,e;j tof;fpy; egH-2-f;F Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;NjhL ,og;gPl;bidAk; toq;f
cj;jutplg; gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; egu;-2 me;j %d;W
Mz;Lfshf me;jr; nrhj;jpid mDgtpf;f
50 Kbatpy;iy. (epf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l ghpfhur; rl;lk;>
1877> gphpT-19d; %d;whtJ gj;jpf;fhd tpsf;fj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;)
xU xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpdhy; ve;j msT gzk;
55 nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;bU;ejhy; mjd;gb nrayhf;fk; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mg;gbg; gzj;njhif Fwpg;gplg;
gl;bUg;gJ me;j xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;Jtjw;fhf kl;LNk vdTk;
mij kPWk; jug;Gf;F Fwpg;gpl;l
nrayhf;fj;jpw;Fg;gjpy; ,og;gPL nfhLf;fyhk;
vd;gjw;fhf my;y vd ePjpkd;wk; fUjpdhy;>
ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fj;NjhL me;jj; 5
njhifiaAk; nfhLf;f typAWj;jj;
Njitapy;iy. (Fwpg;gpl;l ghpfhur; rl;lk;> gphpT-
23)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-d; thlifjhuu;. egu- 10
1 egu;-3-ld; me;j nrhj;ij kW Fj;jiff;Fj;
jUtjhfTk; mjw;F egu;-2d; mDkjpiag;
ngw;Wj; jUtjhfTk; $Wfpwhu;. mj;jifa
mDkjpia egu;-1 ngw;Wj; juhtpby; egu;-1 egu;-
3-f;F &.10>000 ju Ntz;Lk; vdTk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; 15
Fwpg;gplg; gLfpwJ. mjd;gpwF egu;-1 egu;-2-lk;
kWFj;jiff;F mDkjp Nfl;fNt ,y;iy.
mjdhy;> xg;ge;jg;gb &.10>000-id egu;-3f;Fj;
jUtjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,q;F egu;-2f;F me;j
Fwpg;gpl;l nrayhf;fkhd kW Fj;jiff;F egu;-2 20
mDkjpj;jhy; chpik cs;sJ. (ePf;fg;gl;l
Fwpg;gpl;l ghpfhur; rl;lk;> 1877> gphpT-20d;
tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;)
xg;ge;j Kwptpd; tpisTfs;: ,og;Gfs; 25
xU xg;ge;jj;ij xU jug;G Kwpg;gjhy; mLj;j
jug;Gf;F ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;GfSf;F xg;ge;jj;jpd;NghNj vd;d tpisT
Vw;gLk; vdj; njhpe;j ,og;Gfis <Lnra;a 30
Ntz;baJ Kwpf;Fk; jug;gpd; flikahFk;.
(xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-73) (,e;jg; gFjpf;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;bidg; ghu;f;fTk;)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU ,lj;ij mjpy; cs;s 35
gzpkidNahL Fj;jiff;F thq;Ffpwhu;.
mjw;fhd top Kd;gFjpapy; kpff; FWfyhf
,Ue;jJ mjdhy;> mjw;F NtnwhU top kpf
mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. Fj;jiff;F mspj;jtu;fs;
gpd;gFjpapy; cs;s ,lk; topahf me;j 40
,lj;jpw;F ghij mikf;f chpik cs;sJ
vd;w $w;iw ek;gpj;jhd; mij Fj;jiff;F
vLj;jpUe;jhu;. Mdhy;> gpd;Gwj;jpy; cs;s
nrhj;jpd; chpikahsH mq;F topapy;iy vdf;
$wp topju kWf;fpwhu;. ,jd;fhuzkhf egu;-1- 45
dhy; me;j ,lj;jpy; gzpkidia elj;j
Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; mij egu;-1 Fiwe;j
tpiyf;F tpw;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. me;j Fj;jif
mspj;jtu;fSf;F vjpuhd tof;fpy; egu;-1f;F
,og;gPL mtu; me;j nrhj;jpid thq;fp jdJ 50
njhopiyr; nra;tjw;F mtu; nra;j midj;Jr;
nryTj; njhifia – me;j ,lj;ij tpw;gJ
tiu mtUf;fhd tq;fp tl;b cl;gl –
midj;ijAk; me;j tpw;gidahsu;fNs ju
cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. (N`a]; vjpu; N[k;]; kw;Wk; 55
rhHy;]; lhl;> (1990) 2 All ER 815).
nrhj;Jtpw;gid rhu;ghd xg;e;j KwpTfSf;fhd
 ,og;ig fzpg;gjw;F ,Utopfis cr;rePjpkd;wk;
toq;FfpwJ.
“KjyhtJ> tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; jdf;F
5 fpilf;f Ntz;baij fpilf;fhky; me;j xg;ge;jk;
Kwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ep&gpg;gtiu me;j
xg;ge;jk; xU ey;y #oypy; cz;ikahfNt
epiwNtwpapUe;jhy; ve;j msT gz kjpg;gpy; vd;d
fpilj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gijf; ftzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10 Mdhy;> ,e;j KjyhtJ topf;F cjtpahf>
,uz;lhtJ top thjp me;j Kwptpdhy; Vw;gLk;
,og;gpidj; jLg;gjw;F vj;jifa Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w flikia
typAWj;JtNjhL mtH Nghjpa Kaw;rp
15 vLf;fhjjhy; Vw;gl;l me;j ,og;gpy; jdf;Fk;
gq;Fz;L vdf;NfhUtjw;Fj; jiltpjpf;fpwJ.”
(Kuspjhu; rpud;rpyhy; vjpu; `hpr;re;jpu
JtHf;fjh];> AIR 1962 SC 366).
20 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Vyj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhff; Nfl;l
Vyk; Nfl;ltu; -egu;-1 me;jf; njhifia Vyk;
nfhLj;jtuhd egu;-2-f;F nfhLf;f ,aytpy;iy.
,r;#oypy; egu;-2 me;j Vyj;ij egu;-2-f;F mLj;j
mjpfgl;r Vyj;njhifia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtUf;F
25 toq;f (,d;Dk; tha;g;gpUe;jhy;) Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%yk; ,og;gpid Fiwf;f KbAk;. (A.R.
fpU\;d %u;j;jp vjpu; Muzp efuhl;rp> (1955) 1 Mad
LJ 437).
30 xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-73 ,og;igf; fzf;fpl
nghJthd topfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk;>
gy;NtW tifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; rhu;ghd rpwg;ghd
topfis fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
fz;lwpe;Js;sd. cjhuzkhf:
35
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: <L: egu;-1 egu;-2-lk; xU Fjpiuia
xg;gilf;fpwhu;. me;j Fjpiu egu;-2d; ghJfhg;gpy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ epue;ju Cdkile;jhy; me;j
,og;igf; fz;lwpAk; top ahnjdpy; me;jf;
40 Fjpiuapd; tpiy Cdkiltjw;F Kd; ,Ue;j
tpiyiaAk; Cdj;jpw;Fg;gpd; cs;s tpiyiaAk;
itj;Jf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. (`];j;khy; vjpu; u/gp
cj;jpd;> AIR 1953 Bhopal 5)
45 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fl;Lkhd xg;ge;jk;: fl;Lkhd
xg;ge;jk; ngw;w xUtH ghjpapy; Ntiyia
tpl;Ltpl;L nrd;W tpLfpwhu;. ,jd; ,og;G me;j
fl;llj;ij fl;b Kbf;f MFk; nryTj;
njhifahFk;. (Jypg;Gb ehka;ah vjpu; ,e;jpa
50 A+dpad;> AIR 1958 AP 533)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nghUl;fis tpw;gid: egu;-1
tpw;gidahsu;> egu;-2 thq;Fgtu;. ,UtUk; tpw;gid
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mjd;gb egu;-2
55 jtwpioj;jhy; egu;-1 me;jg; nghUl;fis kW
tpw;gid nra;ayhk;. egu;-2 jtwpiof;fpwhu; vdpy;
me;j ,og;ig mry; tpiyapypUe;J kW tpw;gid
tpiy Nghf (me;j kWtpw;gid Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;Fs; eilngw;wpUe;jhy;) cs;s
njhifNa ,og;G vdf; fz;lwpayhk;. mt;thW
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; me;j kWtpw;gid
eilngwhjpUe;jhy; mjd; mrd; tpiyiaAk;
me;j xg;ge;j KwpT ehspy; re;ijapy; mjd; 5
tpiyiaAk; nghWj;jJ. (gp];kp mg;Jy;yh md;
rd;];> tpahghhpfs; kw;Wk; juFjhuu;fs; vjpu;
tl;lhu mYtyu;> ,e;jpa czTf; fofk;>
jpUtde;jGuk;> AIR 1987 Ker 56)
10
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-73-d; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp
xg;ge;jjhuHfs; ,U jug;gpdUk; xg;ge;j
Neuj;jpNyNa me;j xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gl;lhy;
Vw;gLk; tpisTfis mwpe;jpUe;j xg;ge;jq;fs;
gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,J ‘rpwg;G ,og;Gfs; tpjp’ 15
vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Miyapd; Kjyhspfs; -
egu;-1 mjd; xU ,ae;jpug; gFjpia me;j
,ae;jpu cw;gj;jpahshplk; rhp nra;tjw;fhf 20
nfhz;L Nru;f;f egu;-2-ld; xg;ge;jk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> egu;-2 mij nfhz;L
Nru;f;fj; jtWfpwhu;. egu;-1-lk; ,Ue;jJ me;j
xNu ve;jpuk; kl;LNk. ,ij egu;-2 mwpa
khl;lhu;. ,jdhy;> me;j Miyia kPz;Lk; 25
,af;f fhyjhkjkhfpaJ. egu;-1 mjdhy; mtu;
mj;jifa jhkjkhd fhyj;jpy; ,oe;j
yhgj;njhifia jdf;F ,og;gPlhfj; ju
Ntz;Lk; vdf; NfhUfpd;wdu;. ePjpkd;wk; me;jf;
Nfhhpf;ifiaj; js;Sgb nra;jJ. Vnddpy;> 30
egu;-2-f;F mjd; cz;ikfs; njhpAk; vd;w xU
fhuzk; kl;Lk; NghJkhdJ ,y;iy – gpujpthjp
me;j ,ae;jpuj;ij jahhpg;ghshplk; nfhz;L
NrHf;fhjjdhy;jhd; me;j ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ
vd;gij ep&gpf;fg; NghJkhdJ ,y;iy vdj; 35
jPhg;gspf;fg; gl;lJ. Mdhy;> me;j gpujpthjpf;F
jhd; jhkjg;gLj;Jtjhy; egu;-1-f;F ,og;G
Vw;gLk; vd;gij mwpe;jpUe;jhy; me;j ,og;ig
gpujpthjp Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. (N`l;yp vjpu;
ghf;]d;Nly;> (1843-60) All ER Rep 461). 40
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU ijay;fhuu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpy; eilngWk; jpUtpohtpd;NghJ mjpf
,yhgk; <l;l KbAk; vd;W vz;zp jdJ
ijay; ve;jpuj;ijAk; nghpa Jzpg;igiaAk; 45
,uapy;Nt fk;ngdpapy; xg;gilj;J me;jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; NrHf;Fk;gb $WfpwhH.
Mdhy;> mjd; Nehf;fj;ijNah jdf;Ff;
fpilf;f ,Uf;Fk; ,yhgk; gw;wpNah jpUtpoh
gw;wpNah njhptpf;ftpy;iy. me;j ,uapy;Nt 50
mij rhpahd Neuj;jpy; nfhz;L Nru;f;fhky;
me;jj; jpUtpoh Kbe;j gpd;dNu nfhz;LNgha;
Nru;f;fpwJ. me;j ijay;fhuu; me;j ,yhg
,og;igj; jUk;gbNah ijay;fhuu; me;j tpoh
,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W te;j nryTj; 55
njhifiaNah jUkhW gpujpthjpiaf; Nfhu
KbahJ. Vnddpy; me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; NghNj
,U jug;ghUf;Fk; mij kPWtjhy; Vw;gLk;
 tpisit mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ mjd;
,ay;gpNyNa mJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (nkl;uh];
nuapy;Nt fk;ngdp vjpu; Nfhtpe;j uht;> (1897-98)
ILR 20-21 Mad 478).
5 5
jz;lidAk; jPHkhzpf;fg;gl;l ,og;GfSk;.
xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; me;j xg;ge;j kPwYf;fhd
,og;gPl;Lj; njhif Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;jhy; my;yJ
10 NtW vjhtJ jz;lid Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;jhy;
me;jj; jz;lid KwpT gw;wp KiwapLk; jug;Gf;F
me;j xg;ge;j kPwyhy;jhd; me;j ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ
vd;W ep&gpf;fhtpl;lhYk; me;j xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;F kpfhj njhifia ,og;Gf;F
15 Vw;gg; ngWk; chpik cs;sJ. ,JNt me;j
xg;ge;j KwpTf;fhd jz;lidahFk;. cz;ikahd
,og;G jPHkhzpf;fg;gl;l ,og;Gf;F kpf mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhYk; thjp mj;njhiff;F mjpfkhf ,og;gPL
thq;f ,ayhJ. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-74).
20
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 gPH ghl;by;fspYk;
gPg;gha;fspYk; milj;J tpw;Wte;jhu;. me;j
ghl;by;fisAk;> gPg;gha;fisAk; tpahghhpfs;
jpUg;gpj; jUk;NghJ mjw;fhd mtHfs; nfhLj;j
25 itg;Gj;njhif mtu;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gp toq;fg;
gl;lJ. me;j tpahghhpfs; gPNuhL ghl;biyAk;
tpw;Wtplf; $lhJ vd;Wk; mij egu;-1lNk jpUg;gpj;
ju Ntz;Lk; vd xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ldu;.
,jdhy; ghl;bypy; milg;gJ toikahfj; njhlu
30 KbAk;. me;j itg;Gj;njhif me;j ghl;by;fs;
cile;jhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;GfSf;F jPHkhzpf;fg;gl;l
,og;gPlhf itg;Gj;njhif ,Ue;jjhff;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. (Aidnll; gphPthP]; ypl;. vjpu;
Me;jpu muR> (1997) 3 SCC 530).
35
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU xg;ge;j thrfj;jpd;gb thq;Fgtu;
tpiyapd; 25 tpOf;fhl;il Kd;gzkhfr; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;njhifahdJ me;j thq;Fgtu; gzk;
nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy; gwpKjy; nra;af; $ba
40 gzkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tof;fpy; me;j
Kd;gzk; gwpKjy; nra;af;$ba gzNk vd;Wk;
Vnddpy; me;j xg;ge;jk; rhpahf epiwNtw xU
mj;jhl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ vdTk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. (=
`Dkhd; fhl;ld; kpy;]; vjpu; lhlh Vu; fpuht;l;
45 ypl;> AIR 1970 SC 1986).
rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;: <l;LWjp
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; kw;w jug;ig ,og;gpypUe;J
50 (me;j ,og;G thf;FWjp mspg;gtuhNyh NtW
xUtuhNyh te;jjJ) kPl;gjhf thf;FWjp mspj;J
xg;ge;jk; nra;tJ ‘<l;LWjp xg;ge;jk;’ vdg;gLk;.
(xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-124)
55 fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU <l;LWjp
xg;ge;jkhFk;. fhg;gPl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpdhy; Kd;$l;bNa
vjpu;ghu;f;ff;$ba midj;J tifahd
,og;GfSf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. ,J me;j;
jug;gpdhy; kl;LNk cUthf;fg;gl;l
,og;GfSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;jhJ. (xhp]h muR
vjpu; Aidnll; ,e;jpah ,d;#ud;]; fk;ngdp
ypl;.> AIR 1997 SC 2671).
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-125-y; xU <l;LWjp
itj;jpUg;gthpd; chpikfs; tpsf;fg; gLfpd;wd.
,jpy;> me;j thf;FWjp mspg;gthplkpUe;J
<l;LWjp itj;jpUg;gtu; me;j <l;LWjp thf;FWjp
nghUe;Jk; midj;J ,og;GfisAk; thf;FWjp 10
mspg;gtNu nghWg;Ngu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Kftuhd egu;-1 xU Nfhpau;
fk;ngdpNahL (egu;-2) mtu;fSila tz;bfis
thliff;F mku;j;j xg;ge;jk; nra;J 15
nfhs;fpwhu;. Nfhpau;]; mNrhrpNa\d; tpjpg;gb
Xl;Leu;fspd; myl;rpaj;jpypUe;J Nfhpaiuf;
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;ba nghWg;G KftHfisr;
rhUk;. egu;-1 me;j tz;bia fbfhuq;fis
egu;-3-f;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. 20
me;j Xl;Lehpd; myl;rpaj;jhy; fbfhuq;fs;
Nrjkile;jd. egu;-3 egu;-2-lkpUe;J me;j
,og;gPl;il ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,e;jr; #oypy;
egu;-1 egu;-2-I fhg;ghw;w Ntz;ba nghWg;gpy;
cs;shu; vd jPu;g;gplg; gl;lJ. (fpy;y];gp 25
gpuju;]; md; Nfh. ypl; vjpu; uha; gt;y;];
bNud;];Nghu;l; fk;. ypl;.> (1973) QN 400).
rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;: cj;jputhjk;
30
xU cj;jputhj xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU
thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;Wk; tpjkhfNth> my;yJ
xU %d;whk; eghpd; flikia mtuJ jtwhf
,Ue;jhy; epiwNtw;wpj; jUtjhf nfhLf;fg;gLk;
tha;nkhop my;yJ vOj;Jg;G+u;tkhd 35
xg;ge;jkhFk;. cj;juthjk; nfhLg;gtiu
[hkPdj; hH vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. ahUila
rhu;ghf me;j cj;jputhjk; toq;fg; gLfpwNjh
mtu; ‘Kjd;ikf; fldhsp’ vd miof;fg;
gLfpwhu;. ahUf;F me;j cj;jputhjk; mspf;fg; 40
gLfpwNjh mtiu ‘fld; mspj;jtu; - fpubl;lu;’
vd miof;fyhk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-126).
<l;LWjpAk; cj;jputhjKk;
45
<l;LWjpapy; ,U jug;gpdNu (<l;LWjp
itj;jpUg;gtu;> <l;LWjp mspj;jtu;) cs;sdu;.
Mdhy;> cj;juthjj;jpy; %d;W jug;gpdu;
(Kjd;ikf; fldhsp> [hkPdj ; huu;> fld;
mspj;jtu;) cs;sdu;. <l;LWjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; 50
<l;LWjp itj;jpUg;gtUf;Fk; <l;LWjp
mspj;jtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ____ ,y;iy. me;j
<l;LWjp itj;jpUg;gtiu ,og;gPL nfhLf;f
tw;GWj;j KbahJ. (K.V. nghpaikdh
kuf;fhau; md; rd;]; vjpu; gdpad;]; md; Nfh> 55
AIR 1926 Mad 44).
kw;w ve;j xg;ge;jq;fisAk; NghyNt
 cj;jputhj xg;ge;jKk; ghprPyid ,y;yhtpby; mJ
nry;yhjjhFk;. Kjd;ik fldhspapd; eyDf;F
VjhtJ nra;jJ> VjhtJ thf;FWjp mspj;jJ
Nghd;wit xU cj;jputhjk; mspg;gjw;Fg;
5 NghJkhd ghprPyidfshFk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> 5
gphpT-127).

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F fbjk; vOjp &.1200-

I egu; 3-f;F mspf;FkhWk; mtuJ gzk; mtUf;F
10 fpilf;Fk; vd;Wk; mjw;Fj; jhNd cj;jputhjk; 10
vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;. ,ij cj;jputhjk; vd
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. egu;-3-d; flDf;F egu;-1
[hkPdj ; huuhthu;. ([fehj; gh\h rpq; vjpu; re;jpuh
Gf;fhd; rpq;> AIR 1937 Oudh 79).
15 15
Kjd;ikf; fldhspapd; flikNahL [hkPdj ; huhpd;
nghWg;G - cj;jpuhthjj;jpy; ,jw;F khwhff;
Fwpg;gplhjtiu - ,ize;J tphptilaf;
$bajhFk;. (xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gphpT-128).
20 jq;fSf;Fs; xUtu; jtwpioj;jhy; kw;wtu; me;j 20
nghWg;ig Vw;gjhf cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;l
,Utu; %d;whtJ jug;Gf;fhf nghWg;G Vw;f
Kd;te;jhy; - me;j %d;whtJ jug;Gf;F ,Jgw;wpj;
njhpahjpUe;jhYk; my;yJ njhpe;jpUe;jhYk;
25 %d;whk; jug;Gf;fhd mtu;fspd; nghWg;G 25
Kjd;ikf; fldhspAilANjahFk;. (xg;ge;jr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-132).

Kjd;ikf; fldhsp jtwpiof;Fk;NghJ

30 [hkPdj ; huhpd; nghWg;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ. Kjd;ikf; 30
fldhsp jtwpdhy; cldbahf [hkPdj ; huu; clNd
nghWg;G Vw;fpwhu;. fldspj;jtu; cldbahf
Kjd;ikf; fldhspf;F vjpuhfr; nray;glhky;
[hkPdj ; huiuNa mDfp mjw;fhd ,og;ig Vw;f
35 itf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Nu gput;d;]; v];Nll;> gput;d; 35
vjpH gput;d; (1893) 2 CH 300). fldspj;jtu; me;j
,UtUf;Fk; vjpuhfNth (Kjd;ikf; fldhsp>
[hkPdj ; huu;) my;yJ ahuhtJ xUtUf;F
vjpuhfNth my;yJ [hkPdj ; huu;fspy; ahuhtJ
40 xUtUf;F vjpuhfNth tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;. 40
(nrhf;fypq;fr; nrl;bahu; vjpu; jz;lhAjghzp
nrl;bahu;> AIR 1928 Mad 1262; FH[pj;rpq; vjpu; Fr;ru;
rpq;> AIR 1919 Lah 355; K];ypk; Ngq;f; M/g;
,e;jpah vjpu; nkhfkJ mj;jpf;
45 45

50 50

55 55
 ùLôÓdÏm, CkR U]¨ûX
TôPm 5 – Ït\®Vp NhPm
CpûXùVu\ôp JÚ ùNVp Ït\j§u
1 Ck§V RiPû]f NhPm RuûUûV ùT\ôÕ,

Ït\j§u áßLs B«àm JÚ £X Ït\eLÞdÏ ¨RoN]Uô]

ùTôßl× ¨ûX (strict liability) Es[Õ,
Ït\m ùNnTYoLû[ AWNôeLm
CRtÏ “TLWl ùTôßl×” ApXÕ
Ri¥lTRtÏm NØRôVj§p HtLjRdL
ùTôßl× ¨ûX ùLôs[dá¥V Ït\eLs
A[®tÏ JÝeÏ ¨ûXSôhÓYRtÏm
Guß ùTVo, CjRûLV Ït\eL°u
Ït\®VX NhP AûUl× A¥lTûP
GÓjÕdLôhÓLû[ £\l× NhPeL[ô]
LôWQUôL ®[eÏ¡\Õ, Ït\®Vp
UôtßØû\ BYQ NhPm. 1881 (Neptiable
NhPeLs Utßm Ït\eLû[ ùUn©jÕd
Instruments Act, 1881) NeLf NhPm. 1962
LôhÓm SûPØû\Ls Su\ôL
ùNVpTôh¥p Es[ NØRôVj§p ©\o (Customs Act, 1962) Utßm RLYp

Ït\eLs ùNnYÕ RÓdLlThÓ ùRô¯pÖhT NhPm. 2000 (Information

JÝeÏ ¨ûX TWôU¬dLlTPXôm, Technology Act, 2000) B¡VYt±p
LôQXôm, CfNhPeL°p
JÚ ùNVp ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV DolTRtÏ JÚ ¨ßY]j§u CVdÏSo ApXÕ
AfùNVp RY\ô] ùNVXôL CÚjRp (actus ùTôßl×ûPV A§Lô¬Ls B¡úVôo
reus) Utßm Ït\ U]ÕPu AkR ùNVûX AkR ¨ßY]j§u Ït\eLÞdÏ
ùNnRp (mens rea) B¡V CWiÓ ùTôßlúTtÏm YûL«p ©¬ÜLs Es[],
AeLeLÞm A¥lTûPVô]ûY, CkR CjRûLV ùLôs¨ûX ùTôßl× ¨ûX.
ùLôsûL Xô¥u ùUô¯«p actus non facit NmUkRlThP STÚûPV JÚ®R Ït\
reum nisi mens sit rea GuT§p U]ûR Øt±Ûm ¨WôL¬jÕ
©W§T-d¡\Õ, AYWÕ U]¨ûX ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV HtTÓjÕ¡\Õ,
NhPlT¥ Ït\m NôhPdá¥VRôL
£X YûLVô] LY]ªuûULÞm C,R,N,
CÚkRôXu± AY¬u ùNVp UhÓúU
®u ¸r Ït\eL[ôdLlThÓs[], C,R,N,
Ït\UôLôÕ,
©¬Ü 279. ©,304H LY]ªpXôUp ùNnÙm
ARôYÕ. JÚ ùNVûX Ït\m GuTRtÏ ùNVpLs Utßm Liê¥jR]Uô]
ARtÏ úRûYVô] U]¨ûXÙm AY£Vm ùNVpLû[ Ït\eL[ôdÏ¡u\],
EP²ÚjRp úYiÓm, AÕúY. AkR ùTôÕYôL JÚYo R]Õ CfûNlT¥ ùNnÙm
ùNVÛdÏ Ït\m úTôu\ ¨\j§û] ùNVpLs UhÓúU Ït\UôL LÚRlThPôÛm.

1
ªÏ§Vô] LY]dÏû\®]ôp TpúYß úUÛm CkR ®[dLm êXm Li¥l×
¾eÏLs CûZdLlTÓYRôp JÚ £X ùT¬V ùTôßl×ûPVYoLs NhPj§u
A[®Xô] LY]Ut\ úUmTôh¥tÏ ERYXôm Gu\
ùNVpLû[ Ït\eL[ôL Ae¸L¬d¡\Õ, ãr¨ûX«Ûm CkR ¿dLm
NhPj§u ¸r RiPû]Ùm YZeÏ¡\Õ, AàU§dLlTÓm” Guß ¾oUô]m ùNnRÕ,
B]ôp GpXôYûLVô] LY]ªuûU
ùNVpLÞm C,R,N, ¸r Ït\UôLôÕ, TX úUÛm. Kartar Singh V. State of Punjab,

¿§Uu\eLs A¾R LY]ªuûU 1994(3) SCC 569 YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m

(Negligence) ApXÕ ØuúVôNû] Cu± Ït\U]m Gu¡u\ AeLm

ùY°lTûPVôLúYô ApXÕ
ùNnVlTÓm (recklessness)
Uû\ØLUôLúYô ¿dLm ùNn§Pô®hPôp
ùNVpLû[ UhÓúU Ït\j§u RuûUûV
Aû]jÕ RiPû]f NhPeL°Ûm AkR
ùTßm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[],
AeLm CÚlTRôLúY LÚ§ ùNVpTP
Ït\ U]m ØuLôXj§p Ït\j§u ªL úYiÓm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ,
Ød¡VUô] á\ôL LôQlTh¥ÚkRÕ,
C,R,N,®u ×\¨ûX GpûX Utßm ùTôÕ
C,R,N,¸r Es[ Aû]jÕ Ït\eL°u
®[dLeLs
®[dLeL°Ûm Ït\ U]m Tt±
ϱl©PlThÓ JÚY¬u Ït\ U]m ApXÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 3 Utßm 4 : C,R,N,®u
U]¨ûXûV ¨oQ«jRl ©u]úW AYo ×\¨ûX ùNVXôh£
Ït\ªûZjRYWô Guß á\Xôm, CkR
ùNôtLs “ùTônVôL”. “úUôN¥ ùNnÕ”. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 3 Utßm 4 CfNhPj§u

“SmTjRÏkR LôWQeLÞPu”. ×\¨ûX GpûXûV Tt±VÕ, CkRl

©¬ÜLs ¨ûX Øû\ NhPjûR NôokRûY,
“CfûNlT¥” Utßm “YuU EQof£”
SûPØû\ NhPjûR NôokRûY ApX,
BÏm,
Ck§V SôhÓ GpûXdÏs Ït\UôL
State of Maharashtra V. Mayor Hans George LÚRlTÓm JÚ ùNVp Sôh¥u ùY°úV
AIR 1965 SC 722 YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m ùNnVlThPôÛm Ït\UôLúY LÚRlTÓm
“JÚ Ït\j§p Ït\ U]m úTôu\ AeLm Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 3 áß¡\Õ,

CÚdL úYiÓm Gu\ôp NhPj§u

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 4 CfNhPj§u ¸r
úSôdLm Øt±Ûm A¯dLlTÓm Guß
Es[ Aû]jÕ Ït\eLû[Ùm
LÚ§]ôp UhÓúU Ït\ U]m Gu\
®§®Xd¡u± ×\¨ûX GpûXdÏ
Eßl©û] NhPj§-ÚkÕ ®XdLXôm,
EhTÓjÕ¡u\Õ, úUÛm Ït\®Vp

2
SûPØû\f NhPm (Ï,S,N,) ©¬Ü 188 GkR “ùTôÕ F¯Vo” Gu\ ùNôp AWNôeL
¿§Uu\j§u GpûXdÏs Ït\m F¯VoLs Gu\ ®[dLj§tÏ UhÓm
NôhPlThPYo LôQlTÓ¡\ôúWô AkR LhÓlTPôUp ªL ®¬YôL
¿§Uu\§tÏ BsYûW YZeÏ¡\Õ, YûWVßdLlThÓs[Õ, ©¬Ü 21u ¸r
YÚm Aû]jÕ SToLÞm
G-Ó : Ck§V Ï¥UL]ô] H ELôiPô
AWNôeLj§]ôp ¨VªdLlThPôÛm
Sôh¥p ùLôûX ׬¡\ôo, AYo Ck§V
CpûXùV²Ûm ùTôÕ F¯VWôL
Sôh¥p GkR CPj§p LôQlTÓ¡\ôúWô
LÚRlTÓYôoLs Guß ®[dLm 1
AkR CPj§p Es[ ¿§Uu\j§p
ùR°ÜlTÓjÕ¡\Õ,
AYÚdÏ G§WôL YZdÏ ®NôWûQ SPj§
ùLôûX Ït\j§tLôL RiPû] YZeLXôm, AûNÙm ùNôjÕ

BLúY. Ck§V SôhÓ GpûXdÏ ùY°úV ¨Xm. éªÙPu

Ck§V Ï¥ULu JÚ Ït\m ׬kRôp AÕ CûQdLlThÓs[ ùTôÚhLs. éªÙPu
AkR Sôh¥p Ït\UôL CpXô®hPôÛm ©ûQdLl
Ck§Vf NhPj§uT¥ AÕ Ït\UôL ThÓs[ ùTôÚhLÞPu ¨WkRWUôL
CÚkRôp AdÏt\j§tLôL AYu ©ûQdLlThP ùTôÚhLû[Ùm R®W
Ck§Vô®p Ri¥dLlTPXôm, Pheroze V. EÚYôL Es[ GpXôl ùTôÚhLÞm
State, 1964(2) Cr.L.J. 533. AûNÙm ùTôÚhLs GuT§p APeÏm,

C,R,N, Aj§VôVm 2 YûWVû\Ls Utßm úSoûU«uûU

ùTôÚsTÓjÕRp Tt±V
JÚYu Utù\ôÚYàdÏ A¨VôV XôTm
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiPÕ, JÚ ©¬Ü C,R,N,®u
AûPYRtúLô ApXÕ A¨VôV SxPm
GkRl Tϧ«p ®[dLlThÓs[úRô AúR
HtTÓjÕYRtúLô ùNVp ׬ÙmúTôÕ
úTôuß C,R,N,®u Aû]jÕ Tϧ«Ûm
AYu úSoûU«u± Lô¬Vm ׬YRôL
TVuTÓjRlTP úYiÓm Guß ©¬Ü 7
ùLôs[lTÓm, “A¨VôV XôTm” Utßm
áß¡\Õ, CkR Aj§VôVj§p Es[ £X
©¬ÜLs ¸úZ ϱl©PlThÓs[], “A¨VôV SxPm” B¡V ùNôtLs ©¬Ü
23u ¸r úUÛm YûWVßdLlThÓs[Õ,
ùTôÕ F¯Vo C,R,N,®p Es[ TpúYß ©¬ÜLs Ït\
U]jûR ϱlTRtLôL “úSoûU«uûU”
“ùTôÕ F¯Vo” Gu\ YûWVû\dÏs
Gu\ ùNôpûX TVuTÓjÕYRôp CfùNôp
YÚm TpúYß SToL°u
ªÏkR Ød¡VjÕYm AûP¡u\Õ,
®YWûQLû[ ©¬Ü 21 Th¥V-Ó¡\Õ,

3
“úSoûU«uûU” GuTÕ ùR°YôL Nôh£V NhPm ©¬Ü 3-Cp
CfNhPj§u ¸r YûWVßdLlThÓs[Rôp YûWVßdLlThÓs[Õ,
CRû] AkR ®[dLj§tÏ EhThÓ
2000Bm Bi¥p JÚ §ÚjRf NhPm
TVuTÓjR úYiÓm,
êXm ©¬Ü 29H C,R,N,®p ÖûZdLlThÓ –
úUôN¥ RLYp ùRô¯pÖhT NhPm. 2000 ©¬Ü 2 (1)
(t)«p Es[ “ªu T§úYÓLs” Gu\
JÚYo Utù\ôÚYûW HUôt\ úYiÓm
ùNôp-u ùTôÚû[Ùm BYQm Gu\
Gu\ úSôdLjÕPu JÚ Lô¬Vm
ùNôp-u ®[dLj§u ¸r ùLôiÓ YkRÕ,
ùNnÙmúTôÕ AYo úUôN¥ ùNnYRôL
ùLôs[lTÓm, “úUôN¥” Gu\ ùNôp úYß U§l×s[ LôlÀÓ
GeÏm YûWVßdLlTP®pûX B]ôp
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 30u ¸r “U§l×s[ LôlÀÓ”
Mohd. Ibrahim & Others V. State of Bihar,
Gu\ôp NhPléoYUô] E¬ûUûV
JT(2009) II SC 533 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN
EiPôdLdá¥V. ¿dLdá¥V. Uôt\dá¥V.
¿§Uu\m Dr. Vimala V. Delhi
LhÓlTÓjRdá¥V. A¯dLdá¥V ApXÕ
Administration, AIR 1963 SC 1572 Gu\
®Ó®dLdá¥V BYQm ApXÕ RUdÏ
YZd¡p “úUôN¥” ùNôp-u ׬RûX JÚ NhPl ùTôßl× EiÓ ApXÕ CpûX
TVuTÓj§ Es[Õ, Vimala YZd¡p EfN Guß JÚYo JjÕdùLôs[dá¥V
¿§Uu\m úUôN¥ Gu¡u\ ùNôp CWiÓ BYQjûR ϱdÏm,
AeLeLû[ ùLôiPRôLÜm AûY
HUôtßRp Utßm HUôt±VYtÏ G-Ó : H - Ru JÚ Ei¥«u ©u×\m Ru
ùTôÚ[RôW CZl©tÏm úUXôL LôVm ùTVûW GÝÕ¡\ôo, CRu êXm A§p

HtTÓRp. Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ, RUdÏs[ E¬ûUûV NhPléoYUôL AûR

Vôo ûYj§Úd¡\ôoLú[ô AYÚdÏ Uôt±d
BYQm ùLôÓd¡\ôo, G]úY Ei¥«u ©u×\m
GÝRlThÓs[Õ U§l×s[ LôlÀÓ BÏm,
GÝjRôp. GiQôp. ϱVôp ApXÕ
CYtßs JußdÏ úUtThPYt\ôp G-Ó : JÚ LPÜ ºhÓ JÚYÚdÏ JÚ
®[dLlThÓ Nôu\ôL TVuTÓjÕYRtùL] Sôh¥tÏs ÖûZVÜm ùY°úV\Üm
EÚYôdLlThP ùTôÚú[ BYQm E¬ûUûVd ùLôÓd¡u\Õ, G]úY AÕ JÚ
G]lTÓm, “BYQm” GuT§u ®[dLm U§l×s[ LôlÀÓ BÏm, (David V. State,
®¬Yô]Õ, CkR ùNôp ùTôÕd áßLs AIR 1968 Mad 349).
NhPm. 1897 ©¬Ü 3 (18) Utßm Ck§V

4
G-Ó : JÚ ¨ßY]j§u LQdÏl ×jRLj§p ¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ, (Asgar V. State of
Es[ RûXl©p TeLô°L°u ùTVoLs Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1977 SC 1812).
Utßm AYoL°u ØRÄÓLs Utßm
ûLùVôlTeLs Aû]jÕm CÚkRôp AÕ C,R,N,®p BÙs RiPû] GuTÕ

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 30u ¸r U§l×s[ LôlÀPôÏm, “LÓeLôYp BÙs RiPû]ûV” ϱdÏm,

(Hari Charan V. Girish Chandra Sadhukan, “ùYßeLôYp BÙs RiPû]ûV”

11 Cr. L.J. 525) ϱdLôÕ, (Bachan Singh V. State of Punjab,

(1980) 2 SCC 898).
ùNnRp. NhP ®úWôRUôL
ùNnVô§ÚjRûXÙm Es[PdÏm LÓeLôYp BÙs RiPû]«u úTôÕ
Ït\Yô° L¥] EûZl©tÏ
©¬Ü 32u T¥ ùNnûLLs Guß CkR
EhTÓjRlTÓYôo, ùYßeLôYp BÙs
ùRôÏl©p ϱl©hP CPeL°p GpXôm
RiPû]«uúTôÕ Ït\Yô° £û\dÏs
NhP ®úWôRUôL ùNnVôUp CÚlTûRÙm
ûYdLlThÓ JÚ®RUô] úYûXdÏm
ϱdÏm, AqYôß ùTôÚs
EhTÓjRlTP UôhPôo,
ùLôs[ úRûY«pûX Gu\ôp AÕ
R²VôL ®[dLlTh¥ÚdÏm, áhÓl ùTôßl×

RiPû]Ls áhPôL Ït\m ׬TYoL°u Ït\®Vp

ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV ®[dÏm YûL«p
CkRj ùRôÏl©p ©¬Ü 53 C,R,N,®p
C,R,N,®u ¸r TpúYß A¥lTûP ®§Ls
Ït\Yô°LÞdÏ Es[ 5 YûLVô]
Es[], CûY ©¬Ü 34 – 38. 149. 120H
RiPû]Lû[ Th¥V-Ó¡\Õ, AûY
Utßm 120©,
UWQ RiPû]. BÙs RiPû]. LôYp –
ùYßeLôYp ApXÕ LÓeLôYp. ùNôjÕ ùTôÕ úSôdLm
T±ØRp ùNnRp Utßm ATWôRm,
ùTôÕYô] úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm
UWQ RiPû] GuTÕ A¬§Ûm A¬VRô] YûL«p TXo ᥠJÚ Ït\jûR ùNnR]o
YZdÏL°p UhÓúU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ, JÚ G²p AYoLs R²jR²úV AdÏt\jûR
Ït\Yô°«u RiPû]ûV T¬ºXû] ùNn§ÚkRôp GqYôß ùTôßlTôYôoLú[ô.
ùNnÙmúTôÕ UWQ RiPû]ûV AqYôú\ JqùYôÚYÚm ùTôßlTô¡u\]o
®XdLôLÜm BÙs RiPû]ûV Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 34 áß¡\Õ,
®§VôLÜm LÚR úYiÓm Guß EfN
JÚ áhPj§p JqùYôÚ R² STÚm Gu]
ùNnRôoLs Guß ®j§VôNlTÓj§.

5
AYoL°u ùNVpLû[ R²lThP ÖûZV ØVÛmúTôÕ ÅhÓ LôYXWôp
Øû\«p ¨ì©lTRtÏ L¥]UôL RÓdLlTÓ¡\ôo, G]úY. AYo ÅhÓ
CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ ©¬Ü 34 LôYXûW ÑhÓd ùLôp¡\ôo, C§p ùTôÕ
TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡u\Õ, Manboob Shah úSôdLm H-ûY ùLôpYRtLôL CÚkRôÛm
YZd¡p Privy Council ©¬Ü 34I ÅhÓd LôYXûW ÑhÓd ùLôu\Õ AkR
ùYt±LWUôL TVuTÓjR úYiÓùU²p ùTôÕ úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ
×Lô¬PlTÓm JÚ Ït\ ùNVp Ït\m ùNnVlThP JÚ ùNVp, G]úY. ©¬Ü 34
NôhPlThPYoL[ôp JÚ ùTôÕYô] CRtÏ ùTôÚkÕm, Cuù]ôÚ
úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ áhPôL GÓjÕdLôhÓ JÚYûW ùLôûX ùNnÙm
ùNnVlThPÕ Guß ¨ì©dLl TP úYiÓm, úSôdLjÕPu AYo çeϪPj§p
AqYôß ùNnRôp AkRd áhPj§p ÖûZÙmúTôÕ AYo ApXôUp
Es[ GkRùYôÚ R²STo ÁÕm AkR úYù\ôÚYo AeÏ çe¡d ùLôi¥Úd¡\ôo,
ùNVûX AYo R²VôL ùNnRôtúTôp B]ôp AYoRôu ùLôûX ùNnV
ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV HtTÓjRXôm, úYi¥VYo Guß LÚ§ AYo ÑhÓd

(Manboom Shah V. Emperor, AIR 1945 (PC) ùLôpXlTÓ¡\ôo, CqYôß ÑhÓd ùLôpYÕ

118). ùTôÕ úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ

ùNnVlThPRôp ©¬Ü 34 ùTôÚkÕm,
“¨û\úYtßm YûL«p” Guß ©¬Ü 34p
G-Ó : H Ut\m £ §¼ùWuß CÚh¥-ÚkR
TVuTÓj§ Es[ ùNôp-û] EfN
úLôPô¬LÞPu ùY°YkÕ ©-ûV Rôd¡
¿§Uu\m Shankarlal Kachrabai V. State of
ARu LôWQUôL © C\d¡\ôo, CûYúV
Gujarat, AIR 1964 SC 1260 Gu\ YZd¡p
¿§Uu\j§u Øu× ¨ì©dLlThÓs[ûY,
®[d¡Ùs[Õ, CqYZd¡p EfN¿§Uu\m
úUÛm. H ©-«u ûLûV Rôd¡VRôLÜm £.
¸rLiPYôß á±Ùs[Õ,
©-«u Y«tû\ Rôd¡VRôLÜm Nôh£Vm
H-ûYd ùLôpÛm úSôdLm 4 SToLÞdÏ Es[Õ, ©¬Ü 34u A¥lTûP«p
ùTôÕYôL CÚkRôp AYoLs AkR ¿§Uu\m H. £ B¡V CÚYûWÙm ©-«u
úSôdLjûR ¨û\Ü ùNnYRtÏ TpúYß ùLôûX Ït\j§tLôL ùTôßlúTtL
ùNVpLû[ ùNnV úYiÓm, CûR ùR°Ü ûYdLXôm,
TÓjR £X GÓjÕdLôhÓLs, SôuÏ SToLs
Ït\Øß N§
H-ûY AYWÕ Åh¥p ùLôûX ùNnV
GiÔ¡\ôoLs, JqùYôÚYÚm CÚYo ApXÕ CWi¥tÏ úUtThPYoLs
ùYqúYß Y¯«p TeúLt¡u\]o, NhPj§tÏ ØWQô] JÚ ùNnûLûV.
AYoLÞs JÚYo H-®u Åh¥tÏs

6
ApXÕ NhPj§tÏ ØWQô] Y¯«p ©¬Ü 120© Ït\Øß N§ûV CWiÓ
NhPj§tÏ ØWQpXôR JÚ ùNnûLûV YûLVôL ©¬d¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 120© (1) UWQ
ùNnV EPuTÓm ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ RiPû] BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ
ùNn®dÏmúTôÕ AjRûLV EPuT¥dûL CWiÓ YÚPeLÞdÏ úUtThP JÚ LôX
JÚ Ït\Øß N§ G]lTÓm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü A[ÜdÏ LÓeLôYp RiPû] ®§jÕ
120Hu ¸r Ït\Øß N§ GuTRtÏ Ri¥dLlTPdá¥V JÚ Ït\jûR
Jl×ûLûV R®W úYß HúRàm JÚ ùNVp ùNnYRtLô] Ït\Øß N§«p TeÏ
AkR Jl×ûLûV ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ ùLôs¡u\ GYo JÚYÚm AjRûLV
ùNnVlTP úYiÓm, Ït\Øß N§ûVl Ït\Øß N§ûV Ri¥lTRtÏ C,R,N,®p
Tt±V NhPm ªLÜm ®¬YôL State V. R²lThP Y¯Øû\ GÕÜm
Nalini, (1999) 5 SCC 60 Gu\ YZd¡p State ùNnVlTPô®hPôp AjRûLV Ït\j§tÏ

V. Navjot Sandhu @ Afsan Guru (2005) II AYo EPkûRVôL CÚkRÕ úTôXúY

Ri¥dLlTP úYiÓm Guß áß¡\Õ,
SCC 600 Gu\ YZd¡p ®[dLlThÓs[Õ,
©¬Ü 120© (2) úUúX ùNôu]
úUÛm 2 ApXÕ CWi¥tÏ
RiPû]dϬVûY CpXôR úYß
úUtThPYoL°u U]Õ JÚ NhP ®úWôR
Ït\eLÞdùL] N§ ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôp
ùNVûX ùNnYRtÏ Nk§dL úYiÓm Guß
N§«p NmTkRlThPYoLÞdÏ Bß
Ñh¥d Lôi©dLlThÓs[Õ, CÕúY
UôReLÞdÏ úUtTPôR LÓeLôYúXô
Ït\Øß N§«u A¥lTûP AeLUôÏm,
ApXÕ ATWôRúUô ApXÕ CWiÓúUô
(State V. Nalini, (1999) 5 SCC 60).
RiPû]VôL ®§dLlTÓm,
EfN ¿§Uu\m N§ ùNnTYoLs
NhP ®úWôRUô] áhPm
JqùYôÚYÚm AfN§«u JqùYôÚ
ùNV-Ûm TeúLtL úYiPôm Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 149 ¸r JÚ ùTôÕYô]
¾oUô²jÕs[Õ, CjRûLV N§Ls ϱdúLôû[ ¨û\úYtßm ùTôÚhÓ NhP
ùTôÕYôL WL£VUôL CVt\lTÓYRôp ®úWôRUô] áhPj§u Eßl©]o
AWÑ RWl©]o Ït\m NôhPlThP GYúWàm JÚ Ït\jûR ùNnRôp AkR
JqùYôÚYÚm Gu] ùNnYRtÏ Ït\jûR ùNnÙm ϱdúLôÞPu AkR
EPuThPôo GuTûR R²VôL ¨ì©dL áhPj§p VôùWpXôm CÚkRôoLú[ô
úRûY«pûX, ©¬Ü 120©. 120H«u ¸r AYoLs Aû]YÚm AkRd Ït\j§tLôL
Ït\Øß N§ Guß RiPû] ùT\ RϧÙûPVYoLs,
YûWVßdLlThÓs[ Ït\j§tLô]
RiPû]ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ,

7
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 141 “NhP ®úWôRUô] JÚ ùNVp ®XdÏL°p ¸r YÚ¡u\Õ
áhPj”ûR YûWVßd¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 34 GuTûR ¨ì©dÏm TôWm Ït\m
Utßm ©¬Ü 149 JußdùLôuß NôhPlThPYûW NôokRÕ, Ck§V Nôh£V
úYßThPÕ, ©¬Ü 34 ùYßm Nôh£V ®§ NhPm ©¬Ü 105u ¸r YZd¡û] JÚ
UhÓúU B]ôp. ©¬Ü 149 JÚ ®Xd¡u ¸r ùLôiÓ YÚm NkRolTeLs
R²lThP ¨ûXØû\ Ït\UôÏm, úUÛm. CÚkRÕ GuTûR ¨ì©dÏm TôWm Ït\m
©¬Ü 34 ùTôßl× ¨ûXûV EiPôdL NôhPlThPY¬Pm Es[Õ, úUÛm.
ùTôÕúSôdLm Gu¡\ úNôRû]ûV ¿§Uu\m CjRûLV NkRolTeLs CpûX
TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 149 ùTôÕ Guß ùTôÕYôL AàUô²dÏm, Nanavati
ϱdúLôs Gu¡\ úNôRû]ûV YZd¡p ¿§Uu\m CjRûLV
TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ, ùTôÕ úSôdLm NkRolTeLs ¨ì©dLlTÓm YûW AûY
úTô-pXôUp ùTôÕ Ï±dúLôÞdÏ Øu× CpûXùV]úY LÚRlTÓm Guß
GiQm Utßm U]eL°u Nk§l×. Ït\m á±Ùs[Õ, (K.M. Nanavati V. State of
ùNnYRtÏ ØuúT úRûY«pûX, Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605).
NhPj§tÏ ×\mTô] ϱdúLôs AkR
®XdÏLû[ ¨ì©dL úYi¥V Nôh£ RWm
CPj§úXúV AlùTôÝúR EÚYôLXôm,
©¬Ü 34p CWiÓ ApXÕ CWi¥tÏ
EfN ¿§Uu\m Vijayee Singh and Others V.
úUtThP SToLs úRûY, ©¬Ü 149u ¸r
State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) 3 SCC 190
Ït\m ׬YRtÏ 5 ApXÕ Ik§tÏ
Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
úUtThP SToLs NhP®úWôRUô]
RuàûPV ùNVpLs ®XdÏLÞdÏs
áhPj§u Eßl©]oL[ôL CÚdL
YÚ¡u\Õ GuTûR ¨ì©dL úRûYVô]
úYiÓm,
RWm ùTÚmTôuûU Nôj§VdáßL°u
A¥lTûP«p Ø¥Ü ùNnV úYiÓm
ùTôÕ ®XdÏLs
Guß ¾oUô²jRÕ, C§p úNôRû]dϬV
JÚ £X ùNVpLs £X NkRolTeL°p úLs® VôùR²p Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
Ït\m Gu¡u\ YûWVû\«-ÚkÕ C,R,N, RuàûPV ùNVp NkúRLj§tÏ CPªu±
Aj§VôVm 4-u ¸r ¿dLlThÓs[Õ, ®Xd¡u ¸r YkÕs[Õ
C,R,N,®u ©¬ÜLû[ CkR ®XdÏLû[Ùm Guß ¨ì©jÕs[ôWô GuTÕ CpûX,
U]§p ùLôiÓ Sôm ׬kÕ B]ôp AjRûLV G§oYôRjûR AYo
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, áßmùTôÝÕ AWÑ RWl× YZd¡p
JÚ ¨VôVUô] NkúRLjûR HtTÓj§
®Xd¡û] ¨ì©dÏm TôWm
®ÓRûX ùTßm E¬ûU ùTß¡\ôWô

8
GuTÕRôu, (Kanali B arui V. Subhas Das, LôhÓm ×Lôo CÚkRôp AqYZdÏL°p
1983 Cri. L.J. 1474). Ït\®Vp SÓYo
×LôûW ¨WôL¬lTÕ ¨VôVUôÏm” Guß
ùTôÕYôL CkR ®XdÏLs YZdÏ
á±Ùs[Õ,
®NôWûQ«uùTôÝÕRôu ¨ì©dLlTP
úYiÓm, B]ôp EfN ¿§Uu\m Vadilal Aj§VôVm 4-u ¸r Es[ ®XdÏLs –
Panchal V. Dattatraya Dulaji Ghadigaonkar ùTôÕ ©¬ÜLs
and Another, AIR 1960 SC I 113 Gu\
ùTôÚiûU RYß
YZd¡p JÚ ùNVp C,R,N,u ¸r YÚm
®XdÏLÞdÏs YkÕ. úUÛm CÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 76T¥ NhPj§u êXm JÚ
×Lô¬úXúV ùY°lTûPVôL ùR¬kRôp Lô¬VjûR Bt\úYi¥V
Ït\®Vp SÓYo BûQl ©\l©dL LPûUÙs[ JÚYo AlT¥ LPûU Btßm
UßdÏm A§LôWjûR ùTtßs[ôo, EfN SpùXiQjÕPu JÚ Lô¬VjûR
¿§Uu\m ¸rLiPYôß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ, ùNnRôÛm ApXÕ AkR Lô¬VjûR
AjRûLV SpùXiQjÕPu RY\ôL
“SmØu CÚdÏm £±V úLs®
ùNnRôÛm AÕ Ït\UôLôÕ,
Gu]ùYu\ôp Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 202-u ¸r JÚ ×Lôo EiûUVô]Rô G-Ó : (1) úUX§Lô¬L°u EjRWÜlT¥ JÚ
ApXÕ ùTônVô]Rô Guß A±kÕ úTôÄvLôWo áhPj§u ÁÕ ÕlTôd¡
ùLôsYRtLôL EjRW®Óm ®NôWûQ AÕ ©WúVôLm ùNn¡\ôo, AYo ÁÕ GkR
ùTônVô]Õ GuTûR Lôi©jÕ ARtLô] Ït\Øm NôWôÕ,
A±dûLÙm AYo ®NôWûQ
G-Ó : (2) JÚ ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ ùTt\
A§Lô¬«PªÚkÕ ùTt\ôp AYo AkR
A§Lô¬Vô] ©-dÏ H-ûY ûLÕ ùNnV
×LôûW AlùTôÝúR ¨WôL¬dLXôm Guß
úYiÓm Guß EjRWÜ Es[Õ, AYo
EVo ¿§Uu\m á±VÕ N¬Vô GuTÕRôu,
RY\ôL H-Guß ¨û]jÕd ùLôiÓ £-I
AYo NhPlT¥ BûQl ©\l©júR ¾W
ûLÕ ùNnÕ ®hPôp AÕ Ït\UôLôÕ,
úYiÓm Guß Es[Rô? C,R,N,®u ¸r
Es[ ®Xd¡û] VôúWàm YôRj§p C,R,N, ©¬Ü 79
ùLôiPôp AkR ×LôûW EP]¥VôL
Ït\®Vp SÓYo ¨WôL¬dLdáPôÕ Guß GûRúVàm JÚYo ùNnYÕ

EVo ¿§Uu\m ¾oUô²jRÕ N¬Vô]Rô? NhPlT¥ Ït\UôL CÚdÏmùTôÝÕ AYo

AkR NhPjûRl Tt±V JÚ RY\ô]
EVo ¿§Uu\m “SôeLs HtùL]úY
GiQm ApXôÕ ùTôÚiûU Tt±V JÚ
á±VT¥ JÚ Ït\jûR ùY°lTûPVôL

9
RYt±u LôWQUôL AûR Rôu ùNnYÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 78 JÚ ¿§Uu\j§u EjRWÜ
NhPlT¥ ¨VôVUô]Õ Guß ApXÕ BûQ«u A¥lTûP«p. ARu
SpùXiQjúRôÓ Sm© ùNnRôp AYWôp ®û[YôL ùNnVlTÓm Aû]jÕ
ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp Ït\UôLôÕ, ùNVpLû[Ùm TôÕLôd¡\Õ,

G-Ó : ùLôûX Guß úRôuß¡u\ ùNVûX ®TjÕ

©-GuTYo ùNnYûR H- Lôi¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 80u ¸r NhPléoYUô] ùNVp
AqYôß ùLôûX ùNnTYûW ©¥dÏm
Juû\ NhPléoYUô] Øû\«p
A§LôWm R]dÏ NhPj§u ¸r Es[Õ
NhPléoYUô] Y¯Lû[l ©uTt± úTô§V
Guß LÚ§ SpùXiQjúRôÓ AYûW
LY]jÕPàm. GfN¬dûLÙPàm Gq®R
ûLÕ ùNnÕ RÏkR A§Lô¬Ls
Ït\d LÚjÕm GiQØm Cu±
Øu× ¨ßjÕYRtLôL AYûW ©¥d¡\ôo,
ùNnÙmúTôÕ RtùNVXôLúYô
CeÏ ùLôûX ùNnYRôL H-dÏ úRôu±V
ÕW§xPYNUôLúYô ®û[Ùm ùNVp
©-u ùNVp ©\Ï ©-«]ôp RtLôl©tLôL
Ït\UôLôÕ, Ït\m NôhPlThPYo CkR
ùNnVlThPÕ Guß ¨ì©dLlThPôÛm H-
®XdûL TVuTÓjR AYo AfùNVûX
JÚ Ït\Øm ùNnV®pûX,
ùNnÙmùTôÝÕ RÏkR LY]m GÓjRôo
ùTôÚiûU«u A±VôûU Guß Lôi©dL úYiÓm, (LôiL –
Uu²dLjRdLRô]ôÛm NhPj§u Bhupendrasinh A. Chudarsama V. State of
A±VôûU Uu²dLj RdLRpX Gu\ Gujarat, AIR 1997 SC 3790, and Sukhdev
A¥lTûP«p C,R,N, ©¬Ü 76. 79 Singh V. State, (2003) 7 SCC 441).
ùNVpTÓ¡\Õ, Cl©¬ÜL°p ®j§VôNm
Gu]ùYu\ôp 76u ¸r JÚYo NhPj§tÏ Ït\ úSôdLm CpXôûU

EhThPRôL AàUô²dLl TÓ¡\ôo, 79u

×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpXô ¨ûX.
¸r AYo
Ï¥ úTôûR ¨ûX. B¡VYtû\
NhPj§]ôp ¨VôVlTÓjRlThPYo,
Es[Pd¡V ®XdÏLs Ït\m

¿§Øû\ ùNVpLs NôhPlThPYo AkR

ùNVpLû[ ùNnÙmúTôÕ JÚ®R Ït\
C,R,N,©¬Ü 77 JÚ ¿§T§ NhPj§u ¸r EQoúYô úSôdLúUô CpXôUp ùNnRôo
AYÚdÏ YZeLlThÓs[ A§LôWjûR Gu¡\ A¥lTûP«p ùNVpTÓ¡u\], G-
TVuTÓj§ ùNnÙm Ó: C,R,N, ©¬Ü 82u ¸r 7 YV§tÏ EhThP
ùNVpLû[ TôÕLôd¡\Õ, ÏZkûR ùNnÙm GkRùYôÚ ùNVÛm
Ït\UôLôÕ,

10
×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpXô ¨ûX Nanncy Khan V. State (Delhi
Administration), (1986) 2 Crimes 328 (Del)
JÚYÚdÏ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpûX Guß
Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\ ùNVp SPdÏm
áßmúTôÕ ùTôßl× ¨ûX EiPôdL
RÚQj§p Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V úNôRû]ûV C,R,N,
U]¨ûXûVl Tt± JÚ®R úLs®Ùm
©¬Ü 84 áß¡\Õ, “×j§ ÑYô¾]m
Nôh£L°Pm úLhLlTP®pûX, úUÛm.
CpXô ¨ûX” GuTRtÏ C,R,N,®u ¸r Ït\m NôhPlThPYo ©jÕ ¨ûX Gu¡u\
R²lThP ®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp ®Xd¡û]Ùm Yô§P®pûX, G]úY.
¿§Uu\eLs CRû] ©jÕ ¨ûXdÏ úUpØû\ÂhÓ ¿§Uu\j§p UhÓm
GuTRtÏ DPôL LÚ§Ùs[], ©jÕ¨ûX ®XdÏ úRûY Guß
ØRuØû\VôL YôRm ùNnV Ø¥VôÕ
B]ôp “©jÕ ¨ûX” GuTRtÏm R²lThP
Gußm Ït\m NôhPlThPYo C,R,N,©¬Ü
®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, CÕ
84-u ¸r TVuùT\ E¬ûU«pXôRYo
TpúYß ¨ûXL°p Es[ U]¨ûX
Guß ¾oUô²jRÕ,
Tô§lûT Ñh¥dLôhÓm, G]úY JÚYo
HúRàm JÚYûLVô] U]¨ûX Tô§l×dÏ Jagdish V. State of M.P., JT 2009 (12) SC
EhTh¥ÚkRôp ARu LôWQUôL UhÓúU
300 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\Øm
AYÚdÏ Ït\l ùTôßl× ¨ûX«-ÚkÕ
Ït\Yô° ØRuØû\VôL EfN
©¬Ü 84-u ¸r ®XdÏ ¡ûPdLôÕ, (Bapu ¿§Uu\j§u Øu× ©jÕ ¨ûX Gu\
& Gajraj Singh V. State of Rajasthan, (2007) ®Xd¡û] YôRôÓYÕ Øû\VôLôÕ Guß
8 SCC 66). AkR YôRj§û] ¨WôL¬jRÕ,

JÚ ùNVûX ùNnÙm úTôÕ ARu Ï¥úTôûR ¨ûX

RuûUûV A±V Ø¥VôR ¨ûX«úXô
ApXÕ Rôu ùNnYÕ RYß NhPj§tÏ JÚ ùNVûX ùNnÙmúTôÕ Ï¥úTôûR

×\mTô]Õ GuTûR A±V LôWQUôL ARu RuûUûVúVô ApXÕ

CVXôR ¨ûXûU«p JÚYo CÚkRôp Rôu ùNnYÕ ¾eLô]Õ ApXÕ NhPj§tÏ

AYo AkR ùNVÛdLô] Ït\®Vp ØWQô]Õ Guú\ô A±Ùm §\u

ùTôßl× ¨ûX«-ÚkÕ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m At\YWôL Es[ JÚYWôp ùNnVlTÓm

CpXôûU Gu\ LôWQj§]ôp ®Xd¡û] GÕÜm Ït\UôLôÕ Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 85

ùTßYôo, áß¡\Õ,

11
CûNÜ EVo ¿§Uu\m ºWôn®p JÚY¬u LôVm
ªL AtTUô]RôL NôRôWQ A±Üm
18 YV§tÏ úUtThP JÚYÚdÏ
ÑTôYØm EûPV Aû]YWôÛm
AYÚûPV NmURj§u úT¬p
LÚRlTÓm Gu\ôp AjRûLV LôVjûR
CûZdLlTÓm ÕuTjûR Ït\UôL
HtTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓYÕ
ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, CkR ®Xd¡u ¸r
Ït\UôLôÕ Guß ¾oUô²jÕ
CPmùT\ UWQm ApXÕ ùLôÓeLôVm
RiPû]ûV Rs° ûYjÕ
EiPôdL úYiÓm Gu\ úSôdLm
YZd¡û] ¨WôL¬jRÕ, CkR Ø¥ûY
CÚdLdáPôÕ,
Øu²ßj§ EfN ¿§Uu\Uô]Õ

G-Ó: H-Ùm ©-Ùm úY¥dûLdLôL

“Aû]jÕ NkRlTeLû[Ùm LÚj§p
JÚYúWôÓ JÚYo Lj§ NiûPlúTôP Øu
ùLôiÓ úUp Øû\ÂhPô[ÚdÏ
YÚ¡u\]o, CkR ùNVp êXm YÚm
CûZdLlThP ¾eÏ GkRùYôÚ NôRôWQ
ÕuTjûR AYoLs HtL £jRUôL
A±Üm ÑTôYØm EûPV U²R]ôÛm
CÚd¡u\]o GuTÕ AYoL[Õ ùNVp
AtTUôL LÚRlTÓUô GuTÕRôu,
êXm A±VlTÓ¡u\Õ, CYoLs
CjRûLV £±V ¾eÏLs Utßm AtUô]
®û[VôhÓ ®§Lû[ AàN¬jÕ
ùNVpLÞdÏ RiPû] YZeÏYûR
®û[Vô¥]ôp áP ÕuTm úSWXôm, CkR
R®olTúR ©¬Ü 95u úSôdLUôÏm,
ãr¨ûX«p H-«]ôp ©-dÏ LôVm
Ït\UôLd á¥V JÚ ùNVp AtTUô]Rô
HtThPôp H-ÁÕ Ït\m ÑUjR Ø¥VôÕ,
CpûXVô GuTÕ ¾e¡u RuûU
AtTUô] ùNVpLs ¾e¡ûZdÏm SToLs ¾e¡ûZdÏm úSôdLm
Utßm ©\ NkRolTeLû[ ùTôßjRÕ,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 95 ¸r NôRôWQ A±Üm
CRtLôL JÚ R²lThP RWm ¡ûPVôÕ,
ÑTôYØm EûPV GYÚm JÚ ¾eûLl Tt±
CÕ ùYßm EPp ApXÕ U]§tÏ
Ïû\ á\ UôhPôo Guß áßm A[ÜdÏ
CûZdLlTÓm ¾e¡û]l Tt±VÕ
AkR ¾eLô]Õ AtTUô]RôL CÚkRôp
UhÓUpX, JÚ ÏZkûR Utù\ôÚ
HúRàm JÚ ùNVp AjRûLV ¾eûL
ÏZkûRûV A¥lTÕ ApXÕ JÚ ùT¬VYo
®û[®d¡\Õ ApXÕ ®û[®dÏm
JÚ ÏZkûRûV A¥lTÕ ¾e¡ûZjRôÛm
úSôdLjúRôÓ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ ApXÕ
AÕ ªLÜm £±VRôL LÚRlThÓ TX
AúSLUôL ®û[®dLáÓm Guß ùR¬kÕ
NkRolTeL°p Tô§dLlThPYo CûRl
ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ Guàm LôWQjRôp AÕ
Ït\UôLôÕ, Tt± ×Lôo ùLôÓdL UôhPôo”,

12
CûRl Tt± úUÛm. Neelam Mahajan GkùRkR RÚQeL°p RtLôl× E¬ûU
Singh V. Commissioner of Police & Others, UWQm HtTÓjÕm A[®tÏ ùNpXXôm

1994 (2) Crimes 75 Utßm Keki Hor musji Guß ®Y¬d¡\Õ,

Gharda V. Mehervan Rulstom Irani (2009) 6

RtLôl× E¬ûU Gu\ ®XdûL
SCC 475 LôiL, ùYt±LWUôL TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo ØR-p R]dÏ NôRLUôL
RtLôl× E¬ûU
RtLôl׬ûU CÚkRÕ GuTûRÙm CkR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 96 ØRp 106 RtLôl× E¬ûU UWQm HtTÓjÕm A[®tÏ
E¬ûUûVl Tt± áß¡\Õ, úUÛm CûY CÚkRÕ Gußm ¨ì©dL úYiÓm,
JÚ U²Ru RuàûPV E«o Utßm úUÛm ¿§Uu\m CRû] CWiÓ
EûPûULû[ NhPjRtÏ ×\mTô] ®RUôL ¨WôL¬dLXôm, ØRXôYRôL
SPY¥dûLL°p CÚkÕ TôÕLôdL EPûXl TôÕLôdÏm RtLôl× E¬ûU
ùTtßs[ E¬ûUdÏ Ae¸LôWm CÚkRÕ Gußm B]ôp úRûYdÏ
YZeÏ¡\Õ, RtLôl× E¬ûUûV A§LUôL ¾eÏ ®û[®dLlThPÕ Gußm
TVuTÓj§ ùNnVlTÓm GkRùYôÚ á\Xôm ApXÕ CkR E¬ûU UWQm
ùNVÛm Ït\UôLôÕ Guß C,R,N,©¬Ü 96 HtTÓjÕm A[®tÏ CpûX Gußm
áß¡\Õ, C,R,N, ©¬Ü 97 ØR-p á\Xôm, Cuù]ôÚ RÚQj§p Aû]jÕ
EPÛdLô] RtLôl× E¬ûU ©\Ï NkRolTeLû[Ùm LÚ§ RtLôl× E¬ûU
EPûUdLô] RtLôl× E¬ûUl Tt± ØR--ÚkúR CpûX Gußm
áß¡\Õ, JqùYôÚYÚm RuàûPV ¾oUô²dLXôm, (Bhanwar Singh V. State of
EPp Utßm ©\ÚûPV EPûX M.P. (2008) 16 SCC 657).
GkRYûLVô] Ït\j§-ÚkÕm TôÕLôjÕ
ùLôsÞm E¬ûUûV C,R,N, ©¬Ü 99u ¸r U²R EPûXl Tô§dÏm Ït\eLs
Es[ ¨TkRû]LÞdÏ EhThÓ
C,R,N, Aj§VôVm 16 U²R EPûX
TVuTÓjRXôm,
Tô§dÏm Ït\eLû[ ®Y¬d¡\Õ, úUÛm.
©¬Ü 99p CÕ TX Eh©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiPÕ, £X
ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ ¨TkRû]L°p Ød¡VUô] ©¬ÜLs ¸úZ
Ød¡VUô]Õ Gu]ùYu\ôp TôÕLôl©tÏ ®[dLlThÓs[],
úRûYVô] A[ûY ®P A§LUôL ¾eÏ
E«ûW Tô§dÏm Ït\eLs (©¬Ü 299 ØRp
®û[®dÏm YûL«p RtLôl× E¬ûUûV
311 YûW)
TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ, úUÛm ©¬Ü 100

13
 ©¬Ü 299 ØRp 304 – UWQm ®û[®dÏm AÕ UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\UôLúY
Ït\m Utßm ùLôûX LÚRlTÓm Guß ®[dLlThÓs[Õ,

JÚ U²Ru Cuù]ôÚ U²Rû] ùLôûX G-Ó : UWQm ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu

ùNnÙm ùNVpL°p C,R,N,®u ¸r ApXÕ UWQm AúSLUôL
RiPû]dϬVûY – (1) ùLôûX ®û[®dLlTÓm Gu\ A±ÜPu JÚ

ApXôUp UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\m – ϯ«u ÁÕ Ïf£Lû[Ùm. NÚÏLû[Ùm

(C,R,N, ©¬Ü 299) ùLôûX Ït\m (C,R,N, H- TWl© ûYd¡\ôo, ©- GuTYo ¨Xm

©¬Ü 300) Liê¥jR]m Utßm LY]d EߧVôL CÚlTRôL Gi¦ ARu ÁÕ

Ïû\®]ôp HtTÓm E«¬Zl× (C,R,N, SPdÏmúTôÕ Esú[ ®ÝkÕ UWQm

©¬Ü 304H) Utßm RtùLôûX (C,R,N, ©¬Ü úSÚ¡\Õ, H-úUtLiP Ït\jûR ùNnRYo

305. 306), B¡\ôo,

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 299u ¸r UWQm ®û[®dÏm G-Ó : ©-GuTYo ×RÚdÏ ©u CÚlTÕ H-

Ït\m ¸rLiPYôß UWQm ®û[®dÏm dÏ ùR¬Ùm, B]ôp. £-CRû]

ùNVpLû[ ϱdÏm :- A±V®pûX, ©-u UWQjûR

®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu ApXÕ
 UWQm HtTÓjÕm AúSLUôL ©-dÏ UWQm ®û[VXôm
úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp,
Guß A±kÕ £-I AkRl ×RûW úSôd¡
 UWQjûR AúSLUôL ÑÓmT¥ H-çiÓ¡\ôo, AqYôß £-ÑhÓ
®û[®dLdá¥V EPp LôVjûR AR]ôp ©-ùLôpXlTÓ¡\ôo, CeÏ £-
®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓm Ït\Yô° CpûXùVu\ôÛm H-UWQm
ùNVp, ®û[®dÏm Ït\jûR ׬kRYo B¡\ôo,

 Ru ùNnûLVôp UWQm CkRl ©¬ûYl TVuTÓjR UWQm

AúSLUôL ®û[®dLdáÓm Gu\ ®û[®dLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm, Ït\m

A±ÜPu / EQoÜPu ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp, NôhPlThPYo ùLôpX ¨û]jRYo

ùLôpXlTPô®h¥ÚkRôúXô úYù\ôÚYo
úUtá±VYt±p HúRàm ùLôpXlTh¥ÚkRôúXô AÕ Ød¡VªpûX,
Juß ¨LZ®pûXùV²p JÚ ùNVp JÚY¬u ùLôûX ¨LrkR EPú] CkR
UWQj§p Ø¥kRôÛm AÕ UWQm Ït\m ¨û\YûP¡\Õ, YuØû\ ùNV-u
®û[®dÏm Ït\m Guß LÚRlTPôÕ, JÚ AÚLôûU ®û[YôL UWQm CÚdL
CkRl ©¬Ü úUÛm 3 ®[dLeLs êXm úYiÓm, çWUô] ®û[YôL
£X áßLs CÚkRôÛm. CpXô§ÚkRôÛm

14
 CÚdLdáPôÕ, ©¬Ü 299-u ¸r ùLôûX GuTûR A±kÕ / EQokÕ UWQjûRúVô
Ït\UpXôR UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\m ApXÕ úUtùLôu] LôVjûRúVô
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304u ¸r Ri¥dLj RÏkRÕ, ®û[®dÏm BTjûR úUtùLôsYRtÏ
VôùRôÚ LôWQØm CpXôUp Õ¦kÕ
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 300 ¸rLiP RÚQeL°p
AkR ùNnûLûV ùNnRôo Gu\ôp,
UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\jûR “ùLôûX
Ït\UôL” LÚÕ¡\Õ, G]úY. JqùYôÚ ùLôûXÙm UWQm
®û[®dÏm Ït\j§u ¸r APeÏm,
 ØRXôYRôL UWQjûR B]ôp. UWQm ®û[®dÏm Ït\eLs
®û[®dÏm ùNVp UWQjûR Aû]jÕm ùLôûXVôLôÕ,
®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu
ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôp G-Ó : CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p
UWQm ®û[®dL úTôÕUô] JÚ Yôs
 CWiPôYRôL LôVm ApXÕ JÚ EÚhÓjR¥ LôVjûRúVô H-©-
CûZdLlTÓTYÚdÏ AdLôVm UWQjûR dÏ AjRûLV LôVm ®û[®dÏm
AúSLUôL ®û[®dLdáÓm Guß úSôdLjÕPu EiPôdÏ¡\ôo, CR]ôp ©-
Ït\Yô°«u A±ÜdÏ / EQo®tÏ TÓ¡\ C\d¡\ôo, CeÏ ©-u UWQjûR
EPtLôVjûR ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjûR H-
AÕ ùNnVlTh¥ÚkRôp ùLôi¥ÚdLô®hPôÛm AYo ùLôûX
Ït\m ׬kRYo B¡\ôo,
 êu\ôYRôL. GYÚdúLàm
EPp LôVjûR ®û[®dÏm úSôdLjÕPu G-Ó : JÚ UdLs áhPjtÏs
AÕ ùNnVlThÓ AqYôß Gu¦V AkR LôWQªpXôUp JÚ ùY¥UÚkÕ
EPtLôVUô]Õ CVtûL«u NôRôWQ AûPdLlThP ÀWe¡ûV ÑhÓ áhPj§p
úTôd¡p UWQjûR EiPôdÏYRtÏ JÚYûW H-ùLôp¡\ôo, CqYôß ùNnV H-
úTôÕUô]RôL CÚd¡\Õ Gu\ôp Øuáh¥úV §hPªPôUp CÚkRôÛm
AYo ùLôûX Ït\m ùNnRYo B¡\ôo,
 SôuLôYRôL. AfùNnûLûV
ùNn¡\Yo AÕ ùTÚmTôÛm ©¬Ü 299 ApXÕ 300 GuTûR ¨oQ«dL

EߧVôL ¨LZdá¥V UWQjûRúVô LÚRlTP úYi¥VûY

ApXÕ UWQjûR AúSLUôL ®û[®dLd

Raj Kumar V. State of Maharashtra (2009)
á¥V EPtLôVjûRúVô HtTÓjÕm
15 SCC 292 YZd¡p GlùTôÝùRpXôm JÚ
A[ÜdÏ AÕ EP]¥ ATôVLWUô]Õ
Ït\m ùLôûX Ït\Uô ApXÕ UWQm

15
®û[®dÏm Ït\Uô Guß ¨oQ«dL CkRd úLs®dLô] T§p Bm Gu±ÚkÕ
úYiÓúUô AlùTôÝÕ AkR YZd¡û] B]ôp AkR YZdÏ ©¬Ü 300-u ¸r
êuß T¥L[ôL LÚÕYÕ ÑXTUôL Es[ ®§®XdÏL°u ¸r APe¡]ôp
CÚdÏm Guß EfN ¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ, AkR Ït\m ùLôûX ApXôUp UWQm
®û[®dÏm Ït\UôÏm, CRtLô]
ØRp LhPUôL LÚRúYi¥V úLs®
RiPû] ©¬Ü 304 Tϧ -1u ¸r Es[Õ,
Gu]ùYu\ôp Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
UWQjûR ®û[®dLdá¥V ùNVûX ©¬Ü 300u ¸r Es[ ®XdÏLs
ùNnÕs[ôWô GuTÕ, Ït\m
NôhPlThPY¬u ùNVÛdÏm AR]ôp  LÓûUVô] Utßm §¼o
çiÓRp (LôiL K.M. Nanavati V. State
®û[kR UWQj§tÏm Es[ CûQl©u of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605).
Nôh£ SmûU CWiPôYÕ LhPj§tÏ
 RtLôl×
GÓjÕf ùNp¡\Õ, CkRd LhPj§p
AfùNVp 229-u ¸r UWQjûR  ùTôÕ E¯VoL°u ùNVpLs
®û[®dÏm Ït\Uô GuTûR
 §¼o NiûP
GuTûR ¨oQ«dL úYiÓm,
 NmURm
CkR úLs®dÏ ØRp TôoûY«úXúV Bm
©¬Ü 299 Utßm 300d¡ûPVp
Guß T§p CÚkRôp êu\ôYÕ LhPUôL
Es[ úYßTôÓ
©¬Ü 300 CkR ùNVÛdÏ ùTôÚkÕUô
GuTûR BWôVúYiÓm, CkR LhPj§p ©¬Ü 299 Utßm 300dÏ CûP«p
¿§Uu\m AWÑ RWl©]ôp ¨ì©dLlThP Es[ úYßTôhûP Melville J. GuTYo Reg
ùTôÚiûULs Aû]jÕm ©¬Ü 300-u V. Govinda, (1876) ILR 1 Bom 342 Gu\
¸r Es[ SôuÏ Es©¬ÜL°p HúRàm YZd¡p LÚ§Ùs[ôo, CkR YZdÏ UWQm
Ju±u ¸r AkRf ùNVûX ùLôiÓ YÚUô ®û[®dÏm Ït\jûR ׬kÕ ùLôsYRtÏ
GuTûR ¨oQ«dL úYiÓm, CkR RtúTôÕ ªL Ød¡VUô] JÚ Y¯Lôh¥,
úLs®dÏ T§p CpûX Guß CÚkRôp CkR YZd¡p
AkRd Ït\m ùLôûX ApXôUp UWQm TVuTÓjRlThÓs[ NhPlTh¥ûL Yô¬Vô]
®û[®dÏm Ït\m Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ JlÀÓ EfN ¿§Uu\j§]ôp Htßd
CRtÏ ©¬Ü 304 Tϧ 1 ApXÕ 2u ¸r. ùLôs[lThÓs[Õ,
©¬Ü 299. 2 ApXÕ 3-YÕ Eh©¬®u ¸r
AfùNVp YkÕs[Rô Gu\ A¥lTûP«p ©¬Ü 299(©) Utßm 300 (2) CûP«p

RiPû] YZeL úYiÓm, Es[ úYßTôÓ

16
Tô§dLlThPY¬u JÚ Ï±l©hP CpûXùVu\ôÛm AYÚdÏ UWQm
EPp ¨ûX ApXÕ úYß ¨ûX Tt± ®û[®dÏm ApXÕ UWQm
Ït\Yô°«Pm Es[ R²lThP RLYp / ®û[®dLdá¥V EPtLôVm ®û[®dÏm
A±Ü C,R,N, ©¬Ü 300(2)u ¸r úSôdLm CpûXùVu\ôúXô CkRd Ït\m
Ït\U]jûR úYßTÓjÕm AeLUôÏm, LôVm HtThPôÛm ùLôûX Ït\UôLôÕ,
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ït\m
299 ©dÏm 300(3)dÏm CûP«p
CûZdLlTÓTYo JÚ Ï±l©hP ¨ûX«p
Es[ úYßTôÓ
CÚlTûR A±kÕ AYÚdÏ HúRàm ¾eÏ
®û[®jRôp AÕ NôRôWQl úTôd¡p 299 ©-«p Es[ AúSLUôL UWQjûR
UWQm ®û[®dL úTôRôUp CÚkRôÛm. ®û[®dLdá¥V Gu¡\ ùNôtLÞdÏ
UWQm úSWXôm GuTûR A±kÕ JÚ T§XôL CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p
ùNVûX ùNnV úYiÓm, UWQjûR ®û[®dLdá¥V Gu\
ùNôtLs 300(3)p TVuTÓjRlThÓs[Õ,
UWQm HtTÓjÕm úSôdLm 300(2)u ¸r
C§p UWQm HtTÓjRdá¥V EPp
JÚ Ød¡VUô] AeLm ¡ûPVôÕ, EPp
LôVj§tÏm CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p
LôVm HtTÓjÕm úSôdLm Utßm
UWQm HtTÓjRdá¥V LôVj§tÏm
AjRûLV EPp LôVm AúSLUôL
®j§VôNm Es[Õ, CÕ £±VRôL
UWQjûR ®û[®dÏm Gu¡\ úSôdLm
úRôu±]ôÛm CûR LY²dL®pûX
UhÓúU 300(2)dÏ úTôÕUô]Õ, C,R,N,
Gu\ôp ùTÚU[®p A¿§ úSWXôm,
©¬Ü 300EPu CûQkR GÓjÕdLôhÓ (©-
EPtLôVm GkR A[®tÏ UWQjûR
I LôiL)
HtTÓjRXôm GuT§pRôu CkR ®j§VôNm
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 299 © Ït\Yô°«Pm Es[Õ, ùTôÕYôL á±]ôp. GkR
CjRûLV A±®û] G§oTôodL®pûX, A[®tÏ AÕ UWQjûR HtTÓjRXôúUô
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Tô§dLlThPYo. AûR ùTôßjÕRôu Ït\ úSôdLjÕPu
úSônYônlThP CÚRV ¨ûXûV HtTÓj§V AkR EPtLôVj§]ôp HtTÓm
ùLôiÓs[ôo GuTûR A±kÕm AYûW UWQm GkR A[®Xô] ùLôûX Ït\j§u
AÝjRUôL A¥jÕ. AqYôß A¥jRôp ¸r YÚm GuTûR ¨oQ«dLXôm,
AYÚdÏ UWQm HtTPXôm GuTûRÙm “HtTÓjRdá¥V” Gu\ ùNôp 299-©«p
A±kÕ UWQm HtTÓjÕm YZdÏLs Es[ ùNôp, CÕ JÚ ¨LrÜd áû\ UhÓm
CkRl ©¬®u ¸r YÚm, Ït\m ϱdLôUp Nôj§Vdáû\Ùm Es[PdL
NôhPlThPÚYdÏ Tô§dLlThPY¬u úYiÓm, CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p
CÚRV ¨ûXûVl Tt± R²lThP A±Ü UWQm HtTÓjRdá¥V EPtLôVm GuTÕ

17
 UWQm AkR EPtLôVj§u LôWQUôL GuTûR ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, ARôYÕ AÕ
Li¥lTôL úSÚm GuTûR CVtû«u GúRfûNVôLúYô ApXÕ úSôdLm
NôRôWQ úTôdûL LÚj§p ùLôiÓ CpXôUúXô HtThP LôVm CpûX, CûY
ϱd¡\Õ, 300(3)u ¸r YZdÏLs êußm ¨ì©dLlThPôp AkR ®NôWûQ
YÚYRtÏ Ït\m NôhPlThPYo ùLôûX ùRôPokÕ
ùNnV Gi¦«ÚdL úYiÓm Gu\
AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, CVtûL«u NôRôWQ  SôuLYRôL úUtá\lThP

úTôd¡p UWQjûR HtTÓjRdá¥V LôVm CVtûL«u NôRôWQ úTôd¡p

EPtLôVjûR HtTÓjR Gi¦ CÚkRôp UWQm ®û[®dLdá¥V LôVm

UhÓm úTôÕUô]Õ, GuTûR ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, CkR ¨ìTQm

Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u úSôdLjÕPu
TôodL State of Andhra Pradesh V. CûQkRÕ ¡ûPVôÕ,
Rayavarappu Punnayga and another, 1977
G]úY CkR YZd¡uT¥ Ït\m
Cri. L.J.1, Augustine Sardana V. State of
NôhPlThPYo CVtûL«u NôRôWQ
Karnataka, 2003 Cri. L.J. 4458, Shri
úTôd¡p UWQm HtTÓjRdá¥V LôVjûR
Harendra Nath Borah V. State of Assam, JT
HtTÓjR UhÓúU Gu¦«ÚkÕ UWQm
2007 (2) SC 404).
HtTÓYRtÏ Gi¦«ÚdLô®hPôÛm

Virga Singh V. State of Punjab, 1958 AÕ ùLôûX Ït\UôLúY LÚRlTÓm,

Cri.L.J. 818 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m TôodL C,R,N, ©¬Ü 300p G-Ó (£),

300(3)u RuûUûV ®[d¡VÕ, AWÑ

©¬Ü 299(£) Utßm ©¬Ü 300(4)dÏ
RWl©p 300(3)u ¸r JÚ YZdûL ùLôiÓ
CûPúV Es[ úYßTôÓ
YÚYRtÏ ¸rLiPYtû\ ¨ì©dL
úYiÓm, 2 ©¬®u ¸Ým Rôu ùNnÙm ùNVp
UWQjûR HtTÓjRdáÓm Gu\ A±Ü
 ØRXôYRôL EP-p LôVm EQof£ úRûY, 300(4)u ¸r Ït\m
Es[Õ GuTûR Lôi©dL úYiÓm, NôhPlThPYo R]Õ ùNVp JÚ áhPj§tÏ
(R² STÚdÏ CpûX) ¾eÏ
 CWiPôYRôL CkR
®û[®dLdáÓm ATôVLWUô] ùNVp
LôVeL°u RuûU ¨ì©dLlTP úYiÓm,
Gußm CR]ôp UWQm AÚLôûU«p

 êu\ôYRôL AkR LôVjûR Es[Õ Guàm A[®tÏ A±Ü

®û[®dÏm úSôdLm CÚkRÕ ùTt±ÚkRôp úTôÕm, CjRûLV UWQm

Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u ATôVLWUô]

18
 ùNV-]ôp LhPôVm ¨LZd á¥VRôL ãr¨ûXLÞm AkR Ït\j§u NkRolT
CÚjRp AY£Vm, CfùNVp CjRûLV ãr¨ûXÙm LÚj§p ùLôs[lTP úYiÓm,
Liê¥jR]Uô] ùNVûX
úUtùLôs[ GkR RÏkR LôWQØm  ùTôÕYôL BÙs RiPû]

CpXôUp úUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm, ®§VôLÜm UWQ RiPû]

®§®XdLôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm, BÙs
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 302 RiPû] YZe¡]ôp AkRd Ït\j§u
ãr¨ûX«p úTôÕUô]RôL CÚdLôÕ
CkRl ©¬Ü 300u ¸r Es[ ùLôûX
Guß LÚ§]ôp UhÓúU UWQj RiPû]
Ït\j§tÏ RiPû]ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ,
YZeLXôm,
CÕ 2 RiPû]Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ. UWQ
RiPû] ApXÕ BÙs RiPû],  AkRd Ït\jûRf NôokR
úUÛm. ATWôRj§tÏm CRu ¸r Y¯ Aû]jÕ ªûLlTÓjÕm Utßm
Es[Õ, Ïû\ÜTÓjÕm LôWQeLû[ BWôV
úYiÓm, Cq®WiûPÙm BWônkR
UWQ RiPû]
©u]úW UWQ RiPû] YZeL Ø¥Ü
Bachan Singh V. State of Punjab, AIR 1980 ùNnVXôm,
SC 808 YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\j§p IkÕ
CkR ¾ol× CRtÏ ©\Ï Machi Singh V.
¿§T§d ÏÝ UWQ RiPû]ûV
State of Punjab, (1983) 3 SCC 470 Gu\
A°dLXôm Guß ¾oUô]m ùNnRÕ, CkR
YZd¡p UWQ RiPû] Ck§V YZd¡p ©uTt\lThPÕ,

AW£VXûUl× NhPj§u `WjÕ 19 Utßm C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304

21tÏ ×\mTô]Õ Guß Yô§PlThPÕ,
Øu× á±VûRlúTôp C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304
CkR YZd¡p ¿§Uu\m ¸rLiP ùLôûX Ït\m ApXôR UWQm
®§Lû[ HtTÓj§VÕ, ®û[®dÏm Ït\j§tÏ RiPû]
YZeÏ¡\Õ, CRu ¸r 2 TϧLs,
 UWQ RiPû] Uôtß Y¯
CpXôR ªLd ùLô¥V YZdÏL°p ªÏ§Vô]
 UWQm ®û[®dÏm
Ït\jRuûU CÚkRôp UhÓúU
úSôdLjÕPú]ô ApXÕ UWQm AúSLUôL
TVuTÓjR úYiÓm, HtTPdá¥V EPtLôVjûR HtTÓjÕm
úSôdLjÕPú]ô ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp, (Tϧ-1)
 UWQ RiPû] YZeÏYRtÏ
Øu× Ït\Yô°«u NkRolT

19
 UWQm HtTÓjÕm úSôdLm E«¬ZkRôs, CkR YZd¡p EfN
CpXôUúX R]Õ ùNVp UWQjûR ¿§Uu\m KhÓS¬u LY]ªuûUûV

HtTÓjRXôm Gu¡u\ A±ÜPu / EߧVôL AàUô²dL Ø¥VôRRôp 304-H

EQoÜPu ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp, (Tϧ-2) ùNpÛT¥ BLôÕ Guß ¾olT°jRÕ,

úUÛm. ¿§Uu\m Liê¥jR]Uô] ùNVp
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304-H - LY]ªuûUVôp GuTÕ A§ AYNWUôL ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp
HtTÓm UWQm Gußm úYiÓm Guú\ ùNnVlTÓm ùNVp
ApX Gußm á±VÕ,
304-H LY] Ïû\®]ôÛm Liê¥jR]Uô]
ùNVpL°]ôÛm HtTÓm UWQeLû[ Tt± G-Ó : úYLUôL ùNpÛm Xô¬ JÚ §\kR
®[dÏ¡\Õ, “Liê¥jR]m” Gu¡u\ ùY°«p §Úm×múTôÕ AeÏ Lh¥-p
YôojûR ØuúVôNû]«uûU Gu\ TÓjÕd ùLôi¥ÚkR JÚYo ÁÕ úUô§
ùTôÚû[ ùLôiPÕ ApXÕ JÚ ùNVûX AYWÕ UWQjûR EiPôd¡VÕ, CkR
RÏkR £kRû]«u± ùNnYÕ Gu\ YZdÏ 304 Tϧ 2 u ¸r YWôUp 304-H«u
ùTôÚ°p AûRl TôodLXôm, úUÛm ¸r YÚm, Hù]²p. KhÓSo
LY]ªuûU GuTÕ úTôÕUô] ApXÕ úYiÓùUuú\ AkR Yi¥ûV Lh¥p
N¬Vô] AdLû\«uûUûV ϱd¡\Õ, ÁÕ Ht\®pûX, (LôiL State of Gujarat
UWQjûR ®û[®dÏm Aû]jÕ V. Haider Ali, (1976) 1 SCC 889).
Liê¥jR]Uô] ùNVpLÞm Utßm
LY]dÏû\Yô] Aû]jÕ ùNVpLÞm ùRôZpNôo LY]ªuûU Utßm C,R,N,
304-H«u ¸r YWôÕ, 304-H ©¬Ü 299 ©¬Ü 304-H
Utßm 300u EsÞßl×Lû[ ®Xd¡
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 304-H UÚjÕYoLs ÁÕ
ùNVpTÓm,
ùRô¯pNôo LY]ªuûU ×Lôo

Mohammed Aynuddin and Miyam V. State CÚdÏmúTôÕ TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ, EfN

of Andhra Pradesh, (2000) 7 SCC 272 Gu\ ¿§Uu\m Jacob Mathew V. State of Punjab

YZd¡p úUpØû\ÂhPô[o JÚ úTÚkÕ & Another 2005 6 SCC 1 Gu\ YZd¡p

KhÓSo, JÚ TV¦ úTÚk§p H±V ©\Ï Øu× EfN ¿§Uu\jRôp Dr. Suresh Gupta
AkRl úTÚkÕ Øu× SLokÕ V. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, (2004) 6 SCC
ùLôi¥ÚdÏmúTôÕ AYs AkR 922 Gu\ YZd¡p á\lThP LÚjûR
Yi¥«u ùY°úV ®ÝkÕ úTÚk§u ÁiÓm GÓjÕd á±VÕ, LY]ªuûU
©uNdLWm AYs ÁÕ Á± AYs AkR Gu¡u\ LÚjÕ E¬ûU«Vp NhPj§Ûm
®Tj§p HtThP LôVeL°]ôp Ït\®Vp NhPj§Ûm ùYqúYß ®RUôL

20
AÔLlThÓs[Õ Gußm E¬ûU«Vp UÚjÕYo ùNnR ùNV-]ôp UWQm
NhPj§p LY]ªuûU Guß LÚRlTÓYÕ ApXÕ LôVm HtTP ªÏ§Vô] Yônl×
Ït\®Vp NhPj§u ¸r LY]ªuûUVôL Es[RôL CÚk§ÚdL úYiÓm, (TôodL.
LÚRlTP úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ Martin F.D’ Souza V. Mohd. Ishfaq (2009) 3
Guß ¿§Uu\m á±VÕ, LY]ªuûU JÚ SCC 1)
Ït\UôL UôßYRtÏ ARtϬV Ït\ U]m
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 306 Utßm 309 - EPkûRVôL
CÚkRRôL Lôi©dL úYiÓm, úUÛm JÚ
CÚjRp Utßm RtùLôûXdÏ ØVÛRp
ùNVp Ït\m Guß LÚRdá¥V LY]d
Ïû\YôL CÚlTRtÏ ªL A§L A[®Xô] C,R,N, ©¬Ü 306 RtùLôûX ùNnTYÚdÏ
LY]ªuûU úRûY, A§L A[®p EPkûRVôL ÕûQ ¨tTYûW. Ït\m
LY]ªuûU CpûXùVu\ôp AkR ùNVp ùTôßlúTtL ùNn¡\Õ, ÕûQ ¨tRp
E¬ûU«Vp NhPj§p UhÓúU SPY¥dûL GuTÕ C,R,N, Aj§VôVm 5p
GÓdLjRdL ùNVXôLÜm Ït\®Vp ®[dLlThÓs[Õ, C,R,N, ©¬Ü 107p
NhPj§u ¸r AûR G§ojÕ GÕÜm ùNnV ÕûQ ¨tRp GuTÕ ¸rLiPtû\
Ø¥VôÕ, Es[PdÏm Guß á\lThÓs[Õ,

úUÛm. LÓûUVô] Gu¡u\ YôojûR 304-

 Ït\m ùNnV çiÓRp
H-®p TVuTÓjRlTPô®hPôÛm
Liê¥jR]m ApXÕ LY]ªuûUÙPu  Ït\m ùNnYRtLôL Ït\
N§«p DÓTÓRp
ùNnVlTÓm ùNVpLs Guß 304-H-®p
Es[ YôojûRLs LÓûU Gu\  Ït\m ùNnYRtÏ ER®
ùNnRp
ùNôpÛPu NôokÕ ×¬kÕd ùLôs[lTP
úYiÓm Guß ¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ, ©¬Ü 306u ¸r JÚ ùNVp YÚYRtÏ
AfùNVp ©¬Ü 107u ¸r YWúYiÓm,
JÚ UÚjÕYÚdÏ G§WôL Ït\®Vp
NhPjRu ¸r LY]ªuûUdLôL C,R,N, 306 Utßm Ck§Vf Nôh£Vf NhPm

SPY¥dûL GÓdL úYiÓùUu\ôp AYo ©¬Ü 113 H

JÚ ùNVûX ùNnúRô ApXÕ ùNnVôUp

Ck§V Nôh£Vf NhPm 113H-u ¸r JÚ
CÚkúRô AkR ùNnRp ApXÕ
ùTi¦u RtùLôûXdÏ AY[Õ LQYu
ùNnVôU-ÚjRp ϱl©hP GkRùYôÚ
Utßm LQY]Õ ÏÓmTj§]o
NôRôWQ A±Üm §\àm
EPkûRVôL CÚkRôoL[ô Guß
Es[ UÚjÕYÚm ùNn§ÚdL Ø¥VôR JÚ
BWôÙmúTôÕ
ùNVp Guß ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, AkR

21
 AYs §ÚUQm Ø¥kÕ 7 AqYôß AàUô²lT§-ÚkÕ
YÚPeLÞdÏs RtùLôûX ùNnÕ ¿§Uu\jûR RÓdLXôm, úUÛm. ©¬Ü 113-
ùLôiPRôLÜm H-®p Es[ AàUô]m G§odLdá¥V
AàUô]m BÏm,
 AY[Õ LQYu ApXÕ
E\®]oLs LôiL Ramesh Kumar V. State of
AYû[ ùLôÓûUlTÓj§]ôoLs Chattisgarh, (2001) 9 SCC 618 Uu\m
Gußm ¨ì©dLlThPôp ¿§Uu\m GpXôm Rajbabu and Another V. State of Madhya
ãr¨ûXLû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ AkR Pradesh, AIR 2008 SC 3212)
RtùLôûXdÏ AY[Õ LQYu ApXÕ
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 309 RtùLôûX ØVt£ûVÙm.
E\®]oLs EPkûRVôL CÚkRôoLs
ØVt£ ùNnÙm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓm
Guß AàUô²dLXôm,
Aû]jÕ ùNVpLû[Ùm Ri¥d¡\Õ,
CkR ©¬Ü 1983 Bm BiÓ JÚ §ÚjRf
LôVm NôokR Ït\eLs - C,R,N, ©¬Ü 319 –
NhPj§u êXm A±ØLlTÓjRlThPÕ,
338
CÕ ER®Vt\. §ÚUQUô] ùTiLs
RtùLôûXdÏ AYoL[Õ LQYWôÛm JÚYÚdÏ EPp Y-. úSôn ApXÕ
E\®]oL[ôÛm Rs[lTÓmúTôÕ TXÅ]m ®û[d¡u\ GYÚm LôVm
ùTÚmTôuûUVôL Nôh£VeLs ®û[®d¡\ôo Guß ©¬Ü 319 áß¡\Õ,
¡ûPdLôUp CÚdÏm YZdÏL°p ¿§
¡ûPlTRtLôL JÚ NØRôV SX ©¬Ü 320 ùLôÓeLôVjûR ¸rLiPYôß
YûWVßd¡\Õ,
LiúQôhPjÕPu
A±ØLlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ,  BiûU CZdL ùNnRp

úUÛm. CqYôß AàUô²jRp  HRôYÕ Li

TôoûYûV ¨WkRWUôL CZdL ùNnRp
LhPôVUô]Õ ApX, Hù]²p. NhPj§p
AàUô²dLXôm GußRôu  HRôYÕ Lô§u úLhÏm
§\û] ¨WkRWUôL CZdL ùNnRp
á\lThÓs[Õ, úUÛm. CjRûLV
AàUô]m ùLôsYRtÏ Øu× ¿§Uu\m  HRôYÕ JÚ EPp EßlûT
ApXÕ êh¥û] CZdL ùNnRp
YZdÏ NôokR ©\ ãr¨ûXLû[Ùm
NkRolTeLû[Ùm LÚj§p  HRôYÕ JÚ EPp Eßl×
ùLôs[ úYiÓm, AjRûLV LÚjÕ CkR ApXÕ êh¥u Y-ûUûV A¯jRp
AàUô]jûR ªûLlTÓjRXôm ApXÕ ApXÕ ¨WkRWUôL TÝRôdÏRp

22
 RûX ApXÕ §¼ùWuß ¨LrkRRôp Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
ØLjûR ¨WkRWUôL EÚdÏûXjRp C\kRY¬u UWQjûR ®û[®dL úSôdLm
 HRôYÕ JÚ GÛmûT ùLôi¥ÚkRRôL LÚR Ø¥VôÕ Gußm
EûPjRp ApXÕ Tp GûRÙm CPm UWQm ¨LZXôm Gußm RuàûPV ùNVp
ùTVW ùNnRp
UôWûPl× HtTÓjRXôm Gu\ A±Ü
 E«ÚdÏ BTjûR ®û[®d¡\ ùTt±ÚkRRôLÜm á\Ø¥VôÕ Gußm
LôVm ApXÕ LôVj§]ôp úYRû] ¿§Uu\m ¾oUô²jRÕ, G]úY. CkR
TÓTYûW 20 SôhLs YûW LÓm ÕuTm ùNVp ©¬Ü 325tÏ ùY°úV ùNu\Õ,
RWdá¥V LôVm ApXÕ 20 SôhLÞdÏ
YZdLUôL AYWÕ £ßYo LPjRp. BhLPjRp Utßm
AÛYpLû[ ùNnVôUp RÓdLdá¥V ©\ Ït\eLs (C,R,N, ©¬Ü 359 – 374)
Lô¬Vm ùNnRp,
£ßYo LPjRp CÚYûLlTÓm G] ©¬Ü
C,R,N,®u ¸r LôVm ApXÕ 359 áß¡\Õ, AûY Ck§V GpûXdÏ
LÓeLôVjûR Ri¥lTRtÏ AÕ ùY°úV LPjRp Utßm NhPléoYUô]
Ru²fûNVôL C,R,N, ©¬Ü 321-u ¸r TôÕLôl©-ÚkÕ LPjRp BÏm,
(Ru²fûNVôL LôVm ®û[®jRp). 322u
¸r (Ru²fûNVôL LÓeLôVm ®û[®jRp) ©¬Ü 360u ¸r JÚYûW AYWÕ NmURm

CûZdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm, CpXôUúXô ApXÕ AYo ùTôßhÓ

NmURm RW NhPlT¥ A§LôWm ùTt\
G-Ó : H-©-ÙPu NiûP úTôhÓ JÚY¬u NmURm Cu± AYûW Ck§V
ùLôi¥ÚdÏmúTôÕ ©-I Xj§Vôp A¥dL GpûXdÏ AlTôp ùLôiÓ ùNu\ôp
ØVp¡\ôo, £, Esú[ ÖûZkÕ Ck§Vô®-ÚkÕ Bû[d LYokÕ ùNpXp
NiûPûV ¨ßjR ØVp¡\ôo, CkR Guß á\lTÓm,
NfNW®p H-©-I A¥dL ØVÛmúTôÕ H- £-
I Xj§Vôp A¥d¡\ôo, B]ôp. H-323u ©¬Ü 361u ¸r 16 YV§tÏhThP BûQ

¸r Ït\m ׬¡\ôo, ApXÕ 18 YV§tÏhThP ùTiûQ

ApXÕ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m CpXôR JÚYûW
State of Karnataka V. Shivalingaiah, AIR AYoL°u NhPléoYUô]
1988 SC 115 Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\m LôlTô[¬PªÚkÕ NmURm ùT\ôUp BûN
NôhPlThPYo C\kRY¬u Lôh¥ CÝjÕ ùLôiÓ ApXÕ çd¡d
BÔßl×Lû[ Rôd¡VRôp AYWÕ ùLôiÓ úTôYÕ NhPléoYUô]
EP]¥ UWQm HtThPÕ, CkR ¨LrÜ TôÕLôl©-ÚkÕ LYoRp Guß á\lTÓm,

23
Thakorlal D. Valgame V. State of Gujarat, ùLôÓdÏm úSôdLjÕPu ùNnVlTÓm
(1973) 2 SCC 413 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN LPjRûX Ri¥dÏm,
¿§Uu\m ©¬Ü 361u ¸r çd¡ ùNpYÕ
Tô-Vp Ït\eLs Utßm
Gu¡u\ YôojûR YÛdLhPôVlTÓj§
çd¡ ùNpÛRp GuTRtÏ UhÓm CVtûLdÏ Uô\ô] Ït\eLs –
EhThPÕ ApX Guß á±VÕ, G-Ó : © C,R,N, ©¬Ü 375-377
(£ßª) – AYû[ A±VôR H-AYÞdÏ JÚ
375 Utßm 376 – Yu×Qof£
NôdúXh ùLôÓjÕ Lô¬p H\ çiÓ¡\ôo,
©-Lô¬p Hß¡\ôs, ©¬Ü 361u ¸r H-©-ûV ©uYÚm ®YWeLs 6p HRôYÕ Ju±u
LPj§ Es[ôo, ¸r YÚm ãr¨ûX«p JÚ ùTiÔPu
EPÛ\Ü ùLôsÞm JÚ Bi
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 362 BhLPjRûX ®[dÏ¡\Õ,
Yu×Qof£ ùNnYRôL ùNôpXlTÓ¡\ôo,
K¬Pj§-ÚkÕ ùNpÛmT¥ JÚYûW
YuØû\Vôp LhPôVlTÓjÕ¡\ ApXÕ
 ØRXôYRôL AlùTi¦u
YgNû]Vô] Øû\ GR]ôÛm çiÓ¡\
®ÚlTj§tÏ Uô\ôL
GYo JÚYÚm AYûW BhLPjÕ¡\ôo
Guß ùNôpXlTÓYôo,  CWiPôYRôL AlùTi¦u
NmURm CpXôUp
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 364-H JÚ §ÚjRf NhPm êXm
1993 Bm BiÓ A±ØLlTÓjRlThPÕ,  êu\ôYRôL UWQm ApXÕ
CÕ ©sû[d LPjRp Ït\m Utßm LôVm HtTÓm Guß AlùTiûQ
BhLPjRp Ït\eLs Ø¥YûPkÕ AfÑßj§ AY[Õ NmURjûR ùTtß®hP
ApXÕ JÚYo LôY-p ùYÏ SôhL[ôL ©\Ï. AY[Õ NmURjÕPu
ûYdLlThÓ Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
AqYôß AûPjÕ ûYjRYûW ùLôpYRôL  SôuLôYRôL. Øû\lT¥ Ruû]
ªWh¥ YkRôp AYoLÞdÏ LÓm RiPû] UQkR LQYu Guß JÚYû] Sm©
YZeÏYRtLôL ùLôiÓYWlThPÕ, AR]ôp NmURjûR A°d¡\ôs GuTûR
Cl©¬®u ¸r JÚYo AWNôeLm ApXÕ ùR¬kÕm AkR NmURjÕPu
ùY°SôhÓ AWÑ JÚ ùNVûX ùNnVúYô.
 IkRôYRôL. ©jÕ ¨ûX«u
ùNnVôUp CÚdLúYô ùNnÙm
LôWQUôLúYô ApXÕ EQoûY UÝeLf
úSôdLjÕPu ApXÕ Ït\m
ùNnÙm ApXÕ EPpSXj§tÏ
NôhPlThPYÚdÏ ùWôdLj ùRôûL
JqYôRûY APe¡V HúRàm

24
 ùLôÓdLlThPRôÛm AlùTi NmURm A¥dL¥ EPÛ\Ü ùLôsÞm TZdLm
A°dÏm ùNV-u RuûUûVúVô ApXÕ Es[Yo Gu\ JúW LôWQj§tLôL AY[Õ
®û[ÜLû[úVô A±Vô§ÚkÕ YôdÏ êXjûR SmTôUp CÚjRp áPôÕ
AfNUVj§p AYs ùLôÓdÏm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ,
NmURjÕPu
Madho Ram V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR
 B\ôYRôL. AlùTi 16 1973 SC 469 Gu\ YZd¡p Tô§dLlThP
YV§tÏ EhThPYWôL CÚl©u AY[Õ ùTi¦u YôdÏêXm úYß Nôu±]ôp
NmURjÕPu ApXÕ NmURm Cu± EߧTÓjRlTPô®hPôÛm ARu
A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU RiPû]
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 375 JÚ ®[dLjûR
YZeLXôm Guß ¿§Uu\m á±VÕ,
ùLôiÓs[Õ, ARôYÕ
Yu×Qof£ Ït\j§tÏ AY£VUô] C,R,N, ©¬Ü 376 Yu×Qof£dLô] RiPû]
Tô-Vp EPÛ\Ü AûUYRtÏ ÖûZRp
Yu×Qof£ Ït\j§tÏ Ïû\kRThNm 7
úTôÕUô]RôÏm, úUÛm JÚYo Ru
YÚP £û\ RiPû]Ùm. ATWôRØm
Uû]®úVôÓ AkR Uû]® 15
®§dLlThÓs[Õ,
YV§tÏhThPYWôL CpXôRùTôÝÕ
ùLôsÞm Tô-Vp EPÛ\Ü ùTôÕYô] úSôdLjûR ¨û\úYtßm
Yu×Qof£ BLôÕ, ùTôÚhÓ JÚ ùTi Juß ApXÕ Ju±dÏ
úUtThPYoL[ôp Yu×Qof£dÏ
16 YV§tÏ ¸r Es[ ùTi¦u
BhTÓjRlThPôp A§p JqùYôÚYÚm
NmURjûR LÚj§p ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ
áhPôL úNokÕ Yu×Qof£ ùNnRRôL
(Bishnu Dayal V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981
LÚRlTÓm, Pramod Mehto V. State of Bihar,
SC 39) State of U.P. V. Manoj Kumar
AIR 1989 SC 1475 Gu\ YZd¡p SôuÏ
Panday, AIR 2009 SC 711 Gu\ YZd¡p
SToLs úNokÕ JÚ ùTiûQ
Tô§dLlThP ùTi 16 YV§tÏ úU-ÚkR
Yu×Qof£ ùNnRRôLÜm ARtúLt\
JÚ LôWQj§]ôp UhÓm AYs NmURm
UÚjÕY Nôh£VeLÞm CÚkRRôp
A°jRRôL LÚR Ø¥VôÕ Guß EfN
AYoLs Aû]Y¬u
¿§Uu\m á±Ùs[Õ,
RiPû]Ùm ¨ûX¨ßjRlThPÕ,
EfN ¿§Uu\m State of Uttar Pradesh V. CqYZd¡p CYoLs Aû]YÚm
Om, 1999 Cr. L.J. 5030 Gu\ YZd¡p Ït\j§p TeúLt\]Wô ApXÕ Vôo
Tô§dLlThP ùTi TiTt\Ys, úUÛm TeúLt\]o GuTûR ¨ì©dL
úRûY«pûX,

25
 Ck§V Nôh£f NhPm ©¬Ü 114H – NmURm úVô² ApXôR Eßl× NôokR EPÛ\Ü
Utßm £ßYoLÞPu AqYô\ô]
Ck§V Nôh£V NhPm ©¬Ü 114H C,R,N,
E\ÜLû[Ùm Es[PdÏm,
©¬Ü 376(2)u ¸r (©¬Ü 372(2)(f) R®W)
SPjRlTÓm YZdÏL°p GeùLpXôm  18 YV§tÏ ¸r Es[Yo Tô-Vp
E\®tÏ NmURm A°dL Rϧ CpXôRYo
 Ït\m NôhPlThPYWôp Guß LÚRlTÓYôo,
Tô-Vp EPÛ\Ü ¨ì©dLlThÓs[úRô
Utßm EPûULÞdÏ G§Wô] Ït\eLs

 AlùTôÝÕ AkRl ùTi C,R,N, ©¬Ü 378 Utßm 379 - §ÚhÓ

NmURm ùLôÓjRôWô CpûXVô Gu\
GYúWàm JÚYWÕ EPûU«-ÚkÕ
úLs® GÝm×m úTôÕ úUÛm
AûNÙm ùTôÚs HúRàm AYWÕ NmURm

 AYs ¿§Uu\m Nôh£Vj§p CpXôUp úSoûU«u± GÓjÕd ùLôsÞm

NmURm ùLôÓdL®pûX Guß á±]ôp úSôdLm ùLôiÓ. AqYôß GÓjÕd

ùLôs[lTÓm ùTôÚhÓ AkRl
¿§Uu\m AYs NmURm A°dL®pûX ùTôÚû[ SLojÕm GYo JÚYÚm §ÚhÓ
Guß AàUô²dL úYiÓm, Ït\m ùNnRRôL ùNôpXlTÓ¡\ôo,

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 377 – N92 Foundation V. G]úY. §ÚhÓ Ït\m ׬Rp JÚY¬u
Government of NCT and Others, 210 Cri. EPûU«-ÚkÕ AûNÙm ùNôjûR AYWÕ
L.J. 94 YZd¡p ¥p- EVo ¿§Uu\m NmURm CpXôUp ®XdÏRp Utßm
AqYôß ®XdÏRp úSoûUVt\
 T§ù]hÓ YV§tÏ úUXô] CWiÓ úSôdLjÕPu AkRl ùTôÚû[ GÓjÕd
U²RoLÞdÏ CûPúV R²lThP ùLôsYRtLôL ùNnRp B¡V CWiÓ
Øû\«p U]ØYkÕ ¨LÝm Aû]jÕ AeLeLû[ ùLôiPÕ,
Tô-Vp E\ÜLÞm Ït\UôdLlTPd
áPôÕ Gußm AqYôß ùNnRp Ck§V G]úY. NmURm CpXôUp JÚY¬u

AW£VXûUl× NhPm `WjÕLs 14. 15. 21 ùTôÚû[ SLojRp Utßm úSoûUVt\

B¡VYt±tÏ G§Wô]Õ Gußm A±®jRÕ, úSôdLjÕPu AqYôß ùNnRp B¡V

CWiÓm Ït\j§u Ød¡V AeLeL[ôÏm,
 C,R,N, ©¬Ü 377 NmURm Cu± JÚYÚdÏ Øû\Vt\ BRôVúUô ApXÕ
SPdÏm Aû]jÕ Bi Eßl× - ùTi Utù\ôÚYÚdÏ Øû\Vt\ CZlúTô

26
®û[®dÏm ùNVp úSoûUVt\ ùNVp B]ôp H-Sm©dûL úUôN¥ ùNnRRôL
Guß LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ, LÚRXôm,

úUtLiPYt±-ÚkÕ BRôVúUô. G-Ó : (4) H-©«u úUô§WjûR ©-«u ÅhÓ

CZlúTô ØÝûUVôL CÚdL úYi¥V úUû_«p Lôi¡\ôo, CûR H-úSoûUVt\
AY£Vm CpûX, RtLô-LUôL. Øû\«p GÓdÏmúTôÕ H-§ÚhÓ Ït\m
NhPT¥VôL E¬ûUVô[¬PªÚkÕ GÓjRôp ׬¡\ôo,
úTôÕUô]Õ,
N. Mehra V. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1957
G-Ó : H-úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p. ©-«u SC 369 Gu\ YZd¡p JÚYo Ck§V
SôûV ©-«u NmURm CpXôUp Ru ®Uô]l TûP«-ÚkÕ JÚ ®Uô]jûR
©u]ôp ùRôPokÕ YÚUôß. NhPj§tÏ ØWQôL GÓjÕ AûR
SônLû[ LYok§ÝdÏm CûWûV Ru Tô¡vRôu YûW JÚYo ùNÛjÕ¡\ôo,
NhûPl ûT«p GÓjÕd ùLôiÓ ùNp¡\ôo, CqYZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m AYo §ÚhÓ
AkR Sôn H-I ©uùRôPW ùRôPe¡VÜPú] Ït\m ׬kRRôL ¾oUô²jRÕ,
AÕ §ÚhÓd Ït\Uô¡ ®Ó¡\Õ,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 383 – AfÑßj§ T±jRp
G-Ó : (2) H GuTYo JÚ ùTôd¡` úTûZûV
Rôe¡ ùNp¡u\ JÚ GÚûRl TôojRÜPu JÚYûW AYÚdúLô ApXÕ AYûW NôokR
ARû] úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p GÓjÕd Ut\YÚdúLô ¾eÏ ®û[®dL úTôYRôL
ùLôsYRtLôL AkR GÚûR ϱl©hP AfÑßj§ ARu ®û[YôL JÚ
§ûN«p ÕWjÕ¡\ôo, GÚÕ SLW ùTôÚû[úVô ApXÕ
BWm©jRÜPú] H- §ÚhÓd Ït\jûR U§l×s[ Tj§WjûRúVô ApXÕ
ùNnRYWô¡\ôo, U§l×s[ Tj§WUôL Uôt\jRdL
Juû\úVô AYo A°dÏmT¥ úSoûUVt\
G-Ó : (3) ©-TVQm ùNnYRtÏ Øu× Øû\«p çiÓRp. AfÑßj§ T±jRp
RuàûPV RhûP TôÕLôlTôL ûYjÕL Gu\ Ït\UôÏm,
ùLôsYRtLôL H-«Pm JlTûPd¡\ôo, H-
AkR RhûP ®tß ®Ó¡\ôo, CeÏ AkRj G-Ó : TQm ùLôÓdLô®hPôp H- Tt±
RhÓ ©-«u LhÓdÏs CpûX, G]úY. AYç\ôL ùY°«Pl úTôYRôL ©-
AûR H-®tß ®hP úTô§Ûm ©-«u AfÑßjÕ¡\ôo, CkR AfÑßjÕYRu
LhÓdÏs CÚkÕ ARû] GÓdLôRRôp H- êXm H-ûY TQm ùLôÓdL çiÓYRôp
§ÚhÓd Ït\m ׬kRRôL LÚR Ø¥VôÕ, ©- AfÑßj§ T±jRp Ït\jûR ׬¡\ôo,

27
G-Ó : (2) JÚ ùRôûLûV H-dÏ ©-ùLôÓdL ùNpY§p ApXÕ GÓjÕ ùNpX Ø¥Y§p
LhÓlTÓjÕm JÚ LPu Eߧ ºh¥p Ït\Yô° AÕ ¨û\úYßYRtLôL
ûLùVôlTm úTôPô®hPôp ©-«u GRtúLàm UWQm. LôVm. Øû\«u±
ÏZkûRûV AûPjÕ ûYlTRôL ©-I RÓjRp. EP]¥ UWQm. EP]¥ LôVm
AfÑßjÕ¡\ôo, CR]ôp ©- ApXÕ EP]¥ Øû\Vt\ RÓjRp
ûLùVôlTªÓ¡\ôo, C§p H-AfÑßj§l HtTÓm Gu¡u\ AfNjûR Ru²fûNVôL
T±jRûX ùNn¡\ôo, ®û[®jRôp ApXÕ ®û[®dL
ØVu\ôp §ÚhPô]Õ ùLôsû[VôÏm,
G-Ó : (3) H- ©-I LÓeLôVm HtTÓm Guß
TVØßj§ úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p ©-I Ït\Yô° AfÑßj§ T±dÏm NUVj§p
ùYßm Rô°p ûLùVlTm ChÓ AûR AfÑßjRlThP STÚPu CÚkRôp. AYûW.
R]dÏ ùLôÓdLf ùNn¡\ôo, CqYôß AYÚdÏ ApXÕ úYß JÚYÚdÏ UWQm.
ûLùVôlTm ChP Rôs LôVm ApXÕ Øû\Vt\ RÓjRp
U§l×s[ Tj§WUôL Uôt\dá¥VÕ G]úY EP]¥VôL HtTÓm Guß AfNm
H-AfÑßj§ T±jRp Ït\jûR ùLôs[ ùNnÕ AfÑßj§ T±jRôp Utßm
ùNnÕs[ôo, Chander Kala V. Ram Kishan, AqYôß AfNm ùLôs[ ùNnÕ AqYôß
AIR 1985 SC 1268 Gu\ YZd¡p JÚ AfNm ùLôs[ ùNnVlThPYûW AfÑßj§
Ts°«u RûXûU B£¬Vo JÚ ùTi T±dÏm ùTôÚû[ AkR CPj§úXúV
B£¬ûV êuß ùYßm Rô°p AlùTôÝúR ùLôÓjÕ ®ÓUôß çi¥]ôp
ûLùVôlTm CPd á± CpûXùVu\ôp AfÑßj§ T±jRp ùLôsû[VôÏm,
AYûW Uô]TeLm TÓjÕYRôL
G-Ó : ©-I ¸úZ Rs° ©¥jÕ ©-«u
AfÑßj§V§u úT¬p AkR B£¬ûV
TQjûRÙm. SûLûVÙm ©-«u
ûLùVôlTm ChPRôp RûXûU B£¬Vo
CûN®u± AYWÕ EûPûU«-ÚkÕ H-
AfÑßj§ T±jRp Ït\m ׬kRRôL EfN
úUôN¥VôL GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ôo, CeÏ H-
¿§Uu\m Ø¥Ü ùNnRÕ,
§ÚhûP ùNnRYo B¡\ôo Utßm AkR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 390 ùLôsû[ §ÚhûP ùNnÙm ùTôÚhÓ Ru²fûNVôL
©-dÏ Øû\Vt\ RÓjRûX ùNn§Úd¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 390T¥ GpXô ®RUô] G]úY H-ùLôsû[V¥jRYo B¡\ôo,
ùLôsû[«Ûm §ÚhúPô ApXÕ
AfÑßj§ T±jRúXô APe¡Ùs[Õ, G-Ó : H. ©-«u ÏZkûRûV çd¡d
§ÚÓYRtÏ ApXÕ §ÚÓmúTôÕ ApXÕ ùLôiÓ TQlûTûV ùLôÓdLô®hPôp
§Úh¥]ôp ùTt\ ùTôÚû[ GÓjÕf ÏZkûRûV Tôû\«-ÚkÕ Å£ G±kÕ

28
®ÓYRôL ©-I AfÑßjÕ¡\ôo, SXàdLôL ®tß ®hPôp AYo Ït\Øß
ÏZkûRdÏ EP]¥ LôVm ®û[Ùm Gu\ ûLVôPp Gu¡u\ Ït\jûR ùNnRYo
AfNjûR EiPôd¡VRôp ©- TQlûTûV BYôo,
H-«Pm ùLôÓd¡\ôo, CqYôß ¨LrkR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 403 CWiÓ
AfÑßj§ T±jRp ùLôsû[ G]lTÓm,
®[dLeLû[ ùLôiPÕ,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 403 úSoûUVtß ùNôjÕ
®[dLm -1 : ùLôgN LôXj§tÏ UhÓúU
ûLVôPp
úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p ùNnÙm ûLVôPp
ûLVôÓRp GuTRtÏ C,R,N,®p N¬Vô] Cl©¬®u ¸r ûLVôPp G]lTÓm,
®[dLm ¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp CÕ ©¬Ü
G-Ó : ©-dÏ ùNôkRUô] AWÑ LPàR®
403p TVuTÓjRlThÓs[Õ, Ït\Øß
ºhÓ Juû\ H-LiÓ GÓd¡\ôo, ºhÓ ©-
Sm©dûL úUôN¥ Guß C,R,N, ©¬Ü 405
dÏ ùNôkRUô]Õ Guß A±kúR ©uù]ôÚ
ØRp 409 YûW Es[ Ït\eL°p
LôXj§p ©-«Pm ÁiÓm JlTûPdÏm
“ûLVôPp” GuTÕ JÚ AeLUôL
LÚjÕPu JÚ LPàdÏ _ôÁ]ôL AûR
®[eÏ¡\Õ,
APÏ ûYd¡\ôo, CeÏ H-úUtLiP
G-Ó : ©-dÏ ùNôkRUô] ùTôÚû[ R]Õ Ït\jûR CûZjRYo B¡\ôo,
Guß Sm© SpùXiQjÕPu H-GÓjÕd
®[dLm – 2 : Vôo YNØm CpXôR
ùLôs¡\ôo, CeÏ H-§ÚhûP ùNnV®pûX
ùTôÚû[ LiÓ. AûR TôÕLôdL ApXÕ
B]ôp. H– R]Õ RYû\ EQokR
ùNôkRdLôW¬Pm AûR §Úm© JlTûPdÏm
©u]Úm AlùTôÚû[ Ru ùNôkR
ùTôÚhÓ AkRl ùTôÚû[ GÓd¡\ JÚYo
ETúVôLj§tÏ TVuTÓj§ YkRôp
AûR úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p GÓdL®pûX,
Cl©¬®u ¸r Ït\m ùNnRYo B¡\ôo,
BLúY. AYo CkRd Ït\m ׬kRYo
(G-Ó) H-Ùm ©-Ùm SiToLs, H-JÚ Øû\ B¡\ôo, B]ôp. ARu ùNôkRdLôWûW
©-CpXôR úTôÕ AYÚûPV èXLj§às A±k§Úd¡\ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ A±kÕ
ùNuß ©-«u NmURm CpXôUp JÚ ùLôs¡\ Y¯ CÚd¡\ùTôÝÕ ApXÕ
×jRLjûR T¥jÕ®hÓ §Úl© RÚm ùNôkRdLôWûW LiÓ©¥jÕ A±dûL
GiQjÕPu GÓjÕ ùNp¡\ôo, CeÏ H-©- AàlT ¨VôVUô] Y¯Lû[l TVuTÓj§
«u Uû\ØL NmURm RUdÏ CÚdLXôm G] Utßm AkRf ùNôkRdLôWo ARtÏ
LÚÕYÕ Nôj§VUôÏm, AÕ H-«u E¬ûUdúLôW AYûW
GiQUôL CÚkRôp H-§ÚhÓ ×¬V®pûX, CVp®lTRtÏ ¨VôVUô] JÚ Lô[ A[Ü
B]ôp H-AkRl ×jRLjûR R]Õ ùNôkR YûW AkRl ùTôÚû[ ûYj§ÚlTRtÏ

29
Øu× Rm ùNôkR ETúVôLj§tÏ AûR ApXÕ AkR ùNôjûR R]Õ ùNôkR
E¬VRôd¡d ùLôiPôp AYo CdÏt\jûR ETúVôLj§tLôL Uôtß¡u\ ApXÕ
ùNn¡\ôo, JlTûPdLlThP ùTôßl× Cu]
Øû\«p ¨oY¡dLlTPúYiÓm Guß
G-Ó : NôûX«p H-JÚ ìTôûV AÕ
YûL ùNnVlThP NhPj§u GkR
VôÚdÏ ùNôkRUô]Õ Guß
LhPû[Ùm ApXÕ JlTûPdLlThP
A±VôR ¨ûX«p GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ôo,
ùTôßlûT ¨û\úYtßYûR
úUtLiP ®[dLj§uT¥ AYo Ït\m
Jh¥ ùY°lTûPVôL ApXÕ
׬V®pûX,
Uû\ØLUôL AYo ùNnÕ ùLôi¥Úd¡\

G-Ó : Ye¡l TQf ºhÓ APe¡V L¥Rm NhPlT¥Vô] JlTkRjûRÙm Á±

Juû\ H-NôûX«p LiùPÓd¡\ôo, úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p AkR ùNôjûR

AdL¥Rj§u ϱl×L°-ÚkÕm ETúVô¡d¡\ ûLVôÞ¡\ ApXÕ

Es[Pe¡Ùs[ ®`VeL°-ÚkÕm AÕ Utù\ôÚYûW AqYôß ùNnV

VôÚdÏ ùNôkRm Guß AYo A±kÕd úYiÓùUuú\ AàU§d¡\ GYo JÚYÚm

ùLôs¡\ôo, AkRl TQºhûP RUdÏ Ït\Øß Sm©dûL úUôN¥ ùNnRYo

E¬ûUVôd¡d ùLôs¡\ôo, AYo B¡\ôo, (Som Nath Puri V. State of

úUtT¥ ®[dLj§uT¥ Ït\m ùNnRYo Rajasthan, (1972) 1 SCC 630).
B¡\ôo,
Krishan Kumar V. Union of India (1960) 1
G-Ó : ©-R]Õ TQlûTûV ¸úZ SCR 452 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m
úTôÓYûR H Lôi¡\ôo, AYo ©-dÏ AûR JqùYôÚ YZd¡Ûm Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
§Úm© ùLôÓdÏm GiQjÕPu AlTQl GkR ϱl©hP Øû\«p
ûTûV GÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ôo, B]ôp ©\Ï ùTôÚhLû[ úUôN¥ ùNn§Úd¡\ôo
Rôú] ETúVôLlTÓjÕ¡\ôo, AYo CkRl GuTûR ¨ì©dL úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm
©¬®u ¸r Ït\m ׬¡\ôo, ¡ûPVôÕ; Nôj§VØm CpûX Guß
á±Ùs[Õ, ¿§Uu\m Ød¡VUôL
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 405 – 409 – Ït\Øß
úSôdLjûR LôQ úYiÓm, úS¬ûPVô]
Sm©dûL úUôN¥
Nôh£Vm úRûY«pûX, B]ôp. Ït\m

GkR Øû\«Ûm JÚ ùNôjÕ NôhPlThPYo Ru²Pm CÚkR

JlTûPdLlTh¥ÚkÕ ApXÕ ùNôj§u ùTôÚhLû[ ûYjÕ Gu] ùNnRôo Guß

ÁÕ B§dLm ùTt±ÚkÕ AkRf ùNôjûR ùTônVôL á±]ôp AqYôß áßYÕ

úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p ûLVôPp ùNn¡\

30
AYÚdÏ G§WôL JÚ TXUô] Nôh£VUôL ùTôÚû[ ©\o ûYjÕd ùLôsYRtÏ
GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓm, NmU§dL ùNnYÕ HUôt\p Gu\
Ït\UôÏm, CpûXùVu\ôp YgNû]Vôp
CqYôß ûLVô[lThP TQm JÚYWôp
JÚYûW çi¥ AYÚûPV EPp. Es[m.
ùT\lTh¥ÚkÕ AYo ARtÏ LQdÏûWdL
ùTôÚs. StùTVo CYt±tÏ úNRm ApXÕ
RY± CÚkRôp C,R,N, ©¬Ü 406 –
¾eÏ ®û[®dLjRdL YûL«p Juû\
409 ¨ì©dLlTÓm, ØR-p CkR
ùNnV LÚjÕPu çiÓYÕ ApXÕ
ùTôÚhLs Ït\m NôhPlThPYWôp
Juû\ ùNnVô§ÚdL LÚjÕPu çiÓYÕ
ùT\lThP] Guß AWÑ RWl©p ¨ì©dÏm
HUôtßRp Ït\UôÏm, (LôiL Hira Lal
TôWm Es[Õ, ARu ©\Ï AYo Rôu
Harilal Bhagwati V. C.B.I. (2003) 5 SCC
AlùTôÚhLû[ RuàûPV ùNôkR
257).
TVàdÏ TVuTÓjR®pûX Guß ¨ì©dL
úYiÓm, JlTûPjRp ¨ì©dLlThPôp G-Ó : H-JÚ ùTôÚ°u úTô- Uô§¬ Juû\
ARu ©\Ï Ït\m NôhPlThPYo ©-dÏ Lôh¥ AkRl ùTôÚs Lôh¥V
JlTûPdLlThP ùNôj§û] GqYôß Uô§¬ûVl úTôu\Õ. Guß ©-I Sm×Uôß
TVuTÓj§]ôo Guß ¨ì©dL úYiÓm, úSôdLjÕPu Yg£jÕ Utßm AR]ôp
(LôiL Bhargavan Pillai V. State of Kerala, AkRl ùTôÚû[ ©-TQm ùLôÓjÕ YôeL.
AIR 2004 SC 2317, Mustafikhan V. State of úSoûUVt\ Øû\«p çiÓ¡\ôo, CeÏ
Maharashtra, (2007) 1 SCC 623). H- HUôß¡\ôo,

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 – 420 HUôtßRp G-Ó : H-JÚ ùTôÚû[ Yôe¡VRtLôL ©-dÏ
TQf ºhÓ Juû\ RÚ¡\ôo, AlTQf
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415uT¥ JÚYûW HUôtßm ºhÓ ùNpÛT¥VôLôÕ Guß H-dÏ ùR¬Ùm,
Ït\j§tÏ ùTôßlúTtL ûYdL úYiÓm B]ôÛm YgNû] LÚjÕPu H-ARû]
Gu\ôp AYo ùNôj§û] RdL ûYjÕd ©-dÏ ùLôÓd¡\ôo, G]úY H-HUôtß¡\ôo,
ùLôs[ ØuYÚmùTôÝúR AYÚdÏ
úSoûUVt\ Utßm úUôN¥ ùNnYRtLô] G-Ó : ûYWm ApX. Guß Rôm
úSôdLm CÚkRÕ Guß ¨ì©jRp A±k§Úd¡\ ùTôÚû[ ûYWm Guß H-
úYiÓm, ©«Pm APÏ ûYjÕ ©-I úSôdLjÕPu
Yg£d¡\ôo, Utßm ©-I LPu
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415u ¸r ¸rLiPûY úRûY, RÚmT¥ ARu êXm CQeL ûYd¡\ôo,
ARôYÕ JÚYûW JÚ ùTôÚû[ ©\ÚdÏ H-HUôtß¡\ôo,
ùLôÓdÏmT¥ ùNnYÕ Utßm JÚ

31
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 417. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 ¸r BYQeLs NôokR Ït\eLs
Es[ RiPû]ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ, HUôtßm
Ït\j§tÏm E¬ûU«Vp RuûUÙûPV C,R,N, ©¬Ü 464 – 477H – ùTôn Tj§Wm.
JÚ JlTkRj§]ôp HtTÓm NiûPdÏm ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp Utßm NôokR
®j§VôNm EiÓ, JlTkRm ÁßRp Juß Ït\eLs
UhÓúU Ït\®Vp YZdÏ ùRôPoYûR
Md. Ibrahim & Other V. State of Bihar &
RÓdLô®hPôÛm ùYßm JlTkRm ÁßRp
Another (2009) 8 SCC 751 Gu\ YZd¡p
UhÓúU JÚYûW C,R,N, ©¬Ü 415 ApXÕ
EfN ¿§Uu\m ùTôn Tj§WeLû[ ×û]Rp
420 ¸r ùTôßl× ¨ûX HtLûYdL
Tt±V C,R,N,®u ©¬ÜLû[ ®¬YôL
úTôÕUô]Õ ApX, (LôiL V.Y. Jose and
BWônkRÕ,
Another V. State of Gujarat and Another,
(2009) 3 SCC 78, All Cargo Movers (I) Pvt. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 463 – 465 ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp
Ltd., V. Dhanesh Badarmal Jain and Another,
ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏ ApXÕ GYÚdúLàm
2007 (12) SCALE 391).
úNRm ApXÕ ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏm ApXÕ
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 420u ¸r Ït\m úLô¬dûL ApXÕ Tôj§VûR GûRÙm
G]lTÓYRtÏ HUôtßRp UhÓm BR¬dÏm ApXÕ JÚYûW Rm ùNôjûR
CpXôUp AkR HUôtßR-u ®û[YôL CZdÏUôß ùNnÙm ApXÕ HúRàm
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo HUô±VYûW JÚ ùY°lTûPVô] ApXÕ Eh¡ûPVô]
ùTôÚû[ RÚmT¥úVô ApXÕ JÚ JlTkRm ùNnÙm LÚjÕPu ApXÕ
U§l×s[ Tj§WjûR ØÝYRôL ApXÕ úUôN¥ ùNnÙm ApXÕ
TϧVôL ùNnRp. UôtßRp. A¯jRp úUôN¥ ùNnVlTPXôm Gu\ LÚjÕPu JÚ
B¡VYtû\ ùNnV çiP úYiÓm, ùTônVô] BYQjûR ApXÕ
BYQj§u TϧûV RVô¬d¡\ GYo
CkRl ©¬®u ¸r Ït\UôYRtÏ
JÚYÚm ùTônVôYQm ×û]YûR
Tô§dLlThPYo Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ
ùNnYRôL ùNôpXlTÓYôo, C,R,N, ©¬Ü 470
ùTônVô]Õ Guß ùR¬kúR á\lThP
ùTôn Tj§Wm GuTûR ùTônVôYQm
Ju±u A¥lTûP«p HUô±]ôo Gußm
×û]Y§]ôp HtTÓjRlThP ùTôn
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo úSoûUVt\
BYQm Guß ®[dÏ¡\Õ,
úSôdLjÕPu ØR--ÚkúR ùNVpThPôo
Guß ¨ì©dLlTP úYiÓm, (Mobarik Ali CÕ C,R,N, ©¬Ü 465 ¸r RiPû]dϬVÕ,
Ahmed V. The State of Bombay, AIR 1957
SC 857).

32
 C,R,N, ©¬Ü 464u ¸r ùTônVôYQm ׬Rp  êu\ôYRôL. úTôûR«p
úUÛm ®Y¬dLlThÓs[Õ, Es[ JÚYûW ApXÕ ×j§ ÑYô¾]m
CpXôR JÚYûW Rôm Gu] ùNn¡ú\ôm
Md. Ibrahim YZdÏT¥ CkRl ©¬Ü ùTôn
Guß ùR°Ü ùT\ôR ¨ûX«p ApXÕ
Tj§WeLû[ 3 YûLVôL ©¬lTRôL
úUôN¥ ùNnYûR EQWôR ¨ûX«p
á\lThÓs[Õ, AûY.
GYúWàm SôQVªu± úUôN¥VôL JÚ

 ØRXôYRôL BYQjûR ApXÕ BYQj§p ApXÕ A§p ùNnVlTÓm

ARu JÚ TϧûV JÚYo EÚYôd¡]ôo. Uôt\j§tÏ Jl×Rp RÚm YûL«p

ûLùVÝj§hPôo. Øj§ûW T§jRôo ApXÕ EÚYôdL ûLùVÝj§P Øj§ûW T§dL

AlT¥ EÚYôdL ûLùVÝj§P ApXÕ ùNnYûR GYo ùNnRôÛm AkR STo ùTôn

Øj§ûW T§lTRtÏ NhPléoYUô] BYQjûR EÚYôd¡VYWôL á\lTÓYôo,

A§LôWm RkRôo Guß ©\ûW SmT ùNnV

G]úY JÚYo ©¬Ü 664 T¥ (1) Rôu
úYiÓm Gu\ LÚjÕPu. AYo
úYù\ôÚYo Guß á±úVô. AYWôp
AlT¥ ùNnV®pûX Guß ùR¬kÕm
Ae¸L¬dLlThPYo Guß á±úVô
AjRûLV BYQjûR ApXÕ ARu JÚ
ûLùVôlTm ChPôp (2) BYQj§p
TϧûV AYo úSoûU«u± ApXÕ
Uôt\m HtTÓj§]ôp (3) HUôtßRp êXm
úUôN¥VôL EÚYôd¡]ôÛm ûLùVôlTm
ApXÕ LhÓlTôh¥p CpXôRY¬PªÚkÕ
ChPôÛm Øj§ûW T§jRôÛm AjRûLV
BYQjûR ùTt\ôp “ùTôn BYQm”
BYQjûR ùNpÛT¥VôdLjRdL ϱLs
×û]kRRôL LÚRlTÓm,
HúRàm T§jRôÛm JÚ Ï±l©hP
LôXj§p EiPôdLlTPôR BYQjûR G-Ó : H-Guàm ØRpYo RuàûPV
EiPôd¡VRôL Lôh¥]ôÛm ØLYWô] ©-«Pm JÚ Ye¡«u ÁÕ
LôúNôûX Juû\ Gݧ A§p ùRôûLûV
 CWiPôYRôL JÚ BYQjûR ϱl©PôUp 10.000 ìTôndÏ úUtTPôR
RôúUô ©\úWô EÚYôd¡V ©\Ï ùRôûLûV éoj§ ùNnÕ ùLôs[ A§LôWm
A§Ûs[ Ød¡VUô] TϧûV A°d¡\ôo, B]ôp ØLYWô] ©-
NhPléoYUô] BRôWm CpXôUp AdLôúNôûX«p úUôN¥VôL 20.000 ìTôn
VôúWàm SôQVªu± ApXÕ Guß éoj§ ùNnÕ ùLôs¡\ôo, CeÏ ©-
úUôN¥ ùNnV úYiÓm Guß LÚjÕPu ùTônVôYQm RVô¬jRYo BYôo,
EÚYôdLlThP ©\Ï WjÕ ùNnRôÛm
Uôt±]ôÛm G-Ó : H – JÚ LPàߧ ºh¥p “© ApXÕ
AYo ¨VªlTYÚdÏ” Guß GÝÕ

33
ûLùVôlTm ChÓs[ôo, £ AûR A¯jÕ úUtùLôs[lTÓm ùTônVôYQm
Ye¡«p A°lTYÚdÏ ùRôûL A°dÏm ×û]RûX Ri¥d¡\Õ,
YûL«p Uôtß¡\ôo, £ Ït\m ׬¡\ôo,
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 471 -
G-Ó : H- JÚ L¥Rm Gݧ A§p ©-«u ùTônVôYQeLû[ EiûU G]
A§LôWm CpXôUp H-JÚ SpX Ti×ûPV TVuTÓjRp
U²Ru Gußm AYo G§oTôWôR
C,R,N, ©¬Ü 471 ¸r ùTônVôL ×û]VlThP
LôWQeL°]ôp ÕVWUô] ãr¨ûX«p
BYQjûR AÕ AjRûLV BYQm
Es[ôo Gußm á± ©-«u
Guß ùR¬k§ÚkÕm úSoûU«u± ApXÕ
ûLùVôlTjûR CÓ¡\ôo, CRu êXm
úUôN¥Vô] Y¯«p AûR EiûUVô]
£ Utßm ©\¬PªÚkÕ TQm ùTßYRtLô]
BYQm Guß TVuTÓjÕúYôÚdÏ
RY\ô] úSôdLjÕPu H-ùNVpTÓ¡\ôo,
ùTônVôL BYQm ×û]kRYÚdÏ E¬V
CeÏ £ Utßm ©\o RuàûPV
RiPû] YZeLlTÓm,
ùTôÚhLû[ ùLôÓdLj çiÓm
úSôdLjÕPu H ùTôn Tj§Wm C,R,N, ©¬Ü 474 ¸r. C,R,N, ©¬Ü 466
×û]k§Úd¡\ôo, G]úY. H ùTônVôYQm ApXÕ 467p ®Y¬dLlThP JÚ
×û]Rp Gu¡\ Ït\jûR ùNnÕs[ôo, BYQjûR AÕ ùTônVôL ×û]VlThPÕ
Guß ùR¬kÕ AûR EiûU Guß
ùTônVôYQeLû[ CVtßRp. CÚl©p
TVuTÓjÕm úSôdLjÕPu CÚl©p
ûYj§ÚjRp. TVuTÓjÕRp B¡V
ûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏ RiPû]
Ït\eLÞdLôL C,R,N, úUÛm LÓûUVô]
YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ,
RiPû]Lû[Ùm YZe¡«Úd¡\Õ,

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 467 – 468

U§l×s[ Tj§WjûR ùTônVôYQUôL
×û]kR HUôtßRp

C,R,N, ©¬Ü 467 ¸r U§l×s[ TjRWm.

E«p ØR-VYtû\ ùTônVôL ×û]¡\
GYÚdÏm BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ
TjRôiÓLs £û\ RiPû]Ùm.
ATWôRØm ®§dLlTÓm, úUÛm C,R,N,
©¬Ü 468 HUôtßm ùTôÚhÓ

34
TôPm – 6 : Ït\®Vp NhPm
2 : Ït\®Vp SûPØû\
NhPm
A±ØLm
Ït\®Vp SûPØû\ NhPm 1898u
CPj§p Ït\®Vp SûPØû\ NhPm
1973 ¨û\úYt\lThPÕ, Ït\®Vp
¿§Øû\ AûUlûT Su\ôL
ùNVpTÓjÕYRtLô]
SûPØû\Lû[ CkR NhPm
YZeÏ¡\Õ, Ït\eLû[l Tt±V
×X]ônÜ Utßm YZdÏ ®NôWûQ
ùNnYRtLô]
ùNVpØû\Lû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ,
C,R,N, 1860 (Utßm ©\ £\l×
NhPeLs Utßm RiPû]
NhPeLs) ¨ûXØû\ Ït\®Vp
NhPeLs ApXÕ ùNVpTÓjÕm
NhPeLs G]lTÓm, B]ôp
CkR ¨ûXØû\
NhPeLû[ SûPØû\lTÓjR úUÛm
®Y¬dÏm NhPUôL Ï,S,N, ®[eÏ¡\Õ,
CkRf NhPm Ck§V AW£VXûUl×f
NhPj§u ¸r
YZeLlThÓs[ RôdLlThÓs[ Ït\m
NôhPlThPY¬u E¬ûULÞdÏm
NØRôVm Ït\m Utßm
Ït\Yô°L°PªÚkÕ Ruû]
TôÕLôjÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥V
úRûYdÏm N¬NUUô] Ød¡VjÕYm
A°d¡\Õ,
NhPUu\m. Bh£jÕû\ Utßm
¿§jÕû\ CûPúV AW£VXûUl×
NhPj§u A±ÜûWlT¥ Es[ A§LôWl
T¡o®û] CkRf NhPm
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JqùYôÚ ©¬®tÏm ARtϬV
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CfNhPm CkR A§LôWl TLoÜ
ùLôsûL Á\ôUp TôÕLôd¡\Õ, King
Emperor V. Nazir Ahmed, AIR 1963 SC
447 Gu\ YZd¡p Privy Council
¿§Uu\m ¿§jÕû\ Utßm LôYp
Õû\ JußdùLôuß CûVkÕ
ùNVpTP úYiÓm, B]ôp AûY
CWiÓm Juß úTôp ¡ûPVôÕ Guß
á±VÕ,
CfNhPm TôWôÞUu\j§]ôp
CVt\lThPôÛm CÕ HZôYÕ
AhPYûQ«u ¸r Es[ ùTôÕ
Th¥V-p CPm ùTtßs[Õ, G]úY.
Uô¨X UdL[ûYLs AW£VXûUl×
NhPj§uT¥ CkRf NhPjûR RUÕ
úRûYdúLtT Uôt±d ùLôs[Xôm,
YûWVû\Ls
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 2 CkRf NhPm ØÝYÕm
TVuTÓjRlTÓm YûWVû\
®[dLeLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ,
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1
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©ûQ®Pô Ït\eLs
CfNhPj§p Es[ ØRp AhPYûQ
C,R,N, ®p Es[ Aû]jÕ
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AhPYûQ«p ©ûQ®Óm Utßm
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9
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10
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11
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_ôÁu úLôÚm ùTôÝÕm. AkR
ϱl©hP Yzd¡u úSoÜLs.
ãr¨ûXûU ùTôßjÕ Ø¥Ü ùNnV
úYiÓm,
G-Ó : AûZlTôûQLs Utßm
©ûQ®Pô ©¥VôûQLû[ AYU§jÕ
TX YÚPeL[ôL RûXUû\YôL CÚkR
H-ûY ©ûQ®Pô Ït\j§tLôL ûLÕ
ùNn¡\ôoLs, H TX YÚPeL[ôL
RûXUû\YôL CÚkR ®`Vm H-®u
קV _ôÁu UàûY T¬ºXû]
ùNnÙmúTôÕ ¿§Uu\j§]ôp LÚj§p
ùLôs[lTÓm
EfN ¿§Uu\m _ôÁu YZeL ApXÕ
UßdL LÚj§p ùLôsÞm ®`VeLs
Tt± Ram Govind Upadhyay V.
Sudarshan Singh, (2002) 3 SCC 598,
Piran V. Ram Bilas Ranj as and Pappu
Yadav, (2004) 7 SCC 528 B¡V
YZdÏLs áß¡u\],
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 437 ¸r YZeLlThP _ôÁu
©¬Ü 437(5) ¸r ®XdLlTPXôm, 437(1)
Utßm (2) ¸r _ôÁu YZeLlThP
VôûW úYiÓUô]ôÛm ûLÕ ùNnÕ
LôY-p ûYdL ¿§Uu\m
EjRW®PXôm, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 439 ¸r
YZeLlThP _ôÁû] 439(2)
T¥ ¿§Uu\m ¿dLXôm,
_ôÁu YZeLlThP ©\Ï ªL ùR°Yô]
Utßm ªLl ùT¬V Uôt\m
HtTÓjRdá¥V ãr¨ûXLs
CÚkRôXu± AûR ¿dLm
ùNnVdáPôÕ Guß EfN ¿§Uu\m
á±Ùs[Õ, _ôÁu ¿dLj§tLô]
YZdÏLs _ôÁu YZeLlThP
YZd¡-ÚkÕ úUpØû\ÂÓ ùNnYÕ
úTôuß BLôÕ, ¿§Uu\m CkR
YZdÏLû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnÙmùTôÝÕ
_ôÁu ¿dLjûR úLôÚYRtLô]
LôWQeLs ARôYÕ ¿§ YZeÏYRtÏ
G§WôL RûX«ÓRp
©ûQ ¨TkRû]Lû[ ¨WôL¬jRp
Nôh£VeLû[ Lû[jRp úTôu\Ytû\
LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm, (Dolat Ram
V. State of Haryana, (1995), 1 SCC 349).
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ju\u ©u
Ju\ôL GqY[Ü _ôÁu
UàdLû[ úYiÓUô]ôÛm RôdLp
ùNnVXôm, B]ôp. _ôÁu
UßdLlThP ©u× ãr¨ûXLs Uô±
JÚ ×§V Uà úRûYlThPôXu±
12
CWiPôYÕ Uà HtLlTPôÕ, (Kalyan
Chandra Sarkar V. Rajesh Ranjan &
Pappu Yadav, (2005) 1 SCC 801).
ªÏkR LôXm LPkRRôp UhÓúU
_ôÁu YZeLlTP úYiÓm Guß
áßYûR ¿§Uu\m HtßdùLôs[ôÕ,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 438 Øu _ôÁu
CkRl ©¬Ü ØRpØû\VôL 1973
NhPj§p A±ØLlTÓjRlThPÕ, CÕ
1898 NhPj§p ¡ûPVôÕ,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 438 ¸r Es[ EjRWÜ
JÚY¬u ûLÕdÏ ©\Ï Rôu TVàdÏ
YÚm, JÚYo Ruû] HúRàm YZdÏ
NmTkRUôL ûLÕ ùNnVXôm Guß
Sm×YRtLô] LôWQm CÚkRôp AYo
Øu _ôÁu ùT\Xôm, AjRûLV
UàûY T¬ºXû] ùNnÕ EVo
¿§Uu\m ApXÕ AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m
×X]ônÜ A§Lô¬«Pm UàRôWûW
ûLÕ ùNnRôp _ôÁ²p EP]¥VôL
®Ó®dÏmT¥ EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm,
CkRl ©¬®u ¸r ùLôÓdLlTÓm
EjRWÜ. ûLÕ ùNnR ©u]úW E«o
ùTßm,
CkRl ©¬®u ¸r Es[ A§LôWm
ANôRôWUô] TiûT ùLôiPÕ
BRXôp CûR A¬V YZdÏL°p
UhÓúU. JÚYo RY\ôL YZd¡p
DÓTÓjRlThÓs[ôo Guú\ô Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo RuàûPV ÑRk§WjûR
úYß Y¯L°p RY\ôL TVuTÓjR
UôhPôo Guú\ô ùR¬kRôp UhÓúU
CkR A§LôWjûR TVuTÓjRXôm,
CkRl ©¬ûY TVuTÓjR
Ød¡VUô] ¨TkRû] Gu]ùYu\ôp
JÚYo ©ûQ®Pô Ït\j§tLô]
Ït\fNôhÓPu ûLÕ ùNnVlTPXôm
Gu¡u\ JÚ ¨VôVUô] Sm©dûL
BÏm, (Gurubaksh Singh Sibia V. State
of Punjab, 1978 Cri. L.J. 20).
B_ôWYûR LhPôVlTÓjÕm ¿§Øû\
LhPû[Ls
¿§Uu\eLs Ït\m NôhPlThPYoLs
ApXÕ Nôh£VeLû[ B_oTÓjRd
LhPôVlTÓjÕYRtÏ ¿§Øû\
LhPû[Lû[ ©\l©dLXôm, CqYûL
LhPû[Lû[ ©\l©lTRtLô]
Y¯Øû\Lû[ Aj§VôVm 6
YZeÏ¡\Õ, CûY LhPôVlTÓjR
úYi¥V ST¬u ØuLôX SPjûRûV
ùTôßjRÕ, Ï,S,N, Aj§VôVm 6
SôuLôL ©¬dLlThÓs[Õ,
 AûZlTôûQLs (©¬Ü 61 – 69)
 ûLÕ ©¥VôûQLs (©¬Ü 70 -
81)
 A±®l× Utßm _l§ ùNnRp
(©¬Ü 82 – 86)
13
  ¿§Øû\ LhPû[LÞdLôL ©\
®§Ls
AûZlTôûQLs ©¬Ü 61 – 69
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 62uT¥ Ø¥kRYûW«Ûm
AûZlTôûQLû[ úSoØLUôL
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 69uT¥ ©¬Ü 61 ØRp
68tÏ EhTPôUp AûZlTôûQLs
RTôp êXØm Nôo®dLl TPXôm,
ûLÕ ©¥VôûQLs ©¬Ü 70 -81
©¥VôûQLs AûY WjÕ ùNnÙm

AûZdL úYi¥V ST¬Pm ùLôÓdL YûW ApXÕ ¨û\úYt\lTÓm YûW

úYiÓm Guß YZeÏ¡\Õ, AU-p CÚdÏm Guß ©¬Ü 70

áhÓ ¨ßY]eLs Utßm áß¡\Õ,

NeLeLÞdÏ AûZlTôûQLû[ NôoÜ

©¥VôûQLs 2 YûLVô]Õ,
ùNnÙm Y¯Lû[ ©¬Ü 63 YZeÏ¡\Õ,
©ûQ®Óm Utßm ©ûQ®Pô

©¬Ü 64 ¿§Uu\j§p ©¥VôûQLs,

B_WôÏmT¥ EjRW®PlThÓs[ STûW

JÚ STo ûLÕ ùNnVlThPôp
RÏkR LY]jÕPu ØVt£ ùNnÕm
AY¬PªÚkÕ RdL ©ûQVjûR
LiÓ©¥dL Ø¥VôRùTôÝÕ AYÚdLô]
Yôe¡d ùLôiÓ AYûW LôYp Õû\
AûZlTôûQûV AYWÕ ÏÓmTjûR
TôÕLôl©-ÚkÕ ®Ó®dLXôm Guß
NôokR YVÕ YkR Bi
Al©¥VôûQ«p ϱl©h¥ÚkRôp
Eßl©]¬PúUô ApXÕ AYÚPu
AÕ ©ûQ«p ®PjRdL ©¥VôûQ
Ï¥«ÚdÏm úYß GY¬PúUô ùLôÓjÕ
G]lTÓm, CûRl Tt±V
NôoÜ ùNnVXôm Guß áß¡\Õ,
SûPØû\Lû[ ©¬Ü 71 áß¡\Õ,

©¬Ü 65 T¥ AûZlTôûQûV A§p

CjRûLV ©¥VôûQLs ùTôÕYôL
ϱl©PlThÓs[ STÚdÏ
©ûQ®Ó ©¥VôûQLs
úSoØLUôLúYô ApXÕ TWYXô]
G]lTÓ¡u\], B]ôp.
Øû\«úXô NôoÜ ùNnV Ø¥V®pûX
©¥VôûQûV ¨û\úYtßm
Gu\ôp AkR STo Ï¥«ÚdÏm Åh¥u
A§Lô¬Ls ûLÕ ùNnVlThP STûW
GÓlTô] JÚ CPj§p AûR
¿§Uu\m Øu× B_o TÓjR úYiÓm
Jh¥ NôoÜ ùNnRp úYiÓm,
Guß UhÓúU áß¡u\ ©¥VôûQLs
CpûXùVu\ôp ¿§Uu\m קV
©ûQ®Pô ©¥VôûQLs G]lTÓm,
AûZlTôûQûVÙm ©\l©dLXôm,
©¥VôûQLs NôRôWQUôL LôYp
A§Lô¬LÞdÏ ©\l©dLlTÓm (Ï,S,N,

14
©¬Ü 72), £X NUVeL°p ©¬Ü 72(1)
¸r ¿§Uu\m úYß GkR JÚ STÚdÏm
AûR ϱl©hÓ
EP]¥VôL ¨û\úYtßUôß
AàlTXôm,
©¥VôûQLû[ AYtû\ ©\l©dÏm
¿§Uu\j§u A§LôW YWm©tÏ
ùY°úV GqYôß ¨û\úYtßYÕ Guß
©¬Ü 77 – 81 YûW YZeLlThÓs[Õ,
©¬Ü 81u ¸r RûXûU Ït\®Vp
SÓYo ApXÕ ûLÕ ùNnVlTÓTYo
CÚdÏm UôYhPj§u AUoÜ ¿§T§
EP]¥VôL ©¥VôûQÙPu ¡ûPdÏm
RLY-u A¥lTûP«p ©ûQ®Pô
YZdÏL°p áP ûLÕ
ùNnVlThPYûW _ôÁ²p
®Ó®dLXôm,
A±®l× Utßm _l§ ùNnRp ©¬Ü 82
– 86
VôÚdÏ G§WôL ©¥VôûQ
©\l©dLlThÓs[úRô AYo
ARû] ¨WôL¬dÏm ùTôÚhÓ
RûXUû\YôLúYô ApXÕ
K¥ J°kúRô YÚ¡\ôo Guß
¿§Uu\m ¨VôVUôL Sm©]ôp
¿§Uu\m Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 82u ¸r T¸WeL
A±®l× ùNnVXôm, úUÛm. AqYôß
A±®dLlThP ST¬u AûNÙm Utßm
AûNVô ùNôjÕdLû[ _l§
ùNnYRtÏm EjRW®PXôm,
©¬Ü 87uT¥ AûZlTôûQ
YZdÏL°p AûZlTôûQdÏ
T§XôLúYô ApXÕ AûZlTôûQ
EPú]ô ûLÕ ùNnYRtÏ
©¥VôûQûVÙm ©\l©d¡u\
A§LôWjûR ¿§Uu\m ùLôiÓs[Õ,
G-Ó : ú_-dÏ G§WôL AûZlTôûQ
úLôÚmúTôÕ AWÑ RWl©]o ú_
Ck§VôûY ®hÓ ùY°úV\Xôm Guß
NkúR¡lTRôL ¿§Uu\j§Pm
áß¡u\]o, CkR RLYûX LÚj§p
ùLôiÓ ¿§Uu\m ú_-dÏ G§WôL
©¥VôûQÙm YZeL úYiÓUô Guß
Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm, CqYôß ©\l©dÏm
ùTôÝÕ RÏkR LôWQeLû[ T§Ü
ùNnV úYiÓm,
ùTôÚhLû[ RôdLp ùNnV
LhPôVlTÓjÕm ¿§Øû\ LhPû[Ls
CkRf NhPj§u ¸r ¿§Uu\eLs
Utßm ×]XônÜ ¨ßY]eLs
BYQeLs. ùTôÚhLs B¡VYtû\
ùLôiÓ YÚYRtÏm. úRÓRp
SPjÕYRtÏm. TtßûL ùNnYRtÏm
A§LôWm Es[Õ, Aj§VôVm 7
BYQeLs – ùTôÚhLs ùLôiÓ YW
ùNnYRtÏ. úRÓRp SPjÕm Øû\
TtßûL SPjÕm Øû\ B¡VYtû\
Tt± áß¡\Õ, CkR A§LôWjûR
RY\ô] Øû\«p
TVuTÓjÕY§-ÚkÕ TôÕLôlTRtLôL
RÏkR Lôl×LÞm YZeLlThÓs[],
15
CkR ©¬ÜLs YZdÏ
®NôûQ«uúTôÕ Nôh£Vj§u
Ød¡VjÕYjûR TWôU¬dL
Cu±VûUVôRÕ, GpXô
NkRolTeL°Ûm ¿§Uu\m ×X]ônÜ
A§Lô¬Ls
CfNhPj§u
A±ÜûWLû[ LûP©¥jÕ Es[]Wô
Guß GûPúTôhÓ TôodL úYiÓm,
CkR Aj§VôVm 4 TϧL[ôL
©¬dLlThÓs[Õ,
 BYQm ApXÕ úYß
ùTôÚû[ RôdLp ùNnV
AûZlTôûQ - ©¬Ü 91. 92
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ruû]
®Ó®dÏm Uà RôdLp ùNn§ÚkRôp
AkR NUVj§p AYÚdÏ
BQeLû[ ùLôiÓ YW ùNnYRtLô]
A§LôWm ùLôÓdLlTPôÕ, (State of
Orissa V. Debendra Nath Padhi, (2005)
1 SCC 568).
G-Ó : JÚ Nôh£ûV AWÑ RWl©]o
ÏßdÏ ®NôWûQ ùNnÙmúTôÕ AkR
Nôh£ JÚ BYQjûR A¥lTûPVôL
ùLôs¡\ôo, B]ôp. AYo AûR
RôdLp ùNnV®pûX, ClùTôÝÕ
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 91u
T¥ AkR BYQm YZdÏ ®NôWûQdÏ

 úNôRû] ©¥VôûQ - ©¬Ü 93 - Ød¡VUô]Õ Guß Lôi©jRôp AûR

98 ùLôiÓ YÚYRtÏ ¿§Uu\m BûQ
©\l©dLXôm,
 úRÓRp Tt± ùTôÕ ©¬ÜLs -
©¬® 99 - 101

 ©\ - ©¬Ü 102 – 105

BYQm ApXÕ úYß

ùTôÚû[ RôdLp ùNnV AûZlTôûQ
- ©¬Ü 91. 92

©¬Ü 91 ¿§Uu\m Utßm LôYp ¨ûXV

ùTôßl× A§Lô¬dÏ JÚ
ùTôÚû[ ùLôiÓ YW ùNnYRtÏ
®¬Yô] A§LôWeLû[ YZe¡Ùs[Õ,
B]ôp. CkR BYQm / ùTôÚs
×X]ônÜ. ®NôWûQ. YZdÏ
®NôWûQdÏ Aj§VôY£VUô]Õ
Gu\ôp UhÓúU CkR A§LôWjûR
TVuTÓjRXôm,

16
úNôRû] ©¥VôûQ - ©¬Ü 93 – 98
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 93u ¸r BYQj§tLôL
AûZl× ùLôÓdLlThP STo. AûR
úRûYdúLtT ùLôiÓ YW UôhPôo
Guß ¿§Uu\m ¨VôVUôL Sm©]ôp
¿§Uu\m úNôRû] ©¥VôûQ
©\l©jÕ AkR BYQjûR
©¥VôûQ«uT¥ úRP ApXÕ
TôoûY«P EjRW®PXôm,
©¬Ü 100 úRÓRp
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 100 úRÓRp
SPjÕYRtLô] ¨TkRû]Lû[Ùm
LhÓlTôÓLû[Ùm YZeÏ¡\Õ,
CRuT¥ úRÓRp SPjÕmùTôÝÕ 2
R²lThP Nôh£Ls úRûY, úUÛm
ûLlTt\lThP ùTôÚhL°u Th¥VÛm
úRÓRp SPj§V CPj§p
Es[YoL°Pm ùLôÓdLlTP úYiÓm,
©¬Ü 102 ûLlTtßRp
©¬Ü 102 ¸r LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ
§ÚPlThPÕ Guß NkúR¡dLlTÓm
ùNôj§û] Ït\m SPk§ÚdLXôm Guß
NkúRLlTÓm ãr¨ûX«p
ûLlTtßYRtÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ,
EfN ¿§Uu\m State of Maharashtra V.
Tapas D. Neogy (1999) 7 SCC 585 Gu\
YZd¡p Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u Ye¡
LQdÏ Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 102u ¸r ùNôjRôL
LÚRlTÓm Gußm AûR.
A§Ûs[ TQj§tÏm Ït\j§tÏm
úSW¥ ùRôPo× CÚlTRôL NkúR¡jRôp
AûR ûLlTt\Xôm Guß á±VÕ,
Uû]®. ÏZkûR Utßm
ùTtú\ôoLÞdLô] ùTôÚÞR®dLô]
EjRWÜ
©¬Ü 125 – 128 APe¡V Aj§VôVm 9
Uû]®. ÏZkûR Utßm
ùTtú\ôoL°u TôÕLôl©tLô]
SûPØû\ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ, CkRl
©¬ÜLs C]Øû\ NhPeL°u
©¬ÜLÞdÏ ØWiThÓ CpûX, CûY.
Aû]YÚdÏm ùTôÚkÕ, úUÛm.
C]Øû\ NhPeL°u
©¬ÜLû[ CûY Ïû\ÜTÓjRúYô
ApXÕ TXÅ]lTÓjÕYúRô ¡ûPVôÕ,
(Captain Ramesh Chandra Kaushal V.
Veena Kaushal, (1978) 4 SCC 70).
©¬Ü 125 T¥ úTô§V YN§ Es[ JÚYo
RuàûPV Uû]® Utßm
ÏZkûRLû[ (Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 125 (1)(©)
Utßm (£)T¥ ApXÕ
ùTtú\ôoLû[ TWôU¬dL UßjRôp
Ït\®Vp SÓYo AqYôß UßjR-u
Nôh£Vj§u úT¬p AkR STo UôR
ÅRj§p ùTôÚÞR® ùLôÓdL úYiÓm
Guß EjRW®PXôm,
ÑÚdÏ Øû\ YZdÏ êXm Uû]®.
ÏZkûRLs. ùTtú\ôoLÞdÏ ùLôÓdL
17
úYi¥V ùTôÚÞR®ûV ®ûWYôL
ùNVpTÓjÕYúR CkR Aj§VôVj§u
úSôdLUôÏm, EVo ¿§Uu\m Utßm
EfN ¿§Uu\m CkR ©¬®u ¸r
SPdÏm YZdÏLs E¬ûU«Vp RuûU
EûPVûY Guß á±Ùs[],
LôYpÕû\dÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓm RLYp
Utßm ×Xu BnÜ
JÚ Ït\m SPkRûR A±®dÏm
Øû\L°p. LôYp Õû\dÏ RLYp
ùLôÓlTÕ JÚ YûLVôÏm, CjRûLV
RLYp 2 YûLlTPXôm, ©¥VôûQ
úYiPô Ït\m Tt± RLYp
ùLôÓdLlTPXôm ApXÕ ©¥VôûQ
úYi¥V YZdÏl Tt± RLYp
ùLôÓdLlTPXôm,
©¬Ü 155 : ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
YZdÏlTt±V RLYp Utßm ×X]ônÜ
JÚ ©¥VôûQ úYi¥V YZdûL.
AûR ®NôWûQ ùNnÙm A§LôWm
ùTt\ Ït\®Vp SÓY¬u EjRWÜ
CpXôUp LôYp Õû\ ×X]ônÜ
úUtùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ, ©¥VôûQ
úYi¥V YZdÏl Tt±V RLYp
¡ûPjRÜPu LôYp Õû\«]o AûR
×jRLj§p ®§lT¥ T§Ü ùNnÕ RLYp
A°jRYûW Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm
AàlT úYiÓm,
Rϧ Es[ ¿§Uu\j§PªÚkÕ
EjRWÜ ùTt\ ©u]o LôYp Õû\
©¥VôûQ úYiPô
YZdÏLû[ ×X]ônÜ ùNnÙm AúR
Øû\«p CkR YZdÏLû[Ùm
×X]ônÜ ùNnVXôm, B]ôp
©¥VôûQ CpXôUp ûLÕ ùNnV
Ø¥VôÕ,
G-Ó: C,R,N, ©¬Ü 467 ¸r ©¥VôûQ
úYi¥V Ït\jûRl Tt±V RLYp
LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ ¡ûPd¡\Õ,
LôYp Õû\«]o Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 154 ¸r
ØRp RLYp A±dûLûV EP]¥VôL
T§Ü ùNnV UôhPôoLs,
©¬Ü 154 ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
YZdÏLs Tt±V RLYp
©¬Ü 154 ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
YZdÏL°p LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ
ùLôÓdLlTP úYi¥V RLYp Tt±
áß¡\Õ, CkR RLYp ùTôÕ YZd¡p
Gl,I,Bo, (F.I.R.) Guú\ô ØRp RLYp
A±dûL Guú\ô á\lTÓ¡\Õ,
©¥VôûQ úYiPô YZdÏl Tt±V
RLYp ¡ûPjR EPú]úV LôYp Õû\
A§Lô¬ ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü
ùNnV LPûUl ThÓs[ôo, B]ôp
NÁT LôXj§p EfN ¿§Uu\ A[®p
úTôÄv A§Lô¬dÏ ØRp RLYp
A±dûL T§Ü ùNnÙmØu× ØRp¨ûX
18
®NôWûQ SPjR ARLôWm Es[Rô
GuTÕ Tt± LÚjÕ úYßTôÓ Es[Õ,
Rajinder Singh Katoch V. Chandigarh
Administration, AIR 2008 SC 178 Gu\
YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m ØRp RLYp
A±dûL T§Ü ùNnYRtÏ Øu×
ØRp ¨ûX ®NôWûQ SPjÕm LPûU
LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ Es[Õ Guß
á±Ùs[Õ,
CkR YZd¡p ¿§Uu\m : Ramesh
Kumari V. State (NCT Delhi) and others
Gu\ YZd¡p CkR ¿§Uu\j§u
¾olûTÙm. “NhPlT¥ LôYp Õû\
A§Lô¬LÞdÏ
®§dLlThÓs[ LPûUûVl Tt±Ùm
SôeLs A±úYôm, B]ôp Øu×
á±VT¥ RÏkR YZdÏL°p LôYp
A§Lô¬LÞdÏ ØRp ¨ûX ®NôWûQ
ùNnÕ Ït\fNôhÓL°p HúRàm
EiûU Es[Rô CpûXVô Guß
LiÓ©¥dÏm LPûUÙm Es[Õ,”
B]ôp. Lalitha Kumari V. State of U.P.
(2008) 7 SCC 164) Gu\ YZd¡p
BûQ ©\l©dÏmùTôÝÕ EfN
¿§Uu\m ¸rLiP EjRWûY
YZe¡VÕ,
“úUtá±VYtû\ LÚj§p ùLôiÓ
Aû]jÕ Uô¨XeL°p Es[ LôYp
Õû\ CVdÏ]o Utßm LôYp Õû\
BûQVoLÞdÏ EjRWÜ ©\l©dL
úYi¥V LhPôV ¨ûXûU Es[Õ,
ØRp RLYp A±dûL EP]¥VôL T§Ü
ùNnVô®hPôúXô ARàûPV SLûX
×LôoRôWoLÞdÏ EP]¥VôL
ùLôÓdLô®hPôúXô ×LôoRôWo
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ùNuß LôYp
Õû\dÏ SÓY¬u EjRW®u SLp
¡ûPjRÜPu YZdÏ T§Ü ùNnÕ 24
U¦ úSj§tÏs ARu SLûX
×LôoRôWÚdÏ ùLôÓdÏUôß EjRWÜ
ùLôÓdÏUôß ×Lôo ùLôÓdLXôm,”
“CqYôß SPY¥dûL
GÓdLlTPô®hPôp Ït\®Vp SÓYo
¿§Uu\ AYU§l× SPY¥dûLûV
úTôÄv A§Lô¬«u ÁÕ GÓdLXôm,
úUÛm RÏkR LôWQªu± ¿§Uu\
EjRWûY Á±VRtLôL RÏkR RiPû].
JÝeÏ SPY¥dûL GÓjRp RtLô-L
¿dLm ùNnRp úTôu\Ytû\Ùm
T¬kÕûW ùNnVXôm,”
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 154(3) ¸r LôYp Õû\
A§Lô¬ ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü
ùNnV UßjRôp ×LôoRôWo ARû]
LôYp Õû\ LiLô¦lTô[¬Pm
AàlTXôm Gußm AYo
§Úl§VûPkRôp AkRd Ït\jûRl
Tt± Rôú] ×X]ônÜ ùNnVXôm
ApXÕ ×]XônÜ ùNnÙUôß ¸r
A§Lô¬dÏ EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm,
19
ØRp RLYp A±dûLRôu ©ûQ®Pô
Ït\j§u ¨LrÜ Tt±
LôYp ¨ûXVj§tÏ ùLôÓdLlTÓm
ØRp RLYp BÏm, G]úY. YZdÏ
®NôWûQ«u úTôÕ CRtÏ ªÏkR
Ød¡VjÕYm EiÓ, B]ôp. CkR
A±dûL«p Ït\m Tt±V Aû]jÕ
Öi¦V RLYpLÞm CÚdL úYiÓm
Guß G§oTôodL Ø¥VôÕ, ØRp
RLYp A±dûL GuTÕ RLYp
L[g£Vm úTôuß ¡ûPVôÕ, (Ramesh
Maruti Patil V. State of Maharashtra,
AIR 1994 SC 28; Surjeet Singh V. State
of Punjab, AIR 1992 SC 1389). ØRp
RLYp A±dûLûV GkR ãr¨ûX«p
AÕ LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ
ùLôÓdLlThPÕ Guß LÚj§p ùLôiÓ
TôoûY«P úYiÓm, A§p GpXô
RLYÛm CpXôUp CÚdLXôm,
Superintendent of Police, C.B.I. V. Japas
Kumar Singh, (2003) 6 SCC 1752 Gu\
YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m ¸rLiPYôß
¾oUô²jRÕ,
“JÚ Ït\m Tt±V Aû]jÕ
úSoÜLû[Ùm ØRp RLYp A±dûL
RLYp L[g£Vm úTôp ùLôi¥ÚdL
úYiPôm Guß Ø¥YôL
¾oUô²dLlThÓs[Õ, RLYp
A°lTYo Tô§dLlThPYo Utßm
AYûWj Rôd¡VY¬u ùTVo ùR¬VôUp
áP ×Lôo ùLôÓdLXôm, GqYôß
NmTYm SPkRÕ GuTÕ áP ùR¬VôUp
CÚdLXôm, ØR-p RLYp ùLôÓlTYo
AkR ¨Lr®u LiÔt\ Nôh£VôL
CÚdL úYiÓm Gußm AkR
Ït\jûRl Tt±V Aû]jÕ
RLYûXÙm ùLôÓdLd á¥VYWôL
CÚdL úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm
¡ûPVôÕ, B]ôp. ùLôÓdÏm RLYp
Ït\m SPkRûR Tt± ®Y¬dL
úYiÓm, úUÛm. AjRûLV RLYp
LôYp A§Lô¬dÏ ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
Ït\m Juß SPkÕs[Õ GuTûRl
Tt±V NkúRLjûR GÝlT úYiÓm,
CkRd LhPj§p ©¥VôûQ úYiPô
Ït\m SPkRÕ Gu\ NkúRLm UhÓm
CkRj RLY-u A¥lTûP«p
GÝkRôp úTôÕUô]Õ, AYo AdÏt\m
SPkRÕ Guß EߧTÓjR úYiÓm
Gu\ AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,”
ØRp RLYp A±dûL JÚ êX
Nôh£VUôL LÚRlTP Ø¥VôÕ B]ôp.
Ck§V Nôh£Vf NhPm 157 ¸r CûR
úYß Nôu±]ôp EߧTÓj§
TVuTÓjRXôm, (Aghnoo Nagesia V.
State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 119; Faddi
V. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1964
SC 1850)
ùTôÕYôL YZdÏ ®NôWûQ«uúTôÕ
ØRp RLYp A±dûL RôURUôL T§Ü
ùNnVlThPÕ Gu\ G§oYôRjûR
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo GÝl×Yôo, Amar
20
Singh V. Ballowinder Singh, (2003) 2
SCC 518 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m
RôURUôL ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü
ùNnRRôúXúV AWÑ RWl× YZdÏ
NkúRLj§tÏ Es[ôÏm Guß GkR
®§Øû\Ùm ¡ûPVôÕ Guß
á±Ùs[Õ, úUÛm. AjRûLV
RôURm AWÑ RWl× YZd¡p NkúRLjûR
HtTÓjÕUô GuTÕ JqùYôÚ YZd¡u
úSoÜLû[Ùm NkRolTeLû[Ùm
ùTôßjÕRôu Ø¥Ü ùNnVlTP
úYiÓm Guß á±VÕ, CûRl Tt±
LQdÏ ®§Ls úTôX Ø¥Ü ùNnRp
áPôÕ,
T.T. Antony V. State of Kerala, (2001) 6
SCC 181 Gu\ YZd¡p AúR
úSoÜLû[l Tt± 2YÕ Øû\VôL ØRp
RLYp A±dûL T§Ü ùNnYÕ
NhPj§tÏ ×\mTô]Õ Guß Ø¥Ü
ùNnVlThPÕ B]ôp úUÛm
×X]ônÜ ùNnÕ 2YÕ ØRp RLYp
A±dûLûV á\lThP ¨LrÜLs
Tt±V A±dûL NUol©dL LôYp
Õû\dÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ, (Kari
Chaudhary V. Sita Devi, AIR 2002 SC
441; Upkar Singh V. Ved Prakash, (2004)
13 SCC 292)
ØRp RLYp A±dûL T§Ü ùNnR ©u×
LôYp Õû\ ®NôWûQ SPjÕYûRl
Tt± Aj§VôVm 12 áß¡\Õ,
Nôh£VeL°u YôdÏêXjûR T§Ü
ùNnRp. úRÓRp Utßm TtßûL ©¬Ü
100. 165 Utßm 102 ¸r ùNnRp.
BYQeLs Utßm ùTôÚhLû[ ©¬Ü
91u ¸r YWYûZjRp. ©¬Ü 160 ¸r
Nôh£VeLû[ YÚ®jRp. úTôu\ TX
ùNVpLû[ ùNnYRtÏ LôYp Õû\dÏ
A§LôWm Es[Õ,
©¬Ü 161. 162 - Nôh£Lû[ LôYp Õû\
®Nô¬jRp
JÚ YZdÏl Tt±V úSoÜLs Utßm
AûRf NôokR RLYpLû[ A±kR
JÚYûW Yôn ùUô¯VôL ®Nô¬dÏm
A§LôWm LôYp Õû\«]ÚdÏ ©¬Ü
161(1) ¸r Es[Õ, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 161(2) ¸r
×X]ônÜ A§Lô¬ GÝl×m Aû]jÕ
úLs®LÞdÏm EiûUVôL T§p
ùNôpXúYi¥V TôWm CkR Nôh£dÏ
Es[Õ, B]ôp. Nôh£ûV úYß Ït\
NôhÓdÏ. RiPû]dÏ ApXÕ
TtßûLdÏ ùY°lTÓjÕm YûL«p
úLs®Ls CÚkRôp ARtÏ T§p
ùNôpX úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
Nôh£Vj§u YôdÏêXjûR ©¬Ü 161
¸r YôojûRdÏ YôojûR T§Ü ùNnV
úYiÓm Guß AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
AYÚûPV YôdÏ êXj§u
NôWômNjûR UhÓm T§Ü ùNnRôp
úTôÕm, 161 ¸r ùLôÓdLlTÓm
YôdÏêXm BûQ ¸r ùLôÓdLlTÓm
YôdÏêXm ¡ûPVôÕ,
21
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 162 LôYp A§Lô¬ Øu×
ùLôÓdLlThP YôdÏêXj§p
Nôh£ ûLùVÝjÕ CPdáPôÕ Guß
LhPôVUôL RûP ®§jÕs[Õ, G]úY.
CjRûLV YôdÏ
êXeLû[ êXNôh£VUôL YZdÏ
®NôWûQ«uúTôÕ TVuTÓjR
Ø¥VôÕ, B]ôp Ck§V Nôh£Vf
NhPm ©¬Ü 154u ¸r Nôh£ûV ÏßdÏ
®NôWûQ ùNnÙmúTôÕ AYo Øu×
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 161 ¸r ùLôÓjR
YôdÏêXjûR AYo RtúTôÕ
ùLôÓdÏm YôdÏêXjûR ØWiTÓj§
Lôi©dL TVuTÓjRXôm, (Tehsildar
Singh V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR
1959 SC 1012).
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 Jl×Rp YôdÏêXjûR
T§Ü ùNnRp
LôYp A§Lô¬«Pm ùLôÓdLlTÓm
YôdÏêXeLs Nôh£VUôL
¿§Uu\j§p HtLdá¥VÕ CpûX
Gu\ôÛm ×X]ôn®uúTôÕ VôúWàm
RuàûPV YôdÏ êXm ApXÕ
Jl×RûX ùLôÓdL ®ûZkRôp AYo
ùTÚSLo SÓY¬PúUô Ït\«p
SÓY¬PúUô Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 ¸r CûR
ùLôÓdLXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Jl×Rp YôdÏêXjûR T§Ü
ùNnYRtÏ ùTtßs[ A§LôWjûRÙm
AYo LûP©¥dL úYi¥V
SûPØû\Lû[ ®Y¬d¡\Õ,
Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ Jl×Rp
YôdÏêXjûR T§Ü ùNnYRtÏ.
ùNnVôU-ÚlTRtÏ ®Úl׬ûU
Es[Õ, B]ôp. T§Ü ùNnV Ø¥Ü
ùNnRôp AYo ©¬Ü 164 ¸r
Es[ SûPØû\Lû[ LûP©¥dL
úYiÓm, CkR
SûPØû\Lû[ LûP©¥dLôUp
Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu× Jl×Rp
YôdÏêXm Nôh£VUôL
HtßdùLôs[jRdLRpX, (Tandra Ravi
N. State of Andhra Pradesh, 2001 (CRCJ
4048).
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 164 ¸r Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Jl×Rp A°lTY¬Pm AYo Jl×Rp
A°dL LPûUlThPYo ApX Gußm
AqYôß Jl×Rp A°jRôp AkR
Jl×Rp AYÚdÏ G§WôL Nôh£VUôL
TVuTÓjRTPXôm Gußm ®[dL
úYiÓm, úUÛm. Jl×Rp YôdÏêXm
A°lTYo AûR Ru²ûNÜ T¥Rôu
AqY[Ü ùNn¡\ôo Gußm Ït\®Vp
SÓYo EߧlTÓjR LPûUlThÓs[ôo,
Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u ®NôWûQûV
©¬Ü 164(4) ¸r T§Ü ùNnÙmùTôÝÕ
Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 281 I
LûPl©¥dL úYiÓm,
22
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167 24 U¦ úSWj§tÏs
×X]ônûY Ø¥dL Ø¥VôR ùTôÝÕ
LûPl©¥dL úYi¥V SûPØû\,
JÚYûW ©¥VôûQ CpXôUp ûLÕ
ùNnRôp 24 U¦ úSWj§tÏ úUXôL
LôY-p ûYj§ÚdL Ø¥VôÕ Guß
©¬Ü 57 áß¡\Õ, úUÛm. AYûW
LôY-p RdL ûYdL úYiÓm Gu\ôp
LôYp Õû\ Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167I
LûPl©¥jÕ. ¿§Uu\m êXm LôYp
ûYl× EjRWûY ùT\ úYiÓm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 167(2) Ït\®Vp SÓYo
Ït\m NôhPlThPYûW LôYp Õû\
LôY-p 15 SôhLÞdÏ úU-pXôR LôX
A[ÜdÏ ûYdLXôm Guß EjRW®P
A§LôWm ùTtßs[ôo B]ôp. UWQj
RiPû]. BÙs RiPû] ApXÕ 10
BiÓLÞdÏ úUXô] £û\ RiPû]
E¬V Ït\eLû[ ùTôßjÕ 90 SôhLs
YûW«Ûm ¿§Uu\ LôY-p ûYdL
EjRW®ÓYRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ
A§LôWm Es[Õ, ©\
Ït\eLû[ ùTôßjRYûW«Ûm 60
SôhLs YûW LôYp ûYl× EjRWÜ
ùLôÓlTRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ
A§LôWm Es[Õ,
CkR LôX A[®u Ø¥®p LôYp
ûYl©p CÚkRYo ©ûQ Tj§Wm
ùLôÓjRôp _ôÁ²p ®Ó®dL E¬ûU
ùTtßs[ôo, CqYôß ©¬Ü 167(2) ¸r
ùLôÓdLlTÓm _ôÁàdÏ ùTôÕYôL
NhPØû\ _ôÁu Guß ùTVo,
(Dinesh Dalmia V. State, (2007) 8 SCC
770).
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173 - ×X]ônÜ
Ø¥Ü ¨û\YûPkR ©u
×X]ônûY ¨û\Ü AûPkRÜPu
LôYp ¨ûXVj§u ùTôßl× A§Lô¬
LôYp A±dûLûV RÏkR T¥Yj§p
AkR Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôsÞm
A§LôWØûPV ¿§Uu\j§tÏ AàlT
úYiÓm, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173(2) T¥ LôYp
Õû\«]o Ø¥Ü A±dûLÙm RôdLp
ùNnVXôm, ARôYÕ. Ït\m GÕÜm
SPkRRôL ùR¬V®pûX Guß á\Xôm,
©¬Ü 173 ¸r RôdLp ùNnVlTÓm LôYp
A±dûL«p LôYp Õû\«]o
áß¡u\ úSoÜLÞm AkR
úSoÜL°-ÚkÕ ¡ûPdÏm Ø¥ÜLÞm
CÚdÏm, CkR A±dûL
Nôh£VeLÞPàm ×X]ôn®u
ùTôÝÕ T§Ü ùNnVlThP
YôdÏêXeLÞPàm Ït\®Vp
SÓYÚdÏ NUol©dLlThPôÛm AYo
C§Ûs[ Ø¥ÜL[ôp LhÓlTP
úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ, Ït\«p
SÓYo R²lThP Øû\«p R]Õ
¿§NôokR A±ûY Ït\l Tj§¬dûL
Utßm LôYp A±dûL«p
Es[ RLYpLÞdÏ ¿§NôokR A±ûY
23
ùNÛj§ RuàûPV Ø¥ûY GÓdL
úYiÓm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173(8) ¸r Ït\®Vp
SÓYÚdÏ A±dûL AàlTlThP
©u×m קVRôL HRôYÕ Nôh£Vm
¡ûPjRôp AûR ùTôßjÕ úUÛm
×X]ônÜ ùNnYRtÏ LôYp
Õû\«]ÚdÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ,
CkR A§LôWjûR TVuTÓjR LôYp
Õû\«]o ¿§Uu\j§u AàU§
ùT\úYi¥V AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
YZdÏ ®NôWûQ«u GkR LhPj§p
úYiÓUô]ôÛm SPjRXôm, B]ôp
TX ¿§Uu\eLs CqYôß LôYp Õû\
ùNnYRtÏ Øu× ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
CûRl Tt±V RLYp ùLôÓdL
úYiÓm Guß ¾oUô²jÕs[Õ,
GkR Nôh£Vj§u A¥lTûP«p CkR
®NôWûQ SPjRlTÓ¡\úRô
AûRlTt±V RLYp Ït\®Vp
SÓYÚdÏ HtùL]úY ùR¬k§ÚkRRôp
CjRûLV úUp ®NôWûQ NhPj§tÏ
×\mTô]Õ G]Xôm, CqYôß úUÛm
®NôWûQ SPj§V ©u]o áÓRp
Ït\l Tj§¬dûL RôdLp ùNnYôoLs,
úUp ®NôWûQ ùNnYRtLô] A§LôWm
Ramlal Narang V. State, (1979) 2 SCC
322 Utßm Hasan Bhai Vali Bhar
Quereshi V. State of Gujarat, (2004) 5
SCC 347 YZdÏL°p EfN
¿§Uu\jRôp Ae¸L¬dLlThÓs[Õ,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 190 –
Ït\eLû[ Ït\®Vp SÓYo ×Xu
ùLôsÞRp
×Xu ùLôsÞRp GuTÕ Ït\®Vp
SÓYo JÚ Ït\jûRl Tt± ¿§Øû\
NôoSÕ ×Xu ùLôsÞRûX ϱdÏm,
(R.R. Chari V. State of Uttar Pradesh,
AIR 1951 SC 207) ×Xu ùLôsÞRp
Ït\jûRl Tt±VÕ, Ït\Yô°ûVl
Tt±VÕ ApX,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 190uT¥ Ït\®Vp SÓYo 3
NkRolTeL°p ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm,
 Ït\m Es[Pd¡V úSoÜLs
ùLôiÓs[ ×Lôo ¡ûPjRôp
 AjRûLV úSoÜLs Tt±V
LôYp A±dûL«u úT¬p
 LôYp A§Lô¬ ApXôR
úYù\ôÚYo êXm RLYp
¡ûPjR-u úT¬p ApXÕ
RuàûPV ùNôkR A±®u
ùTV¬p
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 173 ¸r LôYp A±dûL
RôdLp ùNnR ©u× Ït\®Vp SÓYo
©¬Ü 191 ¸r AkR Ït\jûR ×Xu
ùLôs[ Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
©¬Ü 154 ¸r ØRp RLYp A±dûL
T§Ü ùNnYÕ UhÓm ApXôUp RLYp
24
A°lTYÚdÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu× AkR A±dûLûV T¬ºXû] ùNnÕ
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 200 ¸r ×Lôo ùLôÓlTRtÏm Ït\®Vp SÓYo C,R,N, ©¬Ü 302u ¸r
Y¯ Es[Õ, CkRf NkRolTeL°p Ït\m SPdL®pûX Gußm 304H ¸r
Ït\®Vp SÓYo ©¬Ü 190(1)H ¸r Ït\m SPk§ÚdLXôm Gußm Ø¥Ü
×Lô¬u A¥lTûP«p ùNn¡\ôo, AlùTôÝÕ Ït\®Vp
Ït\eLû[ ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm, SÓYo ©¬Ü 304H Es[ Ït\jûR
Ø¥YôL Ït\®Vp SÓYo RuàûPV UhÓm ×Xu ùLôs[Xôm,
ùNôkR A±Ü / EQoÜT¥. A±ÜPu
SPdÏm Ït\eLû[l ùTôßjÕ ©¬Ü
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ×Lôo
190(1)(£) ¸r RôUôLúYÙm ×Xu
©¬Ü 200 ØRp 203
ùLôs[Xôm,
15-Bm Aj§VôVm (©¬Ü 200 – 203)
SôuLôYRôL. Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬Pm ×Lôo ùLôÓlTûRl
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 156(3) ¸r
Tt± áß¡\Õ, úUúX
LôYpÕû\«]ûW ×X]ônÜ
®[d¡VlT¥ JÚ ×Lô¬u
ùNnÙmT¥ EjRW®ÓYRtÏm A§LôWm
A¥lTûP«p Ït\®Vp SÓYo JÚ
Es[Õ, 156(3) Utßm 173(8)
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiPôp AYo ©¬Ü
¸Ýs[ A§LôWeLs JußdùLôuß
200u ¸r ×LôoRôWûWÙm ©\
úYßThPûYVôÏm,
Nôh£VeLû[Ùm BûQ«u ¸r
×Xu ùLôsÞYRtLô] Ød¡V úNôRû] ®Nô¬dL úYiÓm,
Gu]ùYu\ôp JÚ Ït\m
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 202u ¸r JÚ Ït\jûR
SPk§ÚdLXôm GuTRtLô] ØRt
×Xu ùLôsÞm Ït\®Vp SÓYo
TôoûY Nôh£Vm CÚjRp úYiÓm,
¿§Uu\ LhPû[Lû[ Ït\m
AkR Nôh£VeL°u A¥lTûP«p
NôhPlThPYÚdÏ G§WôL ©\l©jRûX
ØWiTÓjRlThPôXu± AûY
RôURm ùNnÕ AkR YZdûL Rôú]
EiûUVôL CÚdLXôm Guß
®NôWûQ ùNnVXôm. ApXÕ JÚ
AàUô²dL úYiÓm, G-Ó : C,R,N,
LôYp A§Lô¬ûV ApXÕ
©¬Ü 302-u ¸r Ït\m
úYù\ôÚYûW ®NôWûQ ùNnÙUôß
CûZdLlThÓs[Õ Gußm ARtϬV
EjRWÜ ©\l©dLXôm, AqYôß
Nôh£Ls Es[Õ Gußm
®NôWûQ ùNnÕ úUp SPY¥dûL
LôYpÕû\«]Wôp
GÓdL úRûYVô] A¥lTûP Es[Rô
RôdLlThÓs[ A±dûL áß¡\Õ,
CpûXVô Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,

25
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 203u ¸r Ït\®Vp SÓYo
BûQ Eߧ ùUô¯«u ¸r ×LôoRôWo
Utßm Nôh£Ls ùLôÓdÏm
YôdÏêXeLû[ T¬ºXû] ùNnR
©u×. Utßm ©¬Ü 202u ¸r
SPjRlThP ×X]ôn®u
Ø¥ÜLû[Ùm LÚj§p ùLôiÓ. úUp
SPY¥dûL GÓdL A¥lTûP CpûX
Guß LÚ§]ôp ×LôûW
RsÞT¥ ùNnVXôm,
©¬Ü 204 ¿§Øû\ LhPû[Ls
©\l©jRp
Aj§VôVm 16 Ït\®Vp SÓYo Øu×
SPY¥dûLLû[ ùRôPeÏRp Tt±
áß¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 204u ¡r Ït\®Vp
SÓYo ×Lô¬u A¥lTûP«p úUp
SPY¥dûL GÓdL RÏkR LôWQeLs
Es[] Guß LÚ§]ôp AûZlTôûQ
®ÓdLúYô ApXÕ ©¥VôûQ
ùLôÓdLúYô A§LôWm ùTtßs[ôo,
(H.S. Bains V. State, (1980) 4 SCC 631).
×LôûWl ùTt\ÜPu Ït\®Vp SÓYo
TX Y¯Lû[d LûPl©¥dLXôm, AkRd
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiÓ ×LôoRôW¬u
YôdÏêXjûR ©¬Ü 200u ¸r T§Ü
ùNnVXôm, ARu ©u× ©¬Ü 203u ¸r
YZdûL ùRôPW RÏkR LôWQeLs
CpûXùVu\ôp ×LôûW
RsÞT¥ ùNnVXôm, B]ôp. RÏkR
LôWQeLs CÚkRôp ©¬Ü 204 ¸r
¿§Øû\ LhPû[Lû[ ©\l©dLXôm,
úUÛm. YZdûL RôúU ®NôWûQ
ùNnVúYô LôYp Õû\ A§Lô¬
ApXÕ úYù\ôÚYo ®NôWûQ
ùNnVúYô Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ø¥Ü
ùNnRôp ¿§Øû\ LhPû[ûV
©\l©jRûX RôURm ùNnVXôm,
CqYôß LhPû[ ©\l©dL úYiÓUô
CpûXVô GuTûR Ø¥Ü ùNnV.
Ït\fNôhÓLû[ BR¬dÏm YûL«p
×Lôo Utßm Nôh£L°p HúRàm
Es[Pe¡V Nôj§VdáßLs Es[Rô
Guß BWônkÕ Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
(Nagaruwa Vs. Veeranna, (1976) 3 SCC
736).
©¬Ü 204u ¸r ¿§Øû\
LhPû[ ©\l©jR©u× LhPû[l
©\l©dLlThP Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
¿§Uu\m Øu× B_o BLúYiÓm,
CqYôß B_o TÓjÕRp JÚ
Ød¡VUô] ®`VUôÏm, Ït\®Vp
NhPjûR G°RôL SûPØû\lTÓjR
Ø¥VôÕ, CqYôß B_oTÓjÕm
EjRWÜ Ït\®Vp SÓYo AkR
YZd¡u úSoÜLÞdÏm ARtÏiPô]
NhPj§tÏm RÏkR Øû\«p
RuàûPV A±ûY ùNÛj§ Ø¥Ü
ùNn§Úd¡\ôo Gußm Lôi©dL
úYiÓm, (Pepsi Food Limited V.
Special Judicial Magistrate, (1998) 5
SCC 749).
26
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ
AûZlTôûQ ®ÓjR©\Ï RuàûPV
Ø¥®û] Uß BnÜ Uß T¬ºXû]
ùNnYRtÏ Ït\®Vp SÓYÚdÏ
A§LôWm ¡ûPVôÕ, (Adalat Prasad V.
Rooplal Juridal, 200 4 Cr. LJ 4874,
Subramaniam Sethuram V. State of
Maharashtra, 2004 Cr. LJ 4609).
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 205 ¸r Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo úSW¥VôL ¿§Uu\j§p
B_WôL úYiPôm Guß Ït\®Vp
SÓYo Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 207 – SLpLû[ YZeÏRp
LôYp A±dûL«u A¥lTûP«p
SPY¥dûL úUtùLôs[lThPPôp
Ït\®Vp SÓYo RôURm CpXôUp
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ LôYp
A±dûL. Utßm A§p
ϱl©PlThÓs[ SLpLû[Ùm Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 207u ¸r ùLôÓdL úYiÓm,
CkRl ©¬Ü Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ
ªLÜm Ød¡VUô]RôÏm, Hù]²p
ØRuØû\VôL LôYp A±dûL GRu
A¥lTûP«p RôdLp
ùNnVlThÓs[úRô AûY Aû]jÕm
Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ ¡ûPd¡\Õ,
G]úY. AYo R]Õ G§o YôRjûR
RVôo ùNnYRtÏ BVjRUôLXôm, G-Ó :
©-dÏ G§WôL Ït\lTj§¬dûL RôdLp
ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ, ARàPu 400
BYQeLÞm CWiÓ ùTu
¥ûWqLÞm RôdLp ùNnVlTÓ¡u\],
CûY Aû]jûRÙm ©¬Ü 207u ¸r
ùTßYRtÏ ©-dÏ E¬ûU Es[Õ,
State of Uttar Pradesh V. Lakshmi
Brahman, (1983) 2 SCC 3872 Gu\
YZd¡p EfN ¿§Uu\m CqYôß
SLpLû[ ùLôÓjRp LhPôVUô]
ùTôßl× Gußm CqYôß ùNnRp
Ït\®Vp SÓY¬u ¨oYôLl ùTôßl×
ApX Gußm ¿§jÕû\ ùTôßlTôÏm
Guß á±VÕ, (Superintendent and
Rememberance of Legal Affairs, West
Bengal V. Satyan Bhowmik and others,
(1987) 2 SCC 109).
Ït\fNôhÓ
Aj§VôVm 17 Ït\fNôhûPl Tt±
áß¡\Õ, Ït\fNôhÓ GuTÕ JÚ
Øû\Vô] Ït\m áßRp Gußm
ARu A¥lTûP«pRôu ¿§Uu\m
YZdÏ ®NôWûQ ùNnÙm Gußm
áßYo, ¿§Uu\m Ït\fNôhûP
YûWVßdL®pûX B]ôp. Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü
211 JÚ Ït\fNôh¥Ûm CÚdL
úYi¥VûYl Tt± áß¡\Õ,
JqùYôÚ Ït\fNôh¥Ûm Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo ÁRô] Ït\eLs. AkR
JqùYôÚ Ït\j§u R²lThP ùTVo
AkRd Ït\m CûZdLlThP NhPj§u
ùTVo Utßm ©¬Ü Gi. Ït\m
27
ùNnVlThP úSWm. CPm Tt±V
RLYpLs B¡V Aû]jÕm CÚjRp
úYiÓm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 215u T¥ JÚ Ït\jûR
®Y¬lT§p. ApXÕ JÚ Ït\fNôh¥p
úRûYlTÓm ®YWeLû[ ®Y¬lT§p.
Ït\jûRl Tt± á\ôUp ApXÕ
®YWeLû[ á\ôUp ®ÓjRp HÕm
AjRûLV ©ûZ ApXÕ ®ÓjRp
LôWQUôL G§¬ RY\ôL §ÚlTlThPôp
Utßm AÕ ¿§dÏ ÏkRLm
®û[®j§Úd¡\Õ
Guß ¨ì©jRôXu± AYt±tÏ
Ød¡VjÕYm A°dL Ø¥VôÕ, (Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 264),
G-Ó : H-©-I HUôt±VRôL Ït\m
NôhPlThÓs[Õ, B]ôp.
GkR®Rj§p HUôt±]ôo GuTÕ
Ït\fNôh¥p ®Y¬dLlTP®pûX
ApXÕ RY\ôL ®Y¬dLlThÓs[Õ,
H-R]Õ G§oYôRm A°dÏmùTôÝÕ
Nôh£Lû[ AûZjÕ RuàûPV
RWl©û] ®Y¬d¡\ôo, C§-ÚkÕ
¿§Uu\m HUôtßRp GqYôß SPkRÕ
Guß á\ô§ÚjRp Ød¡VªpûX
Guß Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm,
G-Ó : H-©-I HUôt±VRôL Ït\m
NôhPlTÓ¡\Õ, úUÛm. GqYôß
HUôt±]ôo GuTÕ á\lTP®pûX, H-
dÏm ©-dÏm CûPúV TpúYß
LQdÏl úTôdÏYWjÕ ¨LrkRRôp
GûRl Tt± CkRd Ït\fNôhÓ
áß¡\Õ GuTûR H-«]ôp
A±VlTP®pûX G]úY. AYWôp
RÏkR Øû\«p T§p YôRm
A°dLlTP®pûX, CkR
úSoÜL°-ÚkÕ GqYôß HUôtßRp
ùNnVlThPÕ Guß á\ô§ÚjRp JÚ
Ød¡VUô] ©ûZ Guß ¿§Uu\m
¾oUô²dLXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 216u T¥ ¾ol©û]
ùY°«ÓYRtÏ Øu]o GlùTôÝÕ
úYiÓUô]ôÛm ¿§Uu\m
Ït\fNôh¥û] §ÚjRÜm ApXÕ
Ït\eLû[ úNodLÜm ùNnVXôm,
AlT¥ úNodL ApXÕ Uôt\m
ùNnVlThP ©\Ï ®NôWûQûV
ùRôPoYÕ G§¬dÏ ÏkRLm
®û[®dLdá¥VÕ Guß ¿§Uu\m
ApXÕ AWÑ RWl©]o LÚ§]ôp ×Õ
®NôWûQ SPjR úYiÓm Guú\ô
ApXÕ úRûYlThP LôXj§tÏ AkR
®NôWûQûV Jj§ ûYdL
úYiÓùUuú\ô EjR®PXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 217uT¥ YZdÏ ®NôûQ
ùRôPe¡V ©u× Ït\fNôhÓ §Új§
Yû]VlTÓmùTôÝúRô ApXÕ
Ït\fNôh¥p קV Ït\eLs
úNodLlTÓmùTôÝúRô AWÑ RWl©]o
Utßm Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u
RWl©]o Nôh£Lû[ §Úm© AûZdL
28
AàU§dLlTPXôm. ARtϬV
AûZlTôûQLû[Ùm ©\l©dLXôm,
úUÛm. úYß Nôh£LÞm Ød¡Vm
Guß LÚRlThPôp AYoLû[Ùm
AûZdL AûZlTôûQ ©\l©dLXôm,

29
©¬Ü 218 ØRp 224 :
Ït\fNôhÓLû[ Juß úNojRp
JÚYo ÁÕ ÑUjRlTÓm JqùYôÚ
R²lThP Ït\j§tÏm Ï,S,N, ¸r JÚ
R²lThP Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlTP
úYiÓm, úUÛm. AjRûLV JqùYôÚ
Ït\fNôhÓm R²jR²úV ®Nô¬dLlTP
úYiÓm, B]ôp. Ït\m NôhPlThP
STo GÝjÕ êXUô] ®iQlTj§u
êXm AjRûLV ®ÚlTjûR
ùR¬®jRôp. AR]ôp AkR STÚdÏ
GkR Tô§l×m HtTPôÕ Guß
Ït\®Vp SÓYo LÚÕmùTôÝÕ
AjRûLV STo ÁÕ
Yû]VlThÓs[ Aû]jÕ ApXÕ
AYt±p TX Ït\fNôhÓLû[ Ju\ôL
®Nô¬dLXôm,
úUÛm. Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 219-T¥ ØRp
Ït\j§tÏm LûP£ Ït\j§tÏm
CûP«p 12 UôReLs CûPùY°dÏs
JÚ STo ÁÕ 3 Ït\eLû[ ׬kRRRôL
Ït\m ÑUjRlTÓm ùTôÝÕ AkR STo
ÁÕ AjRûLV 3 Ït\eLÞdÏ
A§LlTPôUp Ït\fNôhÓ
Yû]VlThÓ JúW ®NôWûQ«p AYo
®Nô¬dLlTPXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 220u ¸r JúW
T¬YojRû]«p APeLdá¥VÕm
ùNVpL°u JúW ùRôÏlTôL
AûUVdá¥VÕUô] JußdÏm
úUtThP TX Ït\eLû[ JúW STo
׬kÕs[ùTôÝÕ AjRûLV
JqùYôÚ Ït\j§tÏm AkR STo ÁÕ
Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlThÓ JúW
®NôWûQ«p ®Nô¬dLlTPXôm,
G-Ó : H-©-I NhPléoYUô] LôY-p
CÚkÕ ®Ó®d¡\ôo, AlùTôÝÕ
AeÏs[ LôYp £-dÏ LÓeLôVm
®û[®d¡\ôo, H- C,R,N, ©¬Ü 225
Utßm 333u ¸r Ït\m NôhPlThÓ
Ri¥dLlTPXôm,
Ït\fNôhÓ Yû]VlTÓmùTôÝÕ
Ït\m NôhPlThPY¬u ÁÕ ØRp
TôoûY«p YZdÏ Es[RôL UhÓm
CÚkRôp úTôÕm, AkRd LhPj§p
Nôh£VeLû[ GûP«P úYi¥V
AY£Vm ¡ûPVôÕ,
YZdÏ ®NôWûQ
Aj§VôVm 18. 19. 20. 21 TXYûL
YZdÏ ®NôWûQLû[ CfNhPj§u
¸r SPjÕm SûPØû\ûV YZeÏ¡\Õ,
CfNhPj§u ØRp AhPYûQ Øu×
®[d¡VÕúTôp
Ït\eLû[ TXYûLL[ôL ©¬d¡u\Õ,
úUÛm ØRp AhPYûQ
Ït\eLû[ GkR ¿§Uu\j§u ¸r
®Nô¬dL úYiÓm Gu\
A¥lTûP«Ûm ©¬d¡\Õ,
30
©¬Ü 225 – 227 AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§u
Øu× YZdÏ ®NôWûQ
Aj§VôVm 18 AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m Øu×
Ød¡VUô] Utßm LÓûUVô]
YZdÏLs Guß LÚRlTÓm ©¥VôûQ
YZdÏLû[ ®NôWûQ ùNnV úYi¥V
©¬ÜLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü
209 ¸r A§LôWm Es[ JÚ Ït\®Vp
SÓYo AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§]ôp
®NôWûQ SPjRlTP úYi¥V JÚ
Ït\jûR ×Xu ùLôiÓ ARtÏl ©\Ï
ARû] AUoÜ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
®NôWûQdÏ AàlTXôm, Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü
199p Es[ ®XdÏ R®W úYß GkR
RÚQj§Ûm AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m
Rô]ôLúY úSW¥VôL JÚ Ït\jûR
AdÏt\m AUoÜ ¿§Uu\jRôp
®NôWûQdÏ E¬VRôL CÚkRôÛm
×Xu ùLôs[ Ø¥VôÕ,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 225T¥ AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m
Øu× YZdÏ ®NôWûQ AWÑ RWl×
YZdL±OWôp SPjRlTP úYiÓm
Guß YZeLlThÓs[Õ,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 227 Utßm 228 AUoÜ
¿§Uu\jRôp Ït\fNôh¥u T¬ºXû]l
Tt± áß¡\Õ, ©¬Ü 227 ¸r
YZdÏûPV T§ÜLs Utßm
BYQeLû[ BWônkÕm
CÚRWl©]¬u YôRj§û] úLhÓm
¿§Uu\m Ït\m NôhPlThPYÚdÏ
G§WôL SPY¥dûL GÓdL RÏkR
LôWQeLs CpûX Guß Ø¥Ü
ùNnRôp ¿§T§ Ït\m NôhPlThPYûW
®Ó®jÕ AqYôß ®Ó®jRÛdLô]
LôWQeLû[ T§Ü ùNnVXôm,
Yogesh V. State of Maharashtra (2008)
10 SCC 394 Gu\ YZd¡p EfN
¿§Uu\m JÚ YZdÏ Ï±jÕ 2 YûLVô]
úSôdLeLs CÚkRôp AYt±p Juß
NkúRLjûR UhÓm GÝl©]ôp
Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ït\m
NôhPlThPYûW ®Ó®dL A§LôWm
ùLôiÓs[ôo, (LôiL : State of
Karnataka V. L. Munnisami, (1977) 2
SCC 699, Union of India V. Prafulla
Kuma,r (1979) 3 SCC 4).
©¬Ü 228u T¥ Ït\®Vp SÓYo Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo Ït\m CûZj§ÚdLXôm
Guß AàUô²dL A¥lTûP Es[Õ
Guß LÚ§]ôp ¿§Uu\m
Ït\fNôhÓdLs Yû]kÕ Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo Rôm Ït\m ùNnRRôL
áß¡\ôWô ApXÕ ùNnV®pûX Guß
á± YZdÏ ®NôWûQ úLôÚ¡\ôWô
Guß úLhL úYiÓm,
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo Rôu Ït\m
ùNnRRôL Jl×dùLôiPôp Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü
229u ¸r AûR T§Ü ùNnÕ ARu
A¥lTûP«p Ït\j¾ol× YZe¡
RiPû]Ùm ©\l©dLXôm,
31
B]ôp. Ït\m NôhPlThPYo YZdÏ
®NôWûQ úYiÓm Guß á±]ôp
¿§Uu\m Nôh£Lû[ ®Nô¬dL Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 230u ¸r úR§ûV ϱjÕ Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 231u T¥ AWÑ RWl©]ôp
YZeLlTÓm Aû]jÕ
Nôh£VeLû[Ùm GÓjÕd
ùLôs[ Ø¥ùYÓdLXôm,
Aû]jÕ Nôh£VeLû[Ùm T¬ºXû]
ùNnÕ AWÑ RWl× Utßm G§o RWl×
YôReLû[ úLhPl©\Ï ¿§T§ Ït\m
NôhPlThPYûW ®Ó®dÏm ¾ol× Ï,S,N,
©¬Ü 230u ¸r YZeLXôm, B]ôp
Ït\m NôhPlThPYo
®Ó®dLlTP®pûXùVu\ôp AYo
R]Õ G§oYôRj§û] Øu²Új§
ARtϬV Nôh£VeLû[ ùLôÓdÏUôß
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 233 ¸r AûZdLlTPXôm,
CÚ RWl× YôReLû[Ùm úLhP©\Ï
¿§T§ Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 235 ¸r
¾olTôûQûV ©\l©dLXôm,
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 235(2) T¥ Ït\Yô° Guß
Ït\j¾ol× YZe¡V ©\Ïm Ït\m
NôhPlThPYo Ït\Yô° RiPû]l
Tt± R²VôL ®Nô¬dLlTÓYôo,
Ït\Yô°dÏ RuàûPV ãr¨ûXLs
Tt±Ùm ©\ NkRolTeLs Tt±Ùm
¿§Uu\j§tÏ ùR¬®jÕ RuàûPV
R²lThP NêLm NôokR
ãr¨ûXLû[Ùm
GÓjÕdLôh¥ RiPû]ûV Ïû\dL
JÚ ×§V Yônl× A°jÕ. ER®
ùNnYúR CRu úSôdLUôÏm,
AUoÜ ¿§Uu\m UWQ RiPû]
ùLôÓdÏmùTôÝÕ AkR YZdÏ
T§ÜLs EVo ¿§Uu\jÕdÏ
AàlTlThÓ EVo¿§ Uu\j§]ôp
AkR RiPû] EߧTÓj§V ©u]úW
AÕ ¨û\úYt\lTP úYiÓm,
Ï,S,N,®p Aj§VôVm 28u ¸r
Es[ ©¬Ü 366p UWQ
RiPû]Lû[ EߧlTÓjÕYRtLôL
NUol©jRp Tt± á\lThÓs[Õ,
©¬Ü 238 – 243 –Ït\®Vp SÓYWôp
©¥VôûQ YZdÏL°u ®NôWûQ –
LôYp A±dûL«u úT¬p SPjRlTÓm
YZdÏLs
Aj§VôVm 19 AûZlTôûQ
YZdÏL°u ®NôWûQl Tt± áß¡\Õ,
Aj§VôVm 19 CWiÓ TϧL[ôL
©¬dLlThÓs[Õ : LôYp A±dûL«u
úT¬p SPjRlTÓm YZdÏLs. LôYp
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A§LôWm YZdÏûWdÏm E¬ûU
ºWôn®p RûX«ÓYRtÏ
Es[ STWôp UhÓúU
¿§dúL CûPëß ®û[®dLl
TVuTÓjRlTP Ø¥Ùm,
ThÓs[Õ Guß ¨ì©dLlTP
úYiÓm, Aj§VôVm – 23 : Ït\®Vp
YZdÏL°u UôtßRp
 úUp Øû\Âh¥p EVo
¿§Uu\m JÚ Ït\j ¾ol©û] Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 406 – 412 ùYqúYß
®ÓRûX ¾olTôLÜm. ®ÓRûX ¿§Uu\eL°]ôp Ït\®Vp
¾olûT Ït\j ¾olTôLÜm YZdÏLs Uôt\m ùNnVlTÓYûR
Uôt\Xôm, B]ôp. ºWônÜ Ï±jÕ áß¡u\], ©¬Ü 406 ¸r EfN
ùNnÙmùTôÝÕ EVo ¿§Uu\m ¿§Uu\m JÚ EVo ¿§Uu\j§-ÚkÕ
®ÓRûX ¾ol©û] Ït\j Utù\ôÚ ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
¾olTôL Uôt\ Ø¥VôÕ, (Ï,S,N, YZdÏLû[Ùm úUpØû\ÂÓLû[Ùm
©¬Ü 410(3) TôodL) Uôt\m ùNnVXôm, úUÛm CRu ¸r
JÚ EVo ¿§Uu\j§u ¸r
 EVo ¿§Uu\j§u úUp
Es[ ¿§Uu\j§-ÚkÕ Utù\ôÚ EVo
Øû\ÂÓ A§LôWjûR
¿§Uu\j§u ¸r Es[ úYù\ôÚ
®NôWûQ Ø¥YûPkRl
¿§Uu\j§tÏm Uôt\m ùNnVXôm, G-
©u]úW TVuTÓjRXôm,
Ó : ¥ ùRôûXLôh£«p Ck§Vô
B]ôp ºWônÜ A§LôWm
ØÝYÕm J°TWlTlTÓm A[®p
®NôWûQ«u GkRùYôÚ
EûWVôtß¡\ôo, AkR EûW

40
Aû]YûWÙm çiÓmT¥ CÚkRRôp
¥-dÏ G§WôL 20 SLWeL°p TX
Uô¨XeL°p ØRp RLYp A±dûL
T§Ü ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ, CkR YZdÏLs
Aû]jûRÙm JúW ¿§Uu\j§tÏ
Uôt\m ùNnÕ ùLôs[ ¥-dÏ E¬ûU
Es[Õ, CkR YZdÏLs ùYqúYß
¿§Uu\eL°u A§LôWj§u ¸r
YÚYRôp CjRûLV Uôt\m úLôÚm
Uà EfN ¿§Uu\j§u Øu×
NUol©dLlTP úYiÓm,
©¬Ü 407 ¸r EVo ¿§Uu\m
RuàûPV A§LôW YWm©u ¸r
YZdÏLû[ Uôt\m ùNnÕ ùLôs[Xôm,
úUÛm. EVo ¿§Uu\m Ru ¸r
Es[ GkRùYôÚ ¿§Uu\j§-ÚkÕm
JÚ YZdûL YôTv ùTtß AkR
YZdÏ ®NôWûQûV Rôú] SPjRXôm,
¿§Uu\j§u Es[ôokR A§LôWeLs
Ï,S,N, ©¬Ü 482 EVo ¿§Uu\j§u
Es[ôokR
A§LôWeLû[ Ae¸L¬d¡\Õ, CÕ
CkR Es[ôokR A§LôWm
TVuTÓjRlTÓm 3
NkRolTeLû[ G§oúSôdÏ¡\Õ,
ARôYÕ 1, CkR NhPj§u ¸r JÚ
BûQûV ùNVpTÓjÕRp 2, CkR
NhPj§u SûPØû\ûV RY\ôL
TVuTÓjÕY§-ÚkÕ RÓjRp 3,
¿§ûV ùTßRp,
CkR A§LôWm úUtá±V LôWQeL°u
A¥lTûP«p Ït\®Vp
YZdÏLû[ ùNpXjRLôRûY Guß
A±®l× ùTßYRtÏm TVuTÓjRXôm,
CkRl ©¬®u RuûUûV ®[dÏm TX
¾ol×Ls Es[], E¬ûU«Vp
SûPØû\f NhPm 1908 ¸r
Es[ Es[ôokR A§LôWj§tÏ
úYßThÓ CkRf NhPj§u ¸r
Es[ Es[ôokR A§LôWm
EVo¿§Uu\j§tÏ UhÓúU Es[Õ,
CûY ®¬Yô] A§LôWeL[ôL
CÚkRôÛm RÏkR YZdÏL°p ¿§ûV
YZeÏYRtÏ UhÓúU TVuTÓjRlTP
úYiÓm, CkR A§LôWeLû[ ªL
LY]UôL TVuTÓjR úYiÓm Gußm
JÚ Øû\Vô] AWÑ RWl× YZdÏ
Tô§dLlTPôUp TVuTÓjRlTP
úYiÓm Gußm EfN ¿§Uu\m
ÁiÓm ÁiÓm á±Ùs[Õ, G-Ó :
¡ë 1dÏ G§WôL Ït\®Vp AjÕÁ\p
Utßm §ÚhÓdLôL £-«]ôp ØRp
RLYp A±dûL T§Ü
ùNnVlThÓs[Õ, ¡ë-2 20
YÚPeL[ôL ùY°Sôh¥p CÚkÕ
YÚ¡\ôo, AYÚdÏ £-I ùR¬VôÕ,
Ït\m ×Xu ùLôs[lThPl ©\Ï
AûZlTôûQ ¡ë-1dÏ T§XôL ¡ë-
2dÏ AàlTlTÓ¡\Õ, ¡ë-2 ©¬Ü 482
¸r CkR YZdÏ ùNpXjRdLRpX Guß
A±®l× úLôÚYRtÏ E¬ûU
ùTtßs[ôo,
41
G²àm ØRp RLYp A±dûL ApXÕ
×Lô¬p Es[ Ït\fNôhÓLû[ ØRp
TôoûY«p úSôdÏm úTôÕ. AûY
ØÝûUVôL Htßd ùLôs[lThPôÛm
áP AûY GkR Ït\UôLÜm LÚRlTP
Ø¥VôÕ Guú\ô ApXÕ AûY
Øt±Ûm SmTjRLôRlT¥ CÚkRôúXô
EVo¿§Uu\m Ït\m
NôhPlThPYÚdÏ G§WôL YZdÏ ùRôPW
LôWQm CpûX Guß CkRl ©¬®u
¸r Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm, G-Ó : H-dÏm ©-
dÏm ùTôÚhLs YZeÏYRtLô]
JlTkRm Es[Õ, CVtûL ºt\j§u
LôWQj§]ôp H-
ùTôÚhLû[ YZeL®pûX, H
úYiÓùUuú\ Ruû] ùTôÚhLs
YZeLôUp HUôt±VRôL © ×Lôo
ùLôÓjÕ ARu úT¬p ×Xu
ùLôs[lThÓ ©-dÏ G§WôL
AûZlTôûQ ©\l©dLlTÓ¡\Õ,
CkR ×Lôo ùNpXjRdLRpX Guß ©¬Ü
482dÏ ¸r A±®dLlTP H-dÏ E¬ûU
Es[Õ,

(LôiL – R.P. Kapur V. State of Punjab,

AIR 1960 SC 866, State of Haryana V.
Bhajan Lal, (1992 Supp 1 SCC 335) ;
Inder Mohan Goswami V. State of
Uttaranchal, (2007) 12 SCC 1 ; Divine
Retreat Centre V. State of Kerala, (2008)
3 SCC 542; SMS Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
V. Neeta Bhalla, (2007) 4 SCC 70.

42
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
5 kw;Wk; tof;fkhd tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;l
nghUs; 7 – tiuntOJk; thjhLjy; kw;Wk;
vLj;Jr;nrhy;Yjy;
rl;l tiuantOJjy;
10
rl;l tiuantOJjy; tptupg;gJ vd;dntd;why;
rl;l cupikfspd; gbfkhjy; kw;Wk; Nfhu;it>
rYif> nray;$W> flik my;yJ epfo;epiyapd;
xU jpl;lkhd cUtkhFk;.
15
rl;l tiuntOJfypd; nghJthd nghUs;gLj;Jjy;
• tiuntOjypd; xg;ghtzk;> fUtp my;yJ
Mtzk;.
20
• thOk; cjhuzk; xg;ge;jkhf> ,uz;L
jug;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghlg;gLk;.
• ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa rl;l cwTfis
25
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd cj;Njrk;.
rl;l tiuantOJjypy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
tpjpKiwfs;
30
• “rhjhuz czu;Tf;fhd thu;j;ijfs;”:
thu;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; nrhw;nwhlu;fis mjd;
msthd kw;Wk; rhjhuz mwpjy; Nghy;
cgNahfg;gLj;jp cWjpgLj;jTk;.xU rhjhuz
35 Mq;fpy thu;j;ijapd; nghUs;> Nfs;tpf;fhd
epfo;ghL kw;Wk; mijr; rhu;e;j Njitfs; MFk;.
• “xNu khjpupahd nrhy;ypay;” :jpUk;g jpUk;g
tuf;$ba xt;t;nthU thu;j;ijfs; my;yJ
40 nrhw;fis xNu khjpupahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh
vd;gij cWjpgLj;jTk;. ePq;fs; nghUis khw;w
tpUg;gg;gl;lhy; jtpu cq;fs; nkhopia
khw;wNtz;lhk;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; nghUis khw;w
tpUk;gpdhy; gpwF vg;nghOJk; nkhopahf khw;wTk;.
45 $lNt mjd; mbg;gil tpjpKiwahdJ xNu
Mtzj;jpy; xNu thu;j;ijf;F ntt;NtW
nghUs;fs; ,Uf;f$lhJ> jtpu rpy ghlf;Nfhg;gpy;
re;ju;g;gtrj;jhy; fl;lhakhf mfw;Wjy;.
50 rl;l tiuntOjypd; tiffs;:
nray;fs;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
55
kw;Wk; cq;fshy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; tiff;Fwpfs;
jug;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilNa> ,e;j 5
tiuntOJjypy;> Fwpg;gpl;l Kbit miljy;
cwTfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; fhuzkhFk;.
cjhuzq;fs;: tpw;gid xg;ghtzk; > mlkhd 10
xg;ghtzk;> md;gspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; capy;fs;.
• jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: jd;tag;gLj;jypd;
tiuntOJjy; tbtikg;G MdJ> Mtzj;jpy;
,Ue;J ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba thf;Fthj 15
tupirf;fhuzk; kw;Wk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
epr;rakhd mgpg;uhaj;ij tbthf;fk; nra;J
thrfiu ek;gitj;jy;.
cjhuzq;fs;: Fw;wr;rhl;L>vOjg;gl;l 20
mwpf;iffs;> xg;Gjy; gj;jpuj;jpd; Nky;
KiwaPL> kw;Wk; [hkPd; tpz;zg;gq;fs;.
• tpsf;fk;: mg;gbg;gl;l tiuntOJjy;fs;>
25
rhjhuzkhf Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis kl;Lk;
nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; thrfUf;F cgNahfkha;
,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzq;fs;: fl;rpjhuupd; fbjq;fs;> kw;Wk;
30
rl;lf; fUj;Jfs;.
rl;l tiuntOJjypd; %d;W epiyfs;:
rl;l tiuntOJjypd; ntt;NtW tifahd
NtWgl;l mZFjy;fs;> %d;W-epiy ePjpKiw 35
fl;lis> njhopYf;F Gjpjhf tUk;
tof;fwpQu;fSf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkha;
,Uf;fkhW tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
40
jpl;lKiw epiy
• tptuf;fl;lisfis fl;rpjhuuplk; ,Ue;J
ngWjy;: ,jd; njhlu;ghf> cupikAs;s my;yJ
rupahd eguplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l 45
tptuf;fl;lis ahTk; rupghu;f;fg;gLtJ kpf
Kf;fpak;.
• cz;ikahd kw;Wk; rl;l R+oiktpy;>
jug;gl;Ls;s tptuf;fl;lisfis Muha;jy; 50
kw;Wk; mtw;iw jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupj;jy;:
Kf;fpaj; jfty;fis Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;jy;
mjhtJ jug;gpdupd tpguq;fs;> Nehf;fq;fs;>
jug;gpdupd; flikfs; kw;Wk; cj;jputhjq;fs;
55
 Nghd;witfs; MFk;. tzpf tshf nrhj;Jf;fs;
njhlu;ghd tplaj;jpy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpf;F
Neupilahf nrd;W ghu;g;gNj nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;
5 kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tpjkhf kidg;gpupit Muha;e;J
fz;Lgpbj;jy;.
• fhuzq;fis Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;jy; kw;Wk;
Mtzq;fis cUthf;fypy; gpd;dhy; cs;s
10 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: gy tiuntOjy;fs;
tof;fwpQu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk;> fl;rpjhuupd;
tptuf;fl;lisfSf;F Vw;g nra;JKbg;ghu;.
mjdhy;> fl;rpjhuupd; ,yf;F> eyd;fs;> kw;Wk;
15 tptuf;fl;lisfis fz;lwpa kpf Kf;fpa Kjy;
gbahFk;. $l;L ];jhgd t];jhf ,Ue;jhy;>
fl;rpjhuupd; tpahghu Nehf;fq;fis Muha;e;J
fz;lwptJk; $l NjitahfpwJ.
20 • nghUj;jkhd etPd rl;lj;ij Muha;jy; kw;Wk;
rupahd gbtj;ij my;yJ Kd;Djhuj;ijf;
fz;lwpjy;: ghjpf;fg;gl;l xg;ghtzk; my;yJ
Mtzk; jahupf;fg;gl;L> rl;lj;ij MNyhrpj;jy;
kw;Wk; Muha;jy;> kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy;> VNjDk;
25 fl;Lg;ghLfs; jpzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdTk; my;yJ
rl;lj;jpy; VNjDk; khw;wk; cs;sjh vdTk;
jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• milahsq;fhl;Lk; Nju;Tfs;: tof;fpd;
30 elj;ijapy; Kd;Ndw;ghlhf> khw;Wtopfis
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. mNj topia fl;rpjhuuplk;
vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd khw;W
topfis kdjpy; itj;J> rl;l R+oiktpy;
35 fl;rpjhuUf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhf va;jg; ngWjy;.
vOJk; epiy
40 • Nfhl;Lg;gl tiuit jahu; nra; : nghJthd
jpl;lkhf tiuT fUjg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpwF
Mtzq;fis tiugtu; tplaj;ij my;yJ
ikaj;ij Fwpj;J itj;J> tiutpy;
,izf;fg;gl;lij mtu; cj;Njrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45 Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l midj;J tof;F
tplaj;ij Nfhl;Lgl tiutpy; nrhy;yg;glNtz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; fl;rpjhuuplk; ,Ue;J tof;F njhlu;ghd
tpguq;fs; Njitg;gLjy;. Ntz;Lk; vd;why;
tpguf;fl;lisfis ehLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
50
ehrplu; V rhf;fP]; ( ,e;j thu;j;ij epWtdj;jpd;
ngaiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ. )
55
,e;j tpjpahdJ> Fwpg;Gfspy; cs;s
thu;j;ijfisf; fz;lwpe;J> mij cldbahf
• tiutpw;fhf Nahridfis cUthf;fy; :
Nfhg;Gf;fhd tiuT jahuhdJk;> tiutpy;
,izf;fg;gl Kbe;j> mij Muha;e;J kw;Wk;
rl;lk; kw;Wk; epfo;ghl;by; NkYk; gy 5
Nahridfis vz;zpg;ghu;j;jy;>
• jpl;lkpLjy; epiyapy; fUJk; midj;J
cs;slf;fq;fSk; tiutpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L
10
cWjpgLj;jpf;nfhs;ycjy; Ntz;Lk;:
jpl;lkpLjy; epiyapy; vLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
ahTk; MNyhrpj;J ,e;j epiyapy;
Fwpf;NfhshFk;. ju;f;fuPjpahf tiuit
xOq;FgLj;Jjy; epiyapy; tiuT gbtj;jpy; 15
nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk; xNu khjpupahd tiuit
rupghu;g;gJ NjitahfpwJ. ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk;
nkhopia xNu khjpupahf cs;sjh vd
rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. tof;fpy; cs;s midj;J
cWg;GiufSk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd 20
rupghu;f;Fk; gl;baiy jahupf;fTk;.
jpUj;j epiy
• tpjpKiwfs;> cz;ikahd epiy kw;Wk; 25
rl;l Muha;r;rp gw;wp kW-Ma;T nra;jy;.
• $l;Lg;nghUj;jk; cWjpg;gLj;j jpUk;g
vOJjy;.
30
• tof;if njspthfTk; kw;Wk; gadu;-
NjhoikAzu;Tld; kW-xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
• tof;if njhFj;jy; kw;Wk; 35
• vOj;Jf; Nfhu;it kw;Wk; nra;Aspy;
ftdkha; ,Uj;jy;.
fl;likg;G kw;Wk; nghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd; 40
newpKiwfs;
tiuT jahupf;Fk; nghOJ tiuT jahupf;f
jFjpahdtu;fs; fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
nghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd; newpKiwfs; ahTk; 45
mtrpakha; kdjpy; nfhs;sTk;. nghUs;
tpsf;fj;jpd; newpKiwfs; kpf Kf;fpakhdit
Vndd;why; cz;ikahd epiyia mwpe;J
nfhs;s> ePjpkd;wk; vt;thW mZFfpwJ vd;W
,J vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. rpy nghUs;tpsf;fj;jpd; 50
newpKiwfs; MdJ>
,ay;ghdJ thrfj;jpy; mjpfkhd thu;j;ijfs;> 55
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thu;j;ijfis vLj;J>
nrytPLfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,n[];nlk
 mtw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;L nghUs;nfhz;L
,izf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;j R+oikT
5 newpKiwahdJ mijf;Fwpf;Fk; thu;j;ij my;yJ
nrhw;nwhlu; nghUs;nfhs;Sjypy; jdpj;J epw;Fk;
Mdhy; Rw;Wr;R+oy; xspaiktpy;.
‘Mq;fpy thu;j;ijfs; mtw;iwr;
10 Rw;wpAs;sitfspy; ,Ue;J epwj;ij ngWk;.
njhFg;gpy; ,Ue;J xd;Wkpy;yhj thu;j;ijfs;
thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;J >jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l
tof;fpy; ,Ue;Njh my;yJ mfuhjpapy; ,Ue;J
Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;J jdpahf tptupf;fg;gl;Nlh kw;Wk;
15
nghUSjd; mt;thf;fpaj;ij kPz;Lk; Nru;j;jy;
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtw;iw jdp thu;j;ijfshf
tpepNahfpf;fNtz;Lk;’ ( gpau;l; tp. ];bntu;l;
mbg;glhahff; nfhz;lJ> (1983) Vrp 109 )
20
tpsf;fk;: gpufdg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lj;jpy;> Ruq;fj;jpy;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l ntbkUe;Jfs; ngl;b my;yJ
jfu lg;ghtpy; mtrpak; mLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Nky;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhuzj;jpy; gpujpthjp
25 Jzpahdhy; Md ig cgNahfg;gLj;jp cs;shu;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tpahdJ>
Jzpg;igahdJ $wg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwapy;
cs;sjh vd ghu;f;fNtz;Lk;. “eha;r;ru; V Nrhrp];”
tpjpapy;> Jzpg;igahdJ> $wg;gl;Ls;s
30
tiuaiwapy; ,y;iy kw;Wk; rl;lrigapd;
Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why; lg;ghtpw;F epfuhd gyk;
nfhz;l VNjDk; nghUis cgNahfpg;gJ.
(/gh];lu; tp. bk;/Ng]; Nfrhd;> mij
35 mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L(1887) 18 QBD 428)
v[P];lk; n[dpup]; (xNu khjpupahd tpjk;> ufk;
my;yJ ,aw;if)
40 • ,e;j tpjp “eha;r;ru; V Nrhrp];” newpKiwapd;
kw;nwhU fUj;jhFk;.,uz;L my;yJ mjw;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fs;> xu; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhf
,Ue;jhy; mJ nghJthd thu;j;jfisg; gpd;gw;Wk;.
me;j nghJthf thu;j;ijfs; ahTk; xNu ufj;ij
45 Nru;e;j;jhFk;. ,e;j newpKiwapy; cs;s gz;gpd;
fPo;> xU nghUspd; mNj fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
50  NtW Nehf;fk; ,y;yhj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ.
(C. I. T.> cja;G+u; tp.nkf;Nlhty; mz;l;
fk;ngdp.> (2009) 10 SCC 755)
55 • vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; v];l; vf;];f;ShrpNah
My;nlupa];( xU nghUspd; nrhw;nwhlu;>
n[dpuP]; newpKiwapy;> vg;gbapUg;gpDk;>
khwhd Nehf;fk; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;>,e;j
,n[];nlk n[dpuP]; newpKiw
cgNahfg;gLj;jyhk;. 5
tpsf;fk;: Nfs;tp vOk;GtJ vd;dntd;why;>
fPo;f;fz;l gl;bayhd khkprk;> kPd;> Nfhop>
fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju kspifahTk;>
nuhl;b kw;Wk; jpz;gz;lq;fSld; 10
cs;slq;fpajh. gpd;du; KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;dntd;why;> khkprk;> kPd;> Nfhop> fha;fwpfs;>
goq;fs; ,itahTk; ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fspd;
tifahFk;. Mdhy; nuhl;b kw;Wk;
15
jpz;gz;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fshFk;.
mjdhy; ,n[];nlk n[dpuP]; newpKiw
cgNahfg;gLj;jp mt;thwhd kspiffs;
jdpg;gl;l tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ldu;. (`a;
itl;ly; ypkpNll; tp. ];ilyp gpupl; 20
fhu;g;nghNu\d; mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ> (1967)
65 LGR (UK) 344)
tifiar; rhu;e;j Fwpg;gpl;l thu;j;ijfspy;
kl;Lk; ,t;tpjp cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 25
milahsg;gLj;jf;$ba tifia tpl Fiwthf
,Ue;jhy; nghJthd thu;j;ijfis kl;Lk;
vLj;J mijr; rhu;e;j nghUs; jUjy;. mjw;F
rhd;whf> ,e;j tpjpapd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk;
vd;dntd;why;> jug;gpdupd; njspthd 30
Nehf;fq;fis mwpjy;.
,n[];nlk n[dpuP]; tpjpia vg;nghOJ
cgNahfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
35
• nghUs; cs;slf;fpaJ ahnjdpy; Fwpg;gpl;l
thu;j;ijfspd; fzf;fPly;.
• nghUs; fzf;fPl;by; mlq;fpAs;s tif
my;yJ gpupTfs; 40
• fzf;fplyhy;> tif my;yJ gpupit
ntspNaw;wg;glhky; ,Uj;jy;.
45
• fzf;fplypy; nghJthd tpjpKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. kw;Wk;>
50
Nkw;gl;l nghUs; kw;Wk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nraw;ghl;Lg;nghUs;fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ mij
jdpj;jdpahfg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ> xt;nthU
nraw;ghl;Lg;nghUs;> mjw;Fupa nghUis
nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. 55
 kw;nwhd;bd; ntspNaw;wk; MFk;)
5 RUf;fkhf vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; newpKiwahf
vd;dntd;why;> xJf;fPL epiwa nghUl;fis
cs;slq;fpaJ. mjpy; rpyJ kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
cjhuzq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;glhky; ,Ue;jhNyh
my;yJ NtW VNjDk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf
10 Fwpg;gplg;glhky; ,Ue;jhNyh mijj;jptpu
kw;witahTk; Kd;nkhopjypy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gLk;.
nghJthd tpjpg;gb> gl;baiy cjhuzkhf
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L kw;Wk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;w
15 thu;j;ijfis KOikahf cgNahfpf;fhky;
,Ug;gJ.
tpsf;fk;. ,e;j thf;fpak;> xt;nthU FbkfDk;
thf;fspf;f cupik ngw;wtu;. mijf; Fwpg;gJ
20 vd;dntd;why;> Fbkfdhf ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;>
thf;fspf;f cupik ,y;iy.
• ,e;jpahtpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ,ij rupahf
tof;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jp cs;sJ. nrhw;nwhlu;
25 thu;j;ijahd kl;Lk; my;yJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j
Nghd;w thu;j;ijfs; rl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l
gFjpfspy; gad;gLj;j Njitapy;iy. ,q;F
mjpfgl;r vf;];g;nuNrh A+dpd]; v];l;
30 vf;];f;ShrpNah My;nlupa];
gad;gLj;jp rl;l vy;iyia ePf;fyhk;. (A. B.
C.Nykpdhu;l; g;iuNtl;. ypkpNll;. tp.V.gp.
Vn[d;rP];> Nryk;> VIMu;> 1989 SC 1239)
35
• nunld;Nlh rpq;Fyh rpq;yp]; (Fwpg;GfSf;F
kl;Lk; 20 ,Wjpapy; kl;LNk)
rl;lj;jpd; thf;fpaq;fspy; cs;slf;fpaJ gy;NtW
40 Kd;nrYj;Jfpu kw;Wk; gy;NtW tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;Jfpw thu;j;ijfis gpupj;J gbf;fNtz;Lk;.
mjhtJ xt;nthU nrhw;nwhlUk; kw;Wk;
ghtj;ijAk; rupahd nghUis ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;.
vq;F xU fLikahd thf;fpaj;jpy; xd;Wf;F
45
KbTf;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;gij mwpahky;
nra;Jtplf;$ba tpjj;jpy; nghpjhfhky; jLf;Fk;
50 Nehf;fpyhditahFk;. cz;ikapy; ,j;jifa
mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfis xU
ikag; gpur;ridfspy; xUikg;gLj;jp mjd;%yk;
nryTfisAk; Neuj;ijAk; Fwpg;ghf
tprhuidapd;NghJ rhl;rpfspd;
55 vz;zpf;ifkpr;rg;gLj;JtjhFk;.’ (yd;ld; md;
yq;fhi\u; ,d;#ud;]; fk;ngdp vjpu; gpdha;
tpsf;fk;. A $Wifapy; ehd; jpl;lkpl;L>
kuGupikahf vd;Dila cz;ikahd kw;Wk;
nrhe;jkhd nrhj;ij B jUfpNwd;. jpl;lkpLjy;
vd;w nrhy; cz;ikahd nrhj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ 5
kw;Wk; kuGupik vd;w nrhy; nrhe;j nrhj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
mjd;gb> ,e;j newpKiwia cgNahfg;gLj;jp>
Nky;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s thf;fpaj;ij> gpd;tUkhW 10
gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ehd; jpl;lkpl;L vd;Dila
midj;J cz;ikahd nrhj;ijAk; kw;Wk;.
kuGupikahf vd;Dila nrhe;jkhd nrhj;ij
B jUfpNwd;.
15
thJiufs;
thJiufs; nghJthf
chpik tof;F tprhuidKiw njhFg;Gr; rl;lk;> 20
(1908) cj;juT-6 tpjp-1 thJiu vd;why; xU
KiwaPL my;yJ vjpu; tof;Fiu vdf;
$WfpwJ.
thJiufis fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sthWk; 25
tiuaWf;fyhk;:
xU tof;fpy; thjpAk; gpujpthjpAk; xUtH
kw;wtUf;F vjpuhf ju;f;fk; nra;tjhFk;. Mdhy;
,e;jj; ju;f;fk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L xU rhpahd 30
mYtyfj;jpy; vOj;Jg; G+Htkhf thJiufshf
itf;fg; gLtjhFk;”. (lhk;ypd;]; rl;l mfuhjp)
‘thJiu vd;gJ ele;j cz;ikfis fhuz
35
fhupa hPjpahfTk; rl;lg;G+HtkhfTk; vOg;gg;gLk;
thq;fpaq;fshFk;. ,J thjpapd; tof;F
%yj;ijNah my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; jw;fhg;gpd;
mbg;gilfisAk; Kd;itf;fpwJ” (rl;l
nrhw;fsQ;rpak;)
40
thJiufspd; KO Nehf;fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;Gfis xU gpur;ridia ikag;gLj;j
itg;gjhFk;. thJiu rhu;e;j tpjpfs; me;j
gpur;ridia rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;j xU jug;Gk;
me;jg; gpur;rid vg;NghJ tof;Ff;F te;jJ> 45
ve;j ve;jf; fUj;Jf;fisg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J
‘thJiufs; Kiwg;gb ,y;iy vd;gjw;fhf
kl;Lk; mtw;iw xJf;fhJ. me;j thJiufspy; 50
rhuKk; kw;w jug;Gf;F vjpuhf jg;ngz;zj;ij
cUthf;fhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; tiuAk; mJ ve;j
msT Fog;gkpf;fjhfTk; my;yJ
fiyEZf;fkpd;wp vOj;jg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
mtw;iw ePjpkd;wk; xJf;fhJ.’ (Nfjhu; yhy; 55
vjpu; `hp yhy;> AIR 1952 SC 47).
 fpU\;d kpl;lu;> AIR 1999 SC 162).
vdNt> thJiufspd; Nehf;fkhf
5 fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iwf; $wyhk;:
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;GfspilNa cs;s
cz;ikahd gpur;ridia cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
 mtu;fSf;fpilNa cs;s Kuz;ghLfis
10 FWf;FtJ
 xt;nthU jug;Gk; ve;nje;j Nfs;tpfis
Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpj; njsptila
itg;gJ
 xU jug;G kw;w jug;ig Mr;rhpa%l;Ltij
15 jtpu;g;gJ> NkYk;
,t;thW ePjp jtwhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
thJiu fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ:
20  thjpiag; nghWj;jtiu – KiwaPL
gpujpthjpiag; nghWj;jtiu vjpu; KiwaPL
 jhthtpy; cs;s fUj;Jfis tpsf;F tjw;fhf
gpur;ridfisf; fl;likg;gjw;F Kd;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdupd; my;yJ
25 MNyhrfu;fspd; thf;F%yq;fs;.
KiwaPl;bNyh vjpHKiwaPl;bNyh Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
Mtzq;fs; thJiuapy; ,Uf;fhJ.
30 KiwaPl;bNyh vjpu; KiwaPl;bNyh cs;s
thf;F%yq;fs; xd;iw xd;W vjpu;f;fj;jf;f
tifapNyh my;yJ Kwz;gLk; tifapNyh
ve;jmsT vd;why; xd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjh
cWjpg;gLj;JtNjh kw;nwhd;iw ePf;ff;$ba
35 mstpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba thJiufs; Kwz;ghLs;s
thJiufs; vdg;gLk;. ePjpkd;wk; xd;iw xd;W
Kwpabf;fhj khw;W Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itf;FkhW
ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
40 thJiufisfis ePjpkd;wk; mtw;wpd;
cz;ikahd kjpg;ig czu KOikahf
thrpf;fpd;wd.
45
epju;rdkhd cz;ikf;Fk; ajhu;j;jkhd
tptuq;fSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; cz;L. vy;yh
ajhu;j;jkhd tptuq;fSk; tof;fpw;Fl;gLj;jg;
gLtjpy;iy vDk;NghJ ePjpkd;wk; rpwe;j
50 tptuq;fisf; Nfl;fyhk;. ajhu;j;jkhd tptuq;fis
mspf;fj; jtWtJ tof;fpw;Nfh kWg;Gf;Nfh
nfhy;gpioahfptpLk;.
thJiufSf;F vj;jid Mjhuq;fSk; <L MfhJ.
55
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-lkpUe;J gzj;ijj;
jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhf tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;.
thJiufspd; mbg;gil tpjpfs; (CPC> cj;juT-
6 tpjp-2)
 xt;nthU thJiuAk; rl;lj;ijad;wp 5
cz;ikiaNa $w Ntz;Lk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfshy; typAWj;jg;gl;lhYk;
,y;iyahdhYk;> xt;nthU rl;lj;jpw;fhd
Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; fz;lwpe;J mij Ma;tJ 10
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf chpa nghWg;G vd;gjd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,e;j tpjp cUthfpAs;sJ.
ele;j cz;ikfis tpsf;fhJ rl;lj;jpd;
ca;j;JzHTfis vLj;Jf;$wp thJiuapy;
Fwpg;gpLtJ jtwhd KiwahFk;. 15
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jdJ thJiuapy; egu;-1 jhNd
,we;j jdJ je;ijahd egu;-2-d; thuPR vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,J xU ca;j;Jzu;jyhFk;. egu;-
1 jdJ thJiuapy; egu;-2f;F jhd; vt;thW 20
thhPrhf cs;shu; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
tpjpf;fhd tpyf;F: thJiuapy; mjw;fhd
rl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplf;$lhJ vd;w tpjpf;F
tpyf;fhf ntspehl;Lr; rl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Nl 25
thJiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;j
ePjpkd;wk; cs;s ehl;bd; rl;lq;fshNyNa
fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. kw;w ehl;Lr;
rl;lq;fSf;F ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gLtjpy;iy.
ntspehl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;kPJ xU jug;G ek;gpf;if 30
itj;J Mjhukhf itf;f tpUk;gpdhy; mij
xU cz;ikahff; fUjpNa thJiuapy;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
35
 thJiuapy; epju;rdkhd cz;ikfis
kl;LNk Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
thjpapd; tof;F %yj;jpw;Nfh gpujpthjpapd;
jLg;Gf;Nfh epju;rdkhf ele;j cz;ikNa 40
Mjhukhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tof;F%yk;
cs;sJ vdf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jNth my;yJ
,y;iy vd kWg;gjw;Nfh Fw;wk; Rkj;jf;$ba
my;yJ eP&gpf;ff;$ba cz;ikNa epju;rdkhd
cz;ikahFk;. 45
cz;ikfisf; nfhz;L (factum probantia) thjp
me;j ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba cz;ikfis
ep&gpf;fpwhH vd;gjw;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il 50
tpsf;FfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xUrpy jtwhd
nray;fSf;fhf egu;-2-d;kPJ tof;Fj; 55
njhLf;fpwhu;. mtuJ thJiuapy; mj;jifa
jtwhd nray;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b mit egu;-2-
 Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; jpUg;gpj; jUk; flidj;
jUtjhf egu;-2 $wpaij ep&gpf;Fk; Mjhuk;
thJiuapy; ,y;yhjNghJ mj;jifa KiwaPl;bid
5 tprhuidf;F vOg;g KbahJ.
tpjptpyf;Ffs;:
 ele;j xU epfo;Tf;fhd cWjpg;ghL my;yJ
10 thjp my;yJ gpujpthjpapd; tof;Ff;fhd
midj;J epge;jidfSk; ele;jJ vd;gjw;fhd
Mjhuk; thJiu my;yJ vjpu; thJiuapy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit Fwpg;ghf ep&gpf;fg;
gl;bUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. xU Kd;Ng ,Ue;j
15 epge;jidapd; epfo;tpid cl;fpilahff; $w
Ntz;bajpUg;gjhy; vjpu; jug;gpdu; mq;Nf xU
epge;jid Kd;Ng ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; mJ
epfotpy;iy vd thjpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb
thjplj; jtWk;NghJ xj;j epfo;T ,Ue;jjhff;
20 nfhs;sg;gLk;. (CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-6).
rl;lk; jq;fs; rhu;ghf ,Ug;gjhff; fUJk;
epju;rdkhd cz;ikfis mit Fwpg;ghf
kWf;fhjtiu my;yJ mij ep&gpf;Fk.
25
nghWg;G vjpu; jug;Gf;F ,Uf;Fk;tiu ve;j xU
jug;Gk; mtw;iw tof;fpw;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;bajpy;iy.
(CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-13).
 Nrjhuk; rhu;ghd ve;j xU Fw;wr;rhl;ilAk;
30 jdJ vjpu; thJiuapy; gpujpthjp Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy;> rpwg;ghd Nrjhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nrjhuj;ij mjpfkhf;Fk; my;yJ
mtw;iw Fiwf;Fk; cz;ikfis Fwpg;ghf
kWf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jtW vd;W ep&gpf;f
35 Ntz;Lk;. (CPC, cj;juT-8 tpjp-3).
 thJiufs; cz;ikfisf; $Wtjw;fhfNt
Mjhuq;fisf; $Wtjw;fhf my;y
40 ,e;j tpjp ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
cz;ikfSf;Fk; (factum probandum) ve;j
gad;gLj;j Ntz;bajpy;iy. (ehruyp frkyp vjpu;
45 /g];yhd; gPtp> AIR 1975 Guj 81).
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpd; Kjy; thJiuNahL
xj;Jg;Nghfhj Nfhhpf;ifNah cz;ikahd Fw;wr;
rhl;Nlh jpUj;jj;jpd; %YNkad;wp mDkjpf;fg;gl
50 khl;lhJ. ‘thJiuapypUe;J gpwo;tJ’
mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. (CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-7).
vjpu; jug;gpdhy; xU xg;ge;jj;ij ntspg;gilahf
kWj;jy; vd;gJ me;j xg;ge;jj;ij kWg;gjhf
55 vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLNk md;wp me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;
rl;lj;jd;ikia kWg;gjhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
(CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-8).
dhy;jhd; nra;ag;gl;lJ vdTk; mjdhy; egu;-1
,og;Gfisr; re;jpj;jjhfTk; Fw;wk; rhl;l
Ntz;Lk;. mtu; re;jpj;j ,og;Gfs; ve;j
tifspy; egu;-2d; mj;jifa jtWfshy; 5
ele;jJ vd;gij tpsf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
tpjptpyf;Ffs;: ghptu;j;jidfs; mtu;fspd;
Gj;jfq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag; gl;Ls;sjhfTk;>
mwptpg;Gfs; ,U jug;ghuhYk; ghpkhug;gl;Ls;sd 10
vdTk; Fw;wr; rhl;Lfis kw;w jug;G
Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; fhl;b
,e;jpahtpy; Kiwrhuhtpjj;jpy; tpjptpyf;Ff;fhd
cjhuzkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sJ.
15
 mg;gbg;gl;l cz;ikfs; kpff; FWfpa
Kiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
NjitahdNghJ thJiufs; gj;jpfshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;L thpirahf vz;fsplg;gl;L 20
ehl;fs;> $Ljy;fs;> vz;fs; Mfpad
vz;fshYk; vOj;jhYk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vq;nfy;yhk; gpd;gw;w KbANkh mq;nfy;yhk;
rpwpa vspa thf;fpaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtNjhL nrag;ghl;Ltpid kw;Wk; 25
tpidAhpr;nrhy;yhly; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;.
CPC-apd; ,izg;G-m-tpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
gbtj;ij vy;yh thJiufspYk; gad;gLj;jf 30
$ba ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj ,lq;fspy;
mitNghd;w gbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-3). 35
F[uhj; ePjpkd;wk; CPC-apd; ,izg;G-m-tpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s me;j gbtq;fs; xU khjphpNa
fl;lhakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy 40
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gbtq;fis CPC,
cj;juT-6 tpjp-3-ld; ,izj;Jg; ghu;f;f
Ntz;LNkad;wp thu;j;ijf;F thu;j;ij
45
cs;s fPo;f;fhZk; ve;j xU nghUisAk;
jpUj;Jk;gbNah ePf;Fk;gb $wNth nra;ayhk;.
(CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-16): 50
 Njitaw;w> mtJ}whd> mw;gkhd>
ntWg;G+l;Lk; tifapy; ,Ue;jhy;
 Kw;rhu;Gs;s ju;krq;flkhd my;yJ
tprhuidiaj; jhkjg;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; 55
,Ue;jhy;
ePjpkd;w eltbf;ifia jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F vjpuhf xU xg;ge;jk;
rhu;ghf tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. mij egu;-2 jdJ
5 vjpu; thJiuapy; me;j xg;ge;jj;ijNa kWf;fpwhu;.
,e;j kWg;ig mg;gb xU xg;ge;jNk ,y;iy vd
kWf;fpwhNuad;wp rl;lg;G+Htkhdjh ,y;iyah vd;w
Nfs;tp voNtapy;iy. me;j xg;ge;jk; nry;yhJ vd
egu;-2 thjpl Ntz;Lkhdhy; mijf; Fwpg;gpl;L vjpu;
10 thJiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j xg;ge;jj;ij
kWg;gJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
XU Mtzk; rhu;ghf nghJthf tof;Fj;
njhlHe;jhy; me;j Mtzj;jpd; tpisT rhu;ghf
15 kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;L tof;Fj;njhlu;e;jhy; NghJkhdJ
mjd; KO my;yJ gFjpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
Njitaw;wJ (CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-9).
tpjptpyf;F: xU mtJ}W tof;fpy; mq;F gad;
20 gLj;jg;gl;l thu;j;ijfs; Kf;fpakhdJ vdNt
mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
VjhtJ xUtUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l xU cz;ik
rhu;e;j mwptpg;gpid Fw;wk; Rkj;j Ntz;baJ
25 mtrpakhFk;NghJ me;j mwptpg;gpid xU cz;ik
vd;w Kiwapy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jpdhy; NghJkhdJ.
mjd; Fwpg;gpl;l thrfq;fs;> me;j mwpgpg;G
ntspahd #oy; Nghd;wit tpsf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhdJ vd;why; kl;LNkad;wp mtw;iwAk;
30 Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. (CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-2).
xU tof;F%yj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,j;jifa
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw Fwpg;ghf
35 thJiuapy; cz;ikg;nghUshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mJ xU Kd;Ng ,Ue;j
epge;jidapd; epfo;thf kl;LNk tpjp-6d;gb
,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw thJiuapy; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;bajpy;iy
40
tof;fpd; ve;jf; fl;lj;jpYk; ePjpkd;wk; thJiuapy;
 cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; ,j;jifa
jpUj;jq;fs; ,y;iy vd;why; my;yJ ntWk;
45 Kiwg;gbahf khw;Wtjw;fhfNth my;yJ
gadw;wjhfNth mjd; rhuk; rhuhjjhf
,Ue;jhy;
 Kd;nkhope;Js;s jpUj;jk; thjpapd; tof;if
Kw;wpYk; khw;wf;$baJ vd;why;
50  fhyf;nfL Kbe;jjhy; gpujpthjpf;Ff; fpilj;j
chpikia ,j;jifa jpUj;jk; gwpj;JtpLk;
vdf; fUjpdhy;
 ,e;jj; jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisT Kw;wpYk;
NtwhdjhfTk; GjpjhfTk; Kd;Df;Fg;gpd;
Kuzhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; kw;Wk; jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd
55
tpz;zg;gk; rl;l eltbf;ifapd; gpw;gFjpapy;
vOg;gg;gl;bUe;jhy;
tifapy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
thJiuiaj; jpUj;Jjy;
5
ePjpkd;wk; rhpnadf; fUJtij rhpnadf;
fUJk; tpjj;jpy; thJiuapy; khw;wk; nra;a
,Ujug;GNk ve;j xU jUzj;jpYk; mDkjpf;fg;
gLtu;. me;j ,Ujug;gpdhpilNa cs;s
cz;ikahd Kuz;glf;$ba Nfs;tpfis 10
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpy; ,j;jifa
jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
(CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-17).
thJiufs; fPo;f;fhZk; Ie;J topfspy; 15
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;:
 ePjpj;jPHg;Gfs;> jPHg;ghizfs;> kw;Wk;
cj;juTfspy; cs;s vOj;Jg;gpio>
fzf;Fg;gpiofspy; jpUj;jq;fs;. (CPC, S.152) 20
 rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdhpilNa cs;s
Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fhpa Nfs;tpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;fpy; xU tof;fpd; eltbf;iffspy;
jpUj;jq;fs;. (CPC, S.153)
 jug;Gfis ePf;Fjy; my;yJ ,izj;jy;. 25
(CPC, cj;juT- tpjp-10(2))
 ePjpkd;wk; Nfl;Lk; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; vjpu;
jug;gpd; thJiuiaj; jpUj;Jjy;. (CPC,
cj;juT-6 tpjp-16)
 jdJ thJiuiaNa jpUj;Jtjw;fhd 30
tpz;zg;gk; nrYj;jp jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. (CPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-17)
jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ xU chpik vdf; Nfhu
KbahJ. mtw;iw mDkjpg;gJk; kWg;gJk; 35
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; csj;Nju;tpidg; nghWj;jJ. tpjp-
17-d; fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fg; gue;j csj;Nju;T
mjpfhuk; thJiufisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F cs;sJ.
Mdhy;> mt;thW jpUj;Jtjw;F fPo;f;fhZk; 40
xUrpy fl;Lg;ghLfis ePjpj; jPu;g;Gfs;
toq;fpAs;sd:
 rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;GfspilNa cs;s
cz;ikahd Kuz;glf;$ba Nfs;tpfis 45
 thjp jdf;Fr; NruNtz;ba Nfhhpf;ifapd;
xUgFjpia tpl;Ltpl vz;zpdhy; mg;gb
tpl;Ltpl;l Nfhhpf;ifapd; kjpg;G
50
 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpid cWjp
nra;aTk;> tof;F mDkjpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wf;
fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfTk; tof;fpd;
chpg;nghUSf;fhd gz kjpg;G Mfpa
55
tptuq;fs; thJiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
  ey;nyz;zj;NjhL jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vdpy;
jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;syhfhJ.
5 5
thJiuapidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F cs;s tpjpNa
nghJthf>vjpu; thJiuf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
ePjpkd;wq;fs; vjpu; thJiuapy; jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;s jhuhskhf cs;sd. Vnddpy;>
10 Kw;rhu;gpid cUthf;Fk; tha;g;G vjpu; thJiuj;
jpUj;jj;jpy; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
thJiu
15 xt;nthU tof;Fk; thJiuia Kd;itg;gjhy;
njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU thJiuapYk;
gpukhzg; gj;jpuj;jpd;%yk; cz;ikfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. (CPC, gphpT-26).
20 CPC-apd; cj;juT-6 tpjp-2 xt;nthU thJiuapYk;
fPo;f;fhZk; tptuq;fs; fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpwJ.
 tof;F njhLf;fg;gLk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ngau;.
25  thjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl Kfthp
 gpujpthjpapd; ngaH> tphpthf;fk;> ,Ug;gpl
Kfthp Mfpad ve;j msT mWjpapl;Lf; $w
KbANk me;j msT
30  thjpNah gpujpthjpNah Kjpuh tajpduhfNth
my;yJ kdeyk; ,y;yhjtuhfNth ,Ue;jhy;
mJgw;wpa thf;F%yk;.
tof;F %yj;ij cs;slf;fpa ele;j rk;gtq;fspd;
tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; mJ Njhd;wpa fhyk;
35
 me;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
cl;gl;lJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; cz;ikfs;
40  thjpahy; Nfhug;gLk; ghpfhuk;
 tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; mirahr; nrhj;jhf
,Ue;jhy; KiwaPL mr;nrhj;J gw;wpa
45 njspthd tpsf;fj;ij - mjd;%yk;
mr;nrhj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;jpy; -
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;nrhj;jpd;
vy;iyfisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; my;yJ
gzf;nfhLg;gdT Mtz my;yJ rHNt
50 vz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl KbAkhdhy; me;j
vy;iyfisNah my;yJ vz;fisNah Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-3)
 thjp xU gpujpepjp vDk; Kiwapy; tof;Fj;
njhlHe;jpUe;jhy; tof;Fj; njhLf;fj;
55
Njitahd midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk;
vLj;Js;sij tpthpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh thJiufisAk; fPo;fhz;gJNghy;
gphpf;fyhk;:
jiyg;G kw;Wk; chpik %yk;: jiyg;gpy;
ePjpkd;wk; gw;wpa tpthpg;GfSk; chpik %yKk;
Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;Ws;> ngau;> taJ
kw;Wk; ,Ujug;gpdupd; ,Ug;gplq;fs; mlq;Fk;.
,tw;NwhL thjp kw;Wk; gpujpthjpfs; gw;wpa 10
tpthpg;GfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
nghUslf;fk;: thJiuapd; nghUslf;fg;
gFjpia fPo;f;fhz;gJNghd;W gphpf;fyhk;.
15
 mwpKfg;gFjp> tpsf;fkhd thf;fpaq;fspy;
tof;fpd; rhuj;ijNah my;yJ thJiuapd;
nghUs;fisNah cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 vy;yh Kf;fpa cz;ikfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
tptuq;fs; 20
 tof;F %yj;ijf;$Wk; thrfq;fs;
 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gug;gsT rhu;e;j kw;Wk; gzk;
rhu;ej mjpfhu tuk;G rhu;e;j thrfq;fs;.
,jpy; me;j tof;fpd; kjpg;Gj; njhifiaAk;
ePjpkd;wf; fl;lz epu;zaj;jpw;fhff; Fwpg;gpl 25
Ntz;Lk;.
kd;whl;L: thjp ngwj;jFjpahd epthuzk;
thJiuapd; ,e;j kd;whl;Lg; gfjpapy;
Fwpg;gpLtijg; nghWj;J cs;sJ. vdNt> 30
epthuzj;ijr; rhpahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
jdJ thjj;ij thjp ep&gpf;fj; jtwpdhYk;>
gpujpthjp njhLf;fk; tof;fpypUe;J thjp
epthuzk; ngw tha;g;G cs;sJ.
35
Kf;fpa epthuzj;ijr; rhu;e;j kw;w
epthuzq;fisf; Fwpg;ghf thJiuapy; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;bajpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ %jhijahpd; 40
nrhj;jpypUe;J jdf;Fr; NruNtz;ba nrhj;ijg;
gphpj;Jj; jUkhWk; jhd; KjpuhtaJilatdhf
45
CPC-apd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-3> 4> 5 Mfpad
thJiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU
cz;ik rhu;e;j Fw;wr;rhl;bw;Fk; Fwpg;ghf
gpujpthjp jdJ kWg;ig mspf;Fk;gb $WfpwJ. 50
gpujpthjp jg;gpf;Fk; tpjj;jpNyh> njsptw;w
my;yJ tof;fkhd kWg;igj; njhptpf;fhky;
thJiuapd; rhuj;jpy; cs;s fUj;Jf;F
Fwpg;ghf gjpy; ju Ntz;Lk;. thJiuapy; cs;s
xt;nthU cz;ik rhu;e;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lk; 55
gpujpthjpahy; Fwpg;ghf kWf;fg;glhtpl;lhNyh
my;yJ mjd; cs;fpilahditfis
 (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-4)
 me;j tof;fpd; chpg;nghUs; kPJ thjpf;F
5 cz;ikahd MHtk; cs;sJ vd;gijAk;
mjd; fhuzkhf mtNu thjpahy; Nfhug;gLk;
Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspf;ff; flikg;gl;Ls;shu;
vdTk; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7
tpjp-5)
10
 me;j tof;F fhyk; fle;jjhf ,Ug;gpd;
fhytuk;Gr; rl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fj;
Njitahd fhuzq;fisf; thJiuapy; fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;. (rl;lj;jpd; cj;juT-7 tpjp-6)
15
vjpu; thJiu
vjpH thJiu vd;gJ thjpapd; thJiuf;F
gpujpthjp jUk; gjpy; vdyhk;. ,jpy; thJiuapy;
20 cs;s midj;J Kf;fpakhd ajhu;j;jkhd
cz;ikfisg;gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
gpujpthjp tof;fpw;fhd jdJ vjpH thJiuia
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;jJk; mtuJ jug;G thjj;ij
25 mJ ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,g;NghJ> me;j tof;F xU
Nghl;bahfp ePjpkd;wk; ntw;wpahsiuj;
Nju;e;njLf;FkhW Nfhug;gLfpwJ. nghJthf vy;yh
KiwaPLfSf;Fk; thJiufSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
tpjpfs; vjpu; thJiuf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
30
CPC-apd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-1 gpujpthjpf;F jdJ vjpu;
tof;Fiuiaj; jhf;fy; nra;tjw;F mtUf;F
miog;ghiz mDg;gg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 90 ehl;fs;
mtfhrk; mspf;fpwJ.
35
40
khwhf me;j tof;F Vd; tof;Nf ,y;iy vd;gij
ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gadw;wjhf;Fjy; my;yJ vjpu; Nfhhpf;if:
45 tof;fpd; Kjy; tprhuidapd;NghNj gpujpthjp
gadw;wjhf;Fjy; my;yJ vjpu; Nfhhpf;ifia
vOg;Gjy; %yk; jdJ kWg;igj; njhptpf;fyhk;.
,j;jifa kWg;Gfis tof;fpd; gpw;gFjpapy;
rhpahd fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;s
50 Ntz;Lkhdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp Njit.
Nkw;gl;l thJiufs;:
gpujpthjp jdJ vjpu; thJiuia rku;g;gpj;j gpd;du;
55 gpujpthjpapd; gadw;wjhf;Fjy; my;yJ vjpu; Nfhhpf;if
Nghd;w kWg;Gfisj; jtpu NtW ve;j thJiufSk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wpAk; ePjpkd;wk; fUJk;
tpjj;jpYkd;wp NtW tifapy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $lhJ
ntspg;gLj;jhkNyh my;yJ mit Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gplhtpl;lhNyh
mit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;.
5
thJiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU
cz;ik rhu;ej; Fw;wr;rhl;LfisAk; vjpu;
thJiu rkhspf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Fw;wr;rhl;il
kWf;Fk;NghJ jl;bf;fopf;fpw tpjj;jpy;
gjpyspf;fhky; mjd; rhuj;jpw;F tpsf;fkspf;f 10
Ntz;Lk;. mtUila gjpy; Neubahf Fwpg;ghf
,y;yhky; jl;bf; fopf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; me;j cz;ik Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
gl;ljhfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l #oypy;
mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNj xU ep&gdk; vd;gjhy; 15
kw;nwhU ep&gdk; Njitapy;iy. (gjj; md;
Nfh vjpu; <];l; ,e;jpah bNubq; fk;ngdp> AIR
1963 SC 538).
gpujpthjpapd; kWg;G fPo;f;fhZk; tifapy; 20
mikayhk;:
 FWf;fPL: thJiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
cz;ikahd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis FWf;fPL
nra;tjd; %yk; gpujpthjp Vw;Wf; 25
nfhs;syhk; my;yJ kWf;fyhk;. gpujpthjp
thJiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU
Fw;wr;rhl;ilAk; rkhspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thW nra;ahky; tpLtJ me;jf; Fw;wr;
rhl;bid gy Neuq;fspy; 30
Vw;Wf;nfs;tjhfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; rpwg;GkWg;G kw;Wk;
jtpu;j;jy;: thJiuapy; cs;s Fw;wr;rhl;bid
gpujpthjp Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> mjpy; 35
Gjpa cz;ikfisf; $Wtjd;%yk; me;jf;
Fw;wr; rhl;bd; tpisitf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
 rl;l kWg;G: rl;lf; Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gtjd;
%yk; gpujpthjp thJiuapy; cs;s 40
Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis me;j tof;fpd;
jd;ikiaNa kWf;fyhk;. me;j tof;fpd;
,Ug;ig Nfs;tpNfl;gJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ
45
M];jp chpik khw;wk;
M];jp chpik khw;wk; vd;gJ mt;Thpikia
tpw;gJ kw;Wk; mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; 50
nrhj;jpid xUthpd; tho;ehspNyNa jUtijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. (,e;jpa Kj;jpiur; rl;lk;> 1899>
gphpT-2(10)
xU jdp kdpjNuh> gyNuh NtW xUtUf;Nfh 55
my;yJ gyUf;Nfh jdJ xU nrhj;jpd; kPJs;s
chpikia xU gj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; khw;wpj;
 vd CPC-apd; cj;juT-8 tpjp-9 $WfpwJ.
5 ,e;j tpjpapd;fPo; efiyNah kWg;igNah thjpNah
gpujpthjpNah ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; mDkjpNahLk;
ePjpkd;wk; rhpnadf; fUJk; tpjj;jpYk;
rku;g;gpf;fyhk;. GjpanjhU tof;F%yj;ijNah
my;yJ Fw;wr;rhl;ilNah ,t;thW efy; my;yJ
10 kWg;gpd; %yk; nfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ. ,tw;wpd;
Nehf;fk; kWg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ cz;ikf;fhd
tpsf;fk; mspf;fNth kl;LNk ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
15 Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpy; KiwaPLfs;:
KiwaPLfs; chpikapay; rhu;e;jJ vd;whYk;
Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;whYk; mg;gbg;gl;l tiuTfs; nghJthf:
20
 CrPC, (1963)-d; gphpT- 200-d;gb jdpg;gl;l
Fw;wtpay; Fw;wr;rhl;bidj; jahupj;jy;
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;ff; NfhUk; kD
jahupj;jy; (CrPC, S.245)
25  Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; Neu;epiyahtjpypUe;J
tpyf;fspf;ff; NfhUk; kDj; jahhpg;G ( CrPC,
S.317)

Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltiu gpizapy; tpLtpf;ff;
NfhUk; kDj;jahupg;G (CrPC, S.436, 437)
30 ifjhtjw;F Kd; gpiz NfhUk; kD (CrPC, S.438)
 cau;epjp kd;wj;jpw;NfAhpa mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp miog;ghidia uj;Jnra;af;
NfhUk; kDj; jahupg;G (CrPC, S.482)
35
mirahr;nrhj;jpd; chpikia Ma;T nra;tjw;F
40 rpwe;j top Kjypy; me;j chpikgw;wpa RWf;ff;
Fwpg;ngLf;f Ntz;Lk;. chpikgw;wpa RWf;ff;
Fwpg;G vd;gJ xU RWf;fkhd mNj Neuk; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l thpirapy; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Wjptiu
me;j chpik vt;thW ahhplkpUe;J vg;NghJ
45 ve;jtopapy; khw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gij xt;nthU
tpy;yq;fg;gb thpirg;gLj;jp mij thq;FgtUf;F
tpsf;fpf; $WtjhFk;.
xU xg;ghtzk; ,t;thW tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ:
50
 tpUg;ghtzj; jd;ikaw;w tpjj;jpy; Kiwahf
vOjg;gl;lJ.
 ,J cUthf;Ftjw;F> mwptpg;gjw;F>
cWjpg;gLj;j> Rkj;j> tiuaWg;gjw;F my;yJ
55 KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf ,aq;FfpwJ
my;yJ Njhd;WfpwJ.
 rpy rhpahd chpik my;yJ eyk;
jUtijNa M];jp chpik khw;wk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. vdNt M];jp chpik khw;wk;
nra;tJ vd;gJ xU nrhj;jpd; kPJs;s xUthpd;
chpikia kw;w xUtUf;F khw;wp jUtjw;fhd 5
midj;J fPo;f;fhZk; Njitahd eltbf;if
fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;:
 chpikia Ma;T nra;jy;
 chpikia khw;wpj; jUtjw;fhd 10
mtzq;fisj; jahupj;jy;
 khw;wpj; jUtjw;fhd midj;J
tptuq;fisAk; Nrfhpj;jy;
 Kiwg;gbahfr; nra;tjw;fhd midj;J
Vw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; 15
M];jp chpikia khw;wpj; jUjy; vd;gJ xU
epyj;jpd;kPJ xUtUf;F cs;s chpikia
kw;wtUf;F khw;wpj; jUtJ my;yJ mlkhdk;>
kPShpik Nghd;w tpy;yq;fj;ij mDkjpg;gJ. 20
xU cz;ikahd M];jp chpik khw;wk;
epahakhd chpik khw;wk; gpd; mjd; Kbtpy;
rl;lg;gbahd chpik khw;wk; Mfpa ,U
Kf;fpa gbfisf; nfhz;lJ.
25
chpikia Ma;T nra;jy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpd; chpikiag; ghjpf;Fk;
midj;J jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJ
Mtzq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;tNj chpikia 30
Ma;T nra;jyhFk;. ,e;jj; Njlypy; nghJthf
gioa xg;ghtzq;fs;> mwf;fl;lisfs;>
capy;fs; kw;Wk; tpy;yq;fq;fis Ma;T nra;J
chpik rhpahd tpjj;jpNyNa xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij cWjpg; gLj;j 35
Ntz;Lk;. NfhshWs;s chpik vd;gJ ,jw;F
Kd;du; ,e;j nrhj;jpid itj;jpUe;jtUf;F
cz;ikahf rhpahd Kiwapy; chpik
khw;wg;gltpy;iy vd cWjpg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ
me;jr; nrhj;jpd; tptupg;gpy; jtNwh my;yJ 40
me;j chpikapNyh mij khw;wpatpjj;jpNyh
jtWs;sJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jk
xg;ghtzj;jpd; rhpahd ehis cWjpg;gLj;j 45
rhl;rpfs; Vw;wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
xU xg;ghtzj;jpy; cs;s ehspy;jhd;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gJ kWf;fj;jf;f xd;Nw.
(Uf;Fkzp mk;khs; vjpu; mq;fkh ehAL> AIR 50
1926 Mad 744)
xg;ghtzj;jpd; jug;Gfs;:
ve;j xU xg;ghtzj;jpw;Fk; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L 55
egu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J
cUthFk; xU xg;ghtzj;jpw;F xU xg;ge;jk;
 kw;nwhUtifapy; $Wtjhdhy;> xg;ghtzk; vd;gJ
rl;lg;gbahd xU MtzkhFk;. ,jd; %yk;
5 vjhtnjhU chpik my;yJ flik cUthf;fg;gl>
khw;wg;gl tiuaWf;fg;gl> mjpfhpf;fg;gl> ,y;yhky;
nra;tjw;fhf my;yJ gjpTnra;ag;gl cs;sJ
my;yJ Njhd;WfpwJ.
10 chpikkhw;w xg;ghtzj;jpd; gFjp:
xg;ghtz tpthpg;G
xU xg;ghtzj;jpd; tpthpg;G mjd; Fzj;jpYk;>
15 ,ay;gpYk; mJ Kbthdjy;y. xg;ghtzq;fis
tpsf;Fk;NghJ mjd; tpthpg;Gf;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; juj; Njitapy;iy vdj; njhpfpwJ.
xUrpy Neuq;fspy; mjpfg;gbahd tpthpg;G
cz;ikahd ghpkhw;wj;ij kiwf;fTk; nra;ayhk;.
20 me;j tpthpg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dhy; nrd;W mjd;
rhuj;ijAk; mjd; cz;ikj;jd;ikiaAk;
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU xg;ghtzk; xU ghfg;gphptpid
25 Mtzk;Nghd;w tpjj;jpy; vOjg;gLfpwJ. xU je;ij
gps;isfSf;Fg; gphpj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ Nghd;W mJ
Njhd;WfpwJ. Mdhy;> tprhhpj;jNghJ je;ijapd;
jdpg;gl;l nrhj;J kfDf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ. mij
xU nfhilahf mspg;gJNghd;W vOjg;gLfpwJ.
30 (nghd;D vjpu; jhYfh Nyz;L Nghu;L> rpj;J}u;> AIR
1982 Ker 330).
epiwNtw;Wk; ehs;:
35 xt;nthU xg;ghtzKk; ehs; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xU xg;ghtzk; ehs; Fwpg;gplg; glhjjhNyh
my;yJ tha;g;Ng ,y;yhj ehs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjhNyh nry;yhjjhfhJ. xU
njspthfTk; ,Ue;jhy; nray;gLj;Jk; gFjp me;jf;
40 fl;likg;igg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,U gFjpfSNk
njspthf ,Ue;J Mdhy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuzhf
,Ue;jhy; nray;gLj;Jk; gFjpiaNa ek;gp vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.’
45 rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdhpd; vz;zq;fspd;kPJ re;Njfk;
tUk;NghJ mij tpsf;f ,g;gFjpiag;
gad;gLj;jpdhYk;> njhlu;r;rpahd tptuq;fs; gFjp
rl;lg;gb Njitaw;w gFjpNa. (,e;jpa A+dpad;
vjpu; mkNue;jpu ehj; rh;fhuh> AIR 1967 Cal 119)
50
njhlu;r;rpahd tpsf;fg;gFjpia xU rl;lj;jpd;
KfTiug;gFjpf;F xg;gplyhk;. nray;gLj;Jk;
gFjpf;F rhpahd cjtpahf ,g;gFjp ,Uf;Fk;.
55 njhlu;r;rpahd tpsf;fg;gFjpia ,U tifahfg;
gphpf;fyhk;:
 tptupf;Fk; njhlh; tpsf;fk;: ,q;F nrhj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jFjpAilatu;fshf mtu;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nrhj;J khw;wk;
rhu;e;j xg;ghtzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu xU
KjpuhtajpdNuh my;yJ FiwAilatNuh 5
mtUf;nfd;W xU flik Fwpg;gplg;glhjtiu
xU ngWgtuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mg;gb xU
#oypYk; xU xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jj; jFjpaw;wtu;
clikia mspg;gtuhf my;yJ khw;Wgtuhf
,Uf;f KbahJ. 10
xg;ghtzj;jpd; ,U jug;gpdUk; ed;whf
tpthpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
jtwhd tpthpg;G mspf;fg; gl;bUg;gpDk; my;yJ
mtuJ rhpahd ngaud;wp NtnwhU ngaiu 15
mtu; mspj;jpUe;jhuhdhYk; rhpahd milahs
rhl;rpak; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
xU FOitr; rhu;e;j jdpegu;fs; ,ize;J
FOtpd; ngahpy; - mf;FOit ,dk; fz;lwpAk; 20
tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; xU xg;ghtzj;jpd; jug;ghf
,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> ‘egu;-1-d; fldhspfs;’
njhlur;rpahd tptuq;fs;:
25
njhlu;r;rpahd tptuq;fs; vd;gJ xU
xg;ghtzj;jpNyh> cld;gbf;ifapNyh my;yJ
NtW Kiwahd Mtzj;jpNyh jug;gpdiuAk;
kw;w tptuq;fisAk; tpthpf;Fk; thrfq;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,J ghpkhw;wg; gFjpf;F Kd;du; 30
mtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tpsf;fg;gFjpahf
mikAk;. (Mq;fpyr;rl;l mfuhjp – N[htpl;)
nray;gLj;Jk; gFjpf;F cjTk; gFjpahf ,J
,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j tptug;gFjpapNyNa 35
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdupd; vz;zk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J rhu;ghf yhu;L v];]u;
,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;:
‘njhlu;r;rpahd tptuq;fs; njspthf ,Ue;J> 40
nray;gLj;Jk; gFjp njsptw;wjhf
,Uf;Fkhdhy; tptuq;fs; me;j fl;likg;igg;
ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,jw;F khwhf tptuq;fs; gFjp
njsptw;wjhfTk; nray;gLj;Jk;gFjp
 khw;wp mspf;fg;gLk; nrhj;jpid khw;wp 45
mspg;gtNu me;jr; nrhj;jpd; midj;J
eyd;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j chpikahsu;.
mtUf;F me;jr; nrhj;jpid khw;wp mspf;f
KO chpik cs;sJ
 me;jr; nrhj;ijg; ngWgtu; me;jr; nrhj;jpd; 50
eyd;fs; KOtijAk; Mz;L
mDgtpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; chpik cs;sJ.
 khw;wp mspf;fg;gLk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpy;
ahnjhU tpy;yq;fKk; ,y;iy.
 ,e;j nrhj;jpid khw;wp mspg;gtu; kw;w 55
,Jrhu;ghd Njitg;gLk; Mtzq;fis
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; epiwNtw;wp me;jr;
 khw;wpj; jUgthpd; chpikapd; tuyhw;iw me;j
epiwNtw;Wk; ehs;tiu me;j chpik
5 toq;fg;gl;l my;yJ me;j chpikahsu; ngw;w
tpjk; Fwpj;Jk; tpthpf;Fk;.
 mwpKfj; njhlu;tpsf;fk;: ,q;F ,e;j chpik
khw;wk; Vw;gLj;Jk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdhpd;
Nehf;fk; kw;w xg;ghtzq;fisNah my;yJ
10 cld;gbf;iffisNah Rl;Lk; Nehf;fk;
Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fk;.
`gpad;jk;:
15 `gpad;jj;jpd; Nehf;fk; me;j nrhj;Jhpikiag;
ngWgtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; eyd;fis
tiuaWg;gjhFk;. ,e;j `gpad;jk; %ykhf
ngWgtUf;F fpilf;Fk; eyd; KOikahdjhfNth
my;yJ tiuAWf;fg;gl;ljhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
20 khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLk; nrhj;jpy; tpy;yq;fk;
VJk; ,Ug;gpd; `gpad;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
xg;ge;j cld;gbf;if thrfq;fs;:
25
xg;ge;j cld;gbf;if thrfq;fs; vd;gJ xU
jug;igNah my;yJ ,U jug;igANkh my;yJ
rpyiuNah my;yJ gyiuNah fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
thrfq;fs; mlq;fpa gFjpahFk;. mij
30 thpirahfTk; gy tifapYk; vOJtJ xt;nthU
ngUgthpd; my;yJ mspg;gthpd; thpirg;gb
vOJtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy;>
Fog;gq;fs; jtpu;f;fg;gl;L ngWgtUf;Nfh
mspg;gtUf;Nfh ahnuhUtUf;Fk; me;j
35 cld;gbf;if rhuhky; ,Uf;f KbAk;. cjhuzkhf>
ghprPyidf;fhf nrhj;J chpik khw;wk; nra;Ak;
tpahghhpapd; xg;ge;j thrfk; ,t;thW ,Uf;Fk;.
 tuT tiffs;: xg;ghtzj;jpNyNa
40 ghprPyidapd tuitg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
khw;Wr;rPl;L> fld;cWjpr;rPl;L kw;Wk; fhNrhiy
Nghd;w khw;wj;jf;f Kiwahtzkhf ,Ue;jhy;
mit Vw;fdNt ghprPyidf;F Kd;dNu
nra;ag;gl;ljhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
45  nray;gLj;Jk; thu;j;ijfs;: ,e;jg; gFjp me;jg;
ghpkhw;wj;jpd; jd;ikiaAk; Nehf;fj;ijAk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;j nray;gLj;Jk; thu;j;ijfs;
njspthdjhfTk; ,UnghUsw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
50
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khw;wg;gLk; nrhj;jpd; tpguk;
(nghjpfs;):
nghjpfs; vd;gJ khw;wg;gLk; nrhj;J my;yJ
55 xl;Lnkhj;j eyd;fspd; tpguk; MFk;. ,j;jifa
tptuq;fs; RWf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;
ftdkpd;wp ,Ue;jhy; tof;ifr; re;jpf;f
Ntz;bajpUf;Fk;. mj;jifa khw;wg;gLk; nrhj;J
nrhj;jpd; chpikia KOikahf KO
eyd;fNshL mspg;ghu;.
rhl;rpak;: 5
rhl;rpak; vd;gJ me;j xg;ghtzj;jpd;
rhl;rpfs;gw;wpa gFjpahFk;. ,jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;Gfspd; Nehf;fk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW
,Uf;Fk;. 10
‘,e;j xg;ghtzk; fPo;f;fhz;gJNghd;W
rhd;wspf;fpwJ’
nray;gLj;Jk; gFjp: 15
nray;gLj;Jk; gFjp nghJthf
fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;:
 ghprPyid: ghprPyid vd;gij thf;FWjpf;F 20
,izahf ngWgtuhy; mspf;fg;gLk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f njhifNah my;yJ
NtW ve;j xU eyNdh MFk;. xg;ge;jk; ,U
jug;gpdhplkpUe;Jk; thf;FWjpfis mspf;Fk;
tifapy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mjw;fhd 25
flikAk; kW jug;gpd; thf;FWjp
epiwNtw;wiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;Gk;
,U jug;Gf;FNk cs;sJ.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdu; jq;fsJ 30
ghpkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ jq;fspilNa cs;s
ghprpyidfs; NghJkhdjh vd;gij jPu;khzpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ghprPyidiaj; jPu;khzpg;gjpy;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; jiyapLtij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
nghJthf xg;ge;jk; nra;tjpy; cs;s 35
Rje;jpuj;jpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; jiyapLtjpy;iy.
jq;fSila Rje;jpukhd tpUg;gj;ijr;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfs; gad;gLj;jpg; Nguk;Ngrp
xg;ge;jj;jpd; eyidg; ngWtjpy;
jiyapLtjpy;iy. rl;lg;G+h;tkhd eydhf 40
,Uf;Fk;tiu rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;Gfs;
ghprPyidfis KbTnra;a kO chpik
cs;sJ.
chpikia mspg;gtUf;F 45
ghuk;ghpaj;jd;ikiaf; fhg;gjw;fhff; nfhLf;fg;
gLk; rYifahFk;. ,J nghJthf nrhj;jpidg;
ngWgtuhy; nrhj;J mspg;gtUf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
rYif vdyhk;.
50
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;ij egu;-2f;F
khw;wp mspf;Fk;NghJ> me;jr; nrhj;ij mDFk;
chpikia jdf;Nfh NtW ahUf;Nfh xJf;fPL
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
55
rhd;Wiuj;jy;:
 my;yJ eyDf;F ngau; ,Ue;jhy;
mg;ngaiuf;nfhz;L tpthpj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. mJ
5 rhu;ghf xU ml;ltizia ,izj;J mjpy; me;j
nrhj;J my;yJ eyid tpthpj;J vOJtJ eyk;
jUk;.
tpjptpyf;FfSk; xJf;fPLfSk;
10
xU nrhj;ijg; ghfg;gphptpid nra;J
mspf;Fk;NghJ xUrpy tpjptpyf;FfisAk;
xJf;fPLfisAk; itf;fyhk;. gphpf;fg;gLk; nrhj;J
gw;wpa nghJthd tpthpg;Gfs; ,j;jifa
15 tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; xJf;fPLfSf;F cl;gl;lNj.
tpjptpyf;F vd;gJ nghJthf mspf;fg;gl;l eydpy;
xU gFjpia gpbj;Jf; nfhs;StjhFk;. vy;yh
tpjptpyf;FfSk; me;j xg;ghtzj;ij
20 Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,Ue;j me;jr; nrhj;J gw;wpajhf
mjpy; cs;s chpik rhu;e;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa tpjptpyf;Ffs; me;j xg;ghtzj;ij
kWg;gjhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
25 vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;jpid egu;-2f;F khw;wp
mspf;Fk;NghJ me;j epyj;jpypUe;J fdpkq;fis
vLf;f njhlu;e;J chpik cs;sJ vdf;
30 Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,J nrhj;jpidg; gphpf;Fk;NghJ
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjptpyf;fhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
tpjptpyf;F egu;-2f;F mspf;fg;gl;l chpikiag;
ghjpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mikayhfhJ. fdpkk; vLg;gJ
vd;gJ me;j epyj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;s
35 kz;izAk; vLj;jhy; me;j epy chpikia
mspj;jJ mu;j;jkw;wjhf;Fk;.
xJf;fPL vd;gJ nrhj;ijg; ngWgtu; me;j
ifnahg;gkpLtij Neubahfg; ghu;j;jpUf;f
40 Ntz;Lk;.
 mthplkpUe;J jdpg;gl;l Vw;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 xt;nthUtUk; me;j xg;ghtzj;jpy; jq;fs;
ifnahg;gq;fis xg;ghtz epiwNtw;Wgtu;fs;
45 Kd;dpiyapy; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;.
xU xg;ghtzk; nry;yj;jf;fjhtjw;F rl;lg;gb
rhl;rpfs; rl;lk; tw;GWj;jhjtiu fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
rhl;rpfspd; rhd;nwhg;gk; mtrpakhdjy;y.
50 xg;ghtzk; epiwNtwpagpd; mjpy; rhl;rpfspd;
rhd;nwhg;gk; kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy;
fPo;f;fhz;gtw;Wf;F mtrpakhdJ:
 milkhdk; (nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-59).
55  nfhil (nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-124)
 capy; (,e;jpa kuGhpikr; rl;lk;> 1925> gphpT-63)
CrPC, cj;juT-6 tpjp-1(4)-d;gb midj;J
xg;ghtzj;jpy; cs;s midj;J tptuq;fisAk;
Vw;W rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdu; fPo;f;fhz;gJNghd;W
nghJthf rhd;wspf;fpd;wdu;:
5
‘NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;Gfshd ehq;fs; Nkw;fz;l tptuq;fs;
midj;Jk; cz;iknad ,e;j ehspy; ,e;j
Mz;by; ,q;Nf ifnahg;gkpl;Ls;s rhl;rpfspd;
Kd;dpiyapy; rhd;wspj;J xg;gkpLfpNwhk;’. 10
,J xg;ghtzj;jpd;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,Wjpg;
gFjpahFk;. fl;lhak; ,t;thWjhd; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,y;iy vdpDk; ,g;gFjpia
,Wjpahf itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ rpwe;j KiwahFk;. 15
xg;ghtzk; xU epWtdj;jhNyh my;yJ rl;l
mikg;ghNyh ,e;j rhd;Wiuj;jypy; mtu;fs;
rhd;wspj;J xg;gkpLtNjhL mtu;fspd;
Kj;jpiuiaAk; gjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
20
xg;ghtzj; jahhpj;jy; ,Wjpahf;Fjiyj;
njhlu;e;J me;j Mtzk; Kiwahd mjpfhuk;
ngw xg;ghtzkhf my;yJ Kiwahtzkhf
khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwg;gbahd
nray;fspy; rhd;nwhg;gkpLjy;> gjpT nra;jy;> 25
my;yJ Kj;jpiuapLjy; my;yJ ,it
midj;Jk; my;yJ rpytw;iw mtw;Wf;Fupa
rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLtJNghd;W Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;nwhg;gkpLjy;: 30
xg;ghtzk; my;yJ Kiwahtzj;jpy;
rhd;nwhg;gkpLjy; vd;gJ xd;W my;yJmjw;F
Nkw;gl;ltu;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; epiwNtw;wg;
gLtNjhL mjw;F Mjhukhf> rhd;nwhg;gkpLk; 35
gFjpapy; mJ epiwNtwpajhff; $wp jq;fs;
ifnahg;gq;fis ,Lfpd;wdu;.
xU Kiwahd rhd;nwhg;gj;jpw;fhd mtrpakhd
epge;jid vd;dntdpy; nghJthf ,uz;L 40
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs;:
me;j Mtzj;ij epiwNtw;Wgtu;fs; me;j
xg;ghtaj;jpy; m;y;yJ Kiwahtzj;jpy
mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j tpUg;GWjpapy;yh 45
Kiwahtzq;fs; Nghd;W Njhd;wpdhy;
 mirahr; nrhj;jpid xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
Fj;jiff;F tpLk; my;yJ xU Mz;Lf;F
Nky; Fj;jiff;F tpLk; Mtzq;fs;
 cUthf;f> mwptpf;f> mspf;f> tiuaWf;f> 50
my;yJ KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf
epfo;fhyj;jpNyh my;yJ vjpu; fhyj;jpNyh
VjhtJ xU chpikia my;yJ mirahr;
nrhj;J rhu;e;j ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;G> jPu;g;ghiz>
cj;juT rhu;e;j tpUg;GWjpapy;yh 55
Kiwahtzq;fs; kw;w xUthplk;
khw;Wk;NghNjh epakpf;Fk;NghNjh cs;s
 KiwaPLfSk; xU cWjpnkhopg; gj;jpuj;NjhLjhd;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ve;j xU
5 cWjpnkhopg; gj;jpuKk; cWjpnkhop MizauhNyh
my;yJ rhd;WWjp toq;Fk; tof;FiuQuhNyh
rhd;nwhg;gkplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
xg;ghtzq;fis gjpT nra;jy;:
10
xg;ghtzq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjd; Nehf;fKk;
Fwpf;NfhSk; kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; vd;dntdpy;:
 Mtzq;fSf;F nghJg; gjpT Kiwia
15 mspg;gjd; %yk;
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;jpidg; ghjpf;Fk;
 rl;l chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; rhu;e;j
nra;jpfis nghJkf;fSf;F mspf;fTk;
 mjd; rl;l chpikiaj; njhlu;e;J fhg;gjd;
20 %yk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; rl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fTk;
 Nkhrbfisj; jLf;fTk;
gjpT nra;jy; xg;ghtzj;jpd; xUrpy gFjpfSf;F
25 kPwKbahj;jd;ikiaAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;
mspf;fpwJ. (N[hfp jh]; vjpu; /gfpu; ge;jh> AIR
1970 xuprh 22)
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fs; fl;lhakhfg; gjpT
30 nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (gjpTr;rl;lk;> 1908> gphpT-17).
mirahr;nrhj;J nfhilahfj; jUk;
Kiwahtzk;
cUthf;f> mwptpf;f> mspf;f> tiuaWf;f> my;yJ
35 KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf epfo;fhyj;jpNyh
my;yJ vjpu; fhyj;jpNyh VjhtJ xU
chpikiaNah eyidNah E}W &gha;f;F Nkyhd
kjpg;G cs;s my;yJ
mYtyuhy; nghJ Vyj;jpy; xU nrhj;ij
40 thq;fpajw;fhf thq;fpatUf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
rhd;wpjo;
fPo;f;fhZk; Mtzq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gLtJ
tpUg;gj;jpw;F tplg;gLfpwJ:
45
 cUthf;f> mwptpf;f> mspf;f> tiuaWf;f>
my;yJ KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf
epfo;fhyj;jpNyh my;yJ vjpu; fhyj;jpNyh
VjhtJ xU chpikiaNah eyidNah E}W
50 &gha;f;F fPohd kjpg;G cs;s my;yJ
mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j nfhil kw;Wk; capy;
Kiwahtzq;fs; jtpu gpw Kiwahtzq;fs;
 xU chpikiaNah nrhj;JhpikiaNah>
eyidNah cUthf;f> mwptpf;f> mspf;f>
55 tiuaWf;f> my;yJ KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf ve;j xU ghprPyidf;fhd
fl;lzNkh my;yJ tuitNah ngw;wjw;fhd
Kiwahtdk;
Mtzk;
khepy muRfs; jq;fs; murpjopy; ntspapl;Ls;s
tpjptpyf;FfNshL fPo;f;fhZk; Mtzq;fs; 5
gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajpy;iiy:
 ve;j xU fyitahd MtzKk;
 [ha;d;l; ];lhf; epWtdj;jpy; gq;F
njhlu;ghd ve;j xU KiwahtzKk; (me;j 10
epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jtifapy; mirahr;
nrhj;Jfs; ,Ue;jhy;$l)
 VjhtJ xU chpikia my;yJ mirahr;
nrhj;J rhu;e;j chpikia cUthf;f>
mwptpf;f> mspf;f> tiuaWf;f> my;yJ 15
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf mg;gbg;gl;l
epWtdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l fldPl;L Mtzk;
 Nknyhg;gk; ,lg;gl;l my;yJ khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;l mg;gbg;gl;l epWtdj;jhy;
toq;fg;gl;l fldPl;L Mtzq;fs; 20
 xU Mtzk; jhNd xU chpikiaNah
my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j
chpikia cUthf;fhj> mwptpf;fhj>
mspf;fhj> tiuaWf;fhj> my;yJ
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuhj Mtzq;fs; 25
 xU ,zf;fj;jPu;T rhu;e;j jPu;g;ghiz
my;yJ cj;juT jtpu ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ve;j
xU jPu;g;ghizNah my;yJ cj;juNth
kw;Wk; tof;fpw;Fl;gl;l mirahr;nrhj;J
rhuhj ve;j xU MtzKk; 30
 muR toq;fpa ve;j xU mirahr; nrhj;Jk;
 tUtha; mYtyuhy; ghfg;gphptpid
nra;ag;gl;l Kiwahtzk;
 epiyf;nfhil mwf;fl;lisr; rl;lk;> 1890-d;
mbg;gilapy; me;j mwf;fl;lisapd; 35
nghUsUf;F tof;fg;gl my;yJ
tpyf;fg;gLtjw;fhf mspf;fg;gl;l ve;j xU
cj;juTk;
 milkhdj; njhifapd; KOtijANkh
my;yJ gFjpiaNah ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljw;F 40
mj;jhl;rpahf xU milkhd
Mtzj;jpd;Nky; cs;s epiyf;nfhil
my;yJ tuTr;rPl;L
tUtha; mYtyu; my;yJ FbAhpik
gFjpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; vq;F me;j rl;lk; 45
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwNjh mq;F mjpfhuk;
toq;FKwpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mij xU
ePjpgjp mq;fpfhpj;jpUe;jhy;
 mjpfhuk; toq;F Kwpapid epiwNtw;Wk;
Neuj;jpy; mjd; Kjy;tu; ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; 50
gFjpapYk; ,y;yhky; me;j mjpfhuk;
toq;FKwpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mij xU
rhd;WUjp toq;Fk; tof;FiwQuhNyh> ve;j
xU ePjpkd;wj;jhNyh> ePjpgjpahNyh>
Fw;wtpay; eLtuhNyh> J}juhNyh my;yJ 55
Jizj; J}juhNyh my;yJ kj;jpa murpd;
gpujpepjpahNyh mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
  xU Mz;bw;F kpfhj milkhd Mtzq;fs;
 xU chpikiaNah nrhj;JhpikiaNah>
5 eyidNah cUthf;f> mwptpf;f> mspf;f>
tiuaWf;f> my;yJ KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf epfo;j;jg;gLk; mirAk;
nrhj;J rhu;e;j capy; Kiwahtzq;fs; jtpu
gpw Kiwahtzq;fs;
10
capiyg; gjpT nra;tJ vd;gJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F
tplg;gLfpwJ. gjpT nra;tJ mJ
epiwNtwpajw;fhd rhl;rpahfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Gdpjk; mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
15 (,e;jpa thhpRhpikr; rl;lk;> 1925> gphp-63).
gjpTr; rl;lk; gphpT-32-d;gb gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba xt;nthU MtzKk; gjpT
mYtyfj;jpw;F fPo;f;fhz;gtuhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;:
20  epiwNtw;Wk; xU egu; my;yJ mtuJ Ms;
 epiwNtw;Wgthpd; gpujpepjp my;yJ mtuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l xUtu;
 mtuJ Kftu;> gpujpepjp> my;yJ mjpfhuk;
toq;F Kwpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;
25
gjpTr; rl;lk; gphpT-33-d;gb fPo;f;fhZk; mjpfhuk;
toq;F Kwp kl;LNk Vw;fg;gLk;:
mjpfhuk; toq;F Kwpapid epiwNtw;Wk;
30 Neuj;jpy; mjd; Kjy;tu; ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg;
gFjpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; vq;F me;j rl;lk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwNjh mq;F mjpfhuk;
toq;FKwpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L mij mtH
,Uf;Fk; gFjpiar; rhu;e;j xU ghjpthsuhNyh
35 my;yJ Jizg;gjpthsuhNyh mjpfhug;
G+Htkhf mq;fPfhpj;jpUe;jhy;
mjpfhuk; toq;F Kwpapid epiwNtw;Wk; Neuj;jpy;
mjd; Kjy;tu; ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg
40 Kiwahtz tUkhzq;fs; fPo;f;fhz;gtw;Wf;fhf:
 khw;wk;
 tpw;gid
 Fj;jif
45  milkhdk;
 nfhil
 NtW ve;j tpahghu uPjpahd eltbf;if
Kj;jpiur; rl;lk; xt;nthU eltbf;ifiaAk;
50 mjw;F ,izahd Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzj;ijAk;
gl;baypLfpwJ. xU Mtzj;ij KOikahf mjd;
eltbf;iffis Ma;T nra;jgpd;dNu mjw;fhd
Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzk; mjw;F ,izahd
gl;baypypUe;J epu;zapf;fg; gLfpwJ.
55
rhpahf Kj;jpiuaplg;glhj Mtzk; xU
Mjhukhff; fhl;lg;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wk; Kj;jpiur;
rl;lk; gphpT-33-d;gb elf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
fPo;f;fhz;gtu;fs; xU gjpT mYtyfj;jpNyh>
ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh mjpfhuk; toq;F Kwp
mspg;gjw;fhf gjpT mYtyfk; tuj; 5
Njitapy;iy:
 cly; CdKw;Nwhu; mtUila eyj;jpw;F
ey;yjpy;iy vdpy;
 xU chpikapay; tof;fpdJ my;yJ 10
Fw;wptpay; tof;fpdJ rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;l
ifjp
 ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Neu;epiyahtjpypUe;J
tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l egu;fs;.
15
gjpTr;rl;lk;> gphpT-49-d;gb xU gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba Mtzk; gjpT nra;ag;gltpy;iy
vdpy; mJ xU rhl;rpakhf Vw;fg;glhJ. Mdhy;
mjid xU Jiz eltbf;ifahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l Jiz 20
eltbf;if gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
eltbf;ifapypUe;J gphpf;fg;glf;$bajhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Jiz eltbf;if
fl;lhakhfg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;banjhd;whf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. (K.B. rhfh md; rd;]; gp.ypl; 25
vjpu; nltyg;kd;l; fd;ry;ld;l; ypl;> (2008) 8 SCC
564).
Mtzq;fis Kj;jpiuapLjy;:
30
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb
 Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzk; tUkhdk; midj;Jk;
me;je;j khepyj;jpw;Nf chpaJ.
 Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzj;ij epu;zak; nra;Ak; 35
chpik kj;jpa rl;lrigiar; rhUk;
 me;j Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzj;ijj; js;Sgb
nra;tNjh Fiwg;gNjh khepy
rl;lkd;wj;ijr; rhUk;.
 Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzj;ij t#ypg;gJ mij 40
epu;tfpg;gJ midj;Jk; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
murpd; nghJr; nrayhFk;.
Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
45
50
55
 mjw;fhd jz;lidaspj;J rhpahd Kj;jpiuf;
fl;lzj;ij gphpT-34-d;gb t#ypf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j
5 Kj;jpiuf;fl;lzk; fl;lg;glhjtiu me;j Mtzk;
gphpT-35-d;gb xU Mjhukhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl 5
khl;lhJ. (uhk; uj;jd; vjpu; g[;uq; yhy;> AIR 1978
SC 1393).

10
10

15
15

20
20

25
25

30
30

35
35

40
40

45
45

50
50

55
55
Fwpg;Gfs;:
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; NjHT
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
ghlk; 8: rhl;rpar; rl;lk;
5 thu;j;ijiaf; Fwpg;gpl;l mu;j;jj;jpy;
Kd;Diu
,e;jpar; rhl;rpar; rl;lk;> 1872 vd;gJ xU
eltbf;ifr; rl;lkhFNkad;wp epue;jukhd rl;lk;
10 my;y. rhl;rpar; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s rpy gphpTfs;
(cjhuzkhf> gphpTfs; 52-55 kw;Wk; 115-117)
Fbikapay; eilKiwf;nfd;w jdpahd \uj;Jfs;>
mNjNghd;W rpy gphpTfs; (cjhuzkhf> gphpTfs;
24 – 30) Fwpg;ghff; Fw;wtpay; rhu;e;j
15 \uj;Jfshf ,Ug;gpDk; rhl;rpar; rl;lk;
Fbikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;Fg;
nghJthd rl;lkhFk;.
rhl;rpar; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; nfhs;iffshtd:
20
 rhl;rpak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rid rhu;e;jjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Nfs;tpg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
 kpfr; rpwe;j rhl;rpaNk vy;yh epiyfspYk;
25 mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ([hdfp ehuhad; Nghau;
vjpu; ehuahd; ek;Njt; fjk;> (2003) 2 SCC 91).
gFjp-1 cz;ikfspd; nghUj;jk;
30 tiuaiwfs;:
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-3 gy gjq;fis tiuaWf;fpwJ.
mtw;wpy; rpy ePjpkd;wk;> cz;ik> Mtzk;>
rhl;rpak;> ep&gdk;> ,Wjp ep&gdk;. gy
35 tiuaiwfs; tpupthditay;y. khwhf> mit
kw;wtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpaitahf cs;sd.
cjhuzkhf> ‘ePjpkd;wk;’> ‘cz;ik’> ‘gpur;ridapy;
cs;s cz;ikfs;’> kw;Wk; ‘rhl;rpak;’ Mfpa
tiuaiwfisf; ftzpAq;fs;.
40
‘cz;ik’ vd;w gjk; cs;slf;fpajhf cz;ik
vd;gJ ve;j xU nghUNsh> nghUs;fspd; epiyfs;>
nghUs;fspd; njhlu;Gfs;> Gyd;fshy;
czuf;$bait> kw;Wk; jd; epidTs;s ve;j xU
45 kd epiyiaAk; cs;slf;fpaJ vd;fpwJ.
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU egu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;shu;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l cs;Nehf;fk;
nfhz;Ls;shu;> ey;y vz;zj;jpy; my;yJ
Nkhrbahfr; nray;gLfpwhu;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
5
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu; my;yJ ,Uf;fpwJ my;yJ
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l czu;T
,Ue;jJ vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;.
xU cz;ik kw;Nwhd;NwhL rl;lj;jhy; 10
(cz;ikapd; nghUj;jk; rhu;e;j) Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
VjhtJ xUtifapy; ,ize;jpUf;Fkhdhy; xU
cz;ik kw;nwhd;Wf;F nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ
vd;W $wyhk;. xU gpur;ridapy; cs;s
cz;ik vd;gJ ve;j xU cz;ikAk; 15
jhdhfNth my;yJ kw;nwhU cz;ikfNshL
,ize;Njh ,Uf;ff;$ba my;yJ ,Uf;fhj
,aw;if> VjhtJ xU chpikapd;> flikapd;
vy;iy> my;yJ ,ayhik xU tof;fpy;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lit 20
midj;Jk; njhlUk;. vy;yh nghUj;jkhd
cz;ikfSk; gpur;ridapd; cz;ikahfhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-I mbj;Jf;
nfhd;wjhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg; gLfpwhu;. me;j 25
tof;F tprhupf;fg;gLk;NghJ fPo;f;fhZk;
cz;ikfs; gpur;ridapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. (m) egu;-
2-d; rhTf;F egu;-1 fhuzkhthu; (M) egh;-1 egu;-
2-I rhfbf;f tpUk;gpdhu; (,) egu;-2 egu;-1-I
jpBnud;W Nfhgg;gLj;jpdhu;. egu;-2-f;F xU jPuhj 30
Neha; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkhd
cz;ikahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; me;j cz;ik
gpur;ridf;Fhpa cz;ikahFk;.
rhl;rpak; vd;w gjk; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf 35
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
itf;fg;gLk; xU nghUshf mijf; fUjyhk;.
mij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl xU ePjpkd;wk;
gpur;ridapy; cs;s cz;ik ,Ue;jjh
,y;iyah vdj; jPu;khzpf;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; gphpT- 40
3-y; cs;s tiuaiw tha;nkhop kw;Wk; Mtz
rhl;rpaq;fisf; Fwpg;ghf tpsf;FfpwJ.
xU ePjpkd;wk; jd; Kd; itf;fg;gl;ltw;iw
Muha;e;J me;j cz;ik ,Ue;jJ vd 45
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ my;yJ xU tpNtfkhd
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

kdpjh; me;j xU gpur;ridf;Fhpa #oypy; Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltu;

,t;thWjhd; ele;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;W ek;gpdhy; mg;ghtp vDk; mDkhdk; cs;sJ mjhtJ
mJ ep&gpf;fg; gl;ljhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mtu; mg;ghtpay;y vd;gij ep&gpj;J mtiuj;
(ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w gjj;jpd; tiuaiwiaf; jz;bf;Fk; Rik Fw;wk; Rkj;JgtUf;F
5 fhzTk;). rl;lk; ‘ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy’ vd;gjw;Fk; cs;sJ. Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltu; mg;ghtp 5
ngha;nad ep&gpg;gjw;Fk; Ntw;Wikia rl;lk; vd;gij Fw;wk; Rkj;Jgtu; jtW vd
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,J ‘ep&gpf;Fk; Rik’ vd;gjw;Fk; vd;gpf;fhky; tpl KbahJ.
‘ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juk;’ vd;gjw;Fk; cs;s
Ntw;Wikia czu toptFf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s
10 gpwu;ngUl;Lf; mDgtpf;Fk; flg;ghL gw;wp 10
ep&gpf;Fk; Rik: Fwpg;gpLtJ mtrpak;. cjhuzkhf> khw;wj;jF
xU cz;ikia Fw;wk; Rkj;Jgtu; ahNuh Kiwahtzr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-141>
mtUf;Nf mij ep&gpf;Fk; RikAk; nghJthf mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-10>
,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j tpjp rl;lj;jpd; Rq;fr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-140> cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpr;
15 A+fj;jpidg; nghUj;J vj;jug;Gf;F ,e;jr; Rik rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-9mm Nghd;w rl;lq;fspd; fPo; 15
cs;sJ vd;gJ KbT nra;ag;gLk;. (nra;aJ xU egu; jhd; NtiyapypUe;Fk; epWtdj;jpy;
mf;gu; vjpu; fh;ehlf muR> AIR 1979 SC 1848). gjtpapd; nghUl;L Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;bUe;jhy;>
me;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mjhtJ me;jf; Fw;wk;
cjhuzkhf. khw;wj;jF Kiwahtzr; rl;lk;> 1881> gw;wpj; njhpahJ vd ep&gpf;Fk; Rik Fw;wk;
20 gphpT-188-d; fPo; cs;s Fw;wtpay; tof;fpy; rhl;lg;gl;lg;gl;ltiuNa NrUk;. 20
Fw;wr;rhl;il ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G thjpf;F /
fhNrhiyia ngUgtUf;F rhu;ghf A+fk; cz;ikfspd; nghUj;jk;
,Uf;fpwJ mjhtJ jdJ flid milf;f me;j
fhNrhiyia vLj;jtu; vLj;jpUg;ghu; vd epidf;f rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-3 - xU cz;ik kw;Nwhd;NwhL
25 tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltu; rl;lj;jhy; (cz;ikapd; nghUj;jk; rhu;e;j) 25
mj;jifa Kw;rhu;G vz;zj;ij tprhuizapd;NghJ Fwpg;gplg;gLk; VjhtJ xUtifapy;
rhpahd rhl;rpaq;fisf; nfhz;L Kwpabf;f ,ize;jpUf;Fkhdhy; xU cz;ik
Ntz;Lk;. kw;nwhd;Wf;F nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ vd;W
$wyhk; vd;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhuk;-2
30 ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juk; (gphpTfs;-5-55) cz;ikfspd; nghUj;jk; gw;wp 30
tpsf;FfpwJ.
ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juk; rl;l eltbf;iffspd;
jd;ikiar; rhu;e;Js;sJ. Fbikapay; tof;Ffspy; ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jf;fit’ kw;Wk;
ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juk; nghJthf tha;g;Gfis ‘nghUj;jkhdJ’ vd;w gjq;fs; xd;Wf;F
35 rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J KbT nra;jyhFk;. Mdhy;> khw;whf kw;nwhd;W gad;gLj;jg; gl;lhYk; ,it 35
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juk; ,uz;LNk ntt;NtW nghUs; cs;s
ve;jtpj re;Njfj;jpw;Fk; ,lkpd;wp ep&gpg;gjhFk;. gjq;fshFk;. xU cz;ik nghUj;jkhdjhf
vdNt> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; cs;s ep&gdj;jpd; ,Uf;fyhk; Mdhy;> trjp kw;Wk; nfhs;if
nre;juk; Fbikapay; tof;Ffspy; cs;s mbg;gilapy; mjd; rhl;rpak; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
40 ep&gdj;jpd; nre;juj;ijtpl cau;e;jjhFk;. Kbahjjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;fpwhu; /gpg;rd;. xU 40
cz;ikapd; rhl;rpak; Vw;fj;jf;fjh vd;gij
Fw;wj;jpd; fLik mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jg; KbT nra;a me;j cz;ik
gl;ltiu Fw;wthspahf;f mjpfkhd msT nghUj;jkhdJjhdh vd Kjypy; fz;lwpa
cWjpg;ghL Njitg;gLtjhy; ep&gdj;jpd; Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. gpd;du;> me;j
45 nre;juKk; fLikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (nksrk; rhl;rpaj;ij rl;lj;jpd; \uj;Jfs; 45
rpq;fuha; vjpu; Nkw;F tq;f muR>(2003) 12 SCC 377). Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwjh vdTk; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tof;Fj; njhlu;e;j egu;-1 xU
xg;ge;jj;ij jhd; kPwpajhf xg;Gf;nfhz;L jdJ
tof;fwpQUf;F xU fbjk; vOjpAs;shu;. mJ
nghUj;jkhd cz;ikahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
5 mij xU rhl;rpakhf rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-126
mDkjpg;gjpy;iy.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-6: ‘nu]; n[];Nj’:
10 ,e;jg;gFjp xNu ghptu;j;jidapd; xU gFjpahfNt
cs;s cz;ikapd; nghUj;jk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
xNu ghptu;j;jidapd; mq;fkhf xU cz;ik
,Ue;jhy; gpur;ridapd; mq;fkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
cz;ikfs; nghUj;jkhditfNs vd ,g;gFjp
15 $WfpwJ. xNu my;yJ ntt;NtW Neuj;jpy;
,lj;jpy; epfOk; cz;ikfSf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;.
‘ghptu;j;jid’ vd;w nrhy;iy ru; N[k;]; ];Bgd;
‘cz;ikfspd; $l;lk; xNu nrhy; nfhz;L
20 miof;Fk; tifapy; kpf neUq;fp ,Ue;jhy;
cjhuzkhf xU Fw;wk;> xU xg;ge;jk;> xU jtW
my;yJ NtW ve;j xU rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gpur;ridf;Fhpa tprhuidapd; nghUshf
,Uf;Fkhdhy; mijg; ghptu;j;jid vd
25 miof;fyhk; vd tiuaWf;fpwhu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-I mbj;Jf; nfhd;wjhff;
Fw;wk; rhl;lg; gLfpwhu;. egu;-1 my;yJ egu;-2
my;yJ mbf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; mUfpypUe;jtu;fs;
30 vd;ndd;dnty;yhk; Ngrpdhu;fs; vt;thW
nray;gl;lhu;fs;> mjw;F rw;W Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;gJ me;jg; ghptu;j;jidapd;
mq;fkhf cs;sJ. vdNt mit midj;Jk;
nghUj;jkhd cz;ikfNs.
35
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1-lk; Nru;f;FkhW egu;-2-lk;
Nfhug;gl;l nghUl;fis egu;-2 Nru;j;jhuh ,y;iyah
vd;gNj Nfs;tp. mg;nghUl;fs; egu;-1-lkpUe;J gyu;
topahf egu;-2-I milfpwJ. ,q;F ,ilapy;
40 elf;Fk; xt;nthU Nru;g;Gk; nghUj;jkhd
cz;ikNa.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-6-dhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;
cz;ikfs; Mq;fpNya rl;lj;jhYk; ‘nu];
45 n[];Nj’ vDk; Nfhl;ghl;bdhy; Vw;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> ‘nu]; n[];Nj’ vDk; nrhy; gynghUs;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
jUk; nrhy;yhFk;. gpur;ridapd; cz;ik kw;Wk;
gpw #oypy; elf;Fk; cz;ikfisAk;
Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ. vdNt> me;jg; gjj;ijNa
xJf;fptpl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gy mwpQu;fs;
$Wfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW ,Ug;gpDk;> me;jg; gjk; 5
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #oiyg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-7 Kjy; 9 tiu:
10
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-7 - 9 xU ghptu;j;jidapd;
mq;fkhd cz;ikfspd; nghUj;jj;jpw;fhd
Nfhl;ghl;il rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-6 $WtJ Nghd;W
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
15
gpur;ridapy; cs;s cz;ik my;yJ
nghUj;jkhd cz;ikf;F jahupg;ghf my;yJ
Nehf;fk; mspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ele;j my;yJ
fhl;lj;jf;f ve;j xU cz;ikANk
nghUj;jkhd cz;ik vd;fpwJ gphpT-8. NkYk; 20
ve;j xU jug;gpd; tof;F njhlu;ghd jahhpg;G
kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; MfpadTk;
nghUj;jkhdNj vd;fpwJ.
gphpT-8-d; tpsf;fk;(1) ‘nray;ghL’ vDk; 25
nrhy;iy tpsf;Fk;NghJ xU thf;fpak; me;j
thf;fpaj;ij kl;Lk; tpsf;fhJ me;j
thf;fpaj;NjhL ,ize;j nray;fisAk;
tpsf;fpdhyd;wp mit me;j nray;ghl;Lf;Fs;
tuhJ vd;fpwJ. ,q;F thf;fpaj;ijAk;> me;j 30
thf;fpaj;NjhL ,ize;J tUk; nray;fisAk;
mjd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; gphpj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwJ.
gphpT-8-d; tpsf;fk;(2) ve;j xU eghpd;
nray;ghLk;> mthplk; my;yJ mtuJ 35
Kd;dpiyapy; my;yJ mtu; Nfl;Fk;gb
$wg;gl;l ve;j xU thf;fpaKk; mJ mtuJ
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40
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Kd;dpiyapNyNa egu;-4 egu;-3-lk; ‘egu;-1-I
ek;ghNj> mtu; Vw;fdNt egu;-2-lk; &.10>000 45
fld;gl;Ls;shu;’ vdf; $wpaijf; Nfl;Ls;shu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

cz;ikAk; NkYk;> mjw;F ve;jtpjg; gjpYk; mspf;fpwjh vd;gij Ma;e;j gpd;dNu

$whky; egu;-1 nrd;wJk; nghUj;jkhd Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
cz;ikfNs.
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;
5 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;shu;. me;j gLk; Fw;wk; ele;j ,lj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;w 5
Fw;w epfo;Tf;F Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk;> elf;Fk;NghJk; thjk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-11-y; Fwpg;gplg;Lk; rhl;rpa
cs;s cz;ikfs;> me;j tof;fpy; mtUf;F tpjpapd;gb vOg;gg;gLk; xd;W vd;gij
Mjuthd Njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk; rhl;rpaq;fis egu; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
xd;W mspj;jit> xUrpy jdf;F vjpuhd
10 rhl;rpaq;fis mopj;jJ> kiwj;jJ> rhl;rpak; vLj;jf;fhl;L: xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; egu;-1 10
tuhky; jLj;jJ> rhl;rpak; mspg;gtiu tuhky; fy;fj;jhtpy; xU Fw;wk; ,ioj;jhuh vd;gNj
nra;a gzkspg;gJ my;yJ ngha;rhl;rpak; $w Nfs;tp. egu;-1 me;j ehspy; yh$hpy; ,Ue;jhu;
itg;gJ midj;JNk nghUj;jkhd vd;gJ xU nghUj;jkhd cz;ikahFk;. me;j
cz;ikfshFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;ij xl;b me;j egu;-1 Fw;wk;
15 ele;j ,lj;ij tpl;Lj; njhiytpy; ,Ue;jhu; 15
Nehf;fk;: vd;gJ me;jf; Fw;wj;ij egu;-1 nra;tjw;fhd
tha;g;ig kpfTk; Fiwf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> tha;g;ig
#oy; rhl;rpaq;fs; Njitg;gLk; tof;Ffspy; Kw;wpYk; Gwf;fzpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; mtu;
jug;gpdhpd; nray;fspd; my;yJ nra;ahky; nra;jhu; vd;gjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd
20 tpl;ljd; gpd;dzpapy; cs;s Nehf;fj;ij ep&gpg;gJ cz;ikahFk;. 20
Kf;fpakhdJ. Nehf;fk; vd;gJ Fwpf;Nfhs; my;y.
gpshf;]; rl;l mfuhjp tiuaiwapd;gb Nehf;fk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;- 17-23: xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
vd;gJ xUtiu xU nraiyr; nra;a top
tFf;Fk; xd;whFk;. nghUj;jkhd cz;ikf;F rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-17-d;gb xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
25 my;yJ gpur;ridapd; cz;ikf;Fg; NghJkhd vd;gJ ‘gpur;ridf;Fhpa cz;ik my;yJ 25
rhl;rpak; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Nehf;fk; nghUj;jkw;wjhfp nghUj;jkhd cz;ik rhu;e;j VjhtJ xU
tpLfpwJ. mDkhdj;ij toq;Fk; xU tha;nkhoptop
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30 gzg;gj;jpuj;ijf; fhl;b tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. egu;- VjhtJ xU eguhy; $wg;gl;ljhFk;’ vd;fpwJ. 30
2 mg;gb xU gzg;gj;jpuj;ijNa kWf;fpwhu;. me;jg;
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ehlfspy; egu;-2-f;F xU fhupaj;jpw;fhfg; gzk; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-18 – 20 me;j egu;fisAk;
Njitg;gl;ljw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; ,q;F #oiyAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
35 nghUj;jkw;wjhfpwJ. 35
xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ vjpu;jug;gpd; thjk;
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-11 cz;ikahdNj vd;W kw;w midj;J
rhl;rpaq;fisAk; xJf;fptplf;$ba xU
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-11 ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhuk;-2-d; cz;ikapd; $w;whFk;. ,e;jg; gFjp
40 kPjkhd \uj;J vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; tha;nkhoptop my;yJ vOj;Jg;G+u;tkhd 40
gphpT-7 my;yJ 32 Nghd;witfshy; nghUj;jkhd (Mtz) xj;Jf;nfhs;siyNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
cz;ikfshf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,e;jg; gphpT gphpT-18 xj;Jf;nfhs;tjhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sf;
khWgLfpwJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-11-d;gb xU $ba nray;ghLfis tpsf;FfpwJ.
cz;ik nghUj;jkhf Ntz;Lkhdhy; mJ
45 nghUj;jkhd cz;ikia ,Uf;fr; nra;fpwjh xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjiy xU jug;Gf;F vjpuhd 45
my;yJ gpur;ridf;Fhpa cz;ikf;F tha;g;G rhl;rpakhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

mj;jug;G Kd; itj;j thjq;fNshL nfhs;siy mJ cz;ikay;y vd ep&gpf;f

xj;Jg;Nghfhjjhf cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> xUtu; KbahJ.
jdJ njhopy; $l;lhsp jdf;Fg; gzk;juf;
flikg;gl;Ls;shu; vd tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. xU xj;Jf;nfhs;siy mij mspj;jtNu
5 Mdhy;> mNj egu; $l;lhspf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy; ep&gpf;f %d;W tpjptpyf;Ffis gphpT-21 5
jdf;F mf;$l;lhsp ve;j xU njhifAk; ju mspf;fpwJ. ve;j xU nfl;l Nehf;fKk;
Ntz;bajpy;iy vd vOjpapUe;jhy; mJ xU ,y;yhky; xU Fbikapay; tof;fpy;
xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjyhf vLj;Jf;nfhz;L me;j tof;F rkurj;jpd;nghJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l xU $w;wpid
js;Sgb nra;ag;glyhk;. gphpT-21 ghJfhf;fpwJ. me;j Neuj;jpy;
10 nfhLf;fg;gLk; ve;j xU $w;WNk 10
xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjiy ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhfhJ. mij mtu;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;
ntspNa xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; vd ,U gphpTfshfg; gad;gLj;j kbahJ.
nghJthfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ePjpkd;wk; %yk;
xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ xU jug;G jdJ jug;G rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 24-30: xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
15 Mjhuq;fis tprhuidf;F Kd;dNu 15
Vw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk; jdJ thjq;fis rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs; 24-26 nghUe;jh xg;Gjy;
ep&gpf;fKbahJ mij xj;Jf;nfhs;SjYk; MFk;. thf;F%yj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wd. Mdhy;> gphpTfs;
Mdhy;> ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa xj;Jf;nfhs;sy; 27-30 Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f xg;Gjy;
vd;gJ tof;fpd; Mtzq;fspy; tuhj tho;f;ifapd; thf;F%yj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rl;lj;jpy;
20 rhjhuz re;ju;g;gq;fspy; eilngWtjhFk;. ePjpkd;w xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg; 20
top xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjiyg; Nghyd;wp ntspNa gltpy;iy. gf;fhyh ehuhad Rthkp vjpu; vk;guu;
nra;ag;gLk; xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; jil cj;jutpd; (AIR 1939 PC 47)-y; xU xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
jhf;fk; cs;sjy;yhj tof;if XusNt vd;gJ xd;W xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. me;j Fw;wj;jpd; vy;yh cz;ikfisAk;
25 xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ jdpg;gl;l 25
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-21-d;gb xU xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; fTd;rpy;. mijj; njhlu;e;J cr;rePjpkd;wKk;
vd;gJ nghUj;jkhdJk; mij mspj;jtUf;F xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; vd;gJ xd;W
vjpuhd ep&gdkhfTk; MfpwJ. Mdhy;> mtw;iw xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; my;yJ me;j
mij mspj;jtuhNyh my;yJ mtu; rhu;ghfNth Fw;wj;jpd; vy;yh cz;ikfisAk;
30 xUrpy Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jtpu gpw xj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. jhd; 30
Neuq;fspy; ep&gpf;f KbahJ. ,jd; gpd;ddpapy; Fw;wkw;wtu; vd kde;jpwe;J $Wjy; xU
cs;s Nfhl;ghL vd;dntdpy;> me;j Fw;wj;ij xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; MfhJ.
xj;Jf;nfhs;SgtUf;F mtuJ $w;iw ep&gpf;Fk;
tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lhy; xg;Gf;nfhs;tjd;%yk; mtuJ vy;yh xg;Gjy; thf;F%yKNk
35 Fw;wr; nraypd;; tpisTfspypUe;J jg;gpf;f xj;Jf;nfhs;SjyhFk;. Mdhy;> vy;yh 35
tha;g;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$Lk;. xj;Jf;nfhs;SjYk; xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
MfhJ. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; eilngwf;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Mtzk; cz;ikahdjh $baJ xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; MFk;. Mdhy;>
Nghypahdjh vd;gJ rhu;ghd tof;F egu;-1 kw;Wk; Fbikapapy; tof;Ffspy; eilngWtJ
40 egu;-2f;F ,ilNa eilngWfpwJ. egu;-1 mJ xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;. xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; 40
cz;ikahdNj vd;fpwhu;. egu;-2 mij kWf;fpwhu;. mijr; nra;gtUf;F kpfg; nghpa jz;lidiag;
egu;-2 vg;NghjhtJ me;j Mtzk; cz;ikhadJ ngw;Wj; jUk;. vdNt> mj;jifa xg;Gjy;
vdf;$wpa $w;iwf;nfhz;L ep&gpf;fyhk;. egu;-2 thf;F%yk; jhdhf ele;jjh vd;gjw;F mjpf
mjw;F khwhf egu;-1 me;j Mtzk; ngha;ahdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ju Ntz;Lk;. xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
45 vdf; $wpa $w;iwf;nfhz;L mJ NghypahdJ vd nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; jhdhf 45
ep&gpf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> egu;-1 jhNd nfhLj;j xj;Jf; Kd;te;J mspj;jjhf ,Ug;gNjhL Fw;wk;

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
Rkj;jg;gl;ltuhy; mJ ele;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xg;Gjy; thf;F%yj;ij ePjpkd;w kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa eilngWtJ vd ,U
5 gphpTfshfg; nghJthfg; gphpf;fyhk;. Fw;wtpay;
eilKiwr; rl;lk;> 1973-d; gphpT-164-d;gbNa
ePjpkd;w xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; CrP.C-apd; gphpT-164-d;
10 ghJfhg;gpd;gbAk; topKiwapd;gbANk eilngw
Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa eilngWk; xg;Gjy;
thf;F%yk; gytPdkhd rhl;rpakhfNt
15 nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mtw;wpd;kPJ ek;gpf;if
itf;FKd; mtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk;
Kf;fpak;. xU mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gtuhy; tw;GWj;jp>
kpul;b> Mirfhl;b> cWjpnkhop mspj;J
ngwg;gl;ljhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fUjg;gLk; xg;Gjy;
20 thf;F%yq;fis gphpT-24 ntspg;gilahfj;
jLf;fpwJ. xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; nghUe;jhjjhff;
fUj kpul;ly; my;yJ Mirfhl;Ljyhy; ele;jJ
vd ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy.
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j xg;Gjy; thf;F%yj;jpd;kPJ
25 xU re;Njfj;ij cUthf;fpdhy; NghJkhdJ.
(uh[];jhd; muR vjpu; uh[h uhk;> (2003) 8 SCC 180).
gphpT-25 fhty; mjpfhhpfspd;Kd; Fw;wk;
Rkj;jg;gl;ltuhy; mspf;fg;gLk; xg;Gjy;
30 thf;F%yj;jpw;Fj; jil tpjpf;fpwJ. fhty;
mjpfhupfs; jq;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpdhy; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;
Gwk;ghd topfspd; %yk; kpul;b> nfhLikg;gLj;jp>
tw;GWj;jp xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; ngwf;$lhJ vd;gNj
,e;j gphpT-25-d; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,j;jifa Fw;wtpay;
35 eltbf;iffis 1884-ypUe;Nj fhz KbfpwJ.
(Fapd; vk;gpu]; vjpu; ghG yhy;> ((1884) ILR 6
All 509). ghG yhy; tof;fpy; fhty; mjpfhhpfs;
jtwhd topfisg; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lthplkpUe;J xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; ngWtJ
40 jLf;fg;gLtjw;fhfNt rhl;rpar; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-25
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; mj;jifa fhty;
Jiwapdupd; eltbf;iffis KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. Mdhy;> mj;jifa
eltbf;iffs; ,d;Wk; njhlu;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpd;
45 gphpT-25 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F rl;lg;G+u;tkhd
ghJfhg;igAk; fhty; mjpfhhpfs; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
gl;lthplkpUe;J kpul;b xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
ngWtijj; jLf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; mike;Js;sJ.
NkYk;> gphpT-25 ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jhy;
toq;fg;gl;l chpikahd jd;idNa Fw;wk; 5
rhl;lhjpUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. Rq;f kw;Wk;
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpj;Jiw mYtyu;fs;
MfpNahu; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-25-dhy; tpyf;fspf;fg;
gl;Ls;sdu;. (gQ;rhg; muR vjpu; gu;fj; uhk;> AIR
1972 SC 276). 10
‘jlh’ kw;Wk; ‘nghlh’ rl;lq;fSk; ,e;j gphpT-25-
ypUe;J tpyfpAs;sd. ,q;F fLikahd
ghJfhg;Gld; fhty; cau; mjpfhhpfsplk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l xg;Gjy; thf;F%yq;fs; 15
Vw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-26
fhty; Jiwapd; ghJfhg;gpy; tprhuidapd;NghJ 20
nfhLf;fg;gl;l xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; nry;yhJ
vdTk; mNj xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; cldbahf
xU ePjpgjpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; mspf;fg;
gl;bUe;jhy; Vw;fyhk;. Mdhy;> mit Ch;[pjg;
gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghpT-25-d; njhlu;r;rpahf 25
,e;jg; gphpitf; fhzyhk;. ,q;Fk;> fhty;
Jiwapdu; kpul;b mbj;J xg;Gjy; thq;fptplf;
$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfNt cs;sJ. fhty;Jiwapd;
‘fhtypy;’ ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ ‘rpiwapy;’ vd;W
nghUsy;y. 30
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-27
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; fhtypy; cs;sNghJ
mthplkpUe;J ngw;w me;j cz;ikf;F 35
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;j xU nra;jpANk ep&gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gFjpiaNa tprhuid
Vn[d;rpfs; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wq;fspd;
Mjhuq;fisf; ntspapLfpd;wd.
40
me;j fpilj;j nra;jp xd;iwj; jpUk;gf;
fz;lwpa cjt Ntz;Lk;. Vw;fdNt mg;nghUs;
vq;Fs;sJ vd fhty; Jiw mwpe;jpUf;Fkhdhy;
,e;jr; nra;jpahy; gad; ,y;iy. gphpT-27-d;
Nehf;fk; vd;dntdpy;> me;j Fw;wk; rhl;lg; 45
gl;ltuhy; toq;fg;gl;l xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l cz;ikfNshL xj;jpUe;jhy;
mj;jifa xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; xj;jpUf;Fk;
mstpw;F cz;ik vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
5 gphpT-27 kw;w gphpTfshd 25 kw;Wk; 26d;
\uj;jhfNt mjd; nkhop mbg;gilapy; fUjg;
gLfpwJ. Gyf;Fwp Nfhl;ilah vjpu; fpq; vk;guu;>
AIR 1947 PC 67> tof;fpy; jdpf; fTd;rpy; ,t;thW
$WfpwJ:
10
‘gphpT-27 rhpahd Kiwapy; thu;j;ijfs; xOq;F
gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> ,jw;F Ke;ija
gphpTfs; toq;fpa jilfSf;F tpyf;fspf;fpwJ.
fhty;Jiwapd; fhtypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mspj;j
15 Fwpg;gpl;l rpy thf;F%yq;fs; ep&gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ,e;jg; gphpT fhtypy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthplkpUe;J ngw;w
nra;jpiaj; njhlu;e;J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l cz;ik
kl;Lk; ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.’
20
Kk;ig muR vjpu; fjp fhY Xfhl;> AIR 1960 SC
1125 tof;fpy; 11 ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l mku;T gphpT-
27-dhy; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; thf;F%yk; mq;F me;jr;
nra;jpiag; ngw tw;GWj;Jjy; gad;gLj;jp
25 ,Ue;jhyd;wp mJ murpay; rhrdj;jpd; gphpT-
20(3)w;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd;wJ.
,e;j \uj;jpd; murpay; rhrdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
cj;jpug; gpuNjr muR vjpu; jpNahkd; cghj;aha>
30 AIr 1960 SC 1125 tof;fpy; vjpuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cr;r
ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j gphpT-27 murpay; rhrdj;jpd; gphpT-
14-w;F vjpuhf ,y;iy vd;Wk; fhtypy;
,Ug;gtUf;Fk; fhtypy; ,y;yhjtUf;Fk; cs;s
chpik khWgLfpwJ vd;Wk; xNutif ghJfhg;G
35 mspf;f KbahJ vd;Wk; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
rkPgj;jpy; njhlue;j tof;fhd jpUkjp nry;tp
kw;Wk; gyu; vjpu; fu;ehlf muR> 2010 (4) SCALE 690>
fl;lhag;gLj;jp %is Ntiyiag; glnkLj;jy;>
40 ehu;Nfh Ma;T> ngha; $Wfpwhuh vd;gijf;
fz;lwpAk; Ma;T Mfpad jdpkdpjhpd; chpikf;F
vjpuhdjhy; murpay; rhrd chpikf;F vjpuhdJ
vd;fpwJ. Mdhy;> mj;jifa Ma;Tfs; gphpT-27-
d;gb nra;ag;gl;ljhf thjplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> cr;r
45 ePjpkd;wNkh me;j Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltNu Kd;te;J
mj;jifa Ma;TfSf;F cld;gl;L mspf;Fk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
nra;jpfs; kl;LNk nghUe;Jk; vdj; jPu;g;Gf;
$wpAs;sJ.
rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; ngwg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs;
5
khepyk; vjpu; et;N[hj; re;J kw;Wk; m/g;rd;
FU> (2005) 11 SCC 600 – y; xU xypehlhtpy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l / njhiyNgrp ciuahly;
gjpT rhl;rpaj;ij Vw;gij Nfs;tpf;F
cl;gLj;jpaJ. ,J nlyfpuh/g; rl;lj;jpw;F 10
vjphudJ. nlyfpuh/g; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghf
mr;nra;jp ngwg;gl;lJ vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf
my;yJ rl;lg;G+u;tkhfg; ngwtpy;iy vd;w xU
fhuzk; kl;LNk me;jr; rhl;rpaj;ij Vw;gij
jLf;f KbahJ vd;fpwJ. 15
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghfg; ngwg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fis
Vw;gjpy; ,e;jpa ePjpkd;wq;fs; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;
Gwk;ghf xU rhl;rpaj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
mij xU Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhfg; 20
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gLfpwJ.
,e;jf; nfhs;ifia cr;r ePjpkd;wKk; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. (G+u;zk;khs; vjpu; bnuf;lu; M/g;
,d;];ngf;rd;> (1974) 1 SCC 345).
25
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-29
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-24-28-y; Fwpg;gplg;glhj
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa ngwg;gLk; xg;Gjy;
thf;F%yk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. 30
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-30
gphpT-30 cld; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthpd;
thf;F%yk;gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,e;j tpjpKiw 35
gphpT-133-cld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,e;jg;
gphpT-133 Fw;w cle;ijahshpd; rhl;rpak;gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ. xU Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthpd;
cle;ijahshpd; rhl;rpak; nghUj;jkhdJ
vd;fpwJ. 40
xU Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf mtuJ
cle;ijahsupd; rhl;rpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ mij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak; vd;W
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fUJfpwJ. ,e;jf; fUj;Nj 45
gphpT-30-y; fpilf;Fk; rhl;rpaj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
RNu\; Gju;khy; fyhdp vjpu; kfhuh\;bu muR> 1998
(7) SCC 377-y; xU cld; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthpd;
thf;F%yj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Fw;wk;
Rkj;jg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf mtUk;; ePjpkd;w
5 tprhuidapy; ,Ue;jhyd;wp rhl;rpakhfg; gad;gLj;j
KbahJ vd;fpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-3-I nfhiy nra;jjhf egu;-1
kw;Wk; egu;-2 ,UtUNk Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
10 egu;-1 jhDk; egu;-2-k; ,ize;J nfhiy nra;jjhf
xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; mspf;fpwhu;. ,e;j
thf;F%yj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij egu;-2-f;F vjpuhfg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
15 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-3-I nfhiy nra;jjhf
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;shu;. egu;-1-k; egu;-2-k;
,ize;Nj mf;nfhiyiar; nra;jjw;fhd Mjhuk;
cs;sJ. ,q;F egu;-2 jhDk; egu;-1k; ,ize;Nj
me;jf; nfhiyiar; nra;jjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,q;F
20 egu;-2-d; xg;Gjy; thf;F%yj;ij egh;-1-f;F vjpuhfg;
gad;gLj;j KbahJ. Vndd;why;> egu;-2 xU cld;
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltuy;y.
gphpTfs;-32> 33: rhl;rpfs; vd;W $wKbahjtu;fspd;
25 thf;F%yq;fs;:
 xU ,we;j kdpju;
 xU njhiye;JNghd kdpju;
30  rhl;rpak; mspf;fKbah epiyaile;j xUtu;
 xUth; Neubahf te;J rhl;rpak; mspf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy; ePzl ; fhyk; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w epiyapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs;
35 MfpNahhpd; thf;F%yq;fs; xUrpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Vw;fj;jf;fJ vd;fpwJ gphpT-32.
,wg;G thf;F%yq;fs;:
40 rl;lj;jpd; gpupT-32(m) xU rhtpw;fhd fhuzk;
rhu;ghd thf;F%yq;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,j;jifa
thf;F%yk; ,wg;G thf;F%yk; vdTk; miof;fg;
gLfpwJ. ,ej gphpT-32 Nfs;tpg;gl;l rhl;rpaj;jpw;F
tpjptpyf;fhFk;. tujl;ridf;fhf nfhLik
45 tof;Ffspy; nghJthf ,e;j tpjpKiw mjpfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. tujl;ridahy; ghjpf;fg;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
gl;ltu;fs; mtu;fs; thf;F%yk; mspf;Fk;
epiyapy; cs;sdu; vd kUj;Jtu;
rhd;wspj;jgpd; jq;fspd; jug;G thf;F%yk;
mspf;f ,t;tpjp gadspf;fpwJ. ,tw;iwg;
gpd;du; me;j tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. 5
gf;fhyh ehuhadRthkp tof;fpy; ,we;jtu;
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W gzk;
t#ypj;J tUtjhfr; jd; kidtpaplk;
$wpAs;shu;. rpy ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ cly; 10
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; thq;fpa xU ngl;bapy;
milf;fg;gl;Lf; fple;jJ. ,q;F ,we;jtu; jd;
kidtpaplk; filrpahff; $wpr; nrd;w
thu;j;ijfs; tof;fpy; rhl;rpakhf gphpT-
32(m)tpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gl;ld. ,J xu 15
#oy; rhl;rpakhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xU
,wg;G thf;F%yk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy; me;j thf;F%yk; mspj;jtu;
me;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l epfo;tpy; mile;j
fhaq;fshy; ,we;jjhf ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 20
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-40 – 45: nghUj;jkhd
Ntisapy; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPu;g;Gfs;:
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-40: 25
xU tof;if ftdj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;s my;yJ
xU tof;if tprhupf;Fk; ve;j xU
ePjpkd;wj;ijAk; Vw;fdNt cs;s VjhtJ xU
jPu;g;Ngh my;yJ cj;juNth> my;yJ MidNah 30
jLf;Fkhdhy; me;j ePjpkd;wk; mij
tprhhpf;fyhkh my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhkh
vd;gjw;F mJ xU nghUj;jkhd cz;ikahFk;.
,t;thW> gphpT-40-d; fPo; xU jPu;g;gpd; nghUj;jk;
me;j tpjpKiwapy; toq;fg;gl;ls;s ,aw;if 35
tpjpiar; rhu;e;jjhf cs;sJ. mjhtJ> xUtu;
xNu tof;F%yj;jpw;fhf ,uz;L Kiw
jd;bf;fg; glf;$lhJ.
Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 40
gphpT-20(2)-y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mij
CrP.C. apd; gphpT-300 tpthpf;fpwJ. ,q;F> xU
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; Vw;fdNt xU
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhupf;fg;gl;L jz;bf;fg;gl;Nlh
my;yJ tpLtpf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Ug;ghuhdhy; 45
mtu;kPJ mNj Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ,uz;lhtJ Kiw
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
tof;fpl;L tprhupf;f KbahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU nly;ypapy; thOk; eguhd egu;-1
jpUbtpl;ljhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L xU
5 ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; jd;lid nfhLf;fg;gLfpwhu;. me;j
tof;fpd; tof;F%yj;jpd; xU gFjp fhd;G+hpYk;
eilngw;wjhy; fhd;G+hpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wk; me;j
cz;ikfisf; fhl;b tof;Fj; njhLf;f
KaYfpwJ. ,g;NghJ egu;-1 nly;yp ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
10 jPu;g;ig fhd;G+u; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; fhl;bdhy; mJNt
xU nghUj;jkhd cz;ikahf gphpT-40-d;fPo;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L ,uz;lhtJ Kiw
tprhupg;gijj; jLf;f KbAk;.
15 Fbikapay; tof;Ffspy; ,e;j tpjp Fbikapay;
eltbf;ifr; rl;lk;> 1908> gphpT-11-y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gphpT ‘nu]; [_bfhjh’ jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ. xU gpur;rid rhu;e;j tof;F xU
nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;L
20 jPu;g;gspf;fg; gl;lgpd; mNj tof;if kPz;Lk;
tprhuidf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Fbikapay; ePjpkd;wj;
jPu;g;gpd; nghUj;jk; kw;Wk; Fbikapay;
25 ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;gpd;
nghUj;jKk;:
Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Fbikapay; ePjpkd;wj;
jPu;g;gpd; nghUj;jk; kw;Wk; Fbikapay;
30 ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;gpd;
nghUj;jKk; xU Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpahFk;. gpNuk;
rq;fu; vjpu; fhty; Ma;thsu; kw;Wk; xUtu;> (2002)
8 SCC 87 tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
kw;wtw;Wf;fpilapy; ,t;thW $WfpwJ:
35  rhl;rpar; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 40-43-d; fPo; Vw;fdNt
toq;fg;gl;l ,Wjpj; jPu;g;gpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if
nfhs;syhk;.
 xNu jug;gpdhpilNa cs;s Fbikapay;
tof;Ffspy; ‘nu]; [_bfhjh’ Nfhl;ghl;il
40 filgpbf;fyhk;.
 Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Cr.P.C. apd; gphpT-300-
d;gb xUKiw xU egu; jz;bf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ
tpLtpf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Ue;jhy; mtiu kPz;Lk; mNj
Fw;wj;jpw;fhf tprhhpf;f KbahJ.
45  xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf Fbikapay; tof;Fk;
Fw;wtpay; tof;Fk; ,Ug;gpd; Fbikapay;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;Ng gphpTfs; 40-43y; cs;s
epge;jidfs; rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; nghUj;jkhFk;.
Mdhy; mJNt ,WjpahdJ vdf; $w KbahJ.
NkYk; me;j Ke;ija Fbikapay; 5
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;Ngh> cj;juNth ve;j
mstpw;F fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ me;j tof;Fg;
nghUs; rhu;e;jitfspy; ,WjpahdJ vd;gij
mq;Fjhd; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk; vd;fpwJ me;j
ePjpkd;wk;. 10
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-2-d; nrhj;jpw;Fs; egu;-1
mj;JkPwpdhu; vd;W$wp jhNd me;jr; nrhj;jpd;
chpikahsu; vdg; gpufldg;gLj;jp egu;-1-lk;
cs;s jdJ nrhj;ij jpUg;gpj; juf; $wp 15
tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. mtUf;F rhu;ghf tof;F
KbfpwJ. mjd;gpwF jdJ nrhj;ij
mgfhpj;jhu; vd egu;-1-d; kPJ egu;-2 Fw;wtpay;
tof;Fj; njhLj;jhuhdhy; Fbikapay; tof;fpd;
jPu;g;G nghUj;jkhd cz;ikahf 20
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gl;L me;j nrhj;jpd;
chpikahsu; egu;-2 vd gpufldg;gLj;jyhk;.
,q;F egu;-1 jz;bf;fg;glyhk;.
vdNt> xt;nthU tof;fpYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l me;j 25
jPu;g;Ngh> cj;juNth nghUj;jkhdjh vd
Kjypy; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> mJ
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy;> mjd; jhf;fk; vd;d
vdf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Fiwthd
Nehf;fj;jpw;F cjhuzkhf> Nehf;fk; my;yJ 30
gpur;ridapd; cz;ik Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mJ
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
Fw;wtpay; tof;fpd; jPu;g;G fl;lhakhf
Fbikapay; tof;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
35
xU Fw;wtpay; tprhuidapy; xU ePjpkd;wNk
xU Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lthpd; Fw;wj;ij
jPu;khzpf;f KbAk;. mq;F mjd;Kd;
itf;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa
KbntLf;fg;gl Ntz;LNkad;wp me;jj; 40
jug;GfspilNa eilngw;w Fbikapay;
tof;fpd; KbT ve;jtpjj;jpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;
$lhJ. xU jPu;g;Ngh> KbNth vy;yh
tof;FfspYk; xU rhl;rpakhf
mDkjpf;fg;glhJ. 45
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-44 S.52 rl;lk;: elj;ij nghUj;jkhdnghOJ

gphpTfs;-40>41 kw;Wk; 42-d;fPo; vjpu; jug;G S.52 kw;Wk; 55> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy;>
nghUj;jkhdjhff; $Wk; jPu;g;G mjw;Fj; jFjpaw;w rhl;rpapd; Fzj;ij eltbf;if
5 ePjpkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ Nkw;nfhs;tJld; S S.52 kw;Wk; 54 ,d; 5
NkhrbahfNth tQ;rff;$l;lhfNth ngwg;gl;lJ nghOJ> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy;
vdf; fhl;b ve;j xU jug;Gk; thjhlyhk;. fl;rpf;fhuu;fspd; rhl;rpapd; elj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-45-51: nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy;
“elj;ij” vd;w nrhy;> tpsf;fTiuapd; fPo;>
10 %d;whk; eghpd; fUj;J 10
S.55 cs;slq;fpaJ ahnjdpy;> ,uz;bYk;
mjhtJ egupd; ew;ngau; kw;Wk; kdepiy.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; rhu;e;j jfuhwhf ,Ue;jhy;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; newpQh;fspd; fUj;ij ehlyhk;. xU S.52 rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> Fw;wtpay; tof;F
%d;whk; eghpd; fUj;Njh ek;gpf;ifNah tof;fpw;F tprhuizapy;> NghJkhd rhl;rp> ey;y xOf;fk;
15 nghUj;jkw;wjhf vdNt Vw;fj;jf;fjy;y vdpDk;; vd $Wk; tiu> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltupd; 15
xUrpy Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; %d;whk; eghpd; jPaFzk; vd mwpag;gLk;. ,e;j tof;Ffspy;>
rhl;rpak; nghUj;jkhdjhf rl;lk; fUJfpwJ. Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;F jPaFzk; vd;gJ
nghUj;jkhFk;.
ty;Ydu; rhl;rp
20 gFjp II: Mjhuk; 20
S.45 toq;FtJ> ntspehl;L rl;lk;> mwptpay;
my;yJ fiy> milahsf;ifnaOj;J my;yJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Njitapy;yhj rk;gtq;fs;.
ifNuif mr;R Mfpatw;iwr; rhu;e;j fUj;ij
S.57 toq;FtJ> ePjpkd;wk;> ePjpJiwiar;
ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. rk;gtj;jpw;F
rhu;e;j mwpf;if kw;Wk; S.56 ,d;
25 ty;Yeu;fspd; fUj;J nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. jd;ikapdhy;> mJ Nghd;w rk;gtq;fis 25
,e;j khjpupahd rhl;rpfs; kpfTk; gytPdkhdJ. ep&gpf;fj;Njitapy;iy.,e;j rk;gtq;fs;
ek;gj;jFe;j rk;gtj;ij Neupy; fz;l rhl;rp/rhd;W> cs;slq;fpaJ vd;dntd;why;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
itf;fg;gl;l Nkd;KiwaPL kUj;Jtrhd;W/ vy;yh tpj rl;lq;fSk;> ,e;jpa
Fw;wtpay; tof;F tprhuizapd; nghOJ> kUj;Jt vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;>
30 Neuq;fisg;gpupj;jy;> cyfj;jpd; Gtpapay; 30
ty;Yeu;fspd; rhl;rp. ( uhkhfhe;j; uha;.kjd; uha;>
2003 (12) SCC fhz;f) ePjpkd;wk; gapw;rpia gpupj;jy;> nghJthd gz;biffs;> tpujk; kw;Wk;
mwpTWj;JtJ> ftdk; kw;Wk; vr;rupf;if> tpLKiwfs;> mYtyf murpuopy;
ty;Ydh;fspd; rhl;rp eltbf;ifapd; nghOJ nrupag;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;ddp rhl;rpia Kaw;rpg;gJ. ( Kuhup.yhy;
35 S.58 toq;FtJ> mr;rk;gtq;fs;> jug;gpduhy; 35
kj;jpa gpuNjr khepyk;. AIR 1980 SC 531)
xj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs;
Ss.45 kw;Wk; 47> mq;fPfupg;gJ vd;dntd;why;> ep&gpf;fj;Njitapy;iy.
rhl;rp vOj;jhsuha;> ifnaOj;J ty;Yeupd;
SS. 59-60 rl;lk;> tha;nkhop rhl;rp
fUj;Jgb ep\&gpf;fg;gLjy;. kw;Wk; rhl;rp $Wk;
40 egu; njupag;gLj;JtJ vd;dntd;why;> egupd; 40
midj;J thf;F%yk;> mjhtJ ePjpkd;wk;
ifnaOj;J Nfs;tpahfpwJ. S.73 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mDkjpj;j my;yJ mspf;fg;glNtz;ba
Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> ePjpkd;wk; MdJ> thf;F%yk;> rhl;rpf;F Kd;G njhlu;Gila
ifnaOj;Jfs;> vOj;Jfs; my;yJ Kj;jpiuia rk;gtq;fs; tprhuizapd; fPo;
xg;gPL nra;a mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. tprhupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,J tha;nkhop rhl;rp vd
45 45
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
S. 59 toq;FtJ> Mtzj;jpy; jilnra;ag;gl;l
cs;slf;fq;fspy;> midj;J rk;gtq;fSk;>
tha;nkhopahf ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. S.60
“nrhy;yf;Nfl;l Nfhl;ghl;by; fUj;J njuptpg;gJ”
kw;Wk; tha;nkhop rhl;rpahf midj;J tof;Ffspy;
Neubahfj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> rhl;rp> rk;gtj;jpy; rhl;rpahf> mtd;>
Neubahf mwpe;j nra;jpia kl;Lk; jhd;
mspf;fKbAk;.
tpsf;fk;: B, A f;F jug;gl;l njhiff;fhf>
mtUila Ramwptpd;gb> rk;gtj;jpd; jd;ikahy;>
A ,B tpw;F fld; jUk;nghOJ> C mr;rk;gt
,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ. C apd; tha;nkhop rhl;rp
nghUj;jkhdJ. kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpy; Neubahf
rhl;rpahtJ. vg;gbahUe;jhYk;> C ,d; rhl;rp
$WtJ> vd;dntd;why;> X vd;dplk; $wpaJ> “A, B
aplk; fld; Nfl;ly;” nrhy;yf;Nfl;l rhl;rpahf
mspj;jpUg;gJ nrhy;yf;Nfl;l Nfhl;ghl;bd;
tpjptpyf;F kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy;> nghUj;jkhf
njuptpg;gJ.
Mtzg;glr; rhl;rp
S.74 tptupg;gJ(kw;Wk; tpsf;FtJ) Mtzq;fspd;
gpupT> “nghJ Mtzq;fs;” kw;Wk; S.7 5 toq;FtJ>
nghJ Mtzq;fs;;> jdpahu; Mtzq;fisj jtpu>
midj;J Mtzq;fs;. ,e;j
nrhy;“Mtzg;glf;fhl;rp” tptupg;gJ> S.3
.
,e;j
midj;J Mtzq;fSk;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy;>
fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lg toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kjz;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp:
S.61 epiyapy;> Mtzq;fspd; cs;slf;fq;s; ahTk;>
Kjz;ik my;yJ ,uz;lhtJ epiy rhl;rpahy;
ep&gpf;fg;gLtJ. S.63 toq;FtJ> ,uz;lhtJ epiy
rhl;rpapy;. tiuaiw cs;gl kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;W>
rhd;wpjo; efy;fs;> ,ae;jpu nray;Kiwapd;
cz;ikahd efy;fs;> rupNeu; mYtyupd;
Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; xU eguhy; Mtzj;jpd;
cs;slf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tha;f;fzf;Ffs;> mtdhy;
my;yJ mtshy; ghu;g;gJ.
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
rl;lk; S.65 ,d; fPo; toq;FtJ> xNu re;ju;g;g
R+o;epiyapy;> Kjz;ik rhl;rp ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;
gl;rj;jpy;> ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpia
cgNahfpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. kw;Wk; Nfs;tpapy;
rk;gtj;jpd; rpwg;ghf mtrpakha; nfhLf;f
,aYk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp> vg;nghOJ
mspf;f KbAk; vd;why;> Mtzj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ.
Mtzj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp
mspf;fKbahJ. vg;nghOJ vdpy;> cz;ikahd
Mtzq;fis mDkjpf;f ,ayhJ vd
mwpag;gLk;.
tpsf;fk;: efypy; ,Ue;J NtW xU gpujpia
jahu; nra;jy;>Mshy; gpd;du; mij mrYld;
xg;gpLtJ ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpahFk;. Mdhy;
xg;gplg;gl;l efy;> cz;ikahdnjdpy;>
,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rp ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>
efy;> mjpypUe;J NtW xU gpujp jahu;
nra;ag;gl;lNjh. mJ mrYld; xg;gplg;gl;lJ
MFk;.
jfty; njhopy;y El;gk; rl;lk; 20 gb> ,r;rl;lk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by;>
mDkjpj;J mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. S.65 – A
toq;FtJ> kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by;
cs;slf;fq;fs;> ahTk; S.65 – B ,y;
,zf;fkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. S.65 – B ,y;
toq;FtJ> kpd;dpay; gjpNtl;by; epge;jidapd;
fPo; ep&gpf;f ,aYk;.
S S.91-10 rl;lk;: Mtzg;gl rhl;rpay; tha;nkhop
tpyf;fy;
S.91 rl;lk;
S.91toq;FtJ> xg;ge;j fhyj;jpd;nghOJ>
Mtzk; Fiwf;fg;gLtJ kw;Wk; midj;j;
tof;FfspYk;> ve;j xU tp\aj;jpYk;>
rl;lj;jhy; Njitg;gLk; Mtzk;> kl;Lk;
Mtzkhf mij ep&gpf;f ,aYk; my;yJ
NkYk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhl;rpapy; cs;s
cs;slf;fq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tof;Ffspy;
kl;Lk; mtrpakhFk;>.
,e;jg; gpuptpy;>rpwe;j rhl;rpahf tpjpfshf
Nru;j;jy;- rpwe;j rhl;rpf;F jFjpahf cz;ikr;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
rk;gtj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;G
ep&gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
tpsf;fk;: xg;ge;jk; cs;slf;fpaJ gyjug;gl;l
5 fbjq;fs; vd;why;> mjpy; cs;s midj;J
fbjq;fSk; ep&gpf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
tpsf;fk;: A, B f;Fmspj;Js;s gzj;jpw;fhd
urPjpy;> B nrYj;jg;gl;lJ vd ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
10 tha;nkhopahf njhif nrYj;jptpl;ljhf $wy;.
,e;j rhl;rp mDkjpf;fj;jf;fJ.
S.92 rl;lk;
S.92 Jiz S.91toq;FtJ> xU Kiw xg;ge;jj;jpy;>
15 vOj;J rhl;rpahf ep\&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjd;gpwF>
,U jug;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilNa> cs;s Kuz;ghL>
tpj;jpahrk;> mjpfupf;fr;nra;jy; my;yJ ,jd;
epajpfis fopj;jy;> Nghd;w vd;j xU rhl;rpAk;
thnkhop xg;ge;j;jpy; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,e;jg;gpupT
20 cs;slq;fpaJ 6 tpyf;;$Wfs;> ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd;
NkYk; ,je; gpd;dhy; cs;s Nehf;fq;fis
tptupf;fpd;wJ.
tpsf;fk;: fhg;GWjp fhg;gPlhdJ> nghUs;fspd;
25 Nky;> gad;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ “fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J
yz;ldpw;F nry;Yk; fg;gy;fspy;”. Fwpg;gpl;l
fg;gypy; vLj;Jr; nrd;w nghUs;fspy; ,og;G
Vw;gLjy;> me;j rk;gtj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l fg;gy;>
fhg;gPl;by; ,Ue;J tha;nkhopahf ePf;fptpLjy;>
30 ,tw;iw ep&gpf;f ,ayhJ.
tpsf;fk;: A xg;Gf;nfhz;lgb> B f;F \&gha; 1>0
khu;r; 1>1873 ,y; rupahf vOj;J %ykha; njhif
nrYj;jg;gbjy;. me;j rk;gtk;> mNj rkaj;jpy;>
tha;nkhopahf Nghlg;gl;l xg;ge;jgb> njhif khu;r;
35
31 tiu nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy vd ep&gpf;f ,ayhJ.
tpsf;fk;: A , B aplk; thliff;F tpLjpia
vLf;fpd;whu;. kw;Wk; B ml;ilapy;> “miwfs; &gha;
40 20/vd xU khjj;jpw;F” vd mjpy; vOjp ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
mij> A tha;nkhop xg;ge;jkhf ep&gpf;f ,aYk;.
,e;j epajpfs;> gFjp thupaj;jpy; cs;slf;fpaJ
MFk;.
45
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
gFjp 111 Mf;fk; kw;Wk; rhl;rpapd; gad;fs;
nka;g;gpf;Fk; nghWg;G 5
Ss.101 – 1 rl;lk;
eltbf;ifapd; Kd;G> ePjpkd;wk; MdJ>
jug;gpdupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis
10
Muha;e;J jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;G
itf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
Ss.101 – 1> fPo; rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLtJ> ve;jr;
rk;gtj;jpy;> ve;j jug;gpdu;> ep&gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;baJ nghWg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ 15
mtrpak;.
S. 10 rl;lk;
S. 10 epiyapy;> ahu;> rk;gtk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd
cwcjpahf ,Uf;fpwPu;fNsh> mtd; rk;gtk; 20
,Ug;gjhf epUgpj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ahu;
ve;j egu; mr;rk;gtk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd
epUgpf;Fk; fl;lhaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpdwhNuh> mtd;
me;j egupd; Nky; nka;g;gpf;Fk; nghWg;G
cs;sJ. 25
tpsf;fk;: A > ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ghf> mtu;
Fwpg;gpl;l epyj;ij cupikahf nrhj;jhf B
,lk; thq;Ffpd;whu;. rk;gtj;jpd; fhuzkhf>
vij mtu; nrhj;jhf thq;fpdhNuh mij B 30
mJ cz;iknad kWf;fpwhu;. A mij rk;gtk;
ele;Js;sd vd ep&gpj;jy; mtrpak; MfpwJ.
S.103 rl;lk;
35
S.103 toq;FtJ> VNjDk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
rk;gtj;ij eguplk; nka;g;gpf;Fk; nghWg;G
cs;sNjh> vtu; mr;rk;gtk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd
ePjpkd;wk; ek;gNtz;Lk; vd tpUg;gg;gLfpwhNuh>
mijj;jtpu me;j eguplk; jhd; me;j nghWg;G
40
cs;sJ> md;j ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G rl;lj;jplk;
cs;sJ.
Ss.104 – 13 rl;lk;
Ss.104 – 13 rl;lk; toq;FtJ> nka;g;gpf;fj; 45
NjitAs;s nghWg;Gfspd; tpjpfs; my;yJ
Fwpg;gpl;l rk;gtj;ijg;t gw;wp mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
rhl;rp> Fwpg;ghf me;egupd; Nky;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
S.105 rl;lk;
S.105 toq;FtJ> mjhtJ Fw;wtpay; tof;fpy;>
5
vg;nghOnjy;yhk;> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu;> mtsJ
tof;fpd fPo;> VNjDk;> nghJthd tpjptpyf;Ffs;>
,e;jpa Fw;wtpay; FwpaPL 1 (“the IPC”), fPo;
0
6
8 ek;Gjy;. ,J “tpA+fk; my;yJ
Muhag;gLjy; my;yJ VNjDk; tpNr\
tpjptpyf;FfSf;Fs; my;yJ tpyf;$W
10
nfhz;bUe;j IPC my;yJ VNjDk; ,ju rl;lk;>
rpy re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfs; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltuplk;
ep&gpf;fNtz;ba nghWg;gpy; ep&gpj;J itj;jy;
kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; rpy re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfis
,y;iynad mEkhdpj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ.
15
tpsf;fk;: A >nfhiy Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;shu;.
vd itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;> rpj;j RthjPdkpd;ik
fhuzj;jhy;. mts; nraypd; jd;ikiag; gw;wp
mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. A >mtSf;F kdeyk; ed;whf
20 cs;sJ vd ep&gpj;jy; mtrpak;.
tpsf;fk;: A >nfhiy Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;shu;. vd
itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;>mjhtJ fLikahd kw;Wk;
jpBnud;W Mj;jpuk; mile;jhy;> mtd;
25 kNdhjplj;ij ,oe;Js;shs;. A mq;Nf> fLikahd
kw;Wk; jpBnud Mj;jpuj;jhy; jhd; vd;gij
ep&gpj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ.
S.106 >,d; rl;lk;
30 S.106 toq;FtJ vd;dntd;why;> VNjDk; xU rk;gtk;
VNjDk; xU egupw;F mwpTf;F mg;ghw;gl;L
njupe;Nj> me;egUf;F ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G cs;sJ.
,e;j gfu;T tpjptpyf;fhdJ. mjhtJ S.10 ,y;
cs;slq;fpa nghJthd tpjpKiwfs; toq;FtJ>
35 mr;rk;tj;ij ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G me;egupw;F
cs;sJ. nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; S.1 6
0
cld;gLtJ ahnjdpy;> rpy jw;fhg;G tp\aj;jpy;
kl;Lk;> gpujpthjpapd; Ramwptpd;gb> kw;Wk;
gpujpthjpia jtpu;j;J> Prk;gtj;jpy; njhlu;GilaJ
40 kw;nwhU egu; vd njupa te;jnghOJ mtu;
cld;gl KbahJ.
tpsf;fk;:xU egu; ve;j Nehf;fKk; ,d;wp nray;gLk;
nghOJ mjhtJ xU ghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; nraypd;
45 tpisTfis mwpTWj;JtJ vd;dntd;why;>mtu;
Nky; Nehf;fk; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; ep&gpg;gJ.mjhtJ
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
xUegu; EioTr;rPz;bd;wp gazpf;fpwhu;. mtuplk;
EioTrPl;L ,Ug;gjhf ep&gpf;Fk; nghUg;gpy;
mtu; ,Uf;fpwhu;. 5
mEkhdk;
xU rk;gtk; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gjhf ePjpkd;wk;
10
nghUz;ikJzpG” vd mwpag;glyhk;. ,J xU
tpjp kw;Wk; rl;lj;ijg; gilj;jy; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wk; tpA+fj;ij mioj;jy;. Fwpg;gpl;l
rk;gtj;jpy; ,Ue;J my;yJ rhl;rpaplkpUe;J>
tUk; Fwpg;gpl;l mEkhdk; vg;gbapUg;gpDk;>
15
cz;ik my;yJ rupahdepiy>mEkhdk; vd
ep&gpf;fg;glhtpby;> mEkhdpf;fg;gl;l tpA+fj;ij
epd;W kWj;Jiuj;jy;.
tpA+fj;jpd; tpisthf> Kjy; fl;l tpA+fk;
epUgpf;Fk; nghWg;G ,Uf;Fk; tiu kw;Wk; 20
,y;iynadpy;> tpA+fk; kWj;Jiuf;Fk; tiu
gpujpthjpf;F rk;gtk; rhjfkhFk;.nghWg;ghsp>
gpd;du; Kjy; jug;gpdupy; khw;wg;gLthu;.
tpA+fk; Fwpj;Js;sJ Nghy;> mjhtJ nghJ 25
kdpj mDgtj;jpy; my;yJ nfhs;ifapy;
kw;Wk; mDgtk; tpAfk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
nghUz;ikj; JzpG kw;Wk; rl;lj;JzpG.
rl;lk; S.4 fhz;f. ePjpkd;w epiyapy;> rl;lj;jhy;
30
mspf;fg;gl;l rk;gtk; “mEkhdpf;fyhk;”
rl;lj;jhy; mspf;fg;gl;lNeubahd rk;gtk;
“mEkhdpf;fg;g;glyhk;” kw;Wk; rpy Fwpf;fg;gl;l
ep\&gpf;fg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; kw;nwhU rk;gtk;
Kbthf ep&gpf;fg;gLjy;.
35
Ss.79 – 90 rl;lk;
Ss.79 – 90 tpA+fk; njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs;>
mjhtJ tpA+fj;jpd; gb> cz;ikahd 40
rhd;wpjs; efy;fs; (s.70)> tpA+fj;jpd;gb
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; rhl;rpf;nfd
gjpthjy; (s.80)> tpA+fj;jpd;gb murhq;f
mjpfhupahy; jpl;lq;fis tiuaWj;jy;> (s.83)>
kw;Wk; tpA+fj;jpd;gb Mtzq;fs; ahTk; 30 tUl 45
gioiktha;e;jJ vd fUJjy; (s.90).
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
S.113-A, 113-B, kw;Wk; 114-A ,d; rl;lk;
S.113-A, 113-B, kw;Wk; 114-A Nghd;w khw;wq;fs; 1983>1984 kw;Wk; ,J xU tujl;rizf;nfhLik rhT vd
kw;Wk; 1986 ,y; mjw;Fupajha; Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5 Nkw;fz;l Vw;ghLfs;> mr;RWj;jypw;fhf
Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf Fw;wk;
rhl;Ljypd; tpfpjk; mjpfupf;fyhk;.
S.113-A (s.498- A, IPC IPC ,y; fhz;f)
10
toq;FtJ> Nfs;tp vOk;nghOJ> mjhtJ xU
ngz; jw;nfhiyapy; <LgLk;nghOJ> fztuhf
my;yJ mts; fztups; VNjDk; cwtpdwhf
,Uf;Fk;gl;rj;jpy;> kw;Wk; mts; jpUkzk; Md
Njjpapy; ,Ue;J 7 tUlj;jpw;Fs; mts;
15
jw;nfhiyapy; <LgLk; nghOJ> kw;Wk; mtspd;
fztu; my;yJ cwtpduhy; nfh^ukhf mts;
Jd;gg;gl;bUe;jhy; ePjpkd;wk;> mtspd;
jw;nfhiyf;F ,ts; fztiuNah my;yJ
cwtpdiuNah jw;nfhiyf;F cle;ijahf
20
,Ue;jhy; vd Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLthu;. mEkhdq;fs;
,e;jg; gpuptpd;fPo; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
S.114-A toq;FtJ>ngz;jug;gpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Kd;> mtSf;F rhl;rpahf> mts; ghYwtpy;
25 rk;kjpf;fhj nghOJ. kw;Wk; ghYwT epfo;Js;sJ
vd Nfs;tp vOk; gl;rj;jpy;> ghYwT mts;
mDkjpAlNdh my;yJ mDkjpapd;wpNah
,Ue;jhYk;> ePjpkd;wkhdJ mtspd; mDkjpapd;wp
jhd; ghYwT epfo;e;Js;sjhf fUJk;. S.114-A
30 Fwpg;gpLtJ> S.376 (2) fPo; fw;gopg;G
epfo;e;Js;sjhf Fw;wk; rhl;Ljy;> jilnra;jy;
S.376 (2) (f).
S.113-A (s.304- B, IPC IPC ,y; fhz;f)
35 toq;FtJ> jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;l ngz;.
tujl;rizf;nfhLikahy; ,we;jpUg;ghsh vd
eguhy; Nfs;tp vOk; kw;Wk; mg;ngz; cwtpduhy;
nfhLikahf Jd;Gwj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ
mr;RWj;jYf;F MshfpNah ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iw
40 ePjpkd;wk;> mts; tujl;rizf; nfhLikf;F
Mshfp mts; jw;nfhiyapy; MLgl;bUf;fyhk;
vd;W mEkhdpf;fg;gl;L KbT nra;Ak;. NkYk; ,J
jpl;lkpl;L nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkhFk;.
kw;Wk; cwtpsufspd; nray; vd;Wk;
45 jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. ,J rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;fpy;>
rk;gtk; kw;Wk; tpisTfis rhu;e;jJ. NkYk; ,J
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
NjhuhakhfNth kw;Wk; tujl;rizapd;
mbg;gilapy; nfhLik vd Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L
5
itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
,e;j %d;W Vw;ghLfSk; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
ngupa mstpy; Vw;ghLfis vLf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; clupePjpkd;wq;fisg; 10
nghUj;J> mjhtJ uh[;ghG kw;Wk; kw;nwhUtu;
kj;jpag;gpuNjr khepyk;. JT (2008) SC 25
kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjr khepyk;> JT (2009) 2SC
419.
15
S.114 rl;lk;
S.114 ePjpkd;w mEkhdg;gb> fUJtJ
vd;dntd;why;> VNjDk; rk;gtk;> ,ay;ghd 20
epfo;T> kd;jd; elj;jpa jpl;lkpl;l nray;
kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tpahghu
el;Gfs; vd ,tw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;wpw;fhf ,J
Neu;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd mEkhdpf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;
,e;jg; gpupT fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ my;y. kw;Wk; 25
,e;j Fwpg;gpl;l tof;Ffspy;> rpy mEkhdq;fs;
rupahf cgNahfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
tpsf;fk;: ePjpkd;wk; mEkhdpf;fg;glyhk;.
• me;j Mz;> xUtupd; cilikfisj; 30
jpUbdhy; mJ jpUl;lhFk;. my;yJ
nghUs;fis mtu;fSf;F ngwg;gl;bUe;jhy;
mtupd; cilikfSf;F mtu; gzk;
nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
35
• ePjpJiw rhu;e;j kw;Wk; ,ju mYtyf
nray;fs; tof;fkhf elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• me;j rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; mspf;ftpy;iy
vdpy;> kw;Wk; rhl;rp Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhy;> 40
me;egupw;F mjhtJ epWj;jg;gl;l egUf;F
ghjkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
• rl;lj;jhy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F
me;egu; gjpyspf;f kWj;jhy;> mtUf;F
45
ghjfkhd R+o;epiy cUthFk;.
S S. 115-117..rl;lk;:Kuz;jil.
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
SS.115 toq;FtJ vq;F xU eguhy; mtupd;
cWjpnkhop> rl;lk;> my;yJ tpLgNly;>
Nehf;fj;Jldhd fhuzk; my;yJ kw;nwhU eguhy;
mDkjpj;J tp\aj;ij cz;iknad ek;Gjy;
kw;Wk; ek;Gtij nray;gLj;Jjy;> VNjDk;
nghUj;jkhdij mDkjpj;jy; my;yJ mtuhy;
kw;Wk; gpujpepjpapd; ,ilapy; Kd;njhlu;jy;
my;yJ mtupd; gpujpepjpahy; me;j tp\aj;jpd;
cz;ikia jplkhf kWj;jy;.
Kuz;jil vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLk;> ve;j
xU egu;> mtuhy; cld;gl;Ls;s KiwaPL my;yJ
mtuhy; njhlq;fp elj;jg;gLjy;. ,J rl;lj;jpd;
tpjpfNsh my;yJ rkepiyNah ,y;iy. Mdhy;
,J xU Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhl;rpahFk; .
Kuz;jil vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd;
Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ve;j xU egu;> mtuhy;
cld;gl;Ls;s KiwaPL my;yJ mtuhy; njhlq;fp
elj;jg;gLjy;. ,J rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfNsh my;yJ
rkepiyNah ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,J xU tpjpapd;
rhl;rpahFk;. Kuz;jil vd;gJ cupikapay;
rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; MFk;. kw;Wk; NkYk; ,J
Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifapy; ,J cld;glhjJ.
Kuz;jil kw;Wk; kWjPu;g;Gj; jilf;F ,ilNa
cs;s NtWghLfs;.
Kuz;jilahdJ> kWjPu;g;Gj; jil tpjpfspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ. xUNtis Kuz;jilapd;
nghOJ> mtd; my;yJ mts; Kd;G
vLj;Jiuj;jij> vjpu;jug;gpw;F vjpuhff;$w jLj;jy;.
Mifahy;> kWjPu;g;Gj; jilAld;> mjpfhuKs;s
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J> gpd;G ngwg;gl;l jPu;khdk;>
mNj tp\ak; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;G kPz;Lk; nray;
Fog;gk; Mf KbahJ.
kW jPu;g;Gj; jilapy;> ,J xU gpw;gl;l ePjpkd;wk;>
rl;ltuk;G ,y;iy. Mifahy;> xUNtis mjw;F
Kuz;jilapy;> xU eguhy; cWjpgLj;jpa rk;gtk;
my;yJ Kd;G vLj;Jf;$wpa Kd;ddp khwhj
rhl;rpapy; cWjpnkhop Kuz;jilahjy;.
NkYk;> Kuz;jil kw;Wk; Nkhrbf;F ,ilNa
cs;s NtWghLfs; MdJ> Kuz;jilapy;> xU
epfo;T fz;lwpa ,aytpy;iy vdpy;> Mifahy;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
Nkhrbf;fhuu;> epfo;tpd; fhuzpia mspj;jy;.
NkYk; Kuz;jilahdJ tpyf;F mspj;jypy;
,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtwhdJ.
tpsf;fk;: B cs;Nehf;fj;Jld; kw;Wk;
jtwhf> jd;dplk; me;j Fwpg;gpl;l kid
,Ug;gjhf A it ek;gitj;jy;. kw;Wk; B
I kid thq;fj; J}z;Ljy; > kw;Wk;
kidf;f;fhf njhifia nrytplj;J}z;Ljy;.
gpd;du;> me;j kid A nrhj;jhfptpLfpwJ
kw;Wk; me;j kidia tpw;fKw;gLk; nghOJ
mtUf;F mJ cupj;j;jha; ,y;iy. mJ
mtUf;F cupj;jhdJ vd mDkjpj;J
ep&gpf;f,ayhJ.
S S. 116 kw;Wk; 17 rl;lk;:
S S. 116 kw;Wk; 17 rl;lk;> uz;jilapd;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> tpsf;fk; MFk;. kw;Wk;
Kuz;jilapd; Fwpg;gpl;l tof;Ffspy;
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLjy;. rfd;yhy; Nkj;jh>
`upgha; gl;Nly;> 1982()SCC 223 fzf;fPL nra;a
Kuz;jilapd; Nehf;fj;jpy; nfhz;L tUk;
tof;if fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Kuz;jilapd;
gy;NtW tiffis cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
mjhtJ Kuz;jilapy; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l
tof;F Kuz;jilapy; nray;fs; kw;Wk;
Kuz;jil ,d;/gah];.
Kuz;jilapy;> gjpTnra;ag;gl;l tof;fpy;>
Kjd;ikg;gpur;rpidAld; jPu;g;gpd; jhf;fk;
MfpwJ kw;Wkp ,jd; mDkjpg;G rhl;rp.
Kuz;jil Nfhl;ghl;by; xU egu;
Kuz;jilahy;> kdk; ,wq;fp Nfz;bf;nfhs;Sk;
nray;> my;yJ mtupd; Kd;Ndhu;fspd;
tpUg;gkhdJ> ngwg;gl;l cilikapd;
tpUg;gkhdJ> ngwg;gl;l cilikapd; nrhj;J
my;yJ nraypd; fPo; rpy rhjfk; Kuz;jil
vk;/gah]; MdJ> xg;ge;j cld;ghl;by; tUjy;
MFk;.jug;gpdiu vjpuhf Nehf;fj;jpw;F
,zq;FkhW mjhtJ nrhj;Jf;fis khw;WkhW
J}z;b Kuz;jil thjpLjy;.
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
Ss.118 – 134 rl;lk;: rhl;rpahsu;
Ss.118 toq;FtJ> mjhtJ midj;J egu;fSk;
rhd;W $w jFjpahtu;fs;. Mifahy; ePjpkd;wk;
5 fUJtJ ahnjdpy;> kpf ,sikahd taJ> kpfTk;
tajhdtu;fs;> kdk; my;yJ cly; rhu;e;j
Neha;fs; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; fhuzpfs; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fshy;. Nky;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fspd; Nfs;tpfis
mtu;fshy; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; my;yJ mtu;fspd;
10 Nfs;tpf;F mwpe;jtu;fspd; gjpyhf
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lk;
toq;FtJ> rhl;rpahsu; mtuhy; Ngr ,ayhj
fhuzj;jhy; kw;Wk; rhl;rpiashu; VNjDk; xU
tifahy; mtd; my;yJ mts; Gupe;J
15 nfhs;sf;$ba epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. me;j
rhl;rpahdJ> Ss.119 fPo;> tha;nkhop rha;rpahf
fUjg;gLk;. fztd; kw;Wk; kidtp> S.120 fPo;>
jFjp tha;e;j rhl;rpahsuha;> xUtUf;F xUtu;
vjpuhf mjhtJ Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; cupikapay;
20 eltbf;ifapy;> jFjp tha;e;jtu;fs;. S.1 1 rl;lk;
2 MapDk; eltbf;ifapd; Muk;gj;jpy;
toq;FtJ> ePjpgjp my;yJ Fw;wtpay; ePjpgjp
,y;yhky;> mtupd; elj;ijapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
ePjpgjp my;yJ Fw;wtpay; ePjpahy; Nfs;tp
vOg;gKbAk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l cj;jputpd;
gb> mtd; xU fPo;epiy Copau;> midj;J
25
tpjkhd ,ju tpisTfspy;> vg;gbapUg;gpDk;>
ePjpgjp kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjpgjp jFjpahd
rhl;rpfshf tpjptpyf;fhdtu;fs;.
Ss.122 – 129 rl;lk;:
30
cilikfspd; gpur;rpidapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s epiy
kw;Wk; rpiw>VNjDk; xU egu;> gjpg;gpt;
ntspaplg;glhj mYty; gbNtl;by; njhlu;Gila
VNjDk; gpur;rpidapd; epiy> mjhtJ jiyik
35 ,myhfh rk;ge;jg;gl;l mDkjpia jtpu;j;J S.124
iaikfs; njhlu;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s> nghJ
mYtyu;> mtUila mYty; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifapy;>
me;j mYtyu; mtupd; ntspaPl;lhy; nghJeyd;
ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd czu;jy;.
40
tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; fl;rpf;fhu;Uf;F ,ilNa cs;s
Jiwg;gzp njhlu;Gfs; S.126 fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L>
,U jug;G tpyf;f$w;wpy; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; tp\ak;
MFk;.
45
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
tpsf;fk;: A thbf;ifahsu;> B aplk;
$Wfpwhu;. tof;fwpQu;> “ Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;Nld;.
kw;Wk; ePq;fs; vd;id jw;fhj;jy; mspg;gPu;fs; 5
vd ehd; tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. ” vdf; $Wfpwhu;.
,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ ntspaPl;by;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
tpsf;fk;: A gzNkhrbf;fhf nra;j;jw;fhf 10
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;glf;$Lk; vdTk;> epWj;jg;gLfpwhu;
B tof;fwpQu;> mtiu jw;fhj;jy; nra;fpwhu;.
,e;j tof;F eltbf;ifapd; NghJ> B
tof;fwpQu;> cw;WNehf;FtJ ahnjdpy;> A
fl;rpf;fhuupd; tq;fpf;fzf;F Gj;jfj;jpy;> Fw;wk; 15
rhl;lg;gl;Ls;s A gzNkhrb nra;j njhif>
mtu; gzpapy; ,Ue;jnghOJ> tq;fpf;fzf;F
Gj;jfj;jpy; ,y;iy. ,e;j rk;gt tof;fp
eltbf;ifapy;NghJ> B ftdpj;jJ vd;dntdpy;>
Nkhrbapy; <Lgl;ljhf Njhd;wpdhYk;> MapDk; 20
eltbf;ifapd; Muk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpdhYk;>
ntspapLtJ ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy.
S.132 rl;lk;
25
S.132 ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ> vy;yh rhl;rpahsufSk;
cz;ik NgRtJ flikahFk;. S.132 >
toq;FtJ> rhl;rpahsu;> Nfs;tpf;F gjpy;
mspg;gjpy; ,Ue;J jQ;rk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
30
KbahJ. me;j gjpy; mtUf;F
cle;ijahfyhk;.
gpuptpy;> vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> tpyf;f$W
epiyapy;> mtuJ gjpyhy;> Fw;wk;
rhl;bapUg;gtu;> xU ngha;ahd rhl;rpia 35
jUtjpy; > jtpu> me;j rpy gjpy; mjhtJ
rhl;rpahsu; VNjDk; ifjhfpapUg;gpd;> my;yJ
Fw;wk; rhl;b ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ rhl;r;ahsu;
VNjDk; gaq;futhj eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhy; Nghd;wit MFk;. 40
,Ug;gpDk;> S.132 > toq;FtJ> mjhtJ A.20
(3) murpay; rhrdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; (yf;\pg;l;
nrhuhupah. k`huh\;buh khepyk; AIR 1968 SC
938)
45
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

S.135 – 166 rl;lk; : rhl;rpahsu;fspd; tprhuiz tpyf;$W S.162 Cr. P.C., Gydha;tpd;nghOJ>
S.134> toq;FtJ>Fwpg;gpl;l> vz;zpf;ifAs;s
rhl;rpahsu;fs;> VNjDk; tof;fpy; Njitg;gLk;
VNjDk; rk;gtj;jpw;F Njitapy;iy. cluePjpkd;wk; KbAk; vd S.145 rl;lj;jpy; rupahf
ifahz;l epiwa tof;Ffspy;> rhl;rpahsupd;
juj;ij kl;Lk; jhd; epWj;jpAs;sJ. vz;zpf;ifia P.C., apy; ghu;itapy;> tpNr\kha;
my;y.
S.134> toq;FtJ> cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;>
nray;Kiw rl;lj;ij> jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l Mizia
rhl;rpahsu; cUthf;fpa kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;jij
gpuNahfpj;J jug;gLfpwJ.
S.137> tptupg;gJ> vd;dntd;why;> Kjz;ik
tprhuizapy;> jug;gpdupd; rhl;rpahsu;
tprhuizf;fhf mtis mioj;jy;. NkYk;
tptupg;gJ> vd;dntd;why;> vjpu;jug;gpdu; thapyhf>
rhl;rpahsiu FWf;F-tprhuiz nra;jy;. S.137>
tptupg;gJ> jug;gpdu; rhu;ghf> FWf;F tprhuizf;F
gpwF mtis mioj;jy;.
S.138> njspthf toq;FtJ> tprhuiz
cj;jputpd;gb> kw;Wk; kpf Kf;fpakhf toq;FtJ>
rk;gt vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lg FWf;F – tprhuiz
nra;aj;Njitapy;iy. mtspd; Kjz;ik
tprhuizapy;> rhl;rp ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Gydha;tpd; Ntisapy; FWf;F-tprhuiz kw;Wk;
mwpf;iffs; cgNahfk;
S.145> njspthf toq;FtJ> mtshy; Ke;ija
mwpf;ifapy; vOjg;gl;Nlh my;yJ vOJjy;
Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh rhl;rpia FWf;F-tprhuiz
nra;tJ kw;Wk;> mJ tof;fpd; Nfs;tpfSf;F
nghUj;jkhjy;.
rhl;rpapd; FWf;F tprhuizapd;nghOJ>
Gydha;tpd; nghOJ> cUthf;fg;gl;l
mwpf;iffis> tof;F njhlu;e;jtu;
kWj;Jf;$Wtij kl;Lk; cgNahfpf;fKbAk;.
mjhtJ S.145> ,y; rupahf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(rhl; ghy; nly;ypapy; ,Ue;J fhz;f> Ml;rp AIR
AIR 1976 SC 294))
fhty;Jiwahy; rhl;rpahsuplk; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l
mwpf;if> rhl;rp tof;F njhlu;e;jtu;
kWj;Jf;$Wk;nghOJ kl;Lk; cgNahfpf;f
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpyf;f$W 4.162 (1) Cr.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
S.161 ,d; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffs;>
tof;F njhlu;e;jtupd; cWjpghl;Lld;
cgNahfpf;fKbahJ. jLg;G eltbf;if my;yJ
ePjpkd;w rhl;rpahf ( jhrpy;jhu; rpq;
cj;jpugpuNjrk;> AIR 1959 SC 1012 mwpf;if)
tpil miktpdh
S.141 tptupg;gJ> tpil miktpdh vd;gJ>
VNjDk; Nfs;tpf;F tpil MNyhrpg;gJ> xU
egu;> tpUg;gq;fis my;yJ vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis $wp
ngWtJ. Kjz;ikfl;l tprhuizapd;nghOJ>
my;yJ kW-tprhuizapd;nghOJ>
Nfs;tpfSf;F mDkjp ,y;iy. ePjpkd;w
mDkjpiaj; jtpu. (S.141, S.143 )
vg;gbapUg;gpDk; toq;fg;gLtJ ahjdpy;> tpil
iktpid> FWf;F tprhuizapd; nghOJ
xUNtis Nfl;fg;glyhk;. FWf;F
tprhuizf;fhd fhuzk; vd;dntd;why;> cs;Ns
kiwe;J itj;j rk;gtq;fis ntspf;nfhz;L
tUjy; kw;Wk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltuplk;
rhl;rpgw;W jFjpAilikahjy;.
gpwo; rhd;WiuQu;
S.141, rhl;rpahf miof;fg;gLgtu;> mtSf;F
VNjDk; Nfd;tpfis Nfl;f xU egiu
mDkjpj;jy;> mjhtJ vjpu;jug;G thapyhf
FWf;F-tprhuiz nra;ag;gLjy;. ,e;j gpupT
thf;F%yk; eltbf;ifapd; nghOJ>
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J Ngr;R tof;fpy;>
gpwo; rhd;WiuQu; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
rhl;rpapd; epiyapd; nghOJ> mopf;fg;glf;$ba
Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu; tof;fpy;>
Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;ltu;> mDkjpAld; tUe;jpf;
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. mjhtJ rhl;rp> gpwo;
rhd;WiuQu; elj;jg;gLjy;kw;Wk; mJ Nghd;u

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

tof;Ffspy; tof;F tprhuizapd; NghJ> tpepNahfk; nra;atpy;iy vdf;$Wfpwhu;. rhl;rp

mDkjpf;fj;jf;fJ.
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; flik MdJ> murhq;f
tof;fwpQiu> gpfo; rhd;WiuQiu rhl;rpahf elj;j
mDkjpg;gJ> ([p.v];. gf;\;.khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J AIR
1979 SC 569 fhz;f )

ugPe;ju; Fkhu;Njt;> xup];]h khepyk;> AIR 1977 SC

170 kw;Uk; Nfhyp yf;\;ke; gha;. F[uhj;> AIR
2000 SC 210.,J cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epWj;jp
itj;jJ> mjhtJ KO tof;F tprhuizapd;
NghJ gpwo; rhd;WiuQuhf rhl;rp epuhfupf;fg;gl
Njitapy;iy. kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; tof;F
tprhuizapd; xU gFjpapd; NghJ
rhu;e;jpUj;jy;.mJ ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gw;iw
capu;G+l;Lk;. tof;F tprhuizapd; nghOJ> gpwo;
rhd;WiuQu; tof;F njhlu;e;jtu; tof;fpy;>
Mjutspj;J cgNahfg;gLj;Jjy;.,ij fUj;jpy;
itj;J> rkPgj;jpa Nghf;Ffspy;> tof;F
tprhuizapd; nghOJ> tof;F njhlu;e;jtu; rhl;rp
jd; gpwo; rhd;WiuQuhf jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk;
fhty;Jiwapy; jug;gl;l mwpf;ifia kWj;J $wy;>
ePjpkd;w tof;F tprhuizfs; ,g;nghOJ tof;F
njhlu;jiy Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ S.340 Cr.
P.C.,,d; fPo;> rhl;rpf;F vjpuhf> epd;W ngha;ia
nka;g;gpg;gJ.

rhl;rp$Wgtu;fs; gw;W jFjpAilikAld;

Fw;wQ;rhl;Ljy;

S S.153 kw;Wk; 15 toq;FtJ> rhl;rpahsupd; gw;W

jFjpAilik topfspy;> Fw;wQ;rhl;Ljy;. ,jpy;
Fwpf;fg;gLtJ vd;dntd;why;> jPu;khdq;fs; 203> S.155
epiyahd epd;W jPu;khdpj;J> kw;Wk; murhq;fjug;G
tof;fwpQu;> fw;gopg;Gtof;fpy;> mtspd; gw;W
jFjpAilikapy;> mts; elj;ij rupapy;iy vd
FWf;Ftprhuizapy; Fw;wk; rhl;Ljy;.

tpsf;fk;

A, B apd; kPJ tof;F njhlu;fpwhu;. mjhtJ B f;F

tpw;fg;gl;L> tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l nghUs;. C $Wfpwhu;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l rhl;rpfs; $WtJ vd;dntd;why;>
Kd; epfo;tpy;> mtd; B f;F tpepNahfk;
nra;Js;shu; vdf;$Wfpwhu;. Kd;epfo;tpy; mtd;
$WtJ vd;dntd;why;> mtd; B f;F nghUl;fs;

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

Fwpg;Gfs;
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; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
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Gshº¤øµ\ì , AIR 1993 Bom 217).
ÁÇUSøµbº & Áøµ¯øÓ :
ÁÇUSøµbº GߣÁº ÁÇUSøµbº
\mhzvß RÌ H÷uÝ® J¸ £mi¯¼À
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ß ¤¶ÄPÎß RÌ TÓ¨£mh
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AÀ»x £o¯õͺ AÀ»x A¾Á»¶ß
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TÖQÓx. (£õºUP ÷á. Gß. ã S¨uõ Gvº
GÀ. ã Aìéõ®, AIR 1959 Aìéõ® 134).
¤¶Ä 24 (A)(1) ushøÚ GßÖ
SÔ¨¤hÂÀø». C¢u uøh SØÓ®
PshÔ¯¨£mh BÚõÀ 1958 ß RÌ
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JÊUPU÷PhõÚ SØÓ® GßÖ TÓ¨£mk A
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(S©õ¶ ©õx¶£õmiÀ Gvº TkuÀ
Bøn¯º, iøµ£À öhÁ»¨ö©sm, AIR
1995 SC 94).
Euõµn® : A GßÓ ÁÇUSøµbº B GßÓ
Gvº uµ¨¦ ÁÇUSøµbøµ EnÄ
Cøh÷ÁøÍ°ß ÷£õx Pzv¯õÀ uõUQÚõº.
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AÎUS®AvPõµ® £øhzux. (î®Pz A¼
Põß Gvº DìÁº ¤µ\õz Bº¯õ, AIR 1997
SC 864).
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ö£¯º }UP® ö\´uõÀ Ax ö\¯¾US Áµõx.
(¤¶Ä 26 (1), Á. \mh®, 1961).
÷©õ\i Gߣx J¸ {»£õk ö£Ö®
Gsnzxhß H©õØÖuÀ BS®.
(G”ì.¤.ö\[PÀÁµõ¯ {õ²k Gvº öáP{õz
AIR 1994 SC 583).
Euõµn® : ¤ (P) GߣÁº ÁÇUSøµbµõP
£vÄ ö\´¯ {õkQÓõº. ¤ (P) GߣÁº
C¢v¯ ushøÚa \mh® ¤¶Ä 411 ©ØÖ®
473 ß RÌ ö£ØÓ ¬¢øu¯ ushøÚPøÍ
öÁÎUPõmhÂÀø». „¤‟ ß ö£¯º
£mi¯¼À C¸¢x }UP¨£mhx. C¢v¯
J¨£¢ua \mh® ¤¶Ä 17 ß RÌ ¤ ÷£_®
Phø© EÒÍÁº. Âsn¨£zvÀ ¬¢øu¯
ushøÚPøÍU SÔ¨¤k® £Sv CÀ»õu
÷£õv¾®, ¤ AuøÚ öÁÎUPõmi C¸UP
÷Ásk®. (÷áõQ¢uº ][ Gvº C¢v¯ £õº
PÄß]À, AIR 1975 öhÀ¼ 192).
Euõµn® : ¤ (P) ÁÇUSøµbº,
uÚUS GvµõP {hzøuU ÷PmiØPõÚ ÁÇUS
|¾øÁ°À C¸¢uøu ©øÓzx ÂkQÓõº.
¤ (P) GߣÁº ÁÇUSøµbº \mhzvß R̨
£vÄ ö\´¯ uPõuÁº BQÓõº. (C¢uº ][. In
re 1963 (65) PLR 619).
u¯Ä ö\´x C¢v¯ J¨£¢u \mh®
¤¶Ä 17 ß RÌ EÒÍ Euõµn[PøͲ®,
¤¶Ä 18 ß RÌ EÒÍ ö£õ´UTØÔß
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J¸Áµx Âsn¨£zvøÚ J¸ ©õ|» £õº ¤¶Ä VII, Âv 47).
PÄß]À ©Özv¸¢uõÀ, Aøu ©Özu
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº \õuõµn A©¸®
©õ|» £õº PÄß]À ©ØÖ® C¢v¯ £õº
Pmhnzxh÷Úõ CÀ»õ©÷»õ, J¸
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A÷u {£¶ß ÁÇUSøµbµõPa ÷\ºUS®
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Âsn¨£zvøÚ HØÖU öPõÒÍõx (¤¶Ä
C¯USÚµõP÷Áõ AÀ»x C¯USÚº
27, Á.\mh® 1961).
SÊÂß uø»ÁµõP÷Á EÒÍ Phø©PÒ
©ØÓ¨ £oPÎß «x uøh: |ºÁõP ¬iÄPøÍ Gk¨£uõP÷Áõ AuøÚ
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ÁÇUSøµbº J¸ |ÖÁÚzvß
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÷©»õsø© C¯USÚµõP÷Áõ AÀ»x
÷Ásk®. J¸Áº ÁÇUSøµbµõP \mhz
ö\¯»õ͵õP÷Áõ C¸UP Thõx.
öuõȼÀ ~øÇ¢uõÀ, ÁÇUSøµbº
£oø¯ {hzxÁuØS HØ£ uÚx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv IV , Azv¯õ¯® II ,
©Ú|ø»ø¯ E¸ÁõUP ÷Ásk®. ©ØÓ ¤¶Ä VII , Âv 48).
GxÄ® C¸UPUThõx. C¢v¯ £õº PÄß]À
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, ÁÇUSøµbº £o°À
ÂvPÒ, 1975 ©ØÓ öuõÈ¼ß ÷©À
Dk£mk C¸US® ö£õÊx, J¸ {£¶ß,
uøhPøÍ ÂvUQÓx. (Re S, J¸
Aµ]ß, Pmhõsø©°ß |ÖÁÚzvß
ÁÇUSøµbº, µS{õz§º AIR, 1936 Pat 1).
AÀ»x Aø©¨¤ß \®£Í® Áõ[S®
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº uÛzu |ø»°À ¬Ê÷{µ £o¯õ͵õP C¸UP ¬i¯õx.
÷ÁÖ G¢u öuõȼ¾® Dk£h ¬i¯õx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÷ÁÖ £o°øÚ GkzxU
ÁÇUSøµbº öuõÈÀ ©õs¦US GvµõP
öPõshõÀ AÀ»x ÷\º¢uõÀ, A¢u
¤ÓöuõÈ¼ß ußø© CÀø» GßÖ uS¢u
ÁÇUSøµbº £õº PÄß]¾US ¯õ¸øh¯
©õ|» £õº PÄß]À P¸vÚõÀ, A¢u
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Tmhõsø©°À ÁÇUSøµbº J¸
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£o ö\´¯ Thõx.
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¤¶Ä VII , Âv 49).
©õ|» £õº PÄß]À J¸
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AÀ»x H÷uÝ® ö£õx |ÖÁÚ® AÀ»x
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Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä VII , Âv 49).
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|¯ªUP¨£mh {£º BÁõº. (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII , Âv
49).
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uÛzu |ø»°À A¢u öuõȼß
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E°¼ß -»® ö£ØÓ H÷uÝ® öuõȼß
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(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II ,
¤¶Ä VII , Âv 50).
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öuõÈ»õͺ uPµõÖ ÷©À }v©ßÓzvÀ
|¾øÁ°À C¸US® ö£õÊx öuõÈÀ
uPµõÖPÒ \mh® ¤¶Ä 17 B ß RÌ
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ö£ØÖU öPõsk® A÷u ÷{µzvÀ £vÄ
ö\´u ÁÇUSøµbµõP¨ £o ö\´uõº. „A‟
GߣÁº {hzøuU ÷Pk SØÓÁõÎ BQÓõº.
AÁº ÁÇUSøµbµõP £o ö\´Áv¼¸¢x
uøh ö\´¯¨£kQÓõº. (÷åU ©U§¨
íúø\ß Gvº B¢vµ £õº PÄß]À, AIR
2003 NOC 2915).
Euõµn® : ÷©ØPsh GkzxUPõmiÀ,
öuõÈÀ uPµõÖPÒ \mhzvß RÌ A GߣÁº
CǨ¥k ö£ÓÂÀø»ö¯ßÓõ¾® A
GߣÁº ÁÇUSøµbº £o°À C¸US®
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GߣÁº C¢u ÂvPøÍ «Ö£ÁµõP BQÓõº.
Euõµn® : ÷©ØTÔ¯ EuõµnzvÀ, A
GߣÁº }v©ßÓ[PÎÀ, ©zv¯ AÀ»x
©õ|» Aµ_UPõP÷Áõ AÀ»x H÷uÝ®
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C¯ØÓ¨£mh \mhzuõÀ E¸ÁõUP¨£mh
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Euõµn® : ÷©÷» EÒÍ GkzxUPõmiÀ ,
öuõÈÀ uPµõÖPÒ \mhzvß RÌ CǨ¥k
Áõ[SÁuØS £v»õP, A GߣÁº \õuõµn
A©¸® Pmhn® ö£ØÖU öPõs÷hõ
CÀ»õ©÷»õ, J¸ |ÖÁÚzvß
C¯USÚµõP÷Áõ AÀ»x C¯USÚº SÊ
uø»ÁµõP÷Áõ C¸¢uõÀ , AÁº C¢u
ÂvPøÍ «ÓÂÀø». Tku»õP A
GߣÁ¶ß C¯USÚº AÀ»x uø»Áº
£u塧 £oPÒ |ºÁõP ¬iöÁk¨£uõP
C¸UP÷Áõ AÀ»x AI GߣÁº
÷©»õsø© C¯USÚº AÀ»x
ö\¯»õ͵õP÷Áõ C¸UP ¬i¯õx.
Euõµn® : ÷©÷» EÒÍ GkzxUPõmiÀ,
A GߣÁº, ¤Ó¨¦ ¬øÓ Áõ¶_¶ø©
-»©õP÷Áõ AÀ»x Gg_{º CÓ[S¶ø©
-»©õP÷Áõ AÀ»x E°¼ß -»©õP÷Áõ
ö£ØÓ Sk®£z öuõÈ¼ß £[QÀ
öuõhµ»õ®. GÛÝ® A GߣÁº ÷©ØPsh
öuõÈ¼ß |ºÁõPzvÀ uÛzu |ø»°À
£[S ö£Ó ¬i¯õx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº,
 £õµõЩßÓ ©÷\õuõUPøÍ
Fv¯zvØPõP ©Ö B´Ä ö\´¯»õ®.
 \®£ÍzvÀ \mh £õh ¦zuP[PøÍ
£v¨¤ØS u¯õº ö\´¯»õ®.
 ©õnÁºPÐUS \mhz
÷uºÄPÐUPõP £°Ø] AÎUP»õ®.
 ÷uºÄ ÂÚõzuõÒPøÍ u¯õº
ö\´¯Ä® ÷\õuøÚ ö\´¯»õ®.
 ÂÍ®£µ® ©ØÖ® ¬Ê ÷{µ £o
ÂvPÐUS Em£mk J¼ £µ¨¦uÀ,
£zv¶øP öuõÈÀ, ö\õØö£õÈÄ ©ØÖ®
\mh AÀ»x \mh©À»õu £õh[PøÍ
£°ØÖÂzu¼¾® Dk£h»õ®
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II ,
¤¶Ä VII , Âv 51).
C¢v¯ £õº PÄß]À ÂvPÒ J¸
ÁÇUSøµbøµ¨ £Sv ÷{µ £o°À ©õ|»
£õº PÄß]À J¨¦u¾hß Dk£h
AÝ©vUQÓx. Áµ®¦øµ¯õP :
©õ|» £õº PÄß]¼ß £i A¢u¨
£o°ß ußø© CÁ¸øh¯ öuõȾUS
GvµõÚuõP, ¬µnõÚuõP, ©ØÖ® öuõÈÀ
©õs¦US ¬µnõÚuõP C¸UPUThõx.
 C¢u Âv C¢v¯ £õº PÄß]À
AÆÁ¨÷£õx öÁΰk®
ö{Ô²ÖzuÀPÐUS Em£mhx. (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII
, Âv 52).
ÁÇUSøµb¶ß Phø©PÒ :
C¢v¯ £õº PÄß]À ÂvPÎß RÌ,
©ØÓ Phø©PÒ uµ, J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
Pm]UPõµºP¸US, }v©ßÓzvØS Ehß
£o¯õØÖ& £ÁºPÐUS ©ØÖ® Gvº
uµ¨¤Ú¸US Phø© Eøh¯Áº BQÓõº.
ÁÇUSøµb¶ß Pm]UPõµ¸US Eøh¯
Phø©PÒ
ÁÇUSøµ SÔ¨ø£ HØÖU öPõÒЮ
Phø©
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓzvÀ
AÀ»x wº¨£õ¯zvÀ AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ
H÷uÝ® AvPõµzvÀ EÒÍ ÁÇUSøµ
SÔ¨ø£ HØÖU öPõÒÍ ÷Ásk®.
ÁÇUSøµbº Pmhn®, ÁÇUSøµb¶ß
ÁÇUSøµbº ©ßÓzvÀ C¸US® |ø»,
©ØÖ® ÁÇ[S® ußø©US JÆÄ®
AÍÄøh¯uõP C¸UP ÷Ásk®. J¸
ÁÇUSøµbº ]» ]Ó¨¦ `Ì|ø»PÎÀ J¸
SÔ¨¤mh ÁÇUSøµ SÔ¨ø£ HØP
©ÖUP»õ®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI ,
Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII, Âv 7).
Euõµn® : ‘C’ GߣÁ¸US GvµõÚ SØÓ
ÁÇUQÀ , C ÁÇUSøµbº ©ßÓ -zu
EÖ¨¤ÚºPÎß £o°øÚ¨ ö£Ó
¬i¯ÂÀø». C JÆöÁõ¸ EÖ¨¤Úøµ²®
AqSQÓõº. KÆöÁõ¸Á¸® C US
BáµõP ©ÖUQÓõºPÒ. ]» -zu
EÖ¨¤ÚºPÒ ¦Põºuõµ¸hß C¸US®
CnUP® Põµn©õP ©ÖUQÓõºPÒ. ©ØÓ
AøÚÁ¸® ¦PõºuõµµõÀ ukzx
|Özu¨£kQÓõºPÒ. J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
uµ¨¤ÚºPÎøh÷¯ J¨¦UöPõÒͨ£mh
Pmhn ö\¾zxu¼ß ÷£¶À AÁ¸US
ÁÇ[P¨£mh ÁÇUSøµU SÔ¨ø£, Gvº
uµ¨¤Ú¸hß EÒÍ CnUP® Põµn©õP ,
|µõP¶UP G¢u E¶ø©²® CÀø» (»õÀhº
Gvº \õTº AP©x AIR 1929 Qudh 672).
J¨¦U öPõsh A¾Á¼À C¸¢x
v¸®£¨ ö£Óõ©À C¸US® Phø©.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUQ¼¸¢x
v¸®£¨ö£ØÓõÀ, A¢u ÁÇUSøµbº
÷Áø» ö\´¯õu Pmhnzøu
Pm]UPõµ¸US v¸®£ ÁÇ[P ÷Ásk®
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II ,
¤¶Ä VII , Âv 12).
Euõµn®: “A” J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, J¸
ÁÇUQ¼¸¢x K´Ä ö£Ó ¸®¤Úõº. A
G¢u Põµnzøu²® uõUPÀ ö\´¯ÂÀø».
A AÁ¸øh¯ Pm]UPõµ¸US® ÷£õx©õÚ
AÔ¨¦ ö\´¯ÂÀø». A AÁº
EøÇUPõu Pmhnzøuz v¸®¤ uµÄ®
EÖv AÎUPÂÀø». A A¢u
ÁÇUQ¼¸¢x K´Ä ö£Ó
AÝ©vUP¨£h©õmhõº (£÷hÀ ©Pß»õÀ
uÛä£õ´ Gvº £÷hÀ »m_ªuõì
{õµõ¯s£õ´ Pß\Põµõ, AIR 1988 Guj 48).
ÁÇUSøµbº \õm]¯õP AøÇUP¨£k®
ö£õÊx ÁÇUSøµU SÔ¨ø£ HØÖU
öPõÒÍõ©À C¸US® Phø©: &
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº , \õm]¯õP
AøÇUP¨£kÁõº GßÓ {®£zuS¢u
Põµn® C¸US® ÷£õx A¢u ÁÇUQß
ÁÇUSøµ SÔ¨ø£ HØÖU öPõÒÍ÷Áõ
AÀ»x A¢u ÁÇUQÀ BáµõP÷Áõ Thõx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUøP HØÖU öPõsh
¤ÓS ¬UQ¯©õÚ ö£õ¸sø©ÂÚõÂÀ
\õm]¯õP AøÇUP¨£kÁõº GßÖ
öu¶¢uõÀ ©ØÖ® Pm]UPõµ¶ß {»ß
£õvUPõ©À K´Ä ö£Ó ¬i¢uõÀ, A¢u
ÁÇUSøµbº öuõhº¢x ¬ßÛø»¯õSuÀ
Thõx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯®
II , ¤¶Ä VII , Âv 13).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ¬UQ¯ \õm]¯õP
BS® ö£õÊx, ©ØÖ® {Àö»snzvß
£i v¸®£¨ ö£Öu¾UPõÚ Âsn¨£®
AÎUP¨£k® ÷£õx®, J¸ E¶ø©°¯À
}v©ßÓ® A¢u {£øµ ÁÇUSøµbµõP
¬ßÛø»¯õP ÷Áshõ® GßÖ EzuµÂh
EÒÍõº¢u AvµõP® ö£ØÖÒÍx (¤¶Ä
151, E¶ø©°¯À {øh¬øÓ \mh® 1908).
Euõµn®: J¸ £õP¨¤¶ÂøÚ ÁÇUQÀ , A,
GßÓ J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ¤µvÁõv „D‟ ¤ (P)
°hª¸¢x ö£ØÓ Bøn²Öv BÁn®
JßøÓa \©º¨¤zuõº. Ax ÁÇUQØS
¬UQ¯©õÚ JßÓõS®. A¢u Bøn²Öv
BÁn® ÁÇUSøµbº „A‟ ÂÚõÀ
Aøh¯õÍ® Põmkuø» AhUQ°¸¢ux.
A C¨÷£õx Bøn²Öv BÁnzvß
Esø©z ußø©ø¯ |¹¤US® ¬UQ¯
\õm] BQÓõº. A GߣÁº C¢u ÁÇUQÀ
\õm]¯õP AøÇUP¨£kÁõº GߣuõÀ
BáµõPz uøh ö\´¯¨£kQÓõº (\zµ£v
]Áõâ Gvº ¥Põº, AIR 1990 Pat 157).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, uµ¨¤Ú¸øh÷¯
EÒÍ ¤µa\øÚPÒ ÷©À EÒÍ {»ß
\®£¢u©õP ¬Êø©¯õÚ öÁΨ£kzxuÀ
Phø© Eøh¯Áº. uµ¨¤Ú¸US Cøh÷¯
EÒÍ CnUP® SÔzx ÁÇUQß
Bµ®£zv¾® ÁÇUS {øhö£Ö® ÷£õx®
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ußÝøh¯ Pm]U
Põµ¸US öu¶¯¨ £kzu ÷Ásk®. J¸
ÁÇUSøµbº A¢u ¤µa\øÚ°À A¢u
ÁÇUSøµb¶ß {»ß AuõÁx Pm]UPõµº
A¢u ÁÇUSøµbøµ |¯©Ú® ö\´¯
÷uøÁ¯õÚuõP C¸¢uõÀ Aøu öu¶¯
£kzu ÷Ásk® (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI ,
Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII , Âv 14).
Euõµn®: A GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbøµ C
GÝ® Pm]UPõµº D GÝ® Phßuõµ¶h®
C¸¢x Cµsk Phß J¨¦a^mkPÎß ÷©À
EÒÍ £nzøu Ámi²hß ö£Ó ÁÇUS
uõUPÀ ö\´¯ J¨£¢u® ö\´x
A©ºzxQÓõº. ÁÇUSøµbº A A¢u D
GߣÁøµ 7 & 8 BskPÍõP öu¶¢uÁº. A
ÁÇUPÔbº , D GߣÁ¸UPõP CÓ[S¶ø©
\õßÔuÌ ö£Ö® ÁÇUQÀ BáµõQ²ÒÍõº.
ÁÇUSøµbº A ÁÇUSøµ SÔ¨ø£ HØÖU
öPõshõº. BÚõÀ D GߣÁ¸hß Eøh¯
¬ß öuõhºø£ öÁΨ£kzuÂÀø». A
Âv 14I «Ô²ÒÍõº. HöÚßÓõÀ A
ÁÇUSøµbº D GߣÁ¶h®
GÀ»õÁØøÓ²® öÁΨ£kzv°¸UP
÷Ásk®. A ÁÇUSøµbº D GߣÁ¸hß
EÒÍ öuõhºø£ „C‟US öu¶¯¨£kzv¯
¤ÓS, „C‟\®©vzuõÀ „A‟ ÁÇUSøµbµõP
£o¯õØÓ»õ®. (Â.],µ[Pxøµ Gvº
i.÷Põ£õ»ß AIR 1979 SC 281).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯
uÛ¨£mh P¸zøu uºzx Pm]UPõµ¶ß
{»øÚU Põ¨£õØÓU Phø© Eøh¯Áº.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, AÁ¸U÷Põ
AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ GÁ¸US® ¸®£zuPõu
ÂøÍÄPøÍ HØ£kzuõu Ásn®, GÀ»õ
{À», ©ØÖ® ÷{ºø©¯õÚ, ÁÈPÎÀ,
Pm]UPõµ¶ß {»øÚ Põ¨£õØÓ ÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº SØÓÁõ롧 SØÓzøu¨
ö£õÖzu G¢u P¸zx C¸¨¤Ý®, SØÓ
ÁÇUQÀ SØÓ® \mh¨£mhÁøµ Põ¨£õØÓ
÷Ásk®. J¸ ÁÇUSøµb¶ß (Phø©)
\mhzvØS ©mk÷© Eøh¯x Gߣøu
¦¶¢x öPõÒÍ ÷Ásk®. \mh®, J¸ {£º
÷£õx©õÚ \õm]¯® CÀ»õ©À
usiUP¨£hU Thõx GßÖ TÖQÓx (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII
, Âv 15).
Euõµn® : C GߣÁº uõß C¢v¯
ushøÚa \mh® ¤¶Ä 289 ß RÌ SØÓ®
\õmh¨£mhuõÀ A GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbøµ
|¯ªUQÓõº. C uõUS® Gsn[PÐøh¯
ö\À»¨¤µõoø¯ PÁÛUPz uÁÔ¯uõÀ
SØÓ¬Ö PÁÚªßø© GßÓ SØÓ®
ö\´uuõP SØÓ® \õmh¨£kQÓõº. A uõUS®
¤µõoPÎÚõÀ £õvUP¨£mhÁº GßÖ
P¸x÷Áõ®. ©ØÖ® A CzuøP¯ ¤µõoPÒ
\-PzvÀ C¸UPUThõx GßÖ P¸xQÓõº.
A, CzuøP¯ ¤µõoPÎß E¶ø©¯õͺPÒ
uS¢u £õh® PؤUP¨£h ÷Ásk® GßÖ
{®¦QÓõº.
C[S A, ÁÇUSøµbº C GߣÁøµ
SØÓÁÇUQÀ Põ¨£õØÖ® Phø©£mkÒÍ
÷£õx AÁ¸øh¯ ö\õ¢u Gsn[PÒ
Auß ÁÈ°À Áµ AÝ©vUP Thõx. A
÷ÁÖ GÁ¸US® ¸®£õuøua ö\´QÓõº
GßÖ P¸u¨£h ¬i¯õuÁº. A
ÁÇUSøµbº, C GߣÁº ÷£õx©õÚ Buõµ®
©ØÖ® \õm]¯® CßÔ usiUP¨£h
Thõx GßÖ Áõvh ÷Ásk®.
(¬P©x \õvU Gvº G®£µº (1904) KRL 1059
(All)
|µ£µõvPøÍz usiUS® GsnªÀ»õu
SØÓ ÁÇUQk® Phø© :
SØÓ¯À Â\õµøn°À
ÁÇUQk£Áº |µ£µõvø¯z usiUPõu
ÁøP°À SØÓ ÁÇUQh ÷Ásk®. SØÓ
ÁÇUQk£Áº, SØÓa\õmh¨£Á¶ß
SØÓ©ØÓz ußø©ø¯ öÁΨ£kzx®
¬UQ¯©õÚÁØøÓ ©øÓUPÂÀø» GßÖ
EÖv ö\´¯ ÷Ásk®.
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II ,
¤¶Ä VII , Âv 16).
Euõµn® : P GߣÁº D GߣÁøµ öPõø»
ÁÇUQÀ SØÓÁÇUQkQÓõº. A¢u ÁÇUS
öÁSÁõÚ FhP PÁÚzøu Dºzu JßÖ.
{À» ÁÇUøP E¸ÁõUQ¯uØPõP P
¦PǨ£mhõº. \õm] ö\õÀ» u¯õµõP C¸¢u
P \õm]PøÍ PshÔ¢uõº. ]Ôx {õmPÒ
PÈzx, A¢u 9 \õm]PÎÀ 8 ÷£º u[PÍx
ÁõUS -»[PÎÀ C¸¢x v¸®£¨
ö£ÖÁuõP P PshÔ¢uõº. \õm]PÎß
{®£Pzußø©ø¯ P \¢÷uQUP Bµ®¤zuõº.
\õm] ö\õÀ» u¯õµõP C¸US® J¸
\õm]²® £¼¯õÚÁøµU öPõÀ¾®
Gsn¬øh¯Áº GßÖ P PshÔ¢uõº.
C¢u `Ì|ø»°À, ÷PÒÂUS¶¯
\õm]¯[PÎß ÁõUS-»zvÚõÀ P
GߣÁº D GߣÁøµ ÁÇUQkÁv¼¸¢x
»PÄ® AøÚzx ö£õ¸sø©PøͲ®
öÁΨ£kzx£ÁµõPÄ® C¸US® Phø©
Eøh¯Áº. (÷hÂì Gvº ì÷hm 660 SE 2D
354).
Pm]UPõµ¸øh¯ Põ¨¦øhø© ©ØÖ®
µP]¯z uPÁÀPøÍ öÁΰhõ©À C¸US®
Pmk¨£õkPøÍ «Óõu Phø© JßÖ
EÒÍx. Cx C¢v¯a \õm]¯ \mh®, 1872
¤¶Ä 126ß RÌ Á¸QÓx. (\õm]¯ \mh®)
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÷{µi¯õP÷Áõ AÀ»x
©øÓ¬P©õP÷Áõ C¢v¯a \õm]¯ \mh®
¤¶Ä 126 ß RÌ EÒÍ Pmk¨£õkPøÍ
«ÖuÀ Thõx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä VII , Âv 17).
C¢v¯a \õm]¯ \mh® ¤¶Ä 126
öuõÈÀ \õº¢u ©ØÖ® CµP]¯
ö\´vPøͨ£ØÔ TÖQÓx ©ØÖ®:
 ÁÇUSøµbº A©ºzu¾UPõP
Pm]UPõµµõÀ ÁÇUSøµb¸US
AÎUP¨£mh H÷uÝ® ö\´vz öuõhº¦PÒ.
 öuõÈÀ \õº¢u £oUPõP AÁ¸UPõP ÁõuõkÁx SØÓ ÷{õUP®
A©ºzu¼ß ÷£õx ÁÇUSøµb¸US {ßS BPõuuõÀ, C¢u ö\´vz öuõhº¦
AÔ¢u ÁÇUSøµb¸US ÁÇ[P¨£mh öÁΰku¼À C¸¢x £õxPõUP¨£kQÓx
BÁnzvß £SvPÒ (S.126 (a), Evidence Act).

 ©ØÖ® |£¢uøÚPÒ, ©ØÖ® J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº RÌPsh u¸n[PÎÀ

ÁÇUSøµbøµ A©ºzx® ÷£õx uPÁÀPøÍ öÁΰh»õ®.
Pm]UPõµ¸US ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇ[Q¯
 Pm]UPõµº uPÁÀPøÍ
AÔÄøµPÒ BQ¯ÁØøÓ²®
öÁΰkÁuØS öÁΨ£øh¯õÚ \®©u®
EÒÍhUQ¯x. (¤¶Ä 126, C¢v¯ \õm]¯
öu¶ÂzuõÀ, J¸ ÁÇUSøµbºuPÁÀPøÍ
\mh®).
öÁΰh ¬i²®.
öÁΰhõ©À C¸UP ÷Ási¯x
Euõµn®: GkzxUPõmhõP ÷©ØTÔ¯
RÌUPshÁØøÓ EÒÍhUQ¯x.
GkzxUPõmiÀ, A GߣÁº B GÝ®
 \mh ¬µnõÚ ÷{õUPzvß ÁÇUSøµb¶h®, ""{õß ö£õ´ BÁn®
öuõhºa]UPõP AÎUP¨£mh H÷uÝ® ¦øÚ²® SØÓ® ö\´v¸UQ÷Óß ©ØÖ®
ö\´v öuõhº¦PÒ, ©ØÖ® {õß E[PøÍ GÚUPõP ÁõuõhÄ® GßøÚU
PõUPÄ® ¸®¦Q÷Óß'', GßÖ TÖ® ÷£õx
 ÁÇUSøµbµõÀ AÁ¸øh¯
, A GߣÁº B ÁÇUSøµb¶h®, }v£v
£o°ß ÷£õx, Pm]UPõµº -»©õP÷Áõ
GßøÚ ©ßÛzuõÀ, {õß SØÓ[PøÍ
AÀ»x Pm]UPõµ¶ß \õº£õP÷Áõ, £o
J¨¦U öPõÒÁvÀ ©QÌa] AøhQ÷Óß'',
Bµ®£zvÀ C¸¢x H÷uÝ® SØÓ® AÀ»x
GßÖ® TÖQÓõº. C[S B C¢uz uPÁø»
÷©õ\i ö\´¯¨£mi¸¨£uõP
}v©ßÓzvØS öu¶¯¨£kzu»õ®, BÚõÀ
PÁÛUP¨£mh ö£õ¸sø©.
}v£v ©ßÛUP u¯õµõP C¸US® ÷£õx

Euõµn® : A GߣÁº B GßÓ ©mk÷© öÁΨ£kzu ¬i²®. B

ÁÇUSøµb¶h®, "{õß ö£õ´ BÁn® ÁÇUSøµbº öÁΰh J÷µ Põµn®, A

¦øÚuÀ SØÓ® ö\´v¸UQ÷Óß, ©ØÖ® GÝ® Pm]UPõµº öÁΨ£øh¯õÚ \®©u®

}[PÒ GÚUPõP ÁÇUSøµbµõP C¸¢x AÎzv¸UQÓõº GߣuõÀ uõß ©mk÷©.

GßøÚU PõUP ¸®¦Q÷Óß, GßÖ

Pm]UPõµº \mh¬µnõÚ ÷{õUPzvß
TÖQÓõº. J¸Áº SØÓÁõÎ GÚz öu¶¢x
öuõhºa]¯õP H÷uÝ® uPÁÀ öPõkzuõÀ,
AuøÚ J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº öÁΰh»õ®.
(¤¶Ä 126(1), C¢v¯ \õm]¯ \mh®).
QÍõºU Gvº ²øÚöhm ì÷hmì
GÝ® ¬UQ¯ ÁÇUQÀ, ².Gì Ea\ }v
©ßÓ®, J¸ Pm]UPõµº ÷©õ\i
ö\´ÁuØPõÚ AÔÄøµø¯
ÁÇUSøµb¶h® ÷Pmk¨ö£ÖQÓõº. AÁº
\mhzvß £i £õxPõUP ¬i¯õuÁº. A¢u
Pm]UPõµº Esø© öÁΨ£h AÝ©vUP
÷Ásk®. (QÍõºU Gvº ²øÚ÷hm
ì÷hmì 289 USI , 15, (1933)).
Euõµn® : A GÝ® Pm]UPõµº B GÝ®
ÁÇUSøµb¶h® ""{õß ö£õ´ BÁn®
-»® J¸ ö\õzøu Aøh¯ ¸®¦Q÷Óß.
AuØS }[PÒ GÚUPõP Áõvh ÷Ásk®''
GÚU TÖQÓõº. C¢u uPÁÀ J¸ SØÓ
÷{õUPzvß öuõhºa]¯õÚuõÀ Cx
öÁΨ£ku¼¸¢x £õxPõUP¨£hÂÀø»
(S.126(b), \õm]¯ \mh®).
Euõµn®: A GߣÁº øP¯õhÀ SØÓ®
\õmh¨£mhÁº . AÁº B GßÝ®
ÁÇUSøµbøµ ußøÚ Bu¶UP
A©ºzxQÓõº. ÁÇUS {øhö£Ö® ö£õÊx,
A Âß PnUS ¦zuPzvÀ Bµ®£zvÀ
CÀ»õu „A‟ øÁ øP¯õhÀ SØÓ®
ö\´v¸¨£uõP ö\õÀ»¨£k® £n® £vÄ
ö\´¯¨£mi¸UQÓx Gߣøu B
ÁÇUSøµbº PÁÛUQÓõº. B ÂÚõÀ
PshÔ¯¨£mh ÷©õ\i ö\´v¸¨£uØPõÚ
ö£õ¸sø© öÁΨ£ku¼À C¸¢x
£õxPõUP¨£hÂÀø» (¤¶Ä 126(c),
C¢v¯ \õm]¯ \mh®).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº RÌPsh
u¸n[PÎÀ uPÁÀPøÍ
öÁΰh»õ®.
 Pm]UPõµº \mh ¬µnõÚ
÷{õUPzvß öuõhºa]¯õP H÷uÝ® uPÁÀ
öPõkzuõÀ, AuøÚ J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
öÁΰh»õ®. (¤¶Ä 126, C¢v¯ \õm]¯
\mh®).
 QÍõ_U Gvº ²øÚöhm
ì÷hmì GÝ® ¬UQ¯ ÇUQÀ, ².Gì.
Ea\}v©ßÓ®, J¸ Pm]UPõµº ÷©õ\i
ö\´ÁuØPõÚ AÔÄøµø¯
ÁÇUSøµb¶h® ÷Pmk¨ ö£ÖQÓõº. AÁº
\mhzvߣi £õxPõUP ¬i¯õuÁº. A¢u
Pm]UPõµº Esø© öÁΨ£h AÝ©vUP
÷Ásk®. (QÍõºU Gvº
²øÚöhmì÷hmhì 289, USI, 15,
(1933).
Euõµn®: A GߣÁº øP¯õhÀ SØÓ®
\õmh¨£mhÁº. AÁº B GßÝ®
ÁÇUSøµbøµ ußøÚ Bu¶UP
A©ºzxQÓõº. ÁÇUS {øhö£Ö®ö£õÊx,
A Âß PnUS ¦zuPzvÀ Bµ®£zvÀ
CÀ»õu "A'øÁ øP¯õhÀ SØÓ®
ö\´v¸¨£uõP ö\õÀ»¨£k® £n® £vÄ
ö\´¯¨£mi¸UQÓx Gߣøu B
ÁÇUSøµbº PÁÛUQÓõº. "B'ÂÚõÀ
PshÔ¯¨£mh ÷©õ\i ö\´v¸¨£uØPõÚ
ö£õ¸sø© öÁΨ£ku¼À C¸¢x
£õxPõUP¨£hÂÀø». (¤¶Ä 126(C )
C¢v¯ \õm]¯ \mh®).
¤¶Ä 126ß RÌ EÒÍ Ph£õk A¢u
£o ¬i¢u ¤ÓS® öuõhºQÓx. (¤¶Ä
126, C¢v¯ \õm]¯ \mh®).
ÁÇUS ÷£õh yshõ©À C¸US®
Phø©
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUS ÷£õh
yshUThõx. ÷ÁÖÁõºzøuPÎÀ, J¸
ÁÇUSøµbº J¸ uµ¨¤Úøµ ÁÇUS ÷£õh
ysh÷Áõ Em£kzu÷Áõ Thõx. (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv II, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II ,
Âv 18).
Sk®£ ÷ÁÖ£õkPÒ, ¤µa\øÚPÒ
©ØÖ® ¬µs£õkPøÍ \©õuõÚ©õP
wº¨£x uõß \mhöuõÈÀ EÖ¨¤Ú¶ß
¬uÀ Phø© BS®. CuøÚa ö\´Áuß
-»® ÁÇUSøµbº uõß ÁÇUQh
yskQÓõº GßÓ ö£õx P¸zøu ö£õ´
GßÖ |¹¤UP ÷Ásk®. (}v¯µ\º µõä
Q÷åõº ¤µ\õz, £õmÚõ ÷µõmh¶ Qͨ
Tmh®, 1956 AIR £zv¶øP ¤¶Ä).
Euõµn®: C GߣÁº -uõøu¯º ö\õzvÀ
¤¶ÂßÔ 1/3 £[S öPõsh -ßÖ
Áõ¶_PÎÀ J¸Áº BÁõº. C, A GÝ®
ÁÇUSøµbøµ AqQ Sk®£a ö\õzvÀ
EÒÍ AÁµx £[øP ÁÇUS ÷£õhõ©À
\©õuõÚ©õP ¤¶UP ÷ÁskQÓõº. A
ÁÇUSøµbº C- °h® ußÝøh¯ C¸£x
BskPõ» ÁÇUSøµbº AÝ£ÁzvÀ
}v©ßÓzvØS ö\ßÖ ¤µa\øÚ ö\´£Áº
uõß Sk®£a ö\õzx ¤µa\øÚ°À AvP
£[SPøÍ ö£ÖQÓõº GßÖ TÖQÓõº. A,
C[S ÁÇUQh yskQÓõº. C GߣÁº A
ÁÇUSøµbøµ AqQ Sk®£
¤µa\øÚø¯ \©õuõÚ©õP wºUP Á¸QÓõº.
BÚõÀ A, ÁÇUSøµbº Sk®£zøu
ÁÇUQh C- I yskQÓõº.
ÁÇUSøµbº uÚx Pm]UPõµ¶ß
uPÁÀPøͨ ö£ØÖ Auß«x ©mk÷©
ö\¯À£h ÷Ásk®; ÷ÁÖ GÁ¶ß uPÁÀ
«x® ö\¯À£hU Thõx (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 19).
Euõµn® : A GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbº,
AÁ¸øh¯ Pm]UPõµº ¤µvÁõv°ß
\mh¨£i¯õÚ v¸©n©õÚ ©øÚ¯õP
CÀ»õuuõÀ Pm]UPõµ¶ß ÁÇUøP v¸®£
ö£ÖQÓõº. A- ÁÇUSøµbº uÚx
Pm]UPõµ¶h® C¸¢x G¢u uPÁÀ AÀ»x ÁÇUQ¼¸¢x Á¸® £¯ÝUS HØ£
SÔ¨¦® ö£Óõ©À, ÷©¾® ö£õ´¯õÚ EÖv Pmhn® ö£Ó HØ£õk ö\´Áøu
ö©õÈ°ÚõÀ öÁØÖ uõÎÀ Áõ[Q¯ uºUS® Phø©
øPö¯Êzx -»® ÁõÌUøP ö£õ¸ÐuÂ
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUQß
÷Pmk Âsn¨¤UQÓõº. A ÁÇUSøµbº,
¬iÂøÚ øÁz÷uõ AÀ»x ¬iÂÀ
Pm]UPõ¶ß uPÁÀ AÀ»x SÔ¨¦ CßÔ
Qøh¨£ÁØÔß J¸ £Svø¯÷¯õ
ö\¯À£mhuõÀ öuõÈÀ {hzøuU ÷Pk
Pmhn©õP |ºn°UP ¬i¯õx. (BCI
SØÓ® CøÇzuÁµõQÓõº. (U¯õß \¢u Gvº
ÂvPÒ, £Sv II, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II,
C¢v¯ £õºUPÄß]À (1997) 11 Sec
Âv 20).
(108).
Euõµn®: A GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbº C GÝ®
Euõµn®: P GߣÁº J GÝ® Á¯uõÚ,
£o°À C¸¢x }UP® ö\´¯¨£mh J¸
£»RÚ©õÚ, ©ØÖ® ©Ú|ø» vhªÀ»õ
Pm]UPõµ¸hß J¸ J¨£¢u® ö\´uõº. A
uÁÖUPõP J¸ E¸ÁõUP¨£mh ÁÇUøP
ÁÇUSøµbº ¬¢øu¯ \®£Í® ©ØÖ®
öuõh[SQÓõº. P Cx \®£¢u©õP A GÝ®
£izöuõøPø¯ ö£ØÖ u¢uõÀ uÚUS
ÁÇUSøµb¸US SÔ¨¦ ©ØÖ® uPÁÀ
¹.5000 Pmhn©õP ÷Ásk® GßÖ
u¸QÓõº. A ÁÇUSøµbº J GߣÁøµ
Pmhn J¨£¢u® ö\´QÓõº. Âv 20ß RÌ
÷{¶À £õºzux CÀø», ©ØÖ® ¯õ¸øh¯
A, ÁÇUSøµbº, ÁÇUQß öÁØÔø¯¨
uPÁ¼ÚõÀ P ö\¯À£kQÓõº GßÖ A-
ö£õÖzx Pmhn® ö£ÖÁ÷uõ AÀ»x
US öu¶¯õx. C¢u `Ì|ø»°À, P
ÁÇUS ¬iÂÀ J¸ £Svø¯ Pmhn©õP
US A GÝ® ÁÇUSø»b¸US uPÁÀ
ö£ÖÁ÷uõ uøh ö\´¯¨£kQÓx. C¢u
u¸® AvPõµ® CÀ»õuuõÀ ÁÇUS |ßÖ
HØ£õk AÝ©vUP¨£hõx. (¤.
÷£õQÓx. A ÁÇUSøµbº Esø©¯õÚ
öÁ[Phõz¶ \õìv¶ Gvº \ºuõº ÷P\º ][,
Pm]UPõµº Jß uPÁÀPÒ ©ØÖ®
1975(2) APLJ 180). J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
SÔ¨¦PÎߣi ©mk÷©
ÁÇUPõk ÷Põ¸¶ø©°ß {»£õøh÷¯õ
ö\¯À£h÷Ásk® GßÖ Âv 19 TÖQÓx.
AÀ»x J¸ £Svø¯÷¯õ ö£ÖÁuõP
(©÷P¢vµ ¤µuõ¨ ][ Gvº £u®
J¨£¢u® ö\´¯÷Áõ, AÀ»x AuøÚ
S©õ¸÷uÂ, AIR 1993, 143).
©õØÔUöPõkUP÷Áõ AÀ»x AuøÚ
Âø» öPõkzx Áõ[P÷Áõ Thõx.
BÚõÀ Cx RÌUPshÁØÖUS
ö£õ¸¢uõx.
 Aµ_ ¤øn¯zvÀ EÒÍ
PhÜmk £zvµ®, £[S ©ØÖ® C¸¨¦US
ö£õ¸¢uõx.
 \mhzvÚõÀ AÀ»x
£ÇUPzvÚõÀ ©õØÓzuUP ¬øÓ
BÁnzvØS ö£õ¸¢uõx.
 ö£õ¸mPÎß E¶ø©
-»zvØPõÚ ÁoP BÁnzvØS
ö£õ¸¢uõx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 21).
Euõµn®: A GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbº DUS
GvµõÚ ÁÇUQÀ C GÝ® Pm]UPõµøµ
Bu¶UQÓõº. A¢u ÁÇUSUS wº¨£õøn
ÁÇ[P¨£kQÓx. A¢u wº£õønø¯ A,
C- °h® C¸¢x ©õØÔ ö£ÖQÓõº. C¢u
©õØÖ¶ø© BÁn® D GߣÁº C US ¹.
276 PhߣmhÁº. A¢u wº¨£õøn A÷u
AÍÄ £nzvØPõP A US ©õØÓ¨£kQÓx.
A, D-US GvµõP wº¨£õønø¯
|øÓ÷ÁØÖ® {hÁiUøP GkUQÓõº. A
ÁÇUPõk ÷Põ¸¶ø©ø¯ Áõ[Q¯uõÀ Âv
21ß RÌ, {hzøuU ÷Pk SØÓ® CøÇzuÁº
BQÓõº. (Re L, J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, AIR
1938 Mad 276). J¸ ÁÇUPøµbº AÁµx
ö£¯¶÷»õ AÀ»x ¤Ó¶ß ö£¯¶÷»õ
AÁ¶ß {»ÝUPõP÷Áõ AÀ»x ¤Ó¶ß
{»ÝUPõP÷Áõ ÷{µi¯õP÷Áõ AÀ»x
©øÓ¬P©õP÷Áõ, RÌUPshÁØÔÀ
TÓ¨£mkÒÍ ö\õzx {hÁiUøP°À,
H»zvÀ £[S öPõÒÍ÷Áõ AÀ»x
Áõ[P÷Áõ ¬i¯õx.
 J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº öuõÈÀ
¬øÓ°À \®£¢u¨£mh H÷uÝ® J¸
ÁÇUQß AÀ»x ÷©À¬øÓ±k AÀ»x
©ØÓ }v©ßÓ {hÁiUøP°ß wº¨£õøn
AÀ»x EzuµøÁ |øÓ÷ÁØÖ® ö£õ¸mk
ÂØ£øÚ ö\´¯¨£k® ö\õzx.
 J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯
Pm]UPõµº \mh¨£i H»® GkUP÷Áõ
AÀ»x Áõ[P÷Áõ AvPõµ® EÒÍ
ö\õzvøÚ H»® GkUP÷Áõ AÀ»x
Áõ[P÷Áõ ö\´¯»õ®.
 Pm]UPõµº öÁΨ£øh¯õP
A¢u ÁÇUSøµbøµ AÁ¸UPõP H»®
GkUP AÝ©v AÎzv¸UP ÷Ásk®.
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä
II, Âv 22).
Euõµn® : A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUQÀ
J¸ ö\õzøu ö£¯¶À ¦øÚ {£µõP C¸¢x
Áõ[P¨£mhx. A, ÁÇUSøµbº A¢u
ÁÇUQÀ ÁÇUSøµbµõP ÷uõßÔ
öÁßÓõº. B GßÓ ¦øÚ{£º A GßÓ
ÁÇUSøµb¸US Âkuø» £zvµ® GÊvU
öPõkzuõº. A ÁÇUSøµbµõP ö\¯À£k®
ÁÇUQÀ EÒÍ {»¨£õøh Áõ[Q¯uõÀ,
AÁº Âv 22ߣi SØÓ® ö\´¯
uÁÓõQÓõº (æÆ {õµõ¯s»õÀ Gvº ªº
A®áz A¼, AIR 1925 Qudh 130).
}v©ßÓ H»zvÀ H»® GkUP÷Áõ (Aµ
ÁÇUQß B´Ä¨ ö£õ¸ÍõP Á¸®
ö\õzvøÚ Áõ[P÷Áõ ö\´¯õ©À
C¸US® Phø©).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, ÷{µi¯õP÷Áõ AÀ»x
©øÓ¬P©õP÷Áõ,
 }v©ßÓ H»zvÀ
£[Sö£Ó÷Áõ AÀ»x
 AÁ¶ß £¯ß£õkUPõP÷Áõ
(A) ¤Ó¶ß £¯ß £õmkUPõP÷Áõ AÁ¶ß
ö£¯¶÷»õ (A) ¤Ó¶ß ö£¯¶÷»õ
ÂØ£øÚ, uõÚ®, £¶ÁºzuøÚ (A)
÷ÁöÓx® E¶ø©©õØÓ® -»÷©õ A¢u
ö\õzvøÚ Áõ[P ¬i¯õx.
J¸ ÁÇUQÀ, ÷©À ¬øÓ±k AÀ»x
H÷uÝ® }v©ßÓ {hÁiUøP°À B´Ä¨
ö£õ¸ÍõP EÒÍ ö\õzøu ÁÇUSøµbº
uõß öuõÈÀ¬øÓ¯õP AvÀ £[S
ö£Ö®÷£õx Áõ[P ¬i¯õx (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä II, Âv
22A).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, Pm]UPõµõÀ GÊzx
-»©õP AÝ©v ÁÇ[P¨£k®ö£õÊx,
AÁ¸øh¯ Pm]UPõµº \mh¨£i¯õP H»®
÷PmP÷Áõ AÀ»x Áõ[P÷Áõ E¶ø©
EÒÍ ö\õzøu A¢u Pm]UPõµ¸UPõP H»®
÷PmP÷Áõ AÀ»x Áõ[P÷Áõ ö\´¯»õ©.
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II,
¤¶Ä II , Âv 22). ÁÇUSøµb¶ß ö\õ¢u
ö£õÖ¨¦ |ø»°À EÒÍ Phß £nzøu
ÁÇUSøµbº PmhnzvÀ \¶
ö\´¯UThõx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, ÁÇUSøµbº
£o°ß÷£õx GÇõu ö\õ¢u ö£õÖ¨¦
|ø»°À EÒÍ £nzøu (Phß)
ÁÇUSøµbº PmhnzvÀ \¶ ö\´¯
¬i¯õx. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 23).
Euõµn® : A J¸ ÁÇUPøµbº C
GߣÁ¸US ÁõhøP £n® ¹.500
öPõkUP ÷Ásk®. C GߣÁº A
ÁÇUSøµbøµ E°À GÊu AqQÚõº. A
ÁÇUSøµbº, uõß E°À GÊv
u¸ÁuõPÄ®, A¢u 500 ¹£õ´ PhøÚ
A¢u PmhnzvÀ \¶ ö\´ÁuõPÄ®
TÖQÓõº. A, ÁÇUSøµbº uÛ ö£õÖ¨¦
|ø»°À öPõkUP ÷Ási¯ ÁõhøP
PhøÚ E°À Hx® PmhnzvÀ \¶
ö\´ÁuõÀ, A, ÁÇUSøµbº ¶ 23I
«Ö£ÁµõP BQÓõº.
 J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯
Pm]UPõµõÀ AÁº «x øÁzv¸US®
{®¤UøPø¯ uÁÓõP £¯ß£kzu÷Áõ
AÀ»x Av¼¸¢x H÷uÝ® £¯øÚ÷¯õ
ö£ÖuÀ Thõx. (BCI, ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä II, Âv 24).
Euõµn® : A J¸ ÁÇUPøµbº T GÝ®
E°À GÊx£ÁµõÀ E°À GÊu
|¯ªUP¨£kQÓõº. A, AÁº E°À GÊx®
£vÄ ¦zuPzvÀ TUS E°À GÊv
öPõkzuuõP SÔ¨¦ £vÄ ö\´QÓõº. Tß
PnÁº CÓ¢u ¤ÓS, T, B GÝ®
ÁÇUPÔbøµ A©ºzxQÓõº. BGÝ®
ÁÇUSøµbº A ÁÇUSøµb¶h® A¢u
E°ø» ÁÇ[S©õÖ ÷Pmhõº. Aß
v¸¨¤UöPõkUPõ©À C¸US® ö\¯À Aß
«x T øÁzv¸US® {®¤UøPø¯
Sø»¨£uõP EÒÍx (áõß i`éõ Gvº
GmÁºmAÛ (1994) 25CC 64).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¶h®
ÁÇ[P¨£mh Pm]UPõµ¶ß £nzvØS
PnUS øÁzv¸UP ÷Ásk®.
A¢u PnUS,
 öuõøP Pm]UPõµ¶h® C¸¢x
AÀ»x AÁ¸UPõP ö£Ó¨£mhuõ Gߣøu
Põmh ÷Ásk®.
 Pm]UPõµ¸UPõP ö\´u
ö\»Ä, ©ØÖ®
 PmhnzvØPõP GkUP¨£mh
£n® ÷uv ©ØÖ® ¬UQ¯ SÔ¨¦PÐhß
C¸UP ÷Ásk®. ( BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv II,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II , Âv 25).
Euõµn® : A ÁÇUSøµbº C GÝ®
Pm]UPõµ¸UPõP SØÓ ÷©À ¬øÓ±miÀ
BáµõÚõº. Aa_U ö\»ÄUPõP ¹.750I A,
Pm]UPõµ¶h® C¸¢x ö£ØÓõº. A A¢u
£nzøu }v©ßÓzvÀ ÷£õmk øÁzuõº.
A ÁÇUSøµbº, C-ß \®©u® CßÔ ö\»Ä
ö\´¯¨£hõu ¹. 242I v¸®£¨ö£ØÖ
AuøÚ øÁzxU öPõshõº. A
ÁÇUSøµbº, C-°h® C¸¢x®
}v©ßÓzvÀ C¸¢x® £n® ö£Ö®÷£õx
¬øÓ¯õÚ PnUS øÁzv¸UPõ©À
C¸¨£uõÀ, A {hzøuU ÷Pk SØÓ®
CøÇzuÁµõQÓõº. A ÷©¾® GÆÁÍÄ
£n® ö\»Ä ö\´¯¨£mhx, ©ØÖ®
}v©ßÓzvÀ C¸¢x v¸®£¨ ö£Ó¨£mhx
Gߣøu²® Põmi°¸UP ÷Ásk®. A
ÁÇUSøµbº, AøÚzx SÔ¨¦PøͲ®,
÷uvPøͲ® ©ØÖ®
ö\»ÄUSÔ¨¦PøͲ® øÁzv¸UP
÷Ásk® (M. ÁÇUSøµbº, Re AIR 1957
SC 149).
 Pm]UPõµ¶h® C¸¢x £n®
ö£Ö®ö£õÊx Ax PmhnzvØPõP
AÀ»x ö\»ÄPÐUPõP ö£Ó¨£mhuõ
Gߣøu SÔ¨¦ -»® Põs¤UP
÷Ásk®. }v©ßÓ {hÁiUøP
{øhö£Ö®ö£õÊx, G¢u J¸
ÁÇUSøµb¸®, Pm]UPõµß GÊzx
-»©õÚ \®©uªßÔ ö\»ÄUSU öPõkzu
£nzøu Pmhn©õP ©õØÓUThõx (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II,
Âv 26).
Euõµn®: A, ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓzvÀ
C¸¢x J¸ öuõøPø¯ Pm]UPõµ¶ß
\®©u® C¸¢x ö£ÖQÓõº. A-ÁÇUSøµbº
Pmhn® £õUQ C¸¨£uõP ö\õÀ¼
AuøÚ PÈzu ¤ÓS «v £nzøu
©mk÷© Pm]UPõµ¸US ÁÇ[QÚõº. A,
}v©ßÓzvÀ C¸¢x £n® ö£Ö®ö£õÊ÷u
Ax PmhnzvØPõP ö£Ó¨£mhuõ AÀ»x
ö\»ÄPÐUPõPÁõ ö£Ó¨£mhuõ Gߣøu
SÔ¨¦ GÊv øÁUP ÷Ásk®. ÁÇUS
¬i²® ¬ß¦ A ÁÇUSøµbº £nzøu
Pmhn©õP ©õØÔ GkzxUöPõÒÍ ¬i¯õu
PõµnzuõÀ, {hzøuU ÷Pk SØÓ®
CøÇzuÁº BQÓõº. (Á¶öPõshõ
Põ÷©ìÁµ®©õ Gvº y¶ ÂìÁ{õuß, AIR,
1964 AP 158).
AuøÚ Pm]UPõµ¸US öu¶¯£kzu
÷Ásk®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 27).
Euõµn®: A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, C GÝ®
Pm]UPõµ¸UPõP £n® ö£ÖQÓõº. A A¢u
£n® Áõ[Q¯øu CUS
öu¶¯£kzuÂÀø». A £n®
ö£ØÓÂmhõº GßÖ öu¶¢u ¤ÓS C A¢u
£nzøu ÷PmQÓõº. C ÷Pmh÷£õx®, A
A¢u £nzøu öPõkUPÂÀø». A,
{hzøuU÷Pk SØÓªøÇzuÁº BQÓõº. A
A¢u £nzøu ö£ØÓ Eh÷Ú÷¯ AuøÚ
CUS öu¶¯£kzu ÷Ásk®. (Re J¸
ÁÇUSøµbº, AIR 1961 Ker 209 (FB)).
}v©ßÓ {hÁiUøP ¬i¢u ¤ÓS,
J¸ ÁÇUSøµb¸US ö\»ÄUPõP
öPõkUP¨£mh £nzøu÷¯õ AÀ»x
AÁ¶ß øP°À ÁÇUSUPõP
öPõkUP¨£mh £nzøu÷¯õ Pmhn
£õUQ¯õÀ \¶ ö\´x öPõÒÍ»õ®. (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä II,
Âv 28).
Euõµn® : ÷©ØPsh GkzxUPõmiÀ, A
ÁÇUSøµbº ÁÇUS ¬i¢u¤ÓS
AÁ¸US ÁÇ[P¨£hõu Pmhnzøu
Av¼¸¢x GkzxU öPõÒÍ»õ®.

ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯
Pm]UPõµ¸UPõP £n® ö£ØÓÄhß
 }v©ßÓ ÂvPÎߣi
ÁÇUSøµb¸US ö\¾zu¨£h ÷Ási¯
Pmhnzøu, Ax ö\¾zu¨£hõ©À
C¸US®÷£õx AÁ¶ß øP°À C¸US®
£nzvÀ ÁÇUS ¬i²®÷£õx
PÈzxUöPõÒÍ ¬i²®. «v £n®
C¸¨¤ß Ax Pm]UPõµ¸US v¸¨¤z
uµ¨£h÷Ásk®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 29).
Euõµn®: ÷©ØTÔ¯ GkzxUPõmiÀ, A
ÁÇUSøµbº, AÁ¸US ö\¾zu¨£hõ©À
C¸US® Pmhnzøu AÁº Áõ[Q¯
£nzvÀ C¸¢x GkzxU öPõÒͬi²®.
BÚõÀ Ax A¢u ÷{µzvÀ {øh¬øÓ°À
EÒÍ }v©ßÓ ÂvPÎß RÌ Aø©¯
÷Ásk®. «v£n® C¸¨¤ß AuøÚ
C-US ö\¾zu A Phø© £mhÁº BQÓõº.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, AÁ¸øh¯
Pm]UPõµº PnUSPøÍ £õºUP
¸®¤ÚõÀ ©ØÖ® AuØS¶¯ ¤µv
Pmhnzøu ö\¾zvÚõÀ, Auß ¤µvø¯
AÁ¸US ÁÇ[P ÷Ásk® (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 30).
Euõµn® : ÷©ØTÔ¯ GkzxUPõmiÀ, C
¤µvø¯ ÷ÁsiÚõÀ, A ÁÇUSøµbº
AuøÚ ÁÇ[P ÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯ øP°À EÒÍ
£nzøu PhÚõP ©õØÖ® HØ£õmiÀ
Dk£h ¬i¯õx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI ,
Azv¯õ® II, ¤¶Ä II Âv 31).
Euõµn® : ÷©ØTÔ¯ GkzxUPõmiÀ C ß
\õº£õP ö£ØÓ £nzøu A ÁÇUSøµbº
PhÚõP ©õØÖÁv¼¸¢x uøh
ö\´¯¨£kQÓõº. ÷ÁÖÂu©õP TÔÚõÀ,
Pmhn® ©ØÖ® ö\»Äz öuõøP PÈzu
¤ÓS «v £nzøu CUS ÁÇ[P
÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº \mh
{hÁiUøPUPõP÷Áõ AÀ»x
ö\´øPUPõP÷Áõ AÁ¸øh¯
Pm]UPõµ¸US Phß ÁÇ[SÁv¼¸¢x
uøh ö\´¯¨£kQÓõº. AÁº A¢u
Pm]UPõµµõÀ ÁÇUSøµbµõP
A©ºzu¨£k® ö£õÊx Phß ÁÇ[P
¬i¯õx. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 32).
ÂÍUP® : J¸ ÁÇUS AÀ»x }v©ßÓ
{hÁiUøP°ß ¬ß÷ÚØÓzvØPõP,
}v©ßÓ ÂvPÎߣi }v©ßÓzvØS
Psi¨£õP £n® ö\¾zu ÷Ásk® GßÓ
|ø»°À, Pm]UPõµ¶h® Hx® HØ£õk
ö\´¯õ©À £n® ö\¾zvÚõÀ C¢u
Âvø¯ «ÖÁuõP BPõx.
 ÁÇUS ÷©À¬øÓ±k AÀ»x
H÷uÝ® J¸ Âå¯zvß«x AuøÚ
Bµ®¤¨£uØS AÔÄøµ ÁÇ[Q C¸US®,
AÀ»x ÁõxøµPÒ Áøµ¢v¸US®,
AÀ»x J¸ uµ¨¤Ú¸UPõP
ö\¯À£mi¸US® ÁÇUSøµbº Gvº
uµ¨¤Ú¸UPõP ö\¯À£h÷Áõ,
}v©ßÓzvÀ BáõµõP÷Áõ, Bu¶UP÷Áõ
Thõx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯®
II, ¤¶Ä II, Âv 33).
Euõµn®: A ÁÇUSøµbº C GÝ®
¦Põºuõ¸UPõP J¸ SØÓ ÁÇUQÀ
÷uõßÖQÓõº. ¤ÓS A, D GÝ® SØÓ®
\õmh£¨£mhÁ¶h® C¸¢x ÁÇUSøµ
SÔ¨¦PøÍ ö£ÖQÓõº. GÀ»õ
ö£õ¸sø©PøͲ® ö\õÀ¼ ÁÇUS
\®£¢u¨£mh GÀ»õ uµ¨¤Ú¶h¬®
ö\õÀ¼ ÁÇUS \®£¢u¨£mh GÀ»õ
uµ¨¤Ú¶h¬® \®©u®
ö£ÓÂÀø»ö¯ßÓõÀ, A, ¬u¼À
¦Põºuõ¸UPõP ÷uõßÔ ¤ÓS SØÓ®
\õmh£mhÁ¶h® C¸¢x ÁÇUSøµ
SÔ¨¦PøÍ ö£ØÖUöPõshuõÀ, Âv
33&ø¯ «Ö£ÁµõP BQÓõº. (\¢vµ÷\Pº
÷\õª Gvº µõáìuõß £õº PÄß]À, AIR
1983 SC 1012).
}v©ßÓzvØS ö\´¯ ÷Ási¯
Phø©PÒ
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº G¨÷£õx÷©
AÁ¸øh¯ ©õs¦ ©ØÖ®
_¯©¶¯õøu²hß }v©ßÓzvÀ {h¢x
öPõÒÍ ÷Ásk®. J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
Aiø©÷£õßÖ ö\¯À£hThõx.
G¨ö£õÊöuÀ»õ® J¸ }vzxøÓ A¾Á»º
uÁÖ ö\´uuØS uS¢u Põµn® C¸¨¤ß,
AuøÚ E¯º AvPõ¶PÎh® ¬øÓ°kÁx
J¸ ÁÇUSøµb¶ß E¶ø© ©ØÖ® Phø©
BS®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , Azv¯õ¯®
II , ¤¶Ä I, Âv 1).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, }v©ßÓ
AÁ©v¨¦ SØÓ® ö\´v¸¢uõÀ,
Av¼¸¢x Âk£hÂÀø»ö¯ßÓõÀ,
}v©ßÓzvÀ ÷PmP¨£h÷Áõ,
ö\¯À£h÷Áõ Thõx. (æ¯õ®»õÀ ¯õì
Gvº C¢uº\¢z öá°ß ©ØÖ® J¸Áº AIR
2008 MP15).
E¯º}v©ßÓ®, J¸ÁÇUSøµbº
E¯º}v©ßÓzv¾® ©ØÖ® RÇø©
}v©ßÓ[Pξ® ö\¯À£k® ¬øÓ
SÔzx |£¢uøÚ ÷£õh AvPõµ®
£øhzuuõÀ J¸ {£øµ AÁº }v©ßÓ
AÁ©v¨¦ ö\´v¸¢uõÀ, AÁøµ
}v©ßÓzvß ¬ß ÷uõßÖÁv¼¸¢x
uøh ö\´¯ ¬i²®. (¤¶Ä 34 (1)
ÁÇUSøµbº \mh®).
 C¢v¯ }v©ßÓ®, Si¯µ_zuø»Áº
J¨¦u÷»õk, J¸ {£º }v©ßÓzvß ¬ß
öuõÈÀ ö\´²® ÂvPøÍ EÒÍhUQ¯
}v©ßÓ {øh¬øÓPøÍ JÊ[S£kzx®
ÂvPøÍ E¸ÁõUP ¬i²® GߣuõÀ,
Ea\}v©ßÓ¬® AÁ©v¨¦ ö\´u
ÁÇUSøµbøµ Auß¬ß öuõÈÀ ö\´¯
uøh ö\´¯ ¬i²®. (EÖ¨¦ 145(1) (a),
C¢v¯ Aµ]¯À Aø©¨¦).
Ea\}v©ßÓ® J¸ ©v¨¦Özx
}v©ßÓ® BS®. Ax AÁ©v¨¦
ö\´uÁºPøÍ usiUS® AvPõµz÷uõk
©v¨£Özx }v©ßÓzvØPõÚ GÀ»õ
AvPõµ[PøͲ® öPõshx. (EÖ¨¦ 129,
C¢v¯ Aµ]¯»ø©¨¦).
C÷u AvPõµ® GÀ»õ
E¯º}v©ßÓ[PÐUS®
AÎUP¨£mi¸UQÓx. E¯º}v©ßÓ¬®
©v¨¦Özx }v©ßÓ® BS®.
E¯º}v©ßÓ¬® AÁ©v¨¦ ö\´uÁºPøÍ
usiUS® AvPõµz÷uõk ©v¨¦Özx
}v©ßÓzvØPõÚ GÀ»õ AvPõµ[PøͲ®
öPõshx. (EÖ¨¦ 215, C¢v¯
Aµ]¯»ø©¨¦).
}v©ßÓ AÁ©v¨¦ Cµsk ÁøP¨£k®.
E¶ø©°¯À AÁ©v¨¦
J¸ }v©ßÓzvß wº¨¦, wº¨£õøn,
ö{ÔPÒ, EzuµÄ, ÷£µõøn AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ
}v©øÓ PmhøÍPÐUS RÌ £i¯õÀ
C¸¨£x AÀ»x }v©ßÓzvØS ÁÇ[Q¯
EÓv÷¯Øø£ ÷Áskö©ß÷Ó «ÖuÀ,
E¶ø©°¯À AÁ©v¨¦ BS®. (¤¶Ä 2
(b), }v©ßÓ AÁ©v¨¦ \mh® (1971).
SØÓ AÁ©v¨¦
SØÓ AÁ©v¨¦ Gߣx ÷£\¨£mh
AÀ»x GÊu¨£mh ÁõºzøuPÒ, AÀ»x
ø\øPPÒ AÀ»x öu¶²® ©õv¶ £h[PÒ
AÀ»x ÷ÁÖÁøP°À öÁαk -»®
AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ H÷uÝ® ö\´øP°ß -»®
RÌPõq® ÂøÍÄPøÍ HØ£kzxÁx
BS®.
 }v©ßÓ AvPõµzvøÚ
AÁyÖ ö\´Áx AÀ»x AÁyÖ ö\´¯
Põµn©õ°¸¨£x AÀ»x SøÓ¨£x
AÀ»x SøÓ¨£uØS Põµn©õ°¸¨£x
AÀ»x
 H÷uÝ® }v©ßÓ
{hÁiUøP°À S¢uP® ö\´Áx AÀ»x
SÖURk ö\´Áx AÀ»x,
 }v£¶£õ»ønø¯ H÷uÝ®
ÁøP°À SÖURk ö\´Áx® AÀ»x
SÖURk ö\´¯ Põµn©õ°¸¨£x® AÀ»x
uøh HØ£kzxÁx® AÀ»x uøh ©õs£ø© Ea\}v©ßÓ uø»ø© }v£v,
HØ£kzu Põµn©õ°¸¨£x. AIR 1996 SC 2481).

Euõµn® : Ea\}v©ßÓ® Bµ®£zv÷»÷¯ J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓzvÀ

uÒУi ö\´u EzuµÂÚõÀ ©¶¯õøu ªUP ö\¯À£õk Eøh¯ÁµõP
£õvUP¨£mh A ÁÇUSøµbº, C¸UP ÷Ásk®. }v©ßÓzvß
Ea\}v©ßÓzvÀ uõUPÀ ö\´u ©õs¦uõß J¸ _u¢vµ \¬uõ¯zvØS
}v¨÷£µõøn°À, C¢u ö£õ¸mPÎÀ ÷uøÁ¯õÚx GßÖ ¦¶¢x öPõÒÍ
C¢v¯ uø»ø© }v£v ö\¯À£mhx ÷Ásk® (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
¬øÓ¯õÚx AÀ»; uÒУi ö\´u ö\¯À Azv¯õ® II, ¤¶Ä I , Âv 2).
ußÛaø\¯õÚx, \mhzvØS ¬µnõÚx.
}v©ßÓzvÀ C¸US® J¸
}vUS ¬µnõÚx GßÖ® C¢u ö\¯À
ö£õ¸mTÔß ¬iÄUPõP uPõ|ø»
EÖ¨¦ 14US ¬µnõÚx GßÖ®
ÁئÖzuø» uºUS® Phø©: J¸
TÔ°¸¢uõº. Cx Ea\}v©ßÓ
ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓ ¬iÂøÚ
\zv¯zvØS GvµõÚx. uø»ø©
\mh¬µnõÚ AÀ»x ¬øÓ¯ØÓ
}v£v°ß A¾Áø» SøÓ TÔ¯x ö£¶¯
ÁÈPÎÀ uPõ|ø» ÁئÖzuÀ Thõx.
AÁ©v¨¦. ÷©¾® A¢u EzuµÄ I¢x
|¾øÁ°À C¸US® J¸ ÁÇUQøÚ¨
}v£vPÒ öPõsh }v©ßÓzuõÀ
ö£õÖzx }v£v²hß uÛzx ö\´v
ÁÇ[P¨£hõuuõÀ Cx \¶¯õÚ EzuµÄ
£¶©õØÓ® ö\´Áx uøh ö\´¯¨£mhx.
AÀ» GßÖ® TÔÚõº. }v©ßÓ® CuøÚ
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II ,
AÁyÖ GßÖ® Âv 2I «Ô¯uõÀ
¤¶Ä I, Âv 3).
{hzøuU÷Pk GßÖ® Cx J¸ SØÓ
}v©ßÓ AÁ©v¨¦ GßÖ® TÔ¯x. Euõµn® : A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, D
GߣÁøµ J¸ SØÓ¯À ÁÇUQÀ
÷©¾® }v©ßÓ® ÁÇ[Q¯
Bu¶zx AÁ¸UPõP Áõvmhõº. C
EzuµøÁ J¸ EzuµÄ AÀ» GßÖ
GߣÁøµz uõUQ¯uõP D SØÓ®
ö\õÀÁx }v£¶£õ»ønø¯ SÖURk
\õmh¨£mhõº. C GߣÁ¸US uø»°À
ö\´ÁuõPÄ®, }v©ßÓ ¬iÄußø©ø¯
Ai£mhøu R GÝ® ©¸zxÁº Bµõ´¢x
uõUSÁuõPÄ® ©ØÖ® }v©ßÓ
AvÀ G¾®¦ ¬ÔÄ C¸¨£uõP TÔÚõº. A
AvPõµzvøÚ ÂÚõ Gʨ¦ÁuõPÄ®
ÁÇUSøµbº D GßÓ
EÒÍöuÚ TÔ¯x. (Dr.i.].÷\UÚõ Gvº
SØÓg\õmh¨£mhÁ¶h® ¹.300 u¢uõÀ
AÁ¸US \õuP©õÚ AÔUøP ö£ØÖz
u¸ÁuõP TÔÚõº. A ÁÇUSøµbº {hzøu
÷Pk ö\¯À ö\´v¸UQÓõº ©ØÖ® Âv 3I
«Ö£ÁµõP BQÂmhõº. HöÚÛÀ A
ÁÇUSøµbº \mhzvØS ¬µnõÚ ©ØÖ®
¬øÓ¯ØÓ ÁÈPÎÀ wº¨¦ ö£Ó uPõ|ø»
ÁئÖzu¼À Dk£mkÒÍõº. (\¢vµ÷\Pµ
÷\õª Gvº µõáìuõß £õºPÄß]À AIR
1983 SC 1012).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº,
 ÷{ºø©¯ØÓ ÁÈPÎÀ
Pm]UPõµøµ ö\¾zxÁøu, AÀ»x
 ÁÇUSøµbº ö\´¯UThõu
ö\¯ø»a ö\´¯ }v©ßÓzøu÷¯õ,
Gvºuµ¨¦ ÁÇUSøµbøµ÷¯õ AÀ»x
uµ¨¤Úøµ÷¯õ ö\´¯U Thõx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº uÁÓõÚ ÁÈPÎÀ
{hUS® Pm]UPõµøµ Bu¶¨£øu ©ÖUP
÷Ásk®. J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº Pm]UPõµ¶ß
Áõ´a ö\õÀ»õP ö\¯À£kÁøu uºUP
÷Ásk®. ÷©¾® J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº
AÁ¸øh¯ ö\õ¢u ¬iøÁ÷¯ P¸zx
©õØÓzvß ÷£õx ö©õÈPÎÀ £¯ß£kzu
÷Ásk®; CÈÁõÚ uõUSuÀPøÍ
ÁõxøµPÎÀ uºUP ÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº Áõuõk®÷£õx
A£zu©õÚ ö\õØPøÍ £¯ß£kzxÁøu
uºUP ÷Ásk®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 4).
Euõµn®: ÷©ØTÔ¯ EuõµnzvÀ A,
J¸ ÁÇUPSøµbº D GߣÁøµ SØÓ
ÁÇUQÀ Bu¶US®÷£õx, D GߣÁº C
GߣÁøµ uõUQ¯ ÁÇUQÀ ÁÇUSøµbº
DI AqQ AÁ¸US \õuP©õÚ AÔUøP
ö£ØÖ u¸ÁuõP ö\õÀÁuØS £v»õP D
GߣÁº A ÁÇUSøµbøµ AqQ
AÁ¸US \õuP©õÚ AÔPøP ö£ØÖuµ
÷ÁsiÚõÀ, A ÁÇUSøµbº AuøÚ
uºUP ÷Ásk®. AuߤÓS® D
AÆÁõ÷Ó TÔÚõÀ, Âv 4ߣi A
ÁÇUSøµbº DI Bu¶¨£øu uºUP
÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓzvÀ
÷uõßÖ®÷£õx G¨÷£õx÷© ÁSzx
Aø©UP¨£mh Eøh ©ØÖ®
{øh¬øÓPÎÀ C¸UP ÷Ásk® (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I,
Âv 5).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, ¤¶Ä 30,
ÁÇUSøµbº \mhzvÀ ö\õÀ»¨£mh
H÷uÝ® AvPõ¶, }v©ßÓ® AÀ»x
wº¨£õ¯zvß ¬ß C¸US®÷£õx, A¢u
}v©ßÓ® AÀ»x wº¨£õ¯zvß J÷µ
EÖ¨¤Úº AÀ»x EÖ¨¤ÚºPÎÀ J¸Áº
A¢u ÁÇUSøµb¸US RÌUPõq®
EÓÁõP C¸¢uõÀ, ÷uõßÓ÷Áõ,
ö\¯À£h÷Áõ, Áõvh÷Áõ Thõx.
 uP¨£Úõº, uõzuõ, ©Pß,
÷£µß, ©õ©õ, \÷Põuµº, ©¸©Pß, ¬uÀ
Azuõß, PnÁº, ©øÚÂ, ©PÒ, \÷Põu¶,
Azøu, ©¸©PÒ, ©õ©Úõº, ©õª¯õº,
©õ¨¤ÒøÍPÒ (©PÎß PnÁº),
ø©zxÚº, ©¸©PÒ (©PÛß ©øÚÂ)
AÀ»x ø©zxÛ.
C¢u Âv°À }v©ßÓ® Gߣx
}v©ßÓ®, }v©ßÓõ»¯® AÀ»x
wº¨£õ¯® BQ¯ÁØÔÀ EÒÍ }v£v
AÀ»x EÖ¨¤Úº AÀ»x uø»Áº
ÁÇUSøµb¸US ÷©ØPsh EÓÂÚµõP
C¸¢uõÀ ö\¯À£hThõx (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 6).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº }v©ßÓzøu
uµ ÷ÁÖ Ch[PÎÀ PÊzuo AÀ»x
ÁÇUPÔbº A[Qø¯ Ao¯Thõx.
Âv»US C¢v¯ £õºPÄß]À AÀ»x
}v©ßÓ® ÁSzuø©US® Ch[PÒ
AÀ»x ÂÇõUPÎÀ Ao¯»õ® (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® I , ¤¶Ä I,
Âv 7).
J¸ ÁÇUPÔbº H÷uÝ® J¸
Aø©¨¦, ìuõ£Ú®, \-P® AÀ»x
|ÖÁÚzvÀ ö\¯À£kzx® SÊÂÀ
EÖ¨¤ÚµõP C¸¢uõÀ, A¢u Aø©¨¦
ìuõ£Ú®, \-P® AÀ»x |ÖÁÚzvØS
BuµÁõP÷Áõ }v©ßÓ®, wº¨£õ¯® AÀ»x
G¢u AvPõ¶°ß ¬ß¦® ÷uõßÓUThõx.
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv II , Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä
I, Âv 8) ö\¯À£kzx® SÊ Gߣx G¢u
ö£¯¶À AøÇUP¨£mhõ¾® Ax A¢u
Aø©¨¦, ìuõ£Ú®, \-P® AÀ»x
|ÖÁÚzx ö£õx ÷©»õsø©
A¾ÁÀPøÍ PÁÛUS® AvPõµ®
£øhzu SÊ AÀ»x ]» {£ºPøÍ
öPõsh Aø©¨¦ BS®.
C¢u Âv }v©ßÓ {s£µõP
BáµõS® EÖ¨¤Ú¸US® ©ØÖ®
PmhnªßÔ £õºPÄß]À,
CønUP¨£mh \mh \-P® AÀ»x
ÁÇUPÔbº \[PzvØPõP ÷uõßÖ®
ÁÇUSøµbºPÐUS® ö£õ¸¢uõx (amicus
curiae).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸US £n
\®£¢u©õÚ £¯ß£õk C¸US®ö£õÊx
A¢u ÁÇUQÀ ö\¯À£h÷Áõ Áõvh÷Áõ
Thõx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯®
I , ¤¶Ä I, Âv 9).
Euõµn® : J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁº Phß
öPõkzuÁµõP C¸US®ö£õÊx ö{õi¨¦
|ø» ÁÇUQÀ A¢u ÁÇUSøµbº
ö\¯À£hThõx. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® II , ¤¶Ä I, Âv 9).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, J¸ Pm]UPõµ¸US
¤øn¯õ͵õP÷Áõ AÀ»x Pm]UPõµº
¤øn¯õ͵õP C¸UP uSv¯õÚÁº Gß÷Óõ
G¢u }v©ßÓ {hÁiUøPPξ®
ö\¯À£h¬i¯õx. (Bcl ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI,
Azv¯õ¯® I, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 10).
Euõµn®: A ÁÇUSøµbº C GߣÁøµ
J¸ SØÓÁÇUQÀ Bu¶zuõº. C
J¸¤øn°»hUTi¯ SØÓ®
\õmh¨£mhÁº. A ÁÇUSøµbº Cß Phß
wºUS® \Uvø¯ \õßÓÎUQÓõº. A
ÁÇUSøµbº, Âv 10I «Ö£ÁµõP
BQÓõº. (Âá´ ][ µz÷uõº Gvº
¬µÎ»õÀ, 1980 1 (SCR) 205).
Gvºuµ¨¤Ú¸UPõP EÒÍ Phø©PÒ
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº Gvº uµ¨¤Ú¸hß
A¢u ¤µa\øÚ £ØÔ Gvº uµ¨¦
ÁÇUSøµbº -»©õP ©mk÷© ö\´v
£¶©õØÓ® ö\´x öPõÒÍ ¬i²®. (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I,
Âv 34) (Aö©¶UP ÁÇUPÔbº \[P®,
öuõÈÀ ö{Ô ö£õÖ¨¦ ÂvPÒ DR
&7104).
Euõµn®: A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº W ©ØÖ® S
GßÓ Cµsk \÷Põu¶PÐUQøh÷¯Úõ
ö\õzx uPµõÔÀ W GߣÁøµ Bu¶zuõº.
S GߣÁº T GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbµõÀ
Bu¶UP¨£mhõº. W GߣÁº A- °h® uõß
ö£¸®£[SUS Bø\¨£hÂÀø». £øǯ
|øÚÄPøÍU öPõsh Qµõ©zx Ãk
©ØÖ® QøhzuõÀ ÷£õx® GßÖ TÖQÓõº.
A ÁÇUSøµbº S GߣÁøµ ÷{¶øh¯õP
AqQ Qµõ©zx Ãmøhz uµ GÀ»õ
ö\õzxUPøͲ® u¸ÁuõP Qµõ©zx
Ãmøhzuµ GÀ»õ ö\õzxUPøͲ®
u¸ÁuõP ¬ßö©õÈQÓõº. A ÁÇUSøµbº
S GߣÁøµ ÷{µi¯õP AqQ¯uõÀ Âv
34I «Ö£ÁµõP BQÓõº. A ÁÇUSøµbº,
Gvºuµ¨¦ ÁÇUSøµbº T- I AqQ C¸UP
÷Ásk®.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº GÊzx
-»©õP÷Áõ AÀ»x }v©ßÓ Âv-»®
ö\¯À£kzu ¬i¯õuuõP C¸¢uõ¾®
Gvºuµ¨¦US ö\´x öPõkzu GÀ»õ
\mh£i¯õÚ EÖvö©õÈPøͲ®
|øÓ÷ÁØÓ ÷Ásk®. (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv
VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 35).
Euõµn® : A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, C GßÓ
Pm]UPõµ¶h® C¸¢x J¸ ö\õzøu
Áõ[QÚõº. A¢u ö\õzvß J¸ ÁÇUQß
B´Ä ö£õ¸Ò BS®. C-ß E¶ø©°ß «x
£À÷ÁÖ \¢÷uP® C¸¢ux. A A GÝ®
ÁÇUSøµb¸US® öu¶²®. A AuøÚ
÷ÁÖ J¸ -ßÓõ® {£¸US ÂØ£uß -»®
÷©¾® ¤µa\øÚPÐUS ÁÈ ÁSzuõº. A
öuõÈÀ {hzøu÷Pk ö\´uÁº BQÓõº.
A AÁ¸øh¯ Pm]UPõµ¸US ©mkªßÔ,
-ßÓõ® {£¸US® }v©ßÓzvØS®
÷{ºø©¯õP C¸UP ÷Ásk®. A
}v£¶£õµønø¯ ©v¨¤ÇUPa ö\´uÁº
BQÓõº. (¤.i. S¨uõ Gvº µõ® -ºzv
(1997) 7SCC 147).
\P ÁÇUPøµbºPÐUPõP EÒÍ
Phø©PÒ
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº ÷Áø»ø¯
÷Ásh÷Áõ AÀ»x ÷{µi¯õP÷Áõ
AÀ»x ©øÓ¬P©õP÷Áõ ÂÍ®£µ¨£kzu
Thõx, RÌPõq® ÁÈPÎß -»® CuøÚ
ö\´¯UThõx.
 _ØÓÔUøP, ÂÍ®£µ[PÒ,
uµPºPÎß -»÷©õ, uÛzu ö\´v öuõhº¦
-»÷©õ, AÀ»x
 uÛ¯õP AøÇUP¨£hõu
Eøµ¯õhÀ -»©õP÷Áõ AÀ»x,
 ö\´vuõÎÀ ÁºnøÚ
öPõk¨£uß -»©õP÷Áõ ö\´¯UThõx.
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯ |ÇØ£h®
A¢u ÁÇUS \®£¢u¨£mh Ch[PÎÀ
öÁΰh¨£h AÝ©vUP Thõx (BCI
ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI , ¤¶Ä I, Âv 36).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµb¶ß ö£¯º£»øP AÀ»x
SÔ±k £»øP RÌUPõq® ÂvPøÍ
ö£õÖzx C¸UP÷Ásk®.
 Ax |¯õ¯©õÚ AÍÄ
Eøh¯uõP C¸UP ÷Ásk®.
 A¢u £»øP A¢u
ÁÇUSøµbøµ H÷uÝ® £õºPÄß]À
AÀ»x ÁÇUPÔbº \[Pzvß uø»Áº
AÀ»x EÖ¨¤Úº GßÖ öÁΨ£kzu
Thõx.
 Ax A¢u ÁÇUSøµbºPÒ
H÷uÝ® {£º AÀ»x Aø©¨¦ AÀ»x
H÷uÝ® ö£õ¸mTÖhß \®£¢u¨£mhÁº
GßÖ öÁΨ£kzu Thõx.
 Ax A¢u ÁÇUSøµbº
H÷uÝ® ]Ó¨¦ £o°À EÒÍÁº GßÖ
öÁΨ£kzu Thõx.
 A¢u £»øP ÁÇUSøµbº
J¸ }v£v AÀ»x uø»ø©
ÁÇUSøµbº GßÖ öÁΨ£kzu Thõx.
(BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä
I, Âv 36).
Euõµn®: A GßÓ ÁÇUPÔbº ©õ|»
Aµ_US ÁÇUSøµ SÔ¨ø£ ÷Ási Piu®
GÊvÚõº. A GߣÁº öuõÈÀ {hzøu ÷Pk
ö\´uÁº BQÓõº. (Âv 36).
(©íõµõèmµõ £õºPÄß]À Gvº
G®.Â.h÷£õÀPº, AIR 1976 SC 242).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº AÁ¸øh¯
öuõÈÀ £oø¯÷¯õ AÀ»x ö£¯øµ÷¯õ
AÝ©v AÎUP¨£hõu Aø©¨¦
£¯ß£kzu AÀ»x EvÁ¯õP GkzxU
öPõÒÍ AÝ©vUP ¬i¯õx (BCI ÂvPÒ,
£Sv VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 37).
{hzøu÷Pk CøÇzuÁº BQÓõº. 2
(Âv¬øÓ {. 5.24, |³¯õºU ÁÇUPÔbº
\[P®).
J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº, uß Pm]UPõµº
Pmhn® ö\¾zx® |ø»°À
C¸US®ö£õÊx ÂvPÒ TÖ®
Pmhnzøu Âh SøÓÁõÚ Pmhnzøu
HØÖU öPõÒÍ ¬i¯õx (BCI ÂvPÒ, £Sv
VI, Azv¯õ¯® II, ¤¶Ä I, Âv 38).

Euõµn®: A J¸ ÁÇUSøµbº E GÝ®

ö£õÔ¯õ͸hß Tmhõsø©°À
Cøn¢uõº. A¢u Tmhõsø© £zvµ®
C¸Á¸® »õ£ {mh[PøÍ \¶\©©õP
£Qº¢x öPõÒÍ ÷Ásk® GßÖ TÔ¯x. A
©ØÖ® E C¸Á¸® ö£õÔ°¯À
J¨£¢u[PÎÀ \mh B÷»õ\øÚ
ÁÇ[SQÓõºPÒ. \mh B÷»õ\øÚ £o°À
QøhUS® Á¸©õÚzøu EGÝ®
ö£õÔ¯õ͸hß £Qº¢x öPõÒÁuõÀ A
GÝ® ÁÇUSøµbº Âv 37I A¢u
Tmhõsø© Aø©¨¤ß -»® «ÖQÓõº.
÷©¾® E GߣÁº ©õ|» £õºPÄß]¼ÚõÀ
\mh B÷»õ\øÚ ÁÇ[P
AÝ©vUP¨£hõu÷£õx, AÁÇUSøµbº E
ö£õÔ¯õÍøµ \mh B÷»õ\øÚ ö\´ÁuõÀ
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; NjHT Ntk;G> Njf;F> fUNty; Nghd;witfisf;

jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ghlk; 11: nrhj;J rl;lq;fs;  xU nrhj;J G+kpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkhdhy;:

5 xU nrhj;J G+kpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh 5
,e;jpahtpy; ve;jr; rl;lj;jpdhYk; ‘nrhj;J’ vd;w ,y;iyah vdf;fz;lwpa gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
thu;j;ij tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. nghJthf ,e;j tpjk; kw;Wk; gjpf;fg; gad;gl;bUf;Fk;
thu;j;ij rl;l chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nghUs; Mfpad fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;
kjpg;Gs;s eyd;fs; Nghd;witfis gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> gjpf;fg;
10 cs;slf;fpajhfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ. nrhj;J vd;gij gad;gl;bUf;Fk; nghUs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. 10
NkYk; gy gpupTfshfg; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;:
mirAk; kw;Wk; mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrq;fw;fs; thpirahf xd;wpd;kPJ
njhlf;$ba njhlKbahr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> cly; xd;W xU fha;e;j Rtuhf (rpnkd;l; my;yJ gpw
rhu;e;j kw;Wk; cly;rhuh nrhj;Jf;fs; vd gy fyitnfhz;Nlh my;yJ ,y;yhkNyh)
15 gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. fl;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ G+kpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; 15
nfhs;sg;gLk;. vdNt mJ xU mirahr;
mirahr; nrhj;J vDk; nrhy; nghJg; gphpTfs; nrhj;jhFk;. Mdhy;> mNj fw;fs; xU
rl;lk;> 1897-d; %yk; tiuaUf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. fl;Lkhdk; nra;gthpd; ,lj;jpy; trjpf;fhf
mjd;gb fPo;f;fhz;git mlq;Fk;: thpirahf xU Rtu; Nghd;W xd;wpd;kPJ xd;W
20  epyk; mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkhdhy; mJ G+kpapy; 20
 epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; eyd;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; nfhs;sKbahJ. vdNt mJ
 G+kpNahL ,ize;Js;sit kw;Wk; G+kpNahL mirahr; nrhj;jhfhJ.
,ize;Js;stw;NwhL epiyahf xl;bapUg;git
 G+kpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrhj;NjhL me;j
25 Fj;jif> milkhdk; kw;Wk; thlif Nghd;witAk; G+kpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;ijg; G+uzkhf 25
mirhahr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; eyd;fshf cs;sjhy; mDgtpf;f cjtpahf mtw;NwhL
mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,ize;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;fs;: ,tw;wpy; xU
thlifia t#ypg;gjw;fhd chpikahshpd; chpik tPl;bd; fjTfs;> [d;dy;fs;> Nghd;wit
kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpW ,lj;jpy; Vy tpw;gid mlq;Fk;. ,it tPl;NlhL ,ize;jpUe;J
30 ele;jjw;fhf njhif t#ypf;Fk; chpik me;j tPl;il mDgtpf;f cjTfpd;wd. 30
MfpadTk;$l epyj;ijr; rhu;e;jjhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mirahr; nrhj;jhfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nrhj;J khw;wk;:

nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> 1882-d;gb fPo;f;fhZk; xU nrhj;jpd; chpik khw;wk; fPo;f;fhZk;

35 re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xU nrhj;J epyj;NjhL
,ize;jpUg;gjhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ:
 mr;nrhj;J epyj;jpy; Cd;wpapUe;jhy; (kuk;
nrbfs; Nghd;wit). kuk;> nrbfs; Nghd;wd
40 epyj;jpy; Cd;wpapUg;gjhy; mit mirahr;
nrhj;Jf;fNs. ,Ug;gpDk;> nrhj;J khw;Wr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb epd;Wnfhz;bUf;Fk; tsuhkuk;>
tpisr;ry;fs; kw;Wk; Gw;fs; mirahr;
nrhj;Jf;fshff; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;fpwJ.
45 ,q;F epw;Fk; tsuhkuk; vd;gij tPL fl;lNth
my;yJ tPL gOJghu;f;fNth Cd;wpitf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk; kuk; vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. epw;Fk;
tsuhkuk; vd;gJ capNuhL cs;s kuky;y.
tsUk; kuk; vd;gJ capNuhL cs;sNjhL
50 epyj;jpypUe;J rj;ij cwpQ;rp thof;$baJ.
,j;jifa tsUk; kuk; xU mirahr;
nrhj;jhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,e;jpar; #oypy; epw;Fk; kuk; vd;gJ
VjhtJ xU tifapy; eilngwyhk;: 35
 xUtu; jhdhf Kd;te;J kw;wtUf;F khw;wpj;
jUtJ. (nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lj;jpdhy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ)
 thuPR my;yJ guk;giutop nrhj;J khw;wk; 40
(guk;giu nrhj;J rhu;e;j jdpg;gl;l
rl;lq;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ)
 rl;lg;gb kw;nwhUtUf;F nrhj;ij khw;wk;
nra;tJ jUtJ (epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jk;
rl;lj;jpdhy; tiuaWf;fg; gl;lJ) 45
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lNk ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l thOk; egu;fspilNa eilngWk;
(epWtdq;fs;> kd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;
cl;gl)> nrhj;J khw;wj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpakhd 50
rl;lkhFk;. nrhj;J khw;wk; vd;gJ xU egu;
jdJ nrhj;jpid epfo;fhyj;jpNyh> vjpu;
fhyj;jpNyh xU tho;gtUf;Nfh my;yJ gy
capNuhL cs;stUf;Nfh my;yJ mtUf;NfNah

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

my;yJ mtUf;Fk; kw;w xd;W my;yJ mjw;F egu;-1 ,e;J eguhd ,tUf;F mtNu
Nkw;gl;ltu;fSf;Nfh chpik khw;wk; nra;J Nru;j;j nrhj;J cs;sJ. mtUf;F xU
jUtjhFk;’ vd;fpwJ nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;. ifk;ngz;Zk; (egu;-2) xU rNfhjuUk;
(egu;-3) cs;sdu;. egu;-2-d; MAs;
5 ‘thOk; egu;fs;’ vd;gJ epWtdq;fs;> kd;wq;fs;> fhyj;ijtpl mjpf ehl;fs; egu;3 capu; 5
FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; (mit Kiwg;gb gjpT tho;e;jhy; mtUf;F me;jr; nrhj;jpd;kPJ
nra;ag;gl;lhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;) ntWk; tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,e;j chpikia
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. mtu; khw;wpf; nfhLf;f KbahJ.
 me;j egu;-1 jdJ kidtpahd egu;-2-
10 nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-7-d;gb xU nrhj;ij f;Fk; mtUf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ 10
xUtu; khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;Lkhdhy; fPo;f;fhZk; gps;isfSf;Fk; ; nryTf;fhd fUidj;
jFjpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: (m) xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; njhifahf mspg;ghuhdhy; gpd; egu;-3f;F
jFjp (M) nrhj;jpd; chpikahsuhfNth my;yJ chpik jug;gLkhdhy; me;j chpik egu;-
nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtuhfNth 1f;F Foe;ij cs;sijg; nghUj;Jk;
15 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;gtUf;F me;j eyd;fs; khw;wg;glf; $bajh 15
me;jr; nrhj;J chpikahdJ ,y;yhtpby; me;jr; vd;gijAk; nghUj;jjhFk;.
nrhj;jpid khw;wk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij (gtu;  epge;jid kPwYf;fhf kWgjpT chpik
M/g; ml;lhu;dp my;yJ Kftu;) khw;wj;jf;fjy;y

20 NtW Nehf;fj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jhNyh vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ epyj;ij egu;-2f;F 20

my;yJ kiwKfkhff; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhNyh md;wp
nrhj;J chpik khw;wj;jpd; %yk; nrhj;J
ngWgtUf;F nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;J jUgtu;
mDgtpj;J te;j midj;J chpikfSk;
25 eyd;fSk; nrhj;J khw;wk; ngWgtUf;F
cldbahfr; rl;l epfo;thfr; nrd;W tpLfpwJ.
(nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-8).
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrhj;J rhu; rl;l epfo;Tfshtd:
30
 khw;wk; ngWk; nrhj;J epykhf ,Ue;jhy;> me;j
epyj;NjhL mDNghf ghj;jpaij me;j
epyj;jpypUe;J khw;wj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tUk; midj;J
tUtha;> thliffSk;
35  khw;wk; ngWk; nrhj;J epyj;NjhL
,ize;jpUf;Fk; ,ae;jpukhf ,Ue;jhy;> mjd;
mirAk; gFjpfs;
 khw;wk; ngWk; nrhj;J tPlhf ,Ue;jhy;>
mjNdhL ,ize;Js;s mDNghf ghj;jpaij>
40 me;j tPl;bypUe;J tUk; midj;J thlif
kw;Wk; gpw tUtha;fs;> G+l;Lfs;> rhtpfs;>
fjTfs;> [d;dy;fs; kw;Wk; me;j tPl;il
KOikahf epiyahf mDgtpf;fj; Njitahd
midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk;.
45
nrhj;J khw;wk; Nghd;W khw;wKbahr; rpy
chpikfs; cs;sd. mit:
 nrhj;J thhPrhFk; tha;g;G my;yJ rl;lg;
50 G+h;tkhd cwT tha;g;G Nghd;w chpikfs;.
,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tha;g;G ntw;W tha;g;GfNs
eydilAk; tha;g;Gfs; my;y.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
me;j epyj;jpy; Fsk; ntl;lf;$lhJ vd;w
epge;jidNahL 5 Mz;LfSf;Ff; Fj;jiff;F
tpLfpwhu;. Mdhy;> egu;-2 me;j epge;jidf;F
khwhf Fsk; Njhz;lNt egu;-1 me;j epyj;ij
epge;jid kpwypd; fhuzkhf kW Fj;jiff;F 25
egu;-3-lk; tpLfpwhu;. me;j khw;wk; nry;yhJ.
 Kf;fpa nrhj;J khw;wk; ,d;wp mjd;
mDNghf ghj;jpaij kl;Lk; khw;wj;
jf;fjy;y. 30
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU rpW epyg;gFjpapd;kPJ
xUtUf;F toq;fg;gLk; chpik cjhuzkhf
mLj;j xU rpW epyg;gFjpia mDgtpf;f
toq;fg;gLk; ghij me;j epy chpikkhw;wk; 35
,d;wp khw;wj; jf;fjy;y.
 xU nrhj;jpd; eydpd;kPJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
chpikahsUf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; chpik khw;wj;jf;fjy;y. 40
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
 xU egUf;F mtuJ jdpg;gl;l
gad;ghl;Lf;fhff; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fg;gl;l
tPl;bid mtu; khw;wk; nra;a KbahJ 45
 egu;-1 egu;-2f;fhf cg;G tpistpf;f
cld;gLfpwhu;. cld;gbf;if
epge;jidapd;gb egu;-2 mtu; toq;Fk;
cg;gpd; msTf;F Vw;g njhifiag; ngw
chpik cs;sJ. egu;-2 ,e;j chpikia 50
gpwUf;F mspf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy; ,e;j
chpik jdpg;gl;l chpikahFk;.
(ekr;rptha FUf;fs; vjpu; fjpu; mk;khs;
(1894) ILR 17 Mad 168).

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
 vjpu;fhy guhkhpg;Gf;fhd chpikia khw;w
KbahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU rkur xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb xUtUf;F
5 guhkhpg;Gf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; mtuJ
tho;ehspy; ahUf;Fk; me;j chpikia khw;w
KbahJ vd toq;fg;gl;l chpikia xU
vjpu;fhyg; guhkhpg;G chpikahff; fUjg;gLk;.
vdNt mij khw;w KbahJ.
10
 tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; rhjhud chpik khw;w
KbahjJ.
,q;F ‘rhjhuz’ vDk; thu;j;ij Kf;fpakhdJ.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU jug;gpd; chpik tof;Fj;
15 njhLf;Fk; chpikahFk;. xU nfhLikf;F
vjpuhfNth my;yJ xg;ge;j kPwYf;F vjpuhfNth
tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpikia khw;w KbahJ.
,Ug;gpDk; xU nrhj;J khw;wj;jpd;NghJ me;jr;
nrhj;J rhu;e;j ,og;gPL ngWk; chpikNahL
20 me;jr; nrhj;J khw;wk; ngw;wpUf;Fkhdhy;> me;j
chpik khw;wk; nry;Yk;. xU flNdh my;yJ
eltbf;if vLf;fj;jf;f chpikf;Nfhhpf;if
vd;gJ xU rhjhuz tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk;
chpikahfhJ. vdNt mj;jifa nrhj;J khw;wk;
25 nry;Yk;. mNjNghd;W> xU chpikf;Nfhhpf;if
xU jPu;g;gpNdhL ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkhdhy; mij
xU rhjhuz tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpikahff;
fUj KbahJ. vdNt mjd; khw;wk; nry;Yk;.
30 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F 10 Nfhzpg;igfis
vjpu;fhy xU Njjpapy; tpw;fr; rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. egu;-2
me;j eyid egu;-3f;F tpw;W tpLfpwhu;. mjd;gpd;
egu;-1 me;j xg;ge;jj;ij kPWfpwhu;. xg;ge;j
kPwypdhy; cz;lhd ,og;gPL Nfl;L egu;-3 tof;Fj;
35 njhLf;fpwhu;. ,t;tof;fpd; %yk; egu;-3 ,og;gPl;ilg;
ngw KbAk;. Vnddpy; egu;-2 egu;-3f;F mspj;j
,og;gPL ngWk; chpik rhjhuz chpikay;y.
khwhf me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; eyidg; ngWk;
chpikahFk;. khwhf> egu;-2 egu;-3f;F xg;ge;j
40 kPwYf;Fg;gpd; nfhLj;j ,og;gPL ngWk; chpik
rhjhuz chpikahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mJ nry;yhJ.
 nghJ mYty; kw;Wk; nghJ mYtyh;fspd;
rk;gsk; Mfpad khw;wj;jf;fjy;y.
45  giltPuu;fSf;Fk;> flw;gil> tpkhdg;gil Nghd;w
tPuu;fSf;Fk; Xa;Tngw;w Kd;dhy; muR
Copau;fSf;Fk; KjpNahUf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;
cjtpj;njhif khw;wj;jf;fjy;y.
 fPo;f;fhZk; tpjj;jpy; nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;a
50 ,ayhJ: (m) ghjpf;fg;gLk; eydpd; ,aw;iff;F
vjpuhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ (M) rl;lj;jpw;F
vjpuhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfNth ghprPyidf;fhfNth
(,) nrhj;J khw;wpg; ngwr; rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;
gl;Nlhu;.
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
xU rpy nrhj;Jf;fs; ,aw;ifahfNth khw;wj;
jf;fjy;y. ,tw;wpy; r%fj;jpw;Nf chpa
nrhj;Jf;fs; mlq;Fk; (cjhuzkhf> r%fj;jpd;
nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ahu; xUtUf;Fk;
chpikahfhj nrhj;Jf;fSk;) – fhw;W> jz;zuP ;> 5
xsp kw;Wk; gpw. NkYk; tzpfk; nra;a Kbahr;
nrhj;jhd nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs; my;yJ rkak;
rhu;e;j nrhj;Jf;fs;.
xUtu; rl;lj;jpdhy; nrhj;J khw;wj; 10
jiltpjpf;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; mtu; nrhj;J khw;wr;
rl;lj;jpdhy; jLf;fg;gLfpwhu;. cjhuzkhf>
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-136 xU ePjpgjp> xU
rl;l mwpQu; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;ijr; rhu;e;j xU
mYtyu; Nghd;Nwhu; eltbf;if vLf;fj;jf;f 15
chpikf; Nfhhpf;if khw;wq;fisg; ngw
KbahJ vd;fpwJ.
 jhd; thliff;F cs;s tPl;il thlifjhuu;
kw;nwhUtUf;F khw;w KbahJ. xU 20
v];Nll;bd; tptrhap my;yJ Fj;jifjhuu;
mtu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s epyj;ijNah
eyidNah khw;wk; nra;a KbahJ.
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-43-d;gb xUtu; 25
jtwhfNth my;yJ NkhrbahfNth mtUf;F
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;jpid khw;wk; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUg;gjhff; $wpf; nfhz;L>
me;jr; nrhj;jpid tpiyf;F tpw;fg; Nghtjhf
mwptpj;jhy;> mj;jifa khw;wk; ahu; ngaUf;F 30
khw;wg;gLfpwNjh mtiug; nghUj;jtiu me;j
nrhj;J khw;Wgtu; gydilAk;tiu
nry;yj;jf;fNj. gphpT-43-d;gb mq;F jtWjyhd
my;yJ Nkhrbahd Ms;khwhl;lk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,J nghUs; khw;wk; ngWgtu; me;j 35
khw;wk; nra;J jUgtUf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ug;gjhf
KOikahf ek;gp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa
Nkhrbahd Ms;khwhl;lj;ij ek;ghky;
,Ue;jpUg;ghuhdhy; gphpT-43 nghUe;jhJ. NkYk;>
me;j khw;wk; xU tpiynfhLj;Jg; ngw;wjhf 40
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU md;gspg;ghf mspf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fkhdhy; me;j khw;wk; gphpT-43-d;
gyidg; ngw KbahJ. ,Wjpahf gphpT-43 –d;
fPo; cs;s chpik jhdhfNt nghUe;jhJ.
khwhf> Nfl;Lg; ngw Ntz;baJ. me;j 45
xg;ge;jj;ij kWj;jpUe;jhNyh my;yJ mjw;Fhpa
njhifiaj; jpUk;gg; ngw;wpUe;jhNyh gphpT-43
nghUe;jhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ je;ijahd egu;-2- 50
lkpUe;J gphpe;jgpd; egu;-3-f;F %d;W epyq;fis
(m> M> ,) jdf;F me;j epyq;fis tpw;gjw;F
mjpfhuk; cs;sjhff; $wp tpw;fpwhu;. me;j
%d;W epyq;fspy; epyk;-, egu;-1f;Fr; nrhe;jk;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
,y;iy. ghfg; gphptpidapd;NghJ egu;-2 me;j
epyk;-, -idj; jdf;Nf itj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. mtu;
,we;jJk; mtuJ thupR vDk; Kiwapy; me;j
epyk;-,-ia egu;-1 ngWfpwhu;. egu;-3 me;j
5 xg;ge;jj;ij xJf;fhky; me;j epyk;-,-iaj;
jdf;Fj; jUk;gb egu;-1-lk; Nfhuyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU nrhj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd
mjpfhuk; ngw;wtuhf fhl;bf;nfhs;fpwhu;. me;jr;
10 nrhj;ij mt;thNw egu;-2f;F milkhdk; nra;J
nfhLf;fpwhu;. Mdhy; egu;-1f;F me;jr; nrhj;jpd;
kPJ chpa mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; egu;-1
mj;jifa khw;wj;jf;f mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W mNj
nrhj;jpid egu;-3-f;F khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhh;. me;jr;
15 nrhj;ij egu;-2f;F milkhdk; nra;J
nfhLj;jpUg;gJ egu;-3f;Fj; njhpahJ. me;j khw;wk;
egu;-2-dhy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dNu ele;J
tpl;lJ. egu;-2d; milkhdk; egu;-3-d; mjpfhuj;jpw;F
cl;gl;lJ.
20
nrhj;J khw;wj;jpy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghLfs;
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT-10-d;gb xU
nrhj;ij khw;wpg; ngw;wtu; my;yJ mtUf;F
25 mbapy; cs;Nshu; me;jr; nrhj;ij khw;Wtjw;F
tpjpf;fg;gLk; KOikahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTNk
nry;yhJ. KOikahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; nry;yhJ.
XusT fl;Lg;ghLfisg; gphpT-10 jLf;fpwJ. xU
fl;Lg;ghL KOikahdjh my;yJ KOikaw;wjh
30 vdf; fz;lwpa mjd; tpisitg; ghu;f;f
Ntz;LNkad;wp me;jf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; thu;j;ijfis
ftdpf;ff; $lhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
35
 egu;-1 me;jr; nrhj;ijj; jhdkhf toq;ff;
$lhJ vd;gJ nry;Yk;> Vnddpy;> mJ
KOikahdjy;y.
 nrhj;jpidg; ngw;wtu; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F
40 ahUf;Fk; khw;wyhfhJ vdf; $Wk; fl;Lg;ghL
nry;Yk;. Vnddpy; mf;fl;Lg;ghL KOikaw;wJ.
khwhf> nrhj;jpidg; ngw;wtu; ,UgJ
Mz;LfSf;F ahUf;Fk; khw;wyhfhJ vdf;
$Wk; fl;Lg;ghL xU KOikahdjhff; fUjg;
45 gLfpwJ.
 egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F xU nrhj;ij tpw;fpwhu;. ,q;F
egu;-2 egu;-1-ld; xU jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; me;jr;
nrhj;J tpw;fg;gLkhdhy; mij thq;Fk; Kjy;
chpikia egu;-1f;F mspj;J cld;ghL nra;J
50 nfhs;fpwhu;. egu;-2 me;jr; nrhj;ij tpw;f
Kad;why; me;j cld;ghL nry;Yk;.
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; gphpT-10 ,U
tpjptpyf;Ffis Vw;fpwJ. KjyhtJ> Fj;jif
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
rhu;e;jtw;wpy; nrhj;J tpw;gidf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
me;j Fj;jif jhuUf;Nfh my;yJ mtuJ
Ml;fSf;Nfh rhjfkhdjhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
mit Vw;fj; jf;fNj. ,uz;lhtjhf> xU
nrhj;J xU jpUkzkhd ngz;Zf;F tpw;fg; 5
gLkhdhy; (,e;J> ,Ryhk; kw;Wk; Gj;j
rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;j ngz;fs; jtpu) me;jr;
nrhj;ij mtuJ jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ khw;wNth
my;yJ tpw;fNth fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fyhk;.
10
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-11 xU nrhj;J
khw;wj;jpd;NghJ xU nrhj;;jpd;kPJ xUtUf;F
cs;s chpik kw;nwhUtUf;F khw;wpf;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> me;j chpik
my;yJ mij mDgtpf;Fk; tpjk; xU 15
Fwpg;gpl;l tpjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fkhdhy;> me;jr; nrhj;ijg;
ngw;wtu; me;jr; nrhj;ij ve;jtpj fl;Lg;ghLk;
,y;yhjJNghy; fUjp mDgtpf;fNth my;yJ
tpw;WtplNth chpik cs;sJ vd;fpwJ. gphpT-10 20
xU nrhj;J khw;wj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfs;gw;wpf;
$Wk;NghJ gpupT-11 nrhj;Jhpikia
mDgtpg;gJgw;wpf; $WfpwJ. nrhj;ij
mDgtpg;gjpy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
KOikahd chpikf;F Kuz;ghlhf cs;sJ. 25
Mdhy;> XusT chpikf;F xj;Jg; Nghtjhf
cs;sijf; ftdpf;fyhk;. gpupT-11 KOikahd
nrhj;J chpik khw;wk; gw;wpNa $WfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: 30
egu;-1 egu;-2f;F md;gspg;ghf xU tPl;il
me;j tPl;by; egu;-2 trpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fl;Lg;ghNlhL mspf;fpwhu;. me;j md;gspg;G
KOikahdJ vd;gjhy; mf;fl;Lg;ghL 35
nry;yhjjhfpwJ. egu;-2 me;j tPl;by;
trpf;fyhk; my;yJ trpf;fhkYk;
,Uf;fyhk;.
egu;-1 egu;-2f;F md;gspg;ghf xU tPl;il
me;j tPl;by; egu;-2 trpf;f Ntz;Lk; mg;gb 40
trpf;fhtpby; me;j md;gspg;G jpUk;gk;
ngwg;gLk; vd;w fl;Lg;ghNlhL mspf;fpwhu;.
me;jf; fl;Lg;ghL nry;Yk;. Vnddpy; me;j
md;gspg;G KOikahdJ ,y;iy.
45
kw;nwhU rpW epyg;gFjpia mDgtpg;gjw;fhf
xU epyg;gFjpiag; gw;wp xUrpy cj;juTfis
me;j epyj;ij khw;wpf; nfhLg;gtu; Fwpf;fyhk;.
mg;gbg;gl;l cj;juTfSk; mij kPwpdhy;
mjw;fhd ,og;gPl;ilAk; me;j epyj;ij khw;wpf; 50
nfhLg;gtu; Nfl;Lg; ngwyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

 egu;-1 egu;-2f;F KO md;gspg;ghf xU tPl;il gphpT-11 Mfpatw;iw ,izj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy;:

me;j tPl;bd; cauj;ij me;j tPl;bd;  mry; nrhj;J khw;wpg; ngWgtu; Neu;kiw
mUfpYs;s egu;-1d; tPl;bw;F tUk; fhw;W> kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw cld;gbf;if Mfpatw;why;
ntspr;rj;ijj; jLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mjpfhpf;ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLfpwhu;. Mdhy;>
5 $lhJ vd;w fl;Lg;ghNlhL mspf;fpwhu;. ,e;jf;  mLj;j nrhj;J khw;wpg; ngWgtu; fPo;f;fhZk; 5
fl;Lg;ghL nry;Yk; epge;jidfs; epiwNtw;wg; gl;bUe;jhy;
 egu;-1 egu;-2f;F jdJ epyj;jpidf; Fj;jiff;F vjpu;kiw cld;gbf;ifahy; kl;LNk
mspf;fpwhu;. Mdhy;> me;j epyj;jpd; kj;jpapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhu;:
cs;s rpy epyg;gFjpiaj; jd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhf o tpiynfhLj;J nrhj;J khw;wpg;
10 itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. me;j epyg;gFjpia ngWgtUf;F Kd;dNu me;j epge;jidfs; 10
mDgtpf;Fk; tpjkhf egu;-2 jdJ Fj;jif njhptpf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epyk;topahf top juNtz;Lk; vd epge;jidia o ,e;j cld;gbf;if mjd; mUfpYs;s
nfhLf;fpwhu;. ,e;j epge;jid nry;Yk;. kw;nwhU epyj;jpd; mDgtj;jpw;fhdJ
kl;Lky;yhJ mJ me;j cld;gbf;if
15 xU mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j chpik khw;w nra;Jnfhz;ltUilajhfTk; ,Uf;f 15
xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s fl;Lg;ghL nghJthf xU Ntz;Lk;.
cld;gbf;if vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ. xU  tpiynfhLj;J nrhj;Jhpikia khw;wpg;
cld;gbf;if ,U tifahf mikayhk;: (m) ngw;wtu; Mdhy; me;j cld;gbf;ifiag;
Neu;kiw cld;gbf;if (xU nraiyr; nra;AkhNwh gw;wp Kd;dNu mwpahjpUe;jhy; mtiu
20 my;yJ gzk; nrYj;JkhNwh xU flik vjph;kiw cld;gbf;if$lf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ. 20
cilaJ) (M) vjpu;kiw cld;gbf;if (xU ,jw;F khwhf tpiynfhLj;J nrhj;Jhpik
Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;aj; jiltpjpj;Jr; thq;fhjtu; cld;gbf;if gw;wp Kd;dwpTg;Gg;
nra;ag;gLk; cld;gbf;if). mirahr; nrhj;J ngwhtpbDk; mtu; vjpu;kiw
rhu;e;j cld;gbf;ifapy; cld;gbf;if epyk; cld;gbf;iff;Ff; flLg;gl;ltuhthu;.
25 rhu;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. me;j epyj;jpd; gad; 25
my;yJ flik me;j epyj;ij khw;wpg; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
ngWgtUf;F rhu;ghfr; nry;Yk;. ,t;tifahd
cld;gbf;iffs; me;j epyj;jpd; ,ay;G> gz;G>  egu;-1f;F xNu xU epyk;jhd; cs;sJ
my;yJ kjpg;gpidg; ghjpf;ff; $baJ. vjpu;kiw mijAk; egu;-2f;F tpw;WtpLfpwhu;. ,q;F
30 my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; cld;gbf;if epyk; Neu;kiw my;yJ vjpu;kiw cld;gbf;if 30
rhu;e;jjhfTk; Neu;kiw cld;gbf;if epyk; vJthdhYk; egu;-2-If; fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
rhuhjjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.  egu;-1f;F ,U epyq;fs; epyk;-1 kw;Wk; epyk;-2
cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; epyk;-1-id egu;-2-f;F
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-40 fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iwf; epyk;-2-id mDgtpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghL
35 Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd: tpjpj;J tpw;WtpLfpwhu;. ,j;jifa 35
cld;gbf;if (Neu;kiw my;yJ vjpu;kiw
 xU mirahr; nrhj;jpd; rpwe;j Rje;jpukhd cld;gbf;if vJthdhYk;) egu;-2-If;
mDgtj;jpw;fhf> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
 xUtUf;F kw;nwhUthpd; epyj;jpd;kPJs;s  egu;-2 me;j epyk;-1-id egu;-3f;F
40 mtuJ chpikia jtpu;j;J tpw;WtpLfpwhu; vdpy; egu;-3-id me;j egu;-1- 40
 me;j epy chpikahshpd; mDgtj;ij XusT ld; nra;Jnfhz;l cld;gbf;if
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; chpik cs;sJ. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. Mdhy;> me;j cld;gbf;if
vjpu;kiwahdjhfTk;> mJgw;wp egu;-3-f;Fj;
mj;jifa chpikia nrhj;ij khw;wpg; njhpag; gLj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45 ngWgtUf;F chpa Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;J 45
mDgtpf;fyhk;. mj;fifa chpikia xU gpwf;fhj egUf;F nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;jYk;
tpiynfhLj;Jg; ngw KbahJ my;yJ nrhj;ij epiyj;j jd;ikf;F vjpuhd tpjpAk;:
khw;wpg; ngWgtUf;F Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLf;fhky;
ngw KbahJ. nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gpupT-5 nrhj;J khw;wk;
50 ,U thOk; egu;fSf;fpilNa eilngWtjhf 50
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-40-y; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j tiuaWj;jhYk;> gphpT-13 gpwf;fhj eghpd;
tpjpia ‘jy;f; vjpu; khf;];N` tpjp’ vd eyDf;fhfr; nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;tij Vw;fpwJ.
miof;fpd;wdu;. (jy;f; vjpu; khf;];N`> (1848) 41 ,e;j tpjp gad;ghl;Lf;F ,U epge;jidfs;
ER 1143). nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; gphpT-40 kw;Wk;

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
cs;sd. mitahtd:
 gpwf;fhj egUf;F nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;AKd;
me;j nrhj;J xU thOk; egUf;F cjhuzkhf
xU mwf;fl;lis khw;wg; gl Ntz;Lk;.
5  gpwf;fhj egUf;F nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;a me;jr;
nrhj;J KOikahd kpFjpahd nrhj;jhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> xU nrhj;jhdJ xU gpwf;fhj egUf;F
10 khw;wk; nra;AKd;du; thOk; vj;jid
egu;fSf;fhdhYk; chpik khw;wk; nra;J
nfhLf;fg;glyhk;> Mdhy;> xU gpwf;fhj egUf;F
tho;ehSf;fhd nrhj;J khw;wk; mDkjpf;fg;
gLtjpy;iy.
15
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;ij egu;-2-f;F chpik khw;wk;
nra;J jUfpwhu;. mtUila tUq;fhy
20 kidtpNky; cs;s ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhf
egu;-1-d; tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; mij
mspf;fpwhu;. mtuJ tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ
Kjy; gps;isf;Fk; mtuJ tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd;
egu;-1-d; ,uz;lhtJ %j;j gps;isf;Fk; NrUk;
25 vd cs;sJ. egu;-1-d; %j;j gps;isf;F
mspf;fg;gLk; nrhj;J khw;wk; mtuJ tho;ehs;
KOikf;F kl;LNk khw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gjhy;
mJ nry;yhJ.
 egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;ij egu;-2-f;F mtuJ
30 tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; chpik khw;wk; nra;J
jUfpwhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ gpwf;fhj Kjy;
Foe;ijf;Fk; mij khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
Mdhy;> mf;Foe;ij jdJ kjj;ij khw;wpf;
nfhz;lhy; me;j chpik khw;wk; ghpKjy;
35 nra;ag;gLk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,e;j chpik
khw;wk; nray;gLj;j KbahJ. Vnddpy; me;j
khw;wj;jpy; egu;-2-d; gpwf;fhj %j;j Foe;ijf;F
mspf;fg;gLk; nrhj;J KOikahd kpFjp
,y;yhky; xU epge;jid cs;sJ.
40
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-14-d;gb tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; xUthpd; my;yJ gyhpd;
tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; eyk;jUk; tpjj;jpy;
eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;ba xU nrhj;Jhpik
45 khw;wNkh my;yJ thOk; Kjpuh taJila xUtu;
Kjpu; tajilAk;NghJ mDgtpg;gjw;Nfh khw;wk;
nra;J ju KbahJ. gphpT-14 NkYk;> thOk;
xUthpd; my;yJ gyupd; tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd;
xUtUf;F mspf;f KbahJ. mjhtJ xU thOk;
50 egUf;F cs;s chpikf;Fk; gpwf;fg;NghFk; egUf;F
eilngwg;NghFk; chpik khw;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa
,ilntsp ,Uf;fyhfhJ vd;fpwJ. chpik khw;wk;
eilngWk; ehspy; gpwf;fhJ mjw;F Ke;ija
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
xg;ge;jk; KbTf;F tUk; ehspy; gpwe;J tpl;lhy;
me;j Gjpa chpik khw;wk; cldbahf
eilKiwf;F te;J gioa xg;ge;j
Kbtpd;NghJ mtNu me;jr; nrhj;jpd;
chpikahsuhfpwhu;. Mdhy;> me;jr; nrhj;ij 5
KOikahf mDgtpf;Fk; chpik mtu; Kjpu;
tajilAk;NghNj fpilf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
10
 xU gz;iz egu;-1f;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;du; mNj gz;iz egu;-2f;F mtuJ
tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-2-d; gpwf;fhj Foe;ijf;F
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F egu;-2-d; gpwf;fhj 15
Foe;ij egu;-2-d; ,wg;Gf;F Kd;dNu
gpwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs;
KOikf;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid chpik
khw;wk; nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; 20
egu;-2-d; 25 tajilAk; (chpik
khw;wj;jpd;NghJ gpwf;fhj) Foe;ijf;Fr;
nrd;W NrUk; vd mspf;fpwhu;. egu;-2f;F
mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; mspf;fg;gLk;
chpik khw;wk; nry;Yk;. Mdhy;> mtuJ 25
tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; egu;-2-d; gps;isf;F
mspf;fg;gLk; chpik nry;yhJ. Vnddpy;>
mJ Kjpuh taijf;fle;J eilngWfpwJ.
 egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F mtuJ tho;ehs;
KOikf;Fk; kw;Wk; egh;-2-d; 30
tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fk; mtuJ
tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ 17 tajilAk;
gps;isf;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk;
nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-3-d; gpwf;fhj
Foe;ijf;Fr; nra;ag;gLk; chpik khw;wk; 35
nry;Yk;.
gphpT-14-d; tpjp jdpg;gl;l cld;ghLfis
fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ. Vnddpy; ,J xU
nrhj;Jhpikia cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. nrhj;J 40
khw;wr; rl;lk; gphpT-15> xU nrhj;J khw;wk; xU
FOkj;jpw;F khw;wk; nra;J jug;gLk;NghJ
mf;FOkj;jpy; cs;s xUrpyiug; nghUj;jtiu
gphpT-13 kw;Wk; gphpT-14-d;gb nry;yhjjhdhYk;
me;j chpik me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l egu;fisg; 45
nghUj;jtiu kl;LNk Njhy;tpailANkad;wp
me;j KO FOkj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs;
KOikf;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk; 50
nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-2-d;
,d;Dk; gpwf;fhj Foe;ijfSf;Fr; nrd;W
NrUk; vd cs;sJ. Mdhy;> ngz; Foe;ijf;F
mtuJ tho;ehSf;F kl;LNk NrUk; vd
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

cs;sJ. gphpT-13-d;gb me;j epge;jidapd; ,Ue;jhy; mj;jifa epge;jid NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l

fhuzkhf nry;yhjjhfpwJ. Mdhy;> ,J me;j
ngz; Foe;ijiag; nghUj;jtiu kl;LNk
Njhy;tpailANkad;wp kw;w Mz; Foe;ijfSf;Fg;
5 nghUe;jhJ.
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-16-d;gb ‘nrhj;J
khw;wr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpTfs;-13> 14 –d; fhuzkhf
xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ xU FOkj;jpw;Nfh
10 nra;ag;gLk; khw;wk; Njhy;tpailAkhdhy;> me;jj;
Njhy;tpf;Fg;gpd;du; me;j chpik khw;w
xg;ge;jj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gplg;gLk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
eilngw cs;s midj;J chpik khw;wq;fSNk
Njhy;tpAWk;’.
15
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ kUkdpd; kfshd egu;-2- epge;jidf; fhyk; KbTw;wJNghd;W vz;zp
f;F md;gspg;ghf mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk;
mspf;fpwhu;. egu;-2f;Fg;gpd; mtuJ re;jjpaUf;F
KOikahf mspf;fpwhu;. mtUf;F Mz; Foe;ij
20 ,y;yhtpby; mtuJ ngz; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; NrUk;. tpjptpyf;Ffs; cz;L. Mit:
Mdhy;> mij mtu;fs; tpw;ff;$lhJ. egu;-2-f;Ff;
Foe;ijfNs ,y;iy vd;why; egu;-1-d;
kUkfDf;Fr; NrUk; vd;fpwJ. ,q;F egu;-2-d; ngz;
Foe;ijfSf;F chpa epge;jidahy;
25 nry;yhjjhfpwJ. vdNt> mjw;Fg;gpd; eilngWk;
egu;-1-d; kUkfDf;F mspf;fg;gLk; chpik khw;wk;
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-16-d;gb nry;yhJ.
Mdhy;> mLj;j chpik khw;wk; Kjy; chpik
30 khw;wj;ijr; rhuhjjhf ,Ue;jhy; Kjy; chpik
khw;wj;jpw;F khw;whf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; Ke;ija
chpik khw;wj; njhy;tp me;j mLj;j chpik
khw;wj;ijj; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;ahJ. ,U khw;W
epge;jidfs; ,Ue;J xd;W Njhy;tpAw;why; mLj;j
35 khw;W epge;jid Vw;fj;jf;fjhdhy; Njhy;tpAWk;
epge;jid xJf;fg;gl;L Vw;fj;jf;fij
nray;gLj;jyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F tho;ehs;
40 KOikf;Fk; gpd; mtuJ ,d;Dk; gpwf;fhj
Foe;ijf;Fk; xU nrhj;ij chpik khw;wk; nra;J
nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-2-f;F Foe;ij ,y;yhtpby;
mtuJ tho;ehSf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3f;Fr; NrUk; vd
cs;sJ. egu;-2-d; gpwf;fhj Foe;ijf;Fr;
45 nra;ag;gLk; chpik khw;wk; nry;yhJ Mdhy;>
mjw;F khw;whf cs;s egu;-2-f;Ff; Foe;ij
,y;yhtpby; egu;-3-f;Fr; NrUk; vd;w gFjp nry;Yk;. khw;wj;jpy; cs;s thrfk; fPo;f;fhZk;
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-17-d;gb chpik khw;wk; xUtUf;F nrhj;Jhpik epiyahdjhf
50 nra;ag;gLk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; cUthfpwJ:
tUkhdj;ij nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;gthpd;
tho;ehSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh
my;yJ nrhj;J khw;w ehSf;Fg;gpd; 18
Mz;LfSf;F NkYk; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh
fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; mjpfhpj;jhy; nry;yhJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs;
KOikf;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk; 5
nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-2-d;
,d;Dk; gpwf;fhj Foe;ij 18 tajilAk;nghJ
nrd;W NrUk; vd cs;sJ. NkYk;> me;jr;
nrhj;jpypUe;J tUk; tUkhdj;ij egu;-2 mtuJ
tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk; kw;Wk; egu;-2-d; 10
Foe;ijf;F chpik khw;wk; nra;J 20
Mz;Lfs; tiuAk; Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
cs;sJ. ,e;j epge;jid gphpT-17-y;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 18 Mz;Lfisf; fle;J
nry;tjhy; nry;yhJ. mjd;gb mj;jifa 15
me;j Nrfhpj;j tUthia tpw;Wtplyhk;.
Mdhy;> Nky; Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpf;F 3
20
 nrhj;J khw;wpj; jUgthpd; flid
milg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ me;jr; nrhj;jpy;
chpik cs;s kw;w ahUila flid
milg;gjw;Nfh mj;jifa Nrfhpg;Gj; Njit
vdpy; mjw;fhd epge;jid. 25
 nrhj;J khw;wpj; jUgthpd; Foe;ijfSf;F
my;yJ mtuJ jatpy; mr;nrhj;jpy;
chpik cs;stu;fSf;fhfr; xU gFjp
jug;gl Ntz;Lk; vdpy; mjw;fhd epge;jid
 rk;ge;jg;gl;l khw;wg;gLk; nrhj;jpd; 30
guhkhpg;Gf;fhfTk; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; cs;s
epge;jid
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; gphpT-14> 16> 17-f;fhd
nghJthd tpjptpyf;F: 35
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; gphpT-14> 16> 17-d; tpjpfs;
nghJ kw;Wk; jUk fhupaq;fSf;fhd
nrhj;Jhpik khw;wj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ.
40
epiyahd kw;Wk; epiyaw;w chpikfs;
xU nrhj;jpd; kPJs;s chpik epiyahdjhfNth
my;yJ epiyaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. nrhj;J
khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-19 epiyahd 45
nrhj;Jhpikgw;wpf; $WfpwJ. nrhj;Jhpik
epge;jidfs; vijAk; tpjpf;fhjNghJ
50
 me;j chpik khw;wk; nray;gLtjw;fhd
Fwpg;gpl;l ehs; Fwpf;fg;gltpy;iy> my;yJ
 mJ cldbahf eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy> my;yJ

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

 xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;T epfo;e;j chpik ,Ue;jhy;$l mtu;fspd; chpik

gpd;du;eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd epiyahdNj.
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
epiyaw;w chpik vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
5 fPo;f;fhZk; tpjj;jpy; ,Ug;gpDk; xU nrhj;Jhpik cWjpaw;w epfo;T epfo;e;jhNyh my;yJ 5
epiyahdJ: (m) mr;nrhj;Jhpikia mDgtpf;Fk; epfohtpl;lhNyh kl;LNk mspf;fg;gl;l xU
fhyk; js;spg;Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. (M) me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik eilKiwf;F tUk; vd
nrhj;jpd;kPJ NtnwhUtUf;F Kd;dNu chpik ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mJ epiyaw;w chpikahFk;.
cs;sJ (,) mr;nrhj;jpd; tUthkdj;ijf; me;jr; Fwpg;gpl;l epge;jid epfo;T ele;jhNyh my;yJ
10 nrhj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;tiu eilngwhJ ,Ue;jhNyhjhd; me;j chpik 10
Nru;j;J itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid cs;sJ mtUf;F KOikahdjhf epiyahdjhf
(<) Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;T epfo;e;jhy; kw;nwhUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk;. epiyaw;w nrhj;Jhpikapy;
mr;nrhj;Jhpik nrd;WtpLk;. epfo;fhyj;jpy; xUtu; xU nrhj;jpd;
chpikahsuhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. epiyaw;w
15 nrhj;Jhpik ngWgtu; me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik jd;ikNa nrhj;Jhpik ngWtjw;F xU Kd; 15
eilKiwf;F tUKd; ,we;J tpl;lhYk;> me;j epge;jidahf cs;sJ. epiyaw;w chpik
epiyahd nrhj;Jhpik khwhJ. mr;nrhj;Jhpik nghJthf khw;wj;jf;fNj. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;jr;
eilKiwf;F tUKd;Nd mJ mtUila nrhj;Jhpikapid mj;jifa nrhj;Jhpik
nrhj;jhFtNjhL mij kw;wtUf;F khw;wTk; ngWgtu; mDgtpf;FKd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;
20 RtPfhpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; chpik cs;sJ. mj;jifa khw;wk; Njhy;tpailtjhy; mij 20
nrhj;Jhpik ngw;wtu; mij mDgtpg;gjw;F kw;wtu; RtPfhpf;f KbahJ.
Kd;dNu ,we;Jtpl;lhYk; nrhj;Jhpik ngw;wthpd;
,wg;Gf;Fg;gpd; mtuJ rl;lg;G+u;tkhd thhpRf;F xU epiyaw;w chpik vd;gJ tof;Fj;
me;j epiyahd chpik nry;fpwJ. njhLf;Fk; rhjhuz chpikapypUe;J
25 khWgLfpwJ. epiyaw;wp chpik ngWgtu; 25
,d;Dk; gpwf;fhj Foe;ijf;F nrhj;Jhpik nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; ngWk; ehspy; xUtu; xU
khw;wg;gl;bUe;jhy; mtu; mij vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nrhj;jpd; chpikahsuhtjw;fhd tha;g;ig
mDgtpg;gjhf ,Ug;gpDk; mtu; gpwe;jJNk me;j kl;LNk ngWfpwhu;. Mdhy;> mJ vjpu;fhy
epiyahd chpik mtiur; Nru;fpwJ. (nrhj;J epiyaw;w jd;ikapd; fhuzkhf
30 khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-20). KOikailahky; cs;sJ. 30

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk;
35 mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fk; xU nrhj;jpid
chpik khw;wk; nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. ,q;F egu;-
3-d; chpik epiyahdNj. Vnddpy; egu;-2-d;
,wg;Gf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fr; Nru;tJ
cWjpahfpwJ.
40  egu;-1 egu;-3d;kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhf
egu;-2f;F xU nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk;
nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-3 25 tajilAk;NghJ
me;jr; nrhj;ij egu;-2 egu;-3-f;F nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd cs;sJ. ,q;F egu;-3d; chpik
45 epiyahdNj. egu;-3 18 tajilAk;NghJ me;jr;
nrhj;ij mDgtpf;f chpik cs;sJ. (nrhj;J
khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-14-d;gb).
 xU nrhj;J rkkhf egu;-1> 2 kw;Wk; egu;-3
MfpNahUf;F rkkhf mtu;fs; 18
50 tajilAk;NghJ Nru Ntz;Lk; vd mspf;fg;
gLfpwJ. 18 tajilAk; Kd; ,we;J tpl;lhy;
mr;nrhj;J egu;-4-w;F chpaJ vd cs;sJ.
,q;F egu;-1> egu;-2 kw;Wk; egu;-3-d; chpikfs;
epiyahdNj. xU epfo;itg; nghWj;J me;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-1> xU ,e;J kjj;jtu; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
nrhj;Jf;fhd chpikahsu; jdJ kidtp
egu;-2 kw;Wk; rNfhjuiutpl;L (egu;-3) ,we;J 35
tpLfpwhu;. egu;-3 me;jr; nrhj;ij milAk;
tha;g;ig kl;LNk ngWfpwhu;.
 egu;-1 jdJ kidtpahd egu;-2f;F jdJ
nrhj;ij mtuJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fk;
gpd;du; mtUf;Fg;gpd; kfd; egu;-3-f;Fk; xU 40
nrhj;jpid chpik khw;wk; nra;J
nfhLf;fpwhu;. jtwpdhy; egu;-4-f;F ,e;jr;
nrhj;J nry;Yk;. ,q;F egu;-4-d; chpik
epiyaw;wJ.
 egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mtuJ tho;ehs; 45
KOikf;Fk; mtUf;Fg;gpd; egu;-3-f;Fk;
(mtu; tho;e;jhuhdhy;)xU nrhj;jpid
chpik khw;wk; nra;J nfhLf;fpwhu;.
jtwpdhy; egu;-3 kw;Wk; egu;-4-d; chpik
epiyaw;wJ. 50
nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-21-d;gb xUtu; 18
tajilAk;NghJ chpik ngWthu; vd;W
,Ue;jhy;> mJtiu rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpd;

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
tUkhdk; mtuJ gad;ghl;Lf;F chpaJ my;yJ
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vd;why;
mtupd; chpik epiyaw;wjhff; fzf;fpl KbahJ
vd;fpwJ.
5 ,jw;F khwhf> xU nraYf;fhd fhy msT
epge;jidAld;$ba nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk;
xU epge;jidapd; Nghpy; xU nrhj;Jhpik toq;fg;
gLfpwJ vd;why;> me;j epge;jid eilngw
10 KbahjpUe;jhNyh> rl;lj;jhy; jLf;fg;gl;lhNyh>
mij epiwNtw mDkjpj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd;
eyj;jpw;Nf NfL tpistpf;Fk; jd;ikAs;sJ
vd;whNyh> my;yJ Nkhrbahdjhf ,Ue;jhNyh
my;yJ kw;wtUf;Nfh my;yJ kw;wthpd;
15 nrhj;jpw;Nfh jPq;fhFk; vd;whNyh me;jr;
nrhj;Jhpik Njhy;tpailfpwJ. NkYk;> me;j
epge;jidapd; ngWk;gFjp epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhNy
KOikahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;.
20 vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-2-f;F mtu; egu;-3-idj; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL egu;-1
xU nrhj;jpid khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j
25 khw;wk; epfOk; ehspy; egu;-3 ,we;J tpLfpwhu;
vdpy; me;j khw;wk; nry;yhjjhfpwJ.
 egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F mtuJ fdtiu tpl;Lg; gphpa
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL xU nrhj;jpid
khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. me;j khw;wk;
30 nry;yhjjhfpwJ.
 egu;-1 egu;-2-f;F mtu; egu;-3> egu;-4 kw;Wk; egu;-
5-d; Vw;NghLjhd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL xU nrhj;jpid
khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-5 ,we;J tpLfpwhu;.
35 egu;-2 kw;w ,Utuhd egu;-3> egu;-4-d; Vw;NghL
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;. vdNt ,q;F egu;-
2 me;j epge;jidia epiwNtw;wpajhff;
nfhs;syhk;.
40 epge;jidAld;$ba nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; vdpy;> xU
nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij epge;jidahff; nfhz;L
me;j khw;wk; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> me;j nray;
epiwNtw;wj;jpw;fhd fhy msT Fwpf;fg;glhJ
,Ue;jhy; me;j epge;jidia vf;fhyj;jpYk;
45 epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfNth my;yJ ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;F epiwNtw;w KbahjjhfNth
mr;nrhj;jpd; chpikiag; ngWgtu; nra;jhy; me;j
epge;jid Kwpabf;fg; gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;.
50 vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ kuz capypy;; egu;-2
jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vdTk;. mg;gb ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; me;j capYf;F
egu;-2 fl;Lg;glhjtu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. egu;-2
NtnwhU ngz;iz kze;J nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jd;%yk;
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
me;j epge;jid epfo Kbahky; nra;J
tpLtjhy;> me;j capYf;F mtu; fl;Lg;gl
khl;lhu;.
5
Fwpg;gplg; gl;bUe;jhy; kw;Wk; me;jr; nray;
Njhy;tpAw;w epiyapy; me;j chpik
NtnwhUtUf;Fr; nry;Yk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy; me;j NtnwhUtu; jdf;F
me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w 10
vz;zj;jpy; me;j epge;jidia epiwNtw;w
KbahjthW jLj;jhy;> me;j epge;jidia
epiwNtw;w NghJkhd fhyk; $Ljyhf mspf;fg;
glyhk;. mthpd; Nkhrbapd; fhuzkhf me;j
epge;jidia vf;fhyKk; my;yJ ePz;l 15
fhyj;jpw;F epiwNtw;w KbahjthW
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; me;j epge;jid epiwNtw;wg;
gl;ljhff; nfhs;syhk;.
‘yp]; ngd;ld;]’; Nfhl;ghL 20
nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-52 nghJthf
mwpag;gLk; ‘yp]; ngd;ld;];’ Nfhl;ghl;bid
(epYit tof;F) Vw;fpwJ. ,jd;gb> fPo;f;fhZk;
epge;jidfspy; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l 25
mirahr; nrhj;jpid khw;wNth mJ rhu;e;j
nray;fspy; <LglNth jLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;:
 rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;;J rhu;e;j tof;F
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; my;yJ 30
tprhuidapy; cs;sJ
 mt;tof;F my;yJ ePjpkd;w tprhuid xU
tQ;rf Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljy;y.
 tof;fpy; my;yJ ePjpkd;w tprhuidapy;
ikakhf cs;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jhFk;. 35
 tof;fpy; cs;s nrhj;J khw;wg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tof;Fj;
njhlu;e;jpUg;gtUf;F mjpy; rk;ge;jk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 me;j nrhj;ij tpw;gJ mLj;j jug;igg; 40
ghjpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU tof;fpd; ve;j xU jug;igAk; ,e;jr;
nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk; ghjpf;Fk; vd;why; kl;LNk
,e;j gphpT-52 jiyapLk;. me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik 45
khw;wk; my;yJ ve;j xU nraYk; jd;dpNyNa
nry;yhjjy;y kwhf mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
jug;gpdhy; nry;yhjjhf;ff;$bajhFk;. mJ
me;j tof;fpd; jPu;g;igg; nghWj;J mikAk;.
,q;F me;j nrhj;ijg; ngWgtUf;F me;j 50
tof;Fgw;wp Kd;dwptpg;G cs;sjh vd;gijg;
nghWj;jJ.
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-2-lk; cs;s xU tPL rk;ge;jkhf egu;-1 xU
tof;ifj; njhLf;fpwhu;. me;j tof;F
5 epYitapy; cs;sNghj egu;-2 me;j tPl;il
egu;-3-f;F tpw;W tpLfpwhu;. egu;-1-d; tof;F
js;Sgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ. egu;-2 egu;-3-f;F
tpw;wJ nry;Yk; rhpahdJ.
 egu;-2-lk; cs;s xU tPL rk;ge;jkhf egu;-1 xU
10 tof;ifj; njhLf;fpwhu;. me;j tof;F
epYitapy; cs;sNghj egu;-2 me;j tPl;il
egu;-3-f;F tpw;W tpLfpwhu;. egu;-1-d; tof;fpy;
mtUf;F rhu;ghf jPu;g;G tUfpwJ. egu;-2 egu;-3-
f;F tpw;wij egu;-1 epidj;jhy; nry;yhjjhf;f
15 KbAk;.
 egu;-1 jdJ epyj;ij egu;-2f;F Fj;jiff;Ff;
nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-2 me;j epyj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;Js;s egu;-3-f;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;
njhLf;fpwhu;. tof;F epYitapy; cs;sNghJ
20 egu;-1 me;j epyj;ij egu;-4-f;F khw;wpf;
nfhLj;J tpLfpwhu;. tof;F epYit egu;-1 egu;-
4-f;F khw;wpf; nfhLj;jijr; nry;yhjjhf;fhJ.
Vnddpy; me;j me;jj; jug;gpdu; tof;fpd; ve;j
xU jug;Gk; ,y;iy.
25  egu;-1 jdJ tPl;il egu;-2f;F tpw;W tpLfpwhu;.
mjd;gpwF egu;-3 ePjpkd;wj;jpy; egu;-1f;F me;j
tPl;il tpw;f chpikapy;iy vdTk; me;j tPl;L
chpikiaj; jdf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUkhWk; $wp
tof;Fj; njhLf;fpwhu;. me;j tof;F epYitapy;
30 cs;sNghNj egu;-2 me;j tPl;il egu;-3-f;F
tpw;W tpLfpwhu;. ,q;F egu;-3 me;j tof;fpy;
egu;-1-f;F vjpuhf ntw;wp ngw;whYk; egu;-3-d;
chpik khwhJ. Vnddpy; me;j tof;F
njhlug;gLk; Kd;dNu egu;-1 egu;-2f;F tpw;W
35 tpl;lhu;. NkYk; egu;-2 me;jr; nrhj;ij egu;-3f;F
tpw;Fk;NghJ me;j tof;fpd; xU jug;ghf
,y;iy. (ghy uhkr;re;jpuh vjpu; jt;yh> 27 BLR
38).
 egu;-1-lk; cs;s nrhj;jpd; kPJ tof;Fj;
40 njhLf;f egu;-1 kw;Wk; egu;-2 ,ize;J
kiwKfkhf jpl;lkpLfpd;wdu;. egu;-1 me;j
tof;fpy; jPtpukhf <LgLk;NghJ me;jr;
nrhj;ij egu;-2 egu;-3-f;F tpw;WtplTk;
jpl;lkpLfpd;wdu;. egu;-3-lkpUe;J ngWk;
45 njhifia ,UtUk; gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;
vdTk; KbT nra;fpd;wdu;. egu;-2 tof;Fj;
njhLf;fpwhu;. jpl;lkpl;lthNw egu;-1 tof;fpy;
jPtpukhf <LgLk;NghJ me;j tof;F epYitapy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ tpw;w fhuzj;ijf; fhl;b me;j
50 tpw;gid js;sp itf;fg;gLk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;
me;jr; nrhj;ij egu;-2 egu;-3-f;F tpw;W
tpLfpwhu;. egu;-2-d; tof;F jPu;g;gplg; gLfpwJ.
me;j tof;F jpl;lkpl;l rjp vd;gjhy; egu;-3-f;F
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
tpw;fg;gl;lJ xJf;fg;glhJ.
gFjp epiwNtw;wf; Nfhl;ghL
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-53(m) gFjp 5
epiwNtw;wf; Nfhl;ghl;il cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
fPo;f;fhZk; epge;jidfs; epiwNtw;wg;
gl;bUe;jhy; mJ gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajhf
,Ue;jhYk; epiwNtw;wg;glhJ ,Ue;jhy;>
my;yJ rl;lg; G+u;tkhf epiwNtw;Wk; Kiwapy; 10
epiwNtw;wg; glhjpUe;jhy; me;j nrhj;J rhu;ghf
nrhj;J khw;wk; nra;J jUgtu; ve;j xU
epthuzKk; (xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
epthuzk; jtpu) ngwj; jLf;fg; gLfpwhu;.
15
 VjhtnjhU mirahr; nrhj;jpid tpiyf;F
chpik khw;wk; nra;Ak; xg;ge;jk; vOj;Jg;
G+u;tkhf nrhj;jpidg; ngWgtuhNyh my;yJ
mtuJ rhu;ghf xUtuhNyh ifnahg;gk;
,lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk;> me;j 20
xg;ge;jk; epiwNtwpaij cWjpg;gLj;j
KbAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
25
 xU md;gspg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;>
gFjp epiwNtw;w epthuzk; ngw
KbahJ. Vnddpy; ,e;j khw;wk;
tpiynfhLj;J khw;wg;gl;ljy;y.
 xU ,e;J $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpd; jiytu; 30
mf;FLk;gj;jpd; rhu;ghf xg;ge;jj;jpy;
ifnahg;gkpl;bUe;jhy; nrhj;J khw;wr;
rl;lk;> gphpT-53(m) tpd;gb nry;Yk;.
 nrhj;J khw;wk; ngw;wtu; me;jr; nrhj;ij
KOtijANkh mjd; gFjpiaNah 35
mDgtj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ Vw;fdNt mDgtj;jpy;
,Ue;jpUf;Fkhdhy;> njhlu;e;J mDgtpjJ
mijg; ngUf;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j
xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; gpwF mj;jifa 40
nray;ghLfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 me;j nrhj;ijg; ngw;wtu; Vw;fdNt
epiwNtw;wpNah my;yJ epiwNtw;Wk;
epiyapNyh ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
45
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU thq;ff;$batu; Vw;fdNt
cgNahfj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;
mjw;fhd Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tpiyiaf; nfhLf;f
Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; mij
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lij kWf;f KbahJ. (gr;ru;jh]; 50
vjpu; mfkjhghj; efuhl;rp> AIR 1941 Bom 346).
Vw;fdNt mDgtpj;J te;jijj; njhlu;e;J
mDgtpf;f gFjpepiwNtw;w jw;fhg;gpidg;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

gad;gLj;jyhNkad;wp mij Kw;wpYk; tpw;gjw;fhd xg;ge;jkhFk;. me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. NkYk;> xU fhyk;tiu mjhtJ me;j nrhj;J cz;ikapy;
nrhj;ij tpiyf;Fg; ngw;wtUf;Fr; rhu;ghf mij thq;Fgtiur; nrd;W NrUk;tiu me;jr; nrhj;J
gFjp epiwNtw;wkhf mDgtpj;J te;jijj; nrhj;J khw;Wgthpd; mDgtj;jpNyNa
5 njhpahky; thq;fpdhy; mtUf;F tpjptpyf;F KOikahf cs;sJ. 5
mspf;fpwJ gphpT-53(m). vdNt> gFjp
epiwNtw;wj;ijf; fhl;b mj;jifa gFjp nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-56-d;gb> xd;W
epiwNtw;wj;ij mwpahJ tpiyf;Fg; ngw;wtUf;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhj;jpd; chpikahsu;
vjpuhf thjpl KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mj;jifa mtw;iw milkhdkhf xUtUf;Fk; mtw;wpy;
10 gFjp epiwNtw;wj;ij mwpahJ mij tpiyf;F xd;iw kw;nwhUtUf;Fk; tpw;fpwhu;. mij 10
thq;fpaij ep&gpf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G thq;Fgtu; NtW xU xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;
thq;fpatUf;Nf chpajhFk;. me;j milkhdf; flid mtUf;F tpw;fhj gpw
nrhj;J tUkhdj;jpypUe;J milf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ve;j xU rl;lj;jpd;gb xU xg;ge;jk; ,e;j chpik khu;\y;ypq; chpik vd
15 nry;yhjjhdhy; mj;jifa chpik khw;wj;jpw;Fk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ. milkhdk; ngw;wtUila 15
,e;j gphpT-53(m) nghUe;jhJ. my;yJ mtuJ Ml;fSf;F chpa chpikia
ghjpf;fhj tifapy; ,e;j khu;\y;ypq; chpik
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: i`juhghj; Fj;jifr; rl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghyd;wp (xU goq;Fbapduhy; goq;Fb
20 my;yhj xUtUf;F tpw;fg;gLtJ) jhrpy;jhhplk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrhj;J-1> nrhj;J-2 kw;Wk; 20
Kd; mDkjp ngwhky; xU tpw;gid nrhj;J-3 Mfpait xU milkhdr;
xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb mij mDgtj;jpy; nrhj;JfshFk;. milkhdk; nfhLj;jtu; nrhj;J-
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ rl;lg;gb Fw;wkhFk;. vdNt> 1-id ve;j xU tpy;yq;fKk; ,y;yhky; egu;-1-
,q;F gphpT-53(m) nghUe;jhJ. (nkuhk; nghr;rhk; f;F tpw;fpwhu;. me;jr; nrhj;ij milkhdkhfg;
25 vjpu; khepy murpd; Kftu;> AIR 1978 AP 242). ngw;wtu; ,e;j khu;\y;ypq; chpikapd; %yk; 25
Njitahd milkhdf; flidg;ngw kw;w
mirahr; nrhj;J tpw;gid nrhj;Jf;fshd nrhj;J-2 kw;Wk; nrhj;J-3-
ypUe;J ngw;W milf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; mirahr; nrhj;J tpw;gid
30 vd;why; vd;d vd;gij ,t;thW tiuaWf;fpwJ: milkhdk; 30
chpik khw;wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiy nfhLj;J
my;yJ cj;juthjj;jpw;fhf my;yJ gFjp tpiy milkhdk; vd;gJ xU mirahr; nrhj;jpd;
nfhLj;J my;yJ gFjp cj;juthjk; mspj;J chpikia kw;nwhUtUf;F fPo;f;fhZk;
chpik khw;wk; ngWtNj nrhj;J tpw;gidahFk;. fhuzq;fSf;fhf khw;WtjhFk;: (m) Vw;fdNt
35 ,q;F tpiy vd;gJ xU njhifiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ngw;w xU flid milg;gjw;fhfNth (M) 35
me;j tpiy vd;gJ gzkhf ,y;yhtpby; mJ jw;NghJ ngw;w my;yJ ngwg;NghFk; flid
tpw;gidahfhJ. &. 100 kjpg;Gs;s njhlf;$ba milg;gjw;fhfNth my;yJ (,) xU Gjpa
mirahr; nrhj;J kw;Wk; mirahr;nrhj;J rhu;ej mYtYf;fhf cs;s fld;fis milg;gjw;fhf.
gpw njhlKbah chpikfs; Nghd;wit gj;jpug; chpikia khw;wpj; jUgh; milkhdk; jUgtu;
40 gjpT nra;jypd; %yNk khw;wg;gl KbAk;. vdTk; chpikiag; ngWgtu; milkhdk; 40
,j;jifa #oypy; gj;jpug; gjpT tpw;gid ngWgtu; vdTk; miof;fg;gLtu;.
epiwNtw;wj;jpw;F xU Kd; NjitahfpwJ. me;jg;
gj;jpug;gjpT epiwNtWk;tiu me;j chpik khw;wk; nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk; fPo;f;fhZk; milkhd
KOik miltjpy;iy. njhlKbah chpik tiffis Vw;fpwJ:
45 vd;gJ me;j mirahr; nrhj;jpid 45
cz;ikapNyNa ngWtjw;F Kd; mthplk; ,Ue;j rhjhuz milkhdk;:
chpikfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf> me;jg;
gFjpapy; kPd;gpbf;fr; nry;Yk; chpik> my;yJ ,e;j rhjhuz milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk;
Clhf ele;J nry;Yk; chpik Nghd;w chpikfs;. nfhLj;jtu; milkhdf; flidj; jdpg;gl;l
50 tpjj;jpy; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mij 50
nrhj;J khw;wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-54 ‘tpw;gid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy; milkhdk;
xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fk;’, ‘tpw;gidf;fhd xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fk;’ ngw;wtu; mij tpw;fTk; NkYk; me;j
cs;s Ntw;Wikia tpthpf;fpwJ. tpw;gidf;fhd milkhdf; flidj; jpUk;gg;ngwj; Njitahd
xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU nrhj;jpid midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

,q;F nrhj;J mDkhd khw;wk; vJTk; nfhs;s ePjpkd;w jPu;itg; ngw;whuhdhy;

eilngWtjpy;iy. vdNt milkhdk; ngw;wtu; milkhdk; nfhLj;jtu; me;j milkhdr;
me;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; thlif kw;Wk; nrhj;ijj; jpUg;gpg; ngWk; chpik ,y;iy.
gpw tUkhdq;fisg; ngw chpikapy;iy. me;j me;jg; Nghypahd tpw;gid KOikaile;J
5 milkhdf; flDf;fhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;ij milkhdk; ngw;wtNu chpikahsuhfp tpLfpwhu;. 5
jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;sTk; KbahJ. milkhdk;
ngw;wtu; mr; nrhj;ij ePjpkd;wk; %yk; tpw;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xNu nrhj;J rhu;e;j milkhdk;
chpik xd;Nw ,e;j milkhdk; ngw;wtUf;F rhu;e;j Mtzq;fis me;j xNu jug;gpdu;
cz;L. tpw;gidg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; nrhj;jpidj; jpUg;gpj;
10 jUk; Mtzk; vd ,U Mtzq;fshf vOjpdu; 10
milkhdk; ngw;wtUf;F milkhdf; flid vdpy; mJ epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid
milf;ff; flik ,Ug;gjhy;> milkhdk; ngw;wtu; milkhdk; MfhJ.
jdJ milkhdf; flidg; ngwNth me;j
nrhj;jpd;kPJ eltbf;if vLf;fNth ePjpkd;wj;ij mDNghf milkhdk;
15 mDfyhk;. milkhdk; ngw;wtu; njhLf;Fk; tof;F 15
milkhdf; flidj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhf vdpy; mDNghf milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk; mspg;gtu;
me;j jPu;g;G gzk; rhu;e;j jPu;g;ghFk;. me;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l nrhj;jpid milkhdk;
milkhdr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j tof;fhf ,Ue;jhy;> ngWgthplk; me;j milkhdj; njhifiaj;
mtu; me;jr; nrhj;jpid tpw;f chpik jpUg;gpj; jUk;tiu mij jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;
20 NfhUtjhFk;. vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; mjd; midj;J thlif 20
kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis epu;dapj;J mjd;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ‘jtwpdhy;> vdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd tUthapd; %yk; me;j %yjdj;jpd; tl;b
me;j tPl;L epyj;jpd; milkhdj;ij mtUila kw;Wk; KjyPL my;yJ ,uz;ilAk; ngwg;
Kjy; kw;Wk; tl;bNahL jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JNtd;’ gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk; ,e;j xg;ge;jk;
25 vDk; thu;j;ijfs; milkhd xg;ge;jj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghl;by; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ rhu;e;jjhf 25
,Ug;gjhy; mJ rhjhuz milkhdkhff; nfhs;sg; cs;s fhuzj;jhy; me;jr; nrhj;ijj; jdJ
gLfpwJ. (ghyRg;ukzpad; vjpu; rptFU> (1911) 21 fl;Lg;ghl;by; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s tof;Fj;
Mad LJ 562). njhLf;fyhNkad;wp mij tpw;fNth Kd;dNu
me;j milkhdj;ij Kbj;Jf;nfhs;sNth
30 epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid milkhdk;: tof;Fj; njhlu KbahJ. 30

,j;jifa milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk; nfhLg;gtu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jd;dplk; cs;s xU

Nghypahf mtuJ milkhdr; nrhj;ij fPo;f;fhZk;
epge;jidfNshL tpw;fpwhu;. (m) milkhdf;
35 flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jj; jtWk; gl;rj;jpy;>
me;j tpw;gid KOikahdjhf MFk;. (M)
milkhdf; flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jpdhy;> me;j
tpw;gid nry;yhjjhfptpLk; my;yJ me;j
milkhdg; nghUis thq;fpatu; jpUg;gp mspf;f
40 Ntz;Lk;. epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid
milkhdj;jpy; me;j milkhdr; nrhj;J jpUg;gp
mspg;gJgw;wp mNj Mtzj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk
mJ ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. ,q;F me;j tpw;gid
KOikahdjy;y khwhf NghypahdNj. (mjhtJ>
45 ,J xU tpw;gidNghd;w Njhw;wj;ij kl;LNk
mspf;fpwJ).
,j;jifa epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid
milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk; nfhLj;jtUf;F
50 jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; me;j milkhdj;ij
milf;Fk; flik ,y;iy. milkhdk; ngw;wtu;
me;j milkhdj;ij milkhdf; fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;dNu Kbg;gJ xd;Nw epthuzkhFk;. me;j
milkhdk; ngw;wtu; milkhdj;ij Kbj;Jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;ij milkhdkhf egu;-2-f;F
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; mspf;f
cld;gLfpwhu;. me;j ehs;tiu mtu; ngw;w 35
gzj;jpw;F 24% tl;b juTk; Kd;tUfpwhu;.
,j;jifa milkhdk; xU mDNghf
milkhdkhFk;.
Mq;fpNya milkhdk; 40
,j;jifa Mq;fpNya milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk;
mspg;gtu; me;j milkhdf; flidj; jpUg;gpr;
nrYj;j cld;gLfpwhu;. mJtiu me;j
milkhdg; nghUis milkhdk; ngWgtUf;F 45
KOikahf me;j flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jk;
NghJ me;j milkhdg; nghUisj; jpUg;gpj;
je;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidNahL mspf;f
Kd;tUfpwhu;. epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid
milkhdk; Nghy; ,J Nghypahdjd;wp ,J 50
cz;ikahd tpw;gidahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;
Mq;fpNya milkhdk; ngWgthpd; chpik xU
thq;Fgthpd; chpikiatplf; FiwthdjhfNt
cs;sJ.

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

nrhj;J Mtz milkhdk; ,q;F gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy.

rhjhuz milkhdj;jpy; mDNghfj;jpy; cs;s
rkkhd milkhdk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk; nghUisj; jpUg;gpj; jUtjhy; milkhdk;
,t;tif milkhdj;jpy; jdJ nrhj;J Mtzj;ij ghjpf;fg;glhJ vd;gjhy; mij gjpT nra;tJ
5 milkhdk; ngWgthplNkh my;yJ mtuJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. mj;jifa gjpT nra;ag;gLk; 5
KfthplNkh xg;gilj;J mjw;fhf xU njhifiag; Mtzj;jpy; ,U jug;Gk; ,uz;L rhl;rpfspd;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,q;F me;j milkhdk; %d; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;. mij me;j
ngWgtupd; chpik kw;w rhjhuz milkhdj;jpy; rhl;rpfs; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; ifnahg;gkpl
cs;s chpik Nghd;wNj. mjhtJ milkhdk; Ntz;Lk;.
10 ngw;wtu; me;j milkhdg; nghUis me;j 10
milkhdf; flid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j typAWj;jp jpUg;gpg; ngWk; chpik
tof;Fj; njhLf;fNth Njitg;gl;lhy; tpw;gjw;Nfh
chpik cs;sJ. nrhj;J khw;Wr; rhl;lk;> gphpT-60-d;gb
milkhdf; flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jk; mNj
15 FsWgbahd milkhdk;: Neuk; me;j milkhdg; nghUisj; jpUg;gpg; 15
ngWk; chpik cs;sJ. me;j milkhdf; fld;
kw;w Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ve;j xU milkhd tifapYk; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jg;gl;L tpl;lJk; me;j
tuhj xU milkhdj;ij FsWgbahd milkhdk; milkhdk; nfhLj;jtu; fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iwf;
vdg;gLfpwJ. Nfhu chpik cs;sJ:
20 20
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:  milkhdg; gj;jpuj;ijAk; kw;Wk; nrhj;J
Mtzj;ijAk; jpUg;gpj; jUk;gbAk;
 xU rhjhuz mDNghf milkhdk; vd;gJ xU  nrhj;J mDkhdj;ijj; jpUg;gpj; jUk;gbAk;
FsWgbahd milkhdkhFk;. ,e;jtif (milkhdk; ngw;wthpd; mDgtj;jpy;
25 milkhdj;jpy; milkhdk; ngw;wtu; me;j ,Ue;jhy;) 25
milkhdr; nrhj;ijg; ngw;W mjpypUe;J tUk;  nrhj;ijj; jpUg;gpg; ngw jdJ nrhe;jr;
tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L mtuJ KjyPl;ilAk; nrytpy; Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
mjd; tl;biaAk; my;yJ ,uz;ilAk; vLf;fyhk; my;yJ milkhdk; ngw;wthpd;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;> me;j milkhd chpik Kbe;jij milkhdk; ngw;wtu;
30 Kjpu;T ehSf;F Kd; milkhdf; flid Vw;gij Mtzkhf;fp (milkhdk; gjpT 30
milf;fj; jtwpdh; mr;nrhj;ij tpw;fTk; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy;) mij gjpT nra;J
chpik cs;sJ. nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 xU epge;jidAld; $ba tpw;gid mDNghf
milkhdk; vd;gJ xU FsWgbahd milkhd epiwNtw;wk; Fwpj;j tof;F VJk;
35 milkhdkhFk;. ,e;j tifapy; milkhdk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dNu nrhj;ijj; jpUg;gpg; 35
ngw;wtuplk; me;j milkhdr; nrhj;J cs;sJ. ngWk; chpik cs;sJ.
me;j milkhdj; njhifiaj; jpUg;gpr; milkhdr; nrhj;ijj; jpUg;gpg; ngWk; chpik
nrYj;Jk; Fwpg;gpl;l ehSf;F Kd; jpUg;gpr; vd;gJ rl;lg;gbahdJ. milkhdk; ngw;wthpd;
nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy; milkhdk; ngw;wtu; jpUg;gpg;ngWk; chpikf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; ve;j xU
40 epge;jidAld;$ba tpw;gid milkhdk; jil kw;Wk; ,ilQ;ry;fs; nry;yhjjhFk;. 40
ngw;wthpd; chpikiag; ngWfpwhu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
milkhd Kiwfs;
 xU milkhd Mtzj;jpy; ‘me;j
45 milkhdk; fPo;f;fhz;gtw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ: milkhdr; nrhj;ij milkhdk; 45
(m) mDkhdg; nghUis jpUg;gp mspj;jy; (M) nfhLj;jtu; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fSf;Fs; jpUg;gpg;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mtzk; my;yJ (,) chpikg; ngWk; chpikiag; gad;gLj;jj; jtwpdhy;>
gj;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f mspj;jy; me;j milkhdg; nghUspd;kPJ milkhdk;
mspj;jtUf;F ve;j xU chpikAk; ,y;iy.
50 xU milkhdj; njhif &.100-f;F Nky; ,Ue;jhy; NkYk; me;j milkhd MtzNk tpw;gid 50
mijj; jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; gjpTnra;j Mtzkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;’ vd cs;sJ.
Mtzkhfr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J Mtzj;ij ,q;F cs;s jpUg;gpg;ngWk; chpikf;F
mspg;gjd;%yk; milkhdk; itg;gJ ,e;j ,ilQ;ry; Vw;gLj;Jk; epge;jid nry;yhJ.
tpjpf;Fs; tuhJ. Vnddpy; NtnwhU jdp Mtzk; (fq;fhju; vjpu; rq;fu;yhy;> AIR 1958 SC 773).

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

 milkhdk; jpUg;gpg; ngWk; fhyk; 200 KbAk;.

Mz;Lfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJk; jpUg;gpg; ngWk;
chpikf;F ,ilQ;ry; vd;gjhy; nry;yhJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:

5 gpdhkp  egu;-1 jdJ xU ,lj;ij xU re;ijahfg; 5

gad;gLj;j egu;-2f;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-100 gpdhkpia fhyj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;fhf
,t;thW tiuaWf;fpwJ: ‘rl;lj;jpdhNyh my;yJ mDkjpf;fpwhu;. egu;-2 me;j re;ijapy;
,U jug;gpduhNyh xU jug;gpd; mirahr; nrhj;J fl;lzk; t#ypf;f chpik cs;sJ. kw;Wk;
10 NtW xUtUf;Fr; Nru Ntz;ba gzj;jpw;F <lhf me;j re;ijiar; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf;nfhs;s 10
,Ue;jhy;> mJ xU milkhdkhf ,y;yhjNghJ cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J nfhs;sTk;> me;j
me;jr; nrhj;ijg; ngw;wthplk; me;jr; nrhj;J Fj;jiff;fhyk; Kbe;jJk; jpUg;gpj; juTk;
gpdhkpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.’ nrhj;J khw;wr; chpik cs;sJ. Mdhy;> me;j epyj;jpy;
rl;lj;jpd; rhjhuz milkhdj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; egu;-1-d; mDkjpapd;wp khw;wk; nra;a
15 midj;J tpjpfSk; ,jw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. chpik ,y;iy. ,j;jifa fl;Lg;ghLfs; 15
,Ue;jhYk;> egu;-2-f;Fg; NghJkhd mjpfhuk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: me;j epyj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,J chpkk; my;y.
 xU tq;fpapd; tshfg; gFjp mq;F
 egu;-1 jdJ jha;top jhj;jhtplkpUe;J xU fl;lzkpd;wpj; jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; tq;fp
20 gz;iz epyj;ijg; ngWfpwhu;. jdJ kw;nwhU NkyhsUf;F chpik mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J 20
Gjy;tuhd egu;-2-If; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s me;jg; xU chpkNkad;wp Fj;jif my;y.
gz;izapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; thlifiaf;
nfhz;L tUlj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhif xU mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j Fj;jif
mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidia Vw;W xt;nthU tUlKk;> my;yJ xU Mz;Lf;F
25 me;jr; nrhj;ijg; ngWfpwhu;. ,q;F egu;-2 Nkw;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F> my;yJ thlif xU 25
me;jr; nrhj;jpd; gpdhkp Mthu;. tUlj;jpw;fhdjhf epuzapf;fg; gl;bUe;jhy;
me;j Fj;jif gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fj;jif NtW ve;j xU Fj;jifAk; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;
my;yJ tha;nkhopahfNt Vw;W me;jr; nrhj;ij
30 nrhj;J khw;Wr; rl;lk;> gphpT-105 Fj;jifia mDNghfj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. 30
,t;thW tiuaWf;fpwJ: xU mirahr; nrhj;ij
mDgtpf;Fk; chpikia xU Fwpg;gpl;l md;gspg;G:
fhyj;jpw;Nfh> my;yJ epiyahfNth xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tpiyngw;wjhNyh my;yJ cWjpaspj;jjhNyh md;gspg;G vd;gJ xU mirahr; nrhj;jpd;kPJ
35 my;yJ gzk; my;yJ kjpg;Gkpf;f nghUisf; xUtUf;Fs;s chpikia jhdhf Kd;te;J 35
nfhLj;jjhNyh> my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F ve;j tpiyiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;shky; kw;w
xUKiw nfhLg;gjhNyh khw;wpj; jUtNj xUtUf;F khw;wpf; nfhLg;gjhFk;. me;j
Fj;jifahFk;. nfhLj;j tpiy my;yJ md;gspg;Gr; nrhj;J mg;NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nfhLg;gjhf mspj;j thf;FWjpNa cgupj; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; xd;iw md;gspg;ghf
40 njhifahFk;. me;j Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;nfhUKiw mspf;f KbahJ. NkYk;> mj;jifa md;gspg;G 40
fl;Lk; njhif thlifahFk;. jhdhf Kd;te;J nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> kpul;ly; my;yJ gaKWj;Jjypd;
xU Fj;jif xU nrhj;jpd;kPJ xU chpikia %yk; khw;wg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhfhJ.
mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j Fj;jifia chpkj;jpypUe;J
45 NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa mDNghfg; xU mirahr; nrhj;J md;gspg;G fl;lhakhfg; 45
ghj;jpaijr; rl;lk;> 1882-d;gb mLj;jtUf;F gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. mij ,U rhl;rpfs;
chpikahd cilik mtuJ mDNghfj;jpy; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mirAk;
cs;s cilikapy; xUtUf;Fr; nrd;WtuNth nrhj;ij md;gspg;ghf mspg;gJ Neubahf
my;yJ epyj;jpw;Fs;Nsh me;j tshfj;jpy; mLj;jthpd; mDNghfj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjd;
50 EioaNth chpik mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mjw;F %yk; eilngwyhk;. 50
chpkk; vd;W ngau;. ,e;j chpkj;jpd; %yk;
fpilj;j chpik khw;w KbahjJ. ,jw;F khwhf> xU md;gspg;G xUKiw kw;wtUf;Ff;
Fj;jifjhuUf;F me;jr; nrhj;jpd;kPJ chpik nfhLj;jgpd; md;gspg;G mspj;jtiug;
mspf;fpwJ vd;gjhy; mij khw;wTk; RtPfhpf;fTk; nghUj;jtiu jpUg;gpg; ngw KbahJ. Mdhy;>

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;
fPo;f;fhZk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xUtu; xU
md;gspg;igj; jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;:
 md;gspg;G mspj;jtUk; ngw;wtUk; xU
5 Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;tpid ikakhf itj;J mjw;F
,zq;fpdhy;. ,q;F me;j md;gspg;G
mspj;jthpd; tpUg;gk; kl;Lk; Kf;fpag;glyhfhJ.
 mJ xU xg;ge;jkhf (tpiy ,y;yhjJ jtpu)
,Ue;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ uj;jhfpapUf;Fk; vDk;
10 gl;rj;jpy;. ,g;gbg;gl;l fhuzq;fs; Nkhrb
my;yJ msTf;fjpfkhd nry;thf;ifr;
nrYj;JtjhFk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuk;
15
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuk; vd;gJ xU
rkkhd eptuzkhFk;. ,J nghJthf ,og;gPL
rhpahdjhf ,y;yhjNghJ me;j ,og;gPl;Lf;Fg;gjpy;
jUk; epthuzkhFk;. NkYk;> me;j epthuzj;ijg;
20 ngWgtu; me;j xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;w tpUg;gk;
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk;>
1963> gphpT-5> 6 fPo;f;fhZk; ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l
mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j eltbf;ifAk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;glyhk; vd;fpwJ:
25
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;jpd; chpik ahUf;F
vd;gJ Fwpj;j tof;F
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;jpd; mDNghf chpik
ahUf;F vd;gJ Fwpj;j tof;F
30  thjp Vw;fdNt mDNghfj;jpy; ,Ue;jij
kl;Lk; itj;J mtuJ mDkjp ,d;wp vLf;fg;
gl;lJ vd;w fhuzj;jhNyh my;yJ rl;l
uPjpahf vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;w
fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F.
35
xUtu; xU mirahr; nrhj;jpd;kPJ chpik
nfhz;lhbdhy; mij chpikapay; eltbf;ifr;
rl;lk;> 1908 Fwpg;gpLk; Kiwapy; mij
kPl;nlLf;fyhk; vd;fpwJ Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk;>
40 gphpT-5. xUtu; Vw;fdNt mDNghfj;jpy; ,Ue;jij
kl;Lk; itj;J mtuJ mDkjp ,d;wp vLf;fg;
gl;lJ vd;w fhuzj;jhNyh my;yJ rl;l uPjpahf
vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth me;jr;
nrhj;jpid kPl;Lj; jUkhW njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;F
45 mg;gb vLf;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khjj;jpw;Fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tu Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; fhuzj;ijf;
fhl;b muRf;F vjpuhfTk; tof;Fj; njhlu KbahJ.
xU xg;ge;jk; my;yJ cld;gbf;ifia itj;J
50 Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzj;jpw;fhd gupfhuk; gpujpthjpia
xg;ge;j tpjpfspy; jug;gl;Ls;s midj;J jw;fhg;G
topfisAk; gad;gLj;j chpikaspf;fpwJ.
mg;gbg;gl;l jw;fhg;G ‘KbTwhj xg;ge;jk;> my;yJ
xU xg;ge;jk; FsWgbapd; fhukhfr; nry;yhJ>
; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
epiwNtw;Wk; tha;g;G ,y;yhj fhuzk;> me;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd; Nehf;fk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ’
Nghd;w fhuzq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uf;fyhk;.
5
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU Fwpg;gpl;l
epiwNtw;wj;jpw;fhd tof;fpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s nrhj;J rhu;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy;
me;j epyj;jpd; rhpahd gug;G> mjd; vy;iyfs;>
gl;lh vz; Nghd;wit Fwpf;fg;glhjpUe;jhy; 10
me;j xg;ge;jk; Fiwghlhf cs;sjhy; ,ij
eilKiwg; gLj;j KbahJ. (efu; rpq; vjpu;
`u;df; rpq;> (1996) 6 SCC 699).
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzj;jpw;fhd ghpfhuj;ijg; ngw 15
Ntz;Lkhdhy; xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fPo;f;fhZk;
,U epge;jidfs; rhpghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk; gphpT-10
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ:
20
 Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU nraiyr;
nra;ahjij fzf;fpLk; xU nghJf; fUtp
vJTk; ,y;iy vdpy; my;yJ
 Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l me;j Fwpg;gpl;l
nraypd; jd;ik ve;j xU njhifahYk; <L 25
nra;a KbahJ vd;w epiy ,Ue;jhy;
kl;LNk Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ghpfhuj;ijg; ngw KbAk;.
mirahr; nrhj;J khw;wk; rk;ge;jkhf> me;j 30
Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;ij khw;wj; jtWtjd; %yk;
Vw;gLk; xg;ge;j kPwYf;F xU njhif vd;gJ
rhpahd ghpfhuk; my;y vd ePjpkd;wk;
fUJfpwJ.
35
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ tPl;il egu;-2f;F
&.1>00>000-f;F tpiyNgrp tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;
nra;fpwhu;. egu;-2f;F egu;-1 mj;njhif
mspj;jJk; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l tPl;ilg; ngw;Wj;ju
tof;fpl chpik cz;L. 40
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lk;> gphpT-13-d;gb jdf;F
chpik ,y;yhj my;yJ rhpahd chpik
,y;yhj xU nrhj;ij tpw;fNth my;yJ
Fj;jiff;F tplNth xUtu; xg;ge;jk; nra;J 45
nfhz;lhy; mr;nrhj;ij thq;Fgtu; my;yJ
Fj;jifjhuu; fPo;f;fhZk; chpik ngWfpwhu;:
 tpw;wtu; my;yJ Fj;jif mspj;jtu;
mr;nrhj;jpypUe;J tUkhdk; ngWthuhdhy; 50
me;j tUkhdj;ij Fj;jifjhuu; my;yJ
thq;Fgtu; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: murplkpUe;J Fj;jifahfg;ngw;w
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

nrhj;jpd; Fj;jif chpikia egu;-1 egu;-2f;Ff;  xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;jr; nrhj;Jf;F

nfhLf;fpwhu;. egu;-1f;F mt;thW khw;wp mspf;f
chpik ,y;iy. vdNt> muR me;j Fj;jifia
uj;J nra;Jtpl;L egu;-2-f;F Fj;jiff;Ff;
5 nfhLf;fpwJ. egu;-1 muRf;F vjpuhf me;j
Fj;jifia uj;J nra;jjw;F vjpuhfj; njhLj;j
tof;F mtUf;F rhu;ghfj; jPu;g;ghfpwJ. ,g;NghJ
egu;-1 kPz;Lk; me;j Fj;jif chpikiag;
ngWfpwhu;. me;jf; Fj;jiff;fhyk; Kbe;jJk; egu;-1
10 me;jr; nrhj;ij murplk; xg;gilf;fpwhu;. egu;-2
,g;NghJ me;jr; nrhj;ij kPzL ; k; ngw chpik
cs;sJ. (fy;ahd;G+u; iyk; xu;f;]; vjpu; gPfhu;
muR> AIR 1954 SC 165).
15  xU chpik khw;wj;ijg; ngw kw;nwhUthpd;
rk;kjk; my;yJ mtUk; ,ize;J khw;wpj;ju
Ntz;Lk; vd;why; me;j egu; mtuJ
rk;kjj;ijNah my;yJ khw;Wtjw;Nfh ,zq;ff;
flikg; gl;Ls;shu;. my;yJ me;j tpw;gtNuh
20 my;yJ Fj;jif mspg;gtNuh me;j
rk;kjj;ijg; ngw;Wj;juf; flikg;gl;Ls;shu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Fj;jif mspj;jthpd; rk;kjj;NjhL  tpw;gidf;F ,U jug;Gk; rk;kjpj;jgpd;du;
xU Fj;jifia khw;wpj;ju Ntz;bajpUe;jhy; me;j
25 Fj;jif nfhLj;jtu; me;j thq;Fgtu; kjpg;Gf;F
chpatuhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; rk;kjj;ijf;
nfhLf;fhky; ,Uf;fyhfhJ. me;j Fj;jifr;
nrhj;ij thq;Fgtu; me;j Fj;jif
mspj;jthplkpUe;J rk;kjk; ngw;Wj;jUk;gb
30 tpw;gtiuf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.
 xU tpy;yq;fkw;w Mdhy; milkhdk;
itf;fg;gl;l nrhj;ij tpw;gtu; me;j
milkhdj; njhif tpw;fg;gLk; njhifiatpl
35 mjpfkhf ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; tpw;gtu; mij
kPl;nlLf;Fk; chpik kl;LNk cilatuhf
,Uf;fpwhu;. thq;Fgtu; me;j milkhdj;ij
milj;J rhpahd Kiwapy; me;j nrhj;ijj;
jUk;gb tpw;gtiu tw;GWj;jyhk;.
40  tpw;gtNuh my;yJ milkhdk; nfhLg;gtNuh
gFjp epiwNtw;wj;ijf; fhuzk; fhl;b tof;Fj; nrhj;jpd; cz;ikahd chpikahsu; vdg;
njhlu;e;jhy; me;j tof;F rhpahd
chpikapy;iy vd;w fhuzj;jhy; js;Sgb
nra;ag;gl;lhy; me;jg; gpujpthjpf;Fj; jhd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 xU nrhj;jpd; chpikahsu;.
45 nfhLj;j njhifiaj; jpUk;gg;ngwTk; mjd;
tl;biaAk; kw;Wk; tof;Fr; nryitAk;
ngwTk; chpik cs;sJ.
NkYk;> xU mirahr; nrhj;J rhu;e;j tpw;gjw;fhd njhLf;fyhk;.
50 my;yJ Fj;jiff;fhd xg;ge;jk; fPo;f;fhZk;
tpw;gtUf;F my;yJ Fj;jif mspj;jtUf;Fr;
rhu;ghf nray;gLj;j KbahJ:
cz;ikahd chpikahsu; mtu; ,y;iy
vdj; njhpe;Jk; xg;ge;jk; nra;gtu;
 thq;FgtUf;F rpwpjsTk; re;Njfk; ,y;yhj
tifapy; me;jj; jug;GfNsh my;yJ 5
ePjpkd;wNkh khw;wk; nra;af; Fwpg;gpl;l
ehspy; nrhj;Jhpikia toq;f Kbahjtu;.
vdNt> thq;Fgtu; njhLj;j tof;fpy; tpw;wtu;
my;yJ Fj;jif mspj;jtu; mthplk; Fiwthd 10
chpik ,Ue;jijf; fhuzk; fhl;l KbahJ.
Mdhy;> Fj;jif mspj;jtu; njhlu;e;j tof;fpy;
Fj;jif ngw;wtu; my;yJ thq;fpatu; mijf;
fhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
15
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
 egu;-3-f;F chpa xU nrhj;J vdj; njhpe;Jk;
egu;-1 egu;-2f;F mr;nrhj;ij tpw;fpwhh;. ,q;F
egu;-1 Fwpg;gpl;l epiwNtw;wj;ijf; fhuzk;
fhl;b tof;Fj; njhlu egu;-3 me;j 20
tpw;gidia cWjpg;gLj;jpdhYk; chpik
,y;iy.
xU rl;lj;ijf;fhl;b me;j nrhj;J
ifafg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. me;j 25
cld;gbf;if ehSf;Fk; mJ epiwTngWk;
ehSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpw;gthpd; chpikapy;
re;Njfk; ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. tpw;gtu; me;j
cld;gbf;ifapd; Fiwghl;ilf;fhl;b
epthuzk; ngw KbahJ. Mdhy;> thq;Fgtu; 30
mijf; fhuzkhff; fhl;l KbAk;.
(mNrhrpNal;ll; N`hl;ly;]; M/g; ,e;jpah
ypl; vjpu; uha; gfJ}u; N[hj;khy;
nfhj;jhypah> (1953) FCR 441 (Pak)).
35
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;lisfs;:
XU nrhj;jpd; cz;ikahd chpikahsu; me;j
chpikiaf; kWg;gtUf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;
njhLf;fyhk;. ,jd;%yk; mtu;jhd; me;j 40
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLthu;.
Mdhy;> egu;-2 me;jr; nrhj;J jdf;Nf chpaJ 45
vdTk; mijj; jdf;Fj; jUk;gbak; $Wfpwhu;.
,q;F egu;-1 me;jr; nrhj;Jhpik jdf;Nf
chpaJ vd gpufldg;gLj;Jk;gb tof;Fj;
50
jil cj;juTfs;:
Fwpg;gpl;l epthuzr; rl;lj;jpd;gb xUtu;
,ilf;fhy my;yJ epue;juj;jil

; kf;fu; bnua;dpq; & nuf;&a;l;nkd;l; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;. midj;J chpikfSk; gjpT nra;ag;l;lJ. ,e;jg;
2010 ,e;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; kw;Wk; nua;dN
Gj;jfj;ij chpikngwhky; gad;gLj;JNthu; my;yJ kW jahhpg;Gr; nra;Nthu; chpa chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F cs;shtu;
 midj;jpe;jpa tof;fwpQu; Fohk; Nju;T
jahhpg;Gg; ghlg; Gj;jfk;

cj;juTfisg; ngwyhk;. ,ilf;fhy cj;juT tof;Fj; njhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,q;F epue;juj;

vd;gJ xUtu; xU nraiyr; nra;ahky; jilNfhhp egu;-1 tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;.
,Ug;gjw;Nfh my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr;
nra;aNth cj;jutpLtjhFk;. jil cj;juTfs;
5 jw;fhypfkhdjhfNth ePz;lfhy cj;juthfNth 5
,Uf;fyhk;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; fPo;f;fhz;gtw;iwr;
rhpghu;j;jgpd; jw;fhypfj; jil cj;juTfisg;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk; (F[uhj; ghl;ypq; fk;ngdp vjpu;
nfhf;NfhNfhyh fk;ngdp> AIR 1995 SC 2372):
10 10
 me;j thjpf;F me;j tof;fpy; Kjy;epiy
jug;gh
 ,jd; mD$yq;fisAk; ghjpg;GfisAk;
rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ thjpf;Fr; rhu;ghdjh
15  jil cj;juT mspf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; thjpf;F 15
cs;s ,og;G <Lnra;a Kbahjjh

Nghd;w fhuzq;fisr; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

20 epue;juj; jil cj;juTfs; nghJthf thjpf;fhd 20

flikfis epiwNtw;WtjpypUe;J tpyFtijj;
jLg;gjw;fhf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. thjpapd; xU
nrhj;jpd;kPJs;s chpikia my;yJ mDNghf
chpikiag; gpujpthjp vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg; Nghtjhf
25 kpul;Lk;NghJ my;yJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 25
mijj; jLf;f ePjpkd;wk; fPo;f;fhZk;
fhuzq;fSf;fhf epue;juj; jil cj;juitg;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.

30  thjpapd; nrhj;jpd; nghWg;ghsuhf gpujpthjp 30

,Ug;ghuhdhy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: egu;-1 jdJ nrhj;jpid egu;-2f;Fk;

mtuJ Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ghfg;gphptpid nra;J
35 nfhLf;fpwhu;. gpd;du; me;jr; nrhj;ij egu;-3f;F 35
tpw;f xg;ge;jk; nra;fpwhu;. egu;-2 my;yJ mtuJ
ahuhtJ xU gps;is mj;jifa tpw;gidf;Fj;
jilNfhhp tof;Fj; njhLf;fyhk;.

40  Mf;fpukpg;ghy; Vw;gLk; cz;ikahd Vw;fdNt 40

ele;j my;yJ el;f;fg;NghFk; ,og;igf;
fz;lwpa rhpahd nghJthd fUtp ,y;yhj
epiy ,Ue;jhy;
 me;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; ghjpg;G gzj;jhy;
45 <Lfl;lKbahj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jhy; 45
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