Isufrodvdk@ Quf&Ufudk CSDK Vdk@Xifwm Odk@R (KWF Zgwfrxgufcifu Awmifbdk@Rsef Od Uyg 1

iSufrodvdk@ quf&ufudk csdK;vdk@xifwm odk@r[kwf
zGwfrxGucf ifu awmifbdk@rSef;od=uyg
1
t&m&mudku|rf;usif=uol/ urBmhta&; jrefrmhta&;rsm; ESH@pyf=uolrsm;udk wckar;yg&ap? 88 ckESpu f aeyJ pwif
a&wGufr,fqdk&if tck 2007 ckEpS fqdkawmh 19 ESpf &SdjyDayg?h oGm;zufqdkif&m tjrifeJ@ =unfh&if 18ESprf Sm tHqHk;aygufjyD?
wenf;tm;jzifhvlvm;ajrmufjyD? csifhcsdefqifjcifEkid fjyD? rdbtkyx
f de;f r_atmufuvGwfjyD? tck 'Drku
d a&pDvSKyf&Sm;r_=uD;rSm
tcsdeaf wG=umanmif;vmawmh b,fvdkawGawG;/ b,fvdkawGqifjcifvmovJrodbl;? zwf& =um;&wm awG[m
tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfjzpfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh wckar;yg&ap/ aqG;aEG;yg&ap?
bHk&efoleJ@ bHkvyk fief;pOf tay: cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfcsuf

vdkwdk&Sif;ajym&&if 'Duae@ vlrsKd ;aygif;pHkjynfolvlxk=uD;&J@ ‚bHk&efol‛[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vHk;0O\kH udk,fpm;jyK
aewJh ppftkypf k (vufeuftm;udk;eJ@EdkifiHa&;vkyaf ewJh wenf;tm;jzifh wyfrawmf&J@ aumif;jrwfcJhwJh tpOftvmudk
ckwHk;vkyjf yD;Edik fiHa&;vkyaf ewJh vufwqkypf m xdyyf idk f;ppftm%mydkifwpkeJ@ olwdk@eJ@ ta=umif;taygif;oifhae=uwJhol
wcsdK@) jzpfjyD; ‚bHkvkyfief;pOf‛uawmh ppftkypf ku OD;pD;vkyaf qmifaewJh trsdK;om;nDvmcHeJ@ tJ'DnDvmcHuaecsrSwf
vdkufr,fh ppfwyfrif;quf xm0&=uD;pd;k a&; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tjrpfrusef wdkufzsufypfzk@d e@J vlxk&JŒqEN tppf
trSef jzpfwJh 1990jynfhEpS f ygwDpk'H rD u
dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJ&G v'f taumiftxnfaz:a&;&J@ yxrtqifh
jynfol@v$wfawmf ay:aygufa&;yJjzpfw,f? ckvdk bHk&efoleJ@ bHkvkyif ef;pOfqdkwmudk ajymvdkuf&ifyJ b,fuae b,fvdk
p&r,f qdkwm bJOtp&Smr&ovdk jzpfaeaumif; jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh 'DbHk&efoleJ@bv Hk kyif ef;pOfftay:rSm
ausaus vnfvnf aqG;aEG;wifjycsifygw,f?
ArmjynfrmS &ifqidk fae&wJh jy\em 3 ck&Sdygw,f?
(1)? ESpaf ygif; 60 eD;yg;=um&SnfvmjyDjzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppfudk b,fvdk&yfpJjyD; jynfwGif;jidr;f csrf;a&; b,fvdkwnfaqmuf

=urvJ qdkwJhjy\em wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJqdkwJh jy\em?
(2)? ArmjynfrmS &SdaewJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&J@ta&;udk b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJ qdkwJh jy\em wenf;tm;jzifh

wjynfaxmifpepfeJ@ jynfaxmifppk epfvm;/ jynfaxmifpt k wkeJ@ ppfrSew
f Jhjynfaxmifpak z:aqmifa&;vm; qdkwJh
jy\em?
(3)? 'Duae@ wdik f;jynfrSm vlrsKd ;aygif;pHkjynfolvlxk=uD;udk Adkvfuspdk;rd;k tEdkifusifh zdESdyf nSif;yef;aewJh ppfwyfudk b,fvdk
xde;f ausmif; udkifwG,fajz&Sif;rvJ qdkwJh jy\emrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm eHywf 2 jzpfwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&J@jy\emudk b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJ qdkwJh tcsufudkyJ cGJjcrf;

pdwfjzm oHk;oyf=unfh&atmifyg?
1
2
ocifudk,fawmfrdKS if; wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk; Edik fiHvHk;qdkif&mnDvmcH

pwkwˆt=udrfajrmuf 1937ck {jyD 7 rS 10/ armfvjrdKif? rSaumufEkwfcsuf
&Sr;f jynf/ csif;e,f/ u&ifeDe,f/ ucsife,f/ jrpf=uD;em;e,f/ zmyGefe,f paomjcGif;csefxm;onfhe,frsm;ESifhywfoufonfh

tqdktrSwf 5?
1935ckESpf/ Armjynftpdk;& tufOya't& ay;tyfaom zmyGefe,fpaome,frsm;udk jcGif;csefxm;jyD;oumv jAdwdo#

"e&Sifwdk@tusdK;iSm OD;vnfrokefaqmif&Guf&ef apv$wfxm;aom Armjynfbk&ifcHu oufOD;qHykid f tm%m&SifozG,f
=uD;rSL; tkyfcsKyfaeaya=umif;?
wdk@Armtpnf;t&kH;=uD;onf &Sr;f / csif;/ ucsif u&if paom Armwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;wdk@udk waoG;wpdwfwnf;

‚wdk@Arm‛ [ktodtrSwfjyKxm;&m jAdwdo# "e&Sifwdk@tm; vGwfvyfpmG aoG;pkyfEidk fcGifh&&ef4if;/ TuJhodk@ wdk@Arm
tcsif;csif;aoG;cGJxm;jcif;udk wdk@Armtpnf;t&kH;=uD;u vHk;0 rESpjf rdK@a=umif;?
xdkrSwyg;/ jcGif;csex
f m;aome,frsm;&Sd wdk@Armrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;opf&aeaom wdk@Armrsm;tm; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;ap&ef
twGuf pDrHxm;onfh pepfudkzsufqD;vdkojzifh aoG;pnf;&ef oGm;&mufaexdkif=uol/ aoG;pnf;ae=uolwdk@tm;
ta=umif;rJhoufouf e,fjcm; Oya'rsm;ESifh ESifxkwfypfaeaya=umif;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t& aoG;cGJxm;&Hkruao;/ Oya'
yk'frwdk@jzifh xyfrHaoG;cGJaejcif;udkrl igwdk@ txl;rESpjf rdK@Eidk faya=umif;?
wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;=uD;rS a&S;&_tyfaom udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;pcef;onf ajrnD&Sd wdk@Armrsm;ESifhomru awmifuke;f

a'o&Sd wdk@Armtm;vHk;ESifhvnf; oufqidk fay&m/ rnfuJhodk@yif taESmihft,Suf tcsKyftcs,rf sm;apumrl/ awmifuke;f
a'orsm;&Sd csif;/ ucsif/ u&if/ &Sr;f paom wdk@Armrsm;ESifh ajrnD&Sd wdk@Armrsm; aoG;pnf;rSKudk tywfwukwf =udK;pm;
aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfa=umif;?
tqdkyge,frsm;wGif jAdwdo# "e&Sifrsm;udk vGwfvyfpmG aoG;pkyEf idk f&eftwGuf tm%m&Sifbk&ifcHrw S qifh apmfbGm;/
apmfcH/ jrdK@pm;/ aiGcGerf SL;ponfwdk@jzifh jynfol@qENt&r[kwfbJ/ tm%m&Siftyk fpdk;enf;rsdK;jzifh tkyfpk;d aeay&m/
xdke,fajrrsm;wGif wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@qENESifh a&G;aumufwifajrSmufaom tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK; wnfaxmifay;&ef
igwdk@vdkvm;a=umif;
tqdkyge,frsm;&Sd wdk@Armrsm;onf jynfol@qENESifh zGJ@pnf;aom tpdk;& wnfaxmifrKS twGuf =udK;yrf;=uygu wdk@Arm

tpnf;t&Hk;=uD;u enf;ay;vrf;jy jyKvkyjf cif;/ tm;ay;apmifha&Smufjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyrf nfjzpfa=umif;?
(wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;ordkif; 'kwd,wGJ pm-458)
2
ppf0ef=uD; Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;. vlrsKd ;a&;ESif@ywfoufIvdkufem&ef
u&iftrsdK;om; &Jabmftaygif;xHay;yd@k aom o0%fv$m? 1945 ck azaz:0g&Dv 19? rSaumufEkwfcsuf
vlrsKd ;rsm;ESifhywfoufIu|efyf.oabmxm;udk tusOf;tm;jzifhaz:jy&aomf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?
(1) ? rnfolrqdk bmom omoem w&m;ta&;wGif vGwfvyfpmG udk;uG,fvdk&m bmomudk udk;uG,fcGifh&Sd&rnf?

Edik fiHawmftpdk;&onf bmoma&;wGif =um;ae&rnf?
(2) ? vlrsKd ;uGJjym;rSKudk4if;/ bmomuGJjym;rSKudk4if;/ a,mufsm; rdef;ruGJjym;rSKudk4if;/ tajcjyKum EdkifiHawmftwGif;

&mxl;XmeEW& tvkyt f udkifrsm;&&Sda&;wGif csKyfcs,frKS rsm;r&Sdap&?
(3) ? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf4if;/ v,form;rsm;onf4if;/ tif;orm;rsm;onf4if;/ vlrsKd ;bmomra&G; tcGifhta&;

wef;wl&&Sd &rnf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh nDnGwfaom tvkycf sdeu f dkomvky&f I em;cGifh&ufrsm;
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vHkavmufaomtca=u;aiGrsm; ponfwdk@&&rnf? vlrsKd ;bmomuGJjym;olrsm;twGuf ae@xl;
ae@jrwfrsm;udk tpdk;&u &Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf todtrSwfjyK&rnf? v,form; tif;orm;rsm;wGifvnf; oD;pm;c ay;jcif;
udp/P EGm;pm;usufae&mrsm; tcrJh oHk;pGJcGifhudp/P tdrfoHk;xif;0g; tdrf,maqmufvkyrf nfhopf0g;rsm; tcrJh &&SdcGifhudp/P
tdrfoHk;pm;&ef om;ig; zrf;qD;EdkifcGifhudpw
P dk@twGuf qif;&Jom;/ v,form;/ tif;orm;rsm;onf vlrsKd ;ra&G; &&Sd&rnf?
(4) ? ynmrsm;udk vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;/ usm;r ra&G; oif=um;ydkifcGifh&Sd&rnf?
(5) ? vlrsKd ;uGJjym;olrsm;onf rdrdwdk@oD;oef@,Ofaus;rSKudkomydik fcGifh&Sd&rnf? Oyrmu&ifrsm;twGuf u&ifausmif;rsm;/

&Sr;f rsm;twGuf&Srf;ausmif;rsm;/ u&ifrsm;twGufu&ifae@rsm;/ &Sr;f rsm;twGuf&Srf;ae@rsm;/ u&ifrsm; twGuf u&if
bmomudk tpdk;& &Hk;oHk;ausmif;oHk;bmomtjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;/ u&iftrsdK;om;t0wf/ u&ifp&dkuf"avh xHk;pHudk
todtrSwfjyKjcif;/ u&ifpmay,Ofaus;rSKudk todtrSwfjyKjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@yifjzpfygonf?
(6)? vlrsKd ;.Edik fiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrKS qufqHa&; (social) ESifhywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkwwfEidk for# Oya'
tm;jzifh todtrSwfjyK&rnf?
(7)? Armrsm;xuf tqifhtwef;edrfhaom vlrsKd ;rsm;. tqifhtwef;rsm;udk jrSifhwif&ef txl;=udK;pm;aqmif&Guf

ay;jyD;v#if Armrsm;ESihtf wl urBm@tqifhtwef; (world level)odk@tjrefq;Hk wufvSrf;Edkif&rnf? vlrsKd ;tcsif;csif;
ESrd f@csonfh toHk;tESKef;/ tac:ta0:/ pmaytrSwftom;/ txdr;f trSwf/ tvHtp&Sdonfwdk@udk tpdk;&u Oya'jzifh
wm;jrpfay;&rnf? vlrsKd ;rsm;nDnGwfrKS udk a&S@&SKaom trSwftom; txdr;f trSwf pmayrsm;udkomoHk;&rnf?
txufygtcsufwdk@um; u|efyf. oabmxm;yHkudk odomap&ef az:jyjcif; jzpfygonf? Toabmxm;twdkif;

txajrmuf&ef u|efyfonftpOfwpdu
k f =udK;yrf;rnfudk &Jabmfwdk@tm; pum;vufaqmifyg;vdkufonf?
(Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef; EdkifiHa&;*EÎ0if pm 125 -128 armifausm&f if 1969 azaz:0g&D)
3
txufyg 2 csufudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh ppf=udKacwfuwnf;u trsm;pkjzpfwJh jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;[m wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ta&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; oabmxm;&mrSm r[mvlrsKd ;=uD;0g'udk rusio
fh Hk;bJ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;
tay:rSm &yfcHajz&Sif;cJhwmudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm wqufwnf; rsdK;qufuGm[r_ jy\emudkwifjycsifygw,f? 'Duae@tajctae[m Armhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk

ajymif;vJjyKjyifypfr,fh 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyk=H uD; jzpfay:aewJh umvyg?
(1)? EdkifiHa&;rsdK;EG,fquf wquftwGif;rSm vlrsKd ;EG,fquf oufwrf; 4 rsdK;avmuf csdwfqufaeygw,f? 1900-

1950 twGif;jzpfay:cJhwJh e,fcsJŒqef@usiaf &;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJjzpfpOfrsm;u yxreJ@'kwd,tokwf
Edik fiHa&;rsdK;quf ESpfqufudkarG;xkwfay;cJhygw,f? 'DrsKd ;EG,fquf ESpq
f ufudk udk,fpm;jyKcJh=uwJh vlyk*~dKvfrsm;[m ckcgrSm
tvGeu f dk ta&twGufenf;oGm;=uygjyD? vl@oufwrf;t& ajym&&ifvnf; 80eJ@ 90 wrf;udk a&mufae=ujyD jzpfyg
w,f? 1948 ck jynfwGif;ppfOD;umveJ@ ygvDref'rD u dk a&pDacwftwGif;rSm wwd,rsdK;eG,fquf jzpfxGe;f arG;zGm;vmyg
w,f? tJ'Dwwd,rsdK;EG,fqufudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh vly*k K~d vfrsm;yif tenf;qH;k 70 wrf;udk a&mufae=uygjyD? wwd,
rsdK;EG,fqufrmS yg0ifcJhwJh toufti,fq;Hk yk*~dKvfrsm;yif tenf;qHk; 60 wrf;udk a&mufae=uygjyD? 'D 'Drku d a&pD
ta&;awmfyk=H uD;udk A[dkjyKjyD; arG;zGm;vdkufwJh txl;ojzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ 1958-88
jzpfpOfrsm;u arG;xkwfvdkufwJh pwkwˆEidk fiHa&; rsdK;quf&J@ toufti,fq;Hk [m 40eJ@ 50 ygyJ? touf 50 &SdwJh olyif
1967 w&kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;jzpfay:cJhwJhEpS frSm 10 ESpfom;avmufyJ&Sdaeygw,f? 'Dawmh pwkwˆrsKd ;EG,fqufxJu
touf 40 &SdaewJholyif 1948-62 ckESpfacwfjydKifEdkifiHa&;acwfudk oljzwfoef;cGifhr&cJhygbl;? ta&;w=uD; owdjyKzd@k u
trsm;pk=uD;[m &Spaf v;vHk;'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyk=H uD;udkom t"dutawG@t=uHKtjzpf jzwfoef;jyD; EdkifiHa&;/
pnf;&Hk;;a&;t&/ wdkufyGJvufawG@rsm;t& Edik fiHa&;=uD;jyif;vmcJh=uwmjzpfw,f qdkwmudkygyJ?
(2)? ppftpdk;&tqufqufwdk@taeeJ@ jynfolvlxk=uD;udk ordik f;tjzpfrSefawG vHk;0todray;bJ zH;k uG,fxde;f csKyf

xm;=uwmjzpfw,f? ydkqk;d wmu olwdk@jzpfapcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;tusdK;oufa&mufra_ wG jzpfap&Hkom xkwfjyefa=unm
wmrsdK;awG/ a&;om;az:xkwfcGifhjyKwmrsdK;awG vkyfaqmifcJhwmyJjzpfw,f? tjzpfreS fawGudk az:xkwfwJh olwdk@tusdK;udk
xdapr,fh ordkif;az:xkwfcsufawGudk ydwfyifxm;wmyJjzpfw,f?
(3)? 1906 u pcJhwJh jrefrmhordik f;&J@ ordik f;jzpfpOfrsm;uae 88 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH jzpfpOfrsm;txd jzpfpOfrsm;udk
ppftyk fpku enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ 0g'jzef@vdrn
f mr_=uD;udk t=uD;tus,f usL;vGeaf ewmyJjzpfygw,f?
tckvnf; ppftyk fpk&JŒ tvdrftnm rcH&atmif ordkif;trSefawGudk wifjyygr,f? Oyrm wcktaeeJ@ axmufjy&&if
‘Arm’ eJ@ ‘jrefrm’ a0g[m&udk &SKyf&SKyfaxG;axG;jzpfatmif vkyx
f m;wmudkyJ=unfhyg? wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;ordik f;rSm
ckvdkaz:jyxm;ygw,f?
‚wdk@Arm‛ [laomtoHonf rsdK;cspfpdwfudkvnf; ESdK;qG.? Armtm;vHk;twGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;udkvnf; vSHKŒaqmf.?

ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefudkvnf; aoG;xdk;ay;&musonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ‛udk toH=um;&HkESifh Armwdkif;
tm;udk;csif/ yg0ifvmcsifaom qENrsm; ay:vm=uonf?
(wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;ordik f; pm 132)
‚ocif‛[laomtrnfrmS ArmvlrsKd ;wdk@onf ordkif;wav#muf ESpaf ygif; ESpfaxmifausmf udk,fhwdkif;jynf/ udk,fhvlrsKd ;/

udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifcJh=uaom vlrsKd ;jzpfI ocifvlrsKd ;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh ArmvlrsKd ;wdk@onf
ArmEdik fiH. ydkif&iS fjzpfonf? t*Fvdyf vufatmufusa&mufcJh&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&mufjcif;jzpfI vlrmS rl Edik fiH. rlv
4
ydik f&iS f t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfonf? wwd,tm;jzifh ,ae@ArmjynfwGif &Sdae=uaom bk&ifcH/ rif;=uD;/ ta&;ydkif/ jrdKŒydik f
ponfwdk@rSm vcpm;rsm;jzpfI tcGeaf y;aqmifolrsm;. toufEiS fh td;k tdrpf nf;pdrfrsm;udk apmifha&Smufay;;&onfh
jynfhtapcHrsm;jzpfonf? tcGeaf y;aqmif=uol wdk@Armrsm;om t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfonf?
(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm 132-133)
‚jrefrm‛ [laompum;rSm jrefonf/ rmonf[laom t"dyg` ,fudk aqmifaomfvnf; ESmoHygI abmifusOf;onf/

tm;enf;onf? &Sr;f / u&if/ csif;/ ucsif/ rGef/ &cdkif/ yavmif/ awmifol/ qvHk/ em*/ jrefrm paom Armwdkif;&if;om;
tm;vHk;udk jcHKIiHkrdap&ef ‚Arm‛[laom pum;vHk;udka&G;onf? toHxGuf rmausmI oH;k pGJonf? wzef ‚b‛uke;f ESifh
‚brm‛[kra&;bJ ‚A‛vcsdKufEiS fh a&;jcif;rSmvnf;/ ‚b‛onf &Hzef&cH g ‚z‛oHxGufojzifh pdwfrcs&aoma=umifh
‚A‛vcsdKufEiS fh ‚Arm‛[ka&;onf?
(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm-133)
jrefrmEdkifiHqo
dk nfrmS jrefrmya'o&mZfrsm;u ay;aom emrnfjzpfonf? rrSeu f ef? ArmEdkifiHonf jrefrmvlrsKd ;
wrsdK;wnf; aexdkifaom EdkifiHr[kwf? ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ awmifol/ ytdk@0f/ yavmif/ rGef/ jrefrm/ &cdkif/ &Srf;
paom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd ;aygif;pHk aexdkifaom EdkifiHjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmEdik fiH/ jrefrmjynf[kroHk;? ArmEdkifiH/
Armjynf[k oHk;onf? odk@rSom nDnGwfreS fuefrnf? ArmEdkifiHwGif aexdkif=uaom wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;udk
‚Arm‛[kac:onf?
(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm 215)
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 'Duae@ ppftyk fpk[m ‚wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;‛ udkawmh ‚wdk@jrefrmtpnf;t&Hk;‛vdk@ rajymif;&Jygbl;?
qufjyD;awmh ppfjyD;acwf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ta&;eJ@ywfoufjyD; =udK;pm;tm;xkwfra_ wGudk=unfh&atmifyg?
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD. 'kwd,uGe*f &uf EdkifiaH &; tpD&ifcHpm aumufEkwfcsuf ?

1945 ckEpS f/ Zlvdkif 20 &uf ?
vlrsKd ;a&; vlenf;pk jy\emtqdk
jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tay:Y u&if/ ucsif/ csif;paomvlrsKd ;wdk@onfoHo,jzpfjcif;/ &GH@a=umuf=ujcif;rSm rjiif;qkd

Edik fa=umif;? &mZ0if tpOftqufudkjyef=unfhv#if vlrsm;pkjzpfaom a&S;jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@onf &cdkif/ u&if/ wvdkif;/ &Srf;
5
paomvlrsKd ;wdk@udk ESyd fpufuvl jyKcJhonfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfaya=umif;? Armjynf &mZ0ifa[mif;udk oifyek f;acsjyD;/
acwf&mZ0iftopf a&;&awmhrnfh tcg=uD; qdkufa&mufvmjyDjzpfojzifh
(u) ? jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;u u&if/ ucsifpaomvlrsdK;wdk@tm; olwdk@. ta&;udprP sm;wGif tpGr;f ukefulnD&efvdkonf?

(c) ? jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhvlenf;pkjzpfaom csif;/ ucsif tp&SdaomvlrsKd ;rsm;/ vlwrsdK;u wrdsK;udk ESyd fpufuvl
rjyKEdik faom 0efcHcsufrsm;udk Oya't&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;ESijfh zpfap jyVmef;xm;&efvnf;vdkayonf?
vGwfvyfaom ArmEdkifiHonf jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@.wdkif;jynfr[kwfbJ jrefrm/ u&if/ ucsifwdk@rdrdwdk@oabmtavsmuf

aygif;pnf;xm;aom tdraf xmifpEk idk fiHjzpf&rnf? a'ovdkufvlrsKd ;pkrsm; pk&Hk;aexdkifaom e,fa'owdk@onf Arm
Edik fiHtwGif;odk@ yl;aygif;a&;/ cGJxGufa&;rSm xdkvlrsdK;pk.oabmtwdkif;omjzpf&rnf? odk@&mwGif yl;aygif;a&;/
cGJxGufa&;ponfwdk@ESifh ywfoufaomoabmxm;rSm Edik fiHcsJ@orm;wdk@.ya,m*ESifh jzpfv#if ArmwEdik fiHvHk;om
epfemp&m&Sdonf? odk@jzpfI yl;aygif;a&;/ cGJxGufa&;wdk@rSm qdkif&mvlrsKd ;pkrSvlxk=uD;. oabmxm;jzpf&rnf?
ArmjynfwGif vlrsKd ;a&;jy\em tjyD;owfajz&Sif;Edkif&efrmS atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf[k uGejf rLepfygwDu,lqa=umif;
(1) Armjynfoljynfom;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@.uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@ bmomzefwD;Edkif&rnf?

(2) uH=urRmudkzefwD;&mY rdrw d dk@.udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@rsm;ESifhpDrHoGm;&rnf?
(3) wjynfvHk;qdkif&mudprP sm;udk A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u pDrHI a'oEW&qdkif&mudprP sm;udk a'oEW&qdkif&m
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u pDrHoGm;&rnf? OyrmumuG,fa&;/ b¾ma&;uJ@odk@udprP sm;udkrl A[dktpd;k &u pDrH
oGm;I &Sr;f jynftwGif; ynma&;udpu P dk &Sr;f jynfukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@upDrH&ef/ &cdkifjynfwGif;usef;rma&;
udprP sm;udk &cdkifjynfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u pDro H Gm;zdk@jzpfonf?
(4) A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@csKyfwGif v$wfawmfEpS f&yf&Sd&rnf/
(5) v$wfawmfw&yfrmS vlrsKd ;a&;v$wfawmf jzpfI v$wfawmfwckrmS jynfol@v$wfawmfjzpfonf?
(6) vlrsKd ;a&;v$wfawmfudk vlrsKd ;csif;wef;wlxm;I wrsdK;v#if 10 a,mufuspD udk,fpm;vS,fajrSmuf&rnf?
Oyrm jrefrm 10 OD;/ u&if 10 OD;/ &Sr;f 10 OD;/ &cdkif 10 OD;/ csif;/ ucsifwdk@udk,fpm;vS,f 10 OD;pDjzpfonf?
(7) jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm a'otvdkufa&G;aumuf&rnf? odk@&mwGifvlrsKd ;csif;a&maxG;aeaom a'orsm;wGif
(Oyrm jrpf0usGe;f ay: )vlrsKd ;tvdkufa&G;aumufyJrG sm;&Sdrnf?
(8) Tv$wfawmfEpS f&yfrSm tm%mwljzpf&rnf?
(9) Tv$wfawmfEpS f&yfaygif;I Armjynftpdk;&tzGJ@udka&G;aumuf&rnf?
(10) tpd;k &tzGJ@wGifXmeqdkif&m 0ef=uD;rsm;omru vlrsKd ;a&;qdkif&m0ef=uD;rsm;ygcef@xm;&rnf? Oyrm
&Sr;f jynfwGif apmfbGm;rsm;. tkyfpk;d rSKr[kwfbJ &Sr;f vlrsdK;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;aumufyJEG SifhwifI
tkyfcsKyf&rnf? u&ife,frsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifvnf; vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;r[kwfbJ u&iftm;vHk;.
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@u jzpf&rnf? TudpEP SifhywfoufIuGejf rLepfygwDonf tjyD;tjywfrqHk;jzwfao;?
oabmxm;xifjrifcsuf t=urf;r#omjzpfonf? tjcm;jcm;aomygwDrsm;/ vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
nSdESdKif;&ef uGejf rLepfygwDonf toifh&Sda=umif;?
(puULjzLjyZmwf ac: ArmhEkid fiHa&;tajcjy? aZ,smarmif pENmvif; pmay 'kwd,t=udrf 1970)
6
1945 ckESpf =o*kwf 19 &ufae@ aeol&def tpnf;ta0;rS aumufEw
k fcsuf
(1)? zufqpf0g' urBmay:wGif vHk;0aysmufonftxd aqmif&Guf&ef?

(2)? twWvEWw d fa=unmcsuf/ wD[D&efa=unmcsuf paoma=unmcsufrsm;twdkif; Armjynfoljynfom;wdk@onf
rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@bmom zefwD;Edik f&ef?
(3)? Armjynf=uD;udk jynfolwdk@qENtwdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef?
(4)? ArmjynftwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;wdkif; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@bmom zefwD;EdkifjyD; tm;vHk;.oabmESifh
nDnGwfpmG xlaxmifaom EdkifiHwnfaxmif&ef/ Todk@wnfaxmif&mYyg0ifaom vlrsKd ;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk
rdrdwdk@bmom zefwD;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;ay;xm;&ef?
jrefrmEdkifiH.tem*wfa&;ESifhywfoufI
(1)? jrefrmrsm; udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh &ouJhodk@ tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;vnf; &&rnfqo
dk nfh oabmrSm
jrefrmrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wl tcGift h a&; &&rnf?
(2) ? v$wfvyfvmrnfh ArmEdkifiHudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;. oabmqENEiS fhtnDom zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif
oGm;rnf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ta&;ESifh 1947 tajccHOya' yxrwGJ pm 132-134
1946 ckESpf ZEMm0g&D 17 rS 23 txd a&$wd*kH tv,fypP,HwGif usif;yaom

zqyv EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m yxrt=udrf nDvmcHrS aumufEw k fcsuf
nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom tqdk 18 ckteuf tqdktrSwf 6 jzpfonfh 'D'kwfOD;bcdsKwifoGif;onfh

‚wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkta&;‛ tqdk&Sif;vif;csuf tcsdK@rSm
wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;ESifh jrefrmtrsdK;om; vlrsm;pkwdk@udk wu,fyif &if;ESD;a&;twGuf atmufygtcsufwdk@udk

uGe*f &uf=uD;u todtrSwfjyKa=umif;/
(1)? bmomw&m;udk vGwfvyfpmG udk;uG,fcGif@jyK&rnf?

(2)? ,Ofaus;rSKwGif vGwfvyfrSK&Sd&rnf?
(3)? pD;yGm;a&;wGif tcGifhta&; wef;wl&rnf? ( nDwlnDr# jzpfvmatmifvnf; =udK;pm;&rnf? )
(4)? ArmEdkifiHtoif;udk wnfaxmif&mY wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd vlrsKd ;wdkif;u tm;vHk;oabmwlvGwfvyfpGm wnfaxmif
&rnf? Todk@wnfaxmif&mYvnf; rdrdwdk@uH=urRm rdrb d mom zefwD;EdkifcGifhudkvnf; vlrsKd ;wdkif;tm;ay;&rnf?
‚ txufygtcsufrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&Hkomru tcsif;csif;oHo, yaysmufa&;/ ydkrdk&if;ES;D a&;twGuf u&if-Arm

aoG;pnf;a&; tzGJ@rsm;jzifh vlxktusdK;aqmifjcif;/ u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyfudk vlxktpnf;t&Hk;jzpfapjcif; ponfh
vkyif ef;rsm;udk rem;raeaqmif&GufoGm;&efvdkayonf? &Sr;f / ucsif/ csif;ESifhtjcm;wdkif;&if;om;wdk@twGufvnf;
xdk@twl aqmif&GufoGm;&efjzpfayonf?‛
‚ vGwfvyfaom Armjynfopfudkwnfaxmif&mrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk vlrsm;pk tm;vHk;oabmwlwJh enf;eJ@
vGwfvyfpmG wnfaxmif&ef u|efawmfwdk@u oabmwla=umif; uwday;ygonf? rnfonfh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrqdk/
rdrdwdk@ =urRmudk rdrdwdk@ zefwD;cGifhay;ygrnf? u|efawmfwdk@ESifh cGJvdkonf@tcgrSm cGJcGifh&Sda=umif; uwdjyKxm;ygonf?
7
vlreS fv#if tcGifhta&;wl&Sd&rnfudk oabmaygufjyD;om;jzpfaom 46 ckESpjf refrmwdk@tay: Y vlenf;pkudk csKyfcs,f
vdrhrf nf[k oHo,&SdzG,f r[kwfawmhyg?‛
tqdkudkaxmufcHolrsm; 1? OD;jrpdef (ykodef) 2? OD;baqG (zsmyH)k 3? rGefOD;bd;k csdK
nDvmcHwGif OD;azcif wifoGif;aom tqdktrSwf 7 e,fjcm;a'orsm;tm; jrefrmjynfrESifh aygif;pnf;a&;tqdk
(1)? puULjzLpmwrf;t& &Srf;jynf/ csif;awmifEiS fh ucsifawmifwef;paom e,frsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHrS cGJxkwfxm;jcif;udk

TnDvmcHru S ef@uGufa=umif;?
(2)? 4if;a'orSe,fole,fom;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@.qENudkaz:xkwfEkid f&ef vGwfvyfpmG a&;om;cGifhESifh a[majympnf;&Hk;cGifh
ay;&ef?
(3)? csKyfcs,fxm;aom Oya'rsm;udk y,fzsufI jrefrmwdk@ESifh vGwfvyfpmG ul;vl;qufqHcGifhay;&ef?
(4)? jrefrmwdk@ESifh cGJa&;-wGJa&;udk jAdwdo#wdk@urqHk;jzwfbJ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,f
tcsif;csif;om vGwfvyfpmG aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf&ef?
tqdkaxmufcHolrsm; 1? ocifAodef; (rEWav;) 2?ocifudkav;(jrpf=uD;em;) 3? OD;xGe;f vS (Aef;armf) 4? OD;0rf;olarmif

(csif;) pwmawGudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ta&;ESifh 1947 tajccHOya' yxrwGJ pm 137-140
txufrSmaz:jycJhwmawG[m vGwfvyfa&;r&rD oHk;ESpftvdkjzpfwJh zufqpfawmfvSeaf &; rjyD;wjyD;eJ@ jyD;jyD;csif;umv

(Armjynf&Sd *syefppfwyfrsm;onf &efukejf rdK@bk&ifcHtrd fawmfY 1945 ckpufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wGifvufeufcsa=umif;
w&m;0ifvufrw S fxdk;cJh=uonf? wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;ordik f;-pm 584)rSm a&S;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tajrmftjrif=uD;=uD;eJ@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ta&;udk wifjycJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? t*Fvdyf udv k dkeDacwfrmS ,ae@acwfvdk wdkif;ESifhjynfe,f
qdkwmawG r=um;zl;ao;vdk@ 7 jynfe,f 8 jynfe,f qdkwmawG rajymEdkifcJhwm=uwmyg? tJ'Dacwfu EdkifiHa&;
taetxm;eJ@=unfh&if tawmftwefjynfhpHkjyD; acwfa&S@ajy;wJh oabmw&m; t,ltqawG jzpfwm awG@Eidk fygw,f?
jynfe,fESiwfh dkif;qdkwmawG[m 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&,ljyD; aemufydkif;uscgrS wDxGifzefwD;xm;wmjzpfvdk@
u|efawmfwdk@&JŒ pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_awG[m tJ'D uef@owfcsufabmifawGukd ausmfzdk@vdkygw,f?
EdkifiHwck&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wckudk a&;qGJ&mrSm tJ'DEdkifi&H JŒ tkyfcsKyfr/_ w&m;pD&ifre_ J@ Oya'jyKr_tm%m

oHk;&yf[m b,fol@vufxJrSm &Sdae&rSmvJ?
tJ'D zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk b,folawGua&;qGJ=urSmvJ? b,folawGrSm a&;qGJydkifciG fh &Sd=uovJ?
(1)? tm%m[m vlxk (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f)awG&JŒvufxJrSm&Sd&r,f?

(2)? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ vlxkudk,fpm;vS,fawGu wm0efay;tyfcH&wJh olawGuom a&;qGJ=u&r,f?
olwdk@awGrmS yJ a&;qGJykid fcGifh&Sd=uw,f?
8
(3)? &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxkudk t=urf;zufowfjzwfjyD; tm%mudk rw&m; &,lxm;wJh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; udk,fpm;jyKxm;wJh ppftkypf krSm a&;qGJyidk fcGifh vHk;0(vHk;0)r&Sdbl;?
ArmjynfrmS 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkjyD; 2 ck&SdcJhwJhteuf 1974 ckESpf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u rqv "g;rdk;twnfjyKcJhwJh zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'jzpfvdk@ t&moGif;jyD;ajymp&mrvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh 1947
ckEpS f zGJ@pnf;yHkOya' ta=umif;udkawmh enf;enf;ajym&ygvdrhfr,f?
1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif; jAdwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;&SdwJh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk jAdwdef

Edik fiHudk zdwfac:jyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ tem*wfa&;&mudpaP wGudk aqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ&JŒ &v'ftjzpf atmifqef;
tufwvD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifcJh=uw,f? pmcsKyft& ArmEdkifiHom;awG[m rdrw d dk@&JŒ tem*wftyk fcsKyfa&;twGuf
rdrdwdk@ qENtwdkif; pDrHcef@cGJEkdifzkd@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfudk zGJ@pnf;usi;f yzd@k jzpfw,f? atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfrmS
ckvdkaz:jyyg&Sdygw,f?
atmifqef; tufwvD pmcsKyf
bk&ifrif;jrwf.tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdik fiHawmf bk&ifrif;jrwf. tr_aqmifaumifprD S udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@onf aqG;aEG;wdkifyif

&mrS a&muf&SdcJhaom tqHk;owfcsufrsm;?
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ta&;qdkaom *&dwfjAdwdefESifh jrefrmEdik fiHawmfwdk@. tem*wf qufqHa&;ESifh oufqidk faom udpP
t00wdk@udk bk&ifrif;jrwf tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdik fiHawmf tr_aqmifaumifp. D udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyif
jyD;vsuf/ ‚aumfarmf0Jvfof‛(Common Wealth) twGif;wGifjzpfap/ tjyifrjS zpfap/ aqmvsifEkid for# aqmvsifpmG
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdk@onf rdrw d dk@vGwfvyfa&;udk qGwfcl;apEdkifrnfjzpfaom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I
atmufygoabmwl qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk a&muf&Sd=uavonf?
1? wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf?
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHom;wdk@onf/ rdrdwdk@Eidk fiH. tem*wftyk fcsKyfa&;udk aqmvsifEkid for# aqmvsifpmG qHk;jzwf
Edik fprd afh omiSm 1935 ckEpS f tufOya't& Oya'jyK tzGJ@tpm;/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfudk a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf
ap&rnf? Tudpt P wGuf 1935 ckEpS f tufOya' a&G;aumufyJeG nf;pufudk toHk;jyKvdrhrf nf? vlrsKd ;oD;jcm; rxm;
&Sdaomvlp/k u&iftrsdK;om;vlp/k t*Fvdyf jrefrm ujym;vlprk sm;twGuf/ a&G;aumufyJu G dk {jyDvwGif usif;yvdrhrf nf?
vlpt k oD;oD;twGuf tzGJ@0if ESpfOD;pD a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf? txufwGifaz:jycJhaom vlpk wpkpkrS
tjcm;jzpfaom vlrsKd ;oD;jcm;rxm;aom vlpw k pkwGif pm&if;oGif;jyD;aom ¡aemufqufwGJ (u)wGif &Sif;vif; az:jy
onfhtwdkif;¢ jrefrmEdik fiH vlrsKd ;wOD;udk vlrsKd ;oD;jcm;rxm;&Sdaom vlpkpm&if;wGif wifoGif;&vdrhrf nf?
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;armfuGe;f jrefrmEdik fiHawmftpdk;& jyef=um;a&;ESifh toHv$ifhXme jrefrm ouU&mZf 1309 ckESpf
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmftrwf a&G;aumufyJu G dk 1947 ckESpf {jyDv 7 &ufae@rSm usif;yjyD;pD;cJhygw,f? v$wfawmf&JŒ

yxr nDvmcHudk 1947 ckESpf ZGev f 9 &ufae@rSm pwifusif;yjyD; u&ifeeD ,ftrwfrsm;rSwyg; trwfpkn H D wufa&muf
=uygw,f? ZGefv 16 &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tcsuf 7csuf yg0ifwJh ‚vrf;n$ef‛jyÏmef;csuftqdkw&yfudk
v$wfawmfrmS wifoGif;jyD; rdef@cGef;pum;ajym=um;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuf 7csuf[m v$wfawmfu vufcHtwnfjyKcJhwJh
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'&JŒ tajccHtw k fjrpfyJjzpfygw,f?
9
Adv
k fcsKyf.vrf;n$ef 7 csuf
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkif jrefrmEdik fiHawmftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya'ESifh

ywfoufonfh vrf;n$ef jyÏmef;csuf?
awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh u&ifeeD ,frsm; tygt0if jzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. tmoDoqENEiS fhavsmfnDpmG / EdkifiHawmfzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykt
H ajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&ef
tvdk@iSm/ pHn
k Dpak 0;=uvsuf atmufyg jyVmef;csufrsm;udkcsrSwf=ua=umif;?
(1)? edkifiHawmfzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykHOya'onf ‚jrefrmjynfaxmifpEk dkifiHawmf‛[kac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyf

tjcm tm%mydkiforRwedkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykt H ajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(2)? jynfaxmifpEk dkifiHwGifzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyHktajccHOya'u owfrw

S faz:jyonfh woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf/
odk@owfrwS faz:jyonfh woD;yk*v ~ jynfe,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykt
H ajccHOya'wGif owfrw
S faz:jyxm;onfEiS fh
tr# ud,k fykid ftyk fcsKyfa&; tm%m&&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(3)? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifvGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrmEdik fiHawmfEiS fhwuG/ tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifhtpdk;&

tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS qif;oufap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(4)? jynfaxmifpEk dkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynfom;rSeo f r#onfvlr_a&;&mY4if;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mY4if;/ edik fiHa&;&mY4if;/ w&m;

r#wr_ &Sdapvsuf/ tqift h wef; tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufrw _ dk@wGif ql=uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd/ yuwdwlnDap&rnfhtjyif/
w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf4if;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@apmifhpnf;tyfaomtusifhoduQmESifhaomf4if;/ rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpmG
=uHpnfyidk cf Gifh/ vGwfvyfpmG az:xkwfajymqdkydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unfykid fcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fykid fcGifh/ 0wfjyKydik fcGifh/ y&da,oe
&SmrSD;ydik fcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/ jyKrlaqmif&Gufykid fcGifhwdk@&&SdwnfjrJap&eftwGufzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrm
owfrw S fxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(5)? TzGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdk@ vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyVmef;

xm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(6)/ vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwjrefrmedkifiH. e,fajrwdk@waygif;wpnf;wnf;wnfwHh cdkifjrJa&;udk4if;/

EdkifiH. =unf; a& avwdk@udk tcsKyftjcm pd;k rdk;tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhudk4if;/ w&m;"rREiS fw
h uG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; Oya't&
xde;f apmifx
h m;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif
(7)? &mZ0ifwGifxif&Sm;cJ@aom TjrefrmedkifiHawmfonf urBmwGifrrd d*k%f=uufoa&ESifhavsmfpmG &oifh&xdkufaom

tqifhtwef;odk@a&muf&Sdap&rnfhtjyif vlowW0gwdk@.wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;udsK;csrf;om jynf0h a&;wdk@udk wm0ef
tavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGr;f ukef jznfhpGrf;xrf;&Gufum jynfaxmifcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk
tajccHjyKI urBmhjidr;f csrf;a&;a&S;&SKvsuf Edik fiHwumwdk@ESif@rdwf0wfrysuf wGJbufy;l aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk cdkifjrJaom
t"dVmefjzifh apmifhxde;f awmhth?H
( jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;armfuGe;f jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& jyef=um;a&;ESifh toHvi$ fhXme jrefrmouU&mZf 1309 ckESp)f
10
'Dvrf;n$ecf sufawGudk =unfh&if ppfjyD;acwfrmS ay:xGufvmwJh
1? ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD 'kwd,uGe*f &uf EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpm (1945 Zlvdkifv 20)/

2? aeol&devf lxktpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; (1945 =o*kwfv 19)/
3? zqyv EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m yxr t=udrn f DvmcH (1946 ZEM0g&Dv 17-23 a&$wd*kt H v,fypP,H)tpnf;a0;qHk;jzwf
csufrsm;/
4? ocifjr OuUXtjzpfaqmif&GufjyD; txl;aumfrwDtzGJ@u a&;qGJvdkufwJh jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykpH nf;rsOf;
Oya'opfudk toufoGif;ay;vdkufrJh zqyv y%mr jyifqifrn _ DvmcH=uD;rSm bk&ifcHtr_aqmifaumifpt D zGJ@
'kwd, t"dywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifwifoGif;cJhwJh tqdk 14 csuf (1947 arv 23)
pwJh tcsuftvufawGeJŒ oabmtoGm;tvmawGrSm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wlnDaewmudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?

'DtcsufawGyg0ifwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ jyÏmef;csuf tqdkawGudk e,fpyfa'o trwfrsm;eJ@wuG uGefjrLepfygwD
trwfrsm;ygrusef v$wfawmf wckvHk;u aomif;aomif;jzjz auseyfEpS foufjyD; axmufcHtwnfjyKcJh=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk tqdkawGudk axmufcHtwnfjyKjyD;wJhaemuf 'Dvrf;n$ejf yÏmef;csuf tqdkawGudk rlwnfjyD; vGwfvyfwJh
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykt
H ajccHOya'udk a&;qGJEidk fzk@d tqdkw&yfudk qHk;jzwftwnfjyK=ujyefygw,f?
1947 zGJ@pnf;yHkudk a&;qGJ=upOfwke;f u bk&ifcH&J@ trSKaqmifaumifpx D JrSm zqyvu tpdk;&ae&m awmfawmf&&Sd ae

wmyg? tm%m[m vlxkudk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@vufxJrSmvdk@ ajymvdk@&ygw,f? 1947 tajccHOya'udk zqyv OuUX
jzpfaejyDjzpfwJh OD;atmifqef;u OD;aqmifjyD;a&;qGJcJhwmyg? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDrmS OD;atmifqef;tygt0if
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmftrwf 55 OD;/ xyfjznfhtrwf 7 OD;eJ@xyfjznfhjyifyyk*d~Kvf 8 OD; aygif; OD; 70 eJ@ vrf;n$ef
aumfrwDrmS 1? OD;atmifqef;? 2? ocifjr? 3? ref;bcdkif? 4? OD;pHxGe;f atmif? 5? OD;azcif? 6? OD;ausmfjrifh? &? OD;0if;?
8? ref;0if;armif? 9? apmaemfwifbGm;? 10? AdkvfxGe;f vif;? 11? rdkif;yGeaf pmfbGm;=uD;? 12? OD;xGef;jrifh?
13? OD;0rf;udka[m ? 14? qDrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif? wd@k yg0ifcJh=uygw,f?
'DaumfrwDu qufvufjyD;
1? A[dktpd;k &ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;& tm%mcGJa0a&;qdkif&m qyfaumfrwD?
2? w&m;pD&ifrq _ dkif&m qyfaumfrwD?
3? rlvtcGifhta&;qdkif&m qyfaumfrwD?
4? vlenf;pkqidk f&m qyfaumfrwD?
5? ucsifjynfe,f tkycf sKyfa&; tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; qyfaumfrwD?
6? &Srf;jynfe,f tkycf sKyfa&; tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; qyfaumfrwD?
7? b¾ma&;qdkif&m,m,D qyfaumfrwD
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zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' rl=urf;udk ususee aoaocsmcsm tvsiftjref a&;qGJjyD;pD;Edkifatmif aqmif&GufcJh=u
ygw,f? wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf[m az:jyyg tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDudkomru pDppfa&;aumfrwD/
{nfhcHaumfrwD/ vrf;n$efaumfrwD/ v$wfawmf &mxrf;r_xrf;ESifh b¾ma&;aumfrwD/ EdkifiHawmf tvH/oDcsif;ESifhwHqdyf
aumfrwDEiS fhwuG t&efobmywdrsm;udkvnf; cef@tyfcJh=uygw,f? v$wfawmf&JŒ yxrnDvmcHudk ZGefv 18 &uf
ae@rSm&kyo
f dr;f cJhjyD;wJhaemuf txufyg aumfrwDeJ@ qyfaumfrwDrsm;[m rdrw
d dk@eJ@oufqidk f&mvkyif ef;rsm;udk pwif
aqmif&Guf=uygw,f?
11
'Dvdk aqmif&GufaepOfrmS yJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG taygif;tyg0ef=uD;rsm; usqHk;&jyefygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifwJh
vrf;n$efaumfrwDudk ocifEu k qufvufOD;aqmifjyD; v$wfawmf'kwd, nDvmcHudk 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 29 &ufrmS
jyefvnfusif;ycJhw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDu a&;qGJcJhwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' rl=urf;udk
v$wfawmftpnf;a0;rSmwifjyjyD; v$wfawmfu rl=urf;udk wyk'fpD aocsmpGmppfaq;aqG;aEG;jyD; rltm;vHk;udk vufcH
twnfjyK=uw,f? twnfjyKjyD;wJhaemuf rl=urf;udk tacsmudkifEkdifzk@d tajccHOya' tacsmudkifaumfrwDwckudk
zGJ@pnf;jyD; wm0efay;vdkufygw,f?
tajccHOya' tacsmudkif aumfrwDrmS 1? v$wfawmfOuUX(obmywd)/ 2? ocifE/k 3? OD;wifxGÉf/ 4? ocifvGe;f abmf/

5? ocifwif/ 6? ocifwifxGe;f / 7? ref;0if;armif/ 8? OD;boD/ 9? OD;ausmfjrifh/ 10? rpPwm ata&;Ag;(pf)/ 11?
Adv
k fxGe;f vif;/ 12? apmaemfwifbGm;/ 13? rdk;rdwfapmfbGm;=uD;/ 14? OD;vbef;*a&mif;/ 15? OD;0rf;udka[m/ 16? OD;wif
(jrefatmif)/ xyfjznfhtrwf 17? OD;xGe;f az/ xyfjznfh tjyifty yk*K~d vfrsm; 18? qmjrbl;/ 19? qmarmif=uD;/
20? qmbOD;(w&m;0ef=uD;)/ 21? OD;at;armif (w&m;0ef=uD;)/ 22? rpPwm trfat&m&Sp/f 23? OD;0ef
(wuUodkvf ausmif;)/ 24? OD;rsdK;rif; (wuUodkvfausmif;)/ 25? OD;odef;[ef (wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf txl;t&m&Sd)?
wdk@yg0if=uygw,f?
v$wfawmfwwd, nDvmcHudk 1947 ckESpf pufwifbm 15 &ufae@rSmusif;ywJhtcg u&ifeDe,frsm;rS ud, k fpm;vS,f

trwfrsm;yg yg0ifwufa&mufvm=uygw,f? nDvmcHrmS tacsmudkifaumfrwDu wifoGif;wJh tajccHOya'udk
v$wfawmfu wyk'pf D pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;jyD; 1947 ckESpf pufwifbm 24 &ufae@rSm aomif;aomif;jzjz auseyfEpS foufpmG
twnfjyKcJh=uygw,f? 'Dwdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf=uD;u a&;qGJtwnfjyKvdkufwJh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'eJ@pyfvsO;f jyD; 1947 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 5 &ufae@u bdvyfygvDref atmufv$wfawmfrSm jrefrm
Edik fiH vGwfvyfa&; Oya'usrf;udk wifoGif;&mrSm bdvyf eef;&if;0ef=uD; rpPwm pD/ tm(&f)/ tufwvD (Clement
Richard Attlee ) u ckvdk rdef@qdkcJhygw,f?
‚urBmay:wGif tenf;i,fr#aom wdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmfwdk@omv#if oufqidk f&mEdkifiHawmf tajccH Oya'usrf;rsm;udk

tcsdetf enf;i,f twGif;Y a&;qGJjyD;pD;atmif pGrf;aqmifEdkif=uavonf? Ttenf;i,fr#aom wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf
wdk@wGif jrefrmEdik fiH wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfyg0ifavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyHktajccHOya'onf tvGew
f &m
xl;uJvSI/ &Sdxdkuf&Sdtyfaom *k%ft*Fgtaygif;wdk@ESifh jynfhpaHk =umif;udk/ tajccHOya' yg&*l 0wfvHkawmf&rsm;u
u|Ekfyftm; ajym=um;cJhygonf? tajccH Oya'&Sd oabmw&m;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m; pepfrsm;yg0ifvsuf&Sdyg
onf? 0ef=uD;csKyfESifh 0ef=uD;tm;vHk;rSm Oya'jyK v$wfawmfw&yf&yfrS trwfrsm;jzpfygonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm
vlOD;a&udktajccHum wdkuf&dkufa&G;aumufaomv$wfawmfjzpfI tjcm;v$wfawmfrSm vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmfjzpfavonf?
xdkvlrsdK;pk v$wfawmfwGif vlenf;pkrsm;. =oZmtm%m tawmftwef&Sdygonf? trSefrmS xdkv$wfawmfY vlrsm;pk
jzpfaom jrefrmtrsdK;om;trwfrsm;. OD;a&xuf vlenf;pkrsm;qdkif&mtrwfrsm;OD;a&u ydkaeygao;onf?‛
¡ pum;csy-f tul;tajymif;umv jyÏmef;csufrsm;? 'kwd,Z,m;/ vlrsk;d pkv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk? vlrsKd ;pkv$wfawmftrwf

ae&m 125 ae&m&Sdonfhteuf (u) &Srf;jynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f 25 OD;/ (c) ucsifjynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f 12 OD;/
(*) csif;0daoowdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 8 OD;/ (C)u,m;jynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;/ u&ifjynfe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f
15 OD;/ jynfaxmmifpkjrefrmEdik fiH&Sd usefe,fajrrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 62 OD;? ¢
(jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyHktajccHOya' pm-69/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& yHkEdyS af &;ESifh

pma&;ud&d,m Xme/ &efukejf rdK@? 1958 ck)
12
‚jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;&mwGif jynfaxmifpk oabmvuQ%mrsm; yg&Sdygonf? jynfaxmifpk
twGi;f wGif &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifejD ynfe,f[lI tzGJ@0ifjynfe,f oHk;e,fyg0ifygonf? xdke,fy,f
toD;oD;wGif jynfe,fwGif;a&;&mudprP sm;twGuf rdrw d dk@yidk f tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m/ Oya'jyKr_tm%mrsm;&Sd=uonfhtjyif
tcGex f Guf yif&if;rsm;udkvnf;&&Sd=uygonf? xdjk ynfe,f oHk;cktjyif txl;a'o ESp&f yfudkvnf;zefwnf;xm;&Sdygonf?
wckrmS csif;trsdK;om;rsm;twGufjzpfI tjcm;wckrSm oHvGifc&dkif&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGufjzpfygonf? xdka'o
toD;oD;Yvnf; udk,fydkiftkycf sKyfa&;pepf tawmftwef&Sdygonf?‛
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;armfuGe;f jrefrmEdik fiHawmftpdk;& jyef=um;a&;ESifh toHv$ifhXme jrefrmouU&mZf 1309 ckESpf
wwd,nDvmcHudk r&kyo f dr;f rD wdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmfu v$wfawmfOuUX anmifa&$apmfbGm;=uD;udk jynfaxmifpjk refrm

Edik fiH&JŒ Edik fiHawmf,m,D orRwtjzpf cef@tyfjyD; ocifEu k dkvnf; EdkifiHawmf,m,D 0ef=uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyfcJh=uygw,f?
v$wfawmf yxrnDvmcH[m 1947 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@rSm pwifusif;ycJhjyD; wwd,t=udrf aemufq;Hk nDvmcHudk
1947 ck pufwifbm 24 &ufae@rSm &kyo f dr;f EdkifcJhwJhtwGuf EdkifiHawmf&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'=uD;udk &ufaygif; 108
&uf (oHk;veJ@ oHk;ywf)twGi;f tjyD;owfa&;qGJtwnfjyKEdik fcJh=uygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'&Sd yk'fr 231 t& vuf&Sd v$wfawmf[m tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;udpP jyD;pD;
oGm;cJhayr,fh tJ'DOya' t& enf;vrf;wus a&G;aumufwJh ygvDrefopfudk usif;yonfhwdkifatmif qufvufwnfjrJjyD;
,m,DygvDrefoabmtaeeJ@ ygvDref&J@ wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;eJ@wuG tm%mrsm;udk oHk;pGJaqmif&GufrmS jzpfygw,f? yk'fr
234rSm ‚TtajccHOya'onf EdkifiHawmf,m,DorRwu xkwfjyefausnmaomae@wGif tm%mwnf&rnf? xdkae@
onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1310 ckESpf/ uqkev f qef; 8&ufae@ (c&pfo
f uU&mZf 1948 ckESpf/ {jyDv 15&ufae@) atmuf
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Edik fiH&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;[m t*Fvdyf e,fcsJŒorm;u oabmwlonfjzpfap/ rwlonfjzpfap 1948 ck {jyD 15 &ufxuf
aemufrusbJ a=unm&rSmudk jzpfygw,f?
5
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Hk ajccH Oya'udk jcHKiHkjyD; oHk;oyf=unfh&if ckvdkawG@&rSm
jzpfygw,f?
1? wdkawmif;vSwJh tcsde/f &ufaygif; 108 &uftwGif; jyD;pD;atmifjrifatmif a&;qGJEkid fcJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh tajccH
Oya'udk uref;uwef;a&;cJhwmr[kwfbl;? puULjzLpDru H de;f eJ@t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmuwnf;u/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf
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urBmhEdkifiHawG&J@ tajccHOya'awGudk avhvmwmeJ@tr# jrefrmEdik fiH&J@vufawG@ tajctaeeJ@ udu k fnDr,fh tajccH
awGudkvnf; avhvmcJh=uwmjzpfw,f?
2? urBmhEkid fiHtoD;oD;&J@ axmufcHru _ dk tjynfht0&&SdcJhjyD; av;pm;wefzdk;xm;jcif;cH&w,f?
3? zGJ@pnf;yHk a&;pGJwJh jzpfpOfawGrSm jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif; 120 ausmf pdk;rd;k tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh t*Fvdyu
f dkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;&J@
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13
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v$wfawmfudk vmjyD;awmh=oZmray;Edkifbl;qdkwm odapcsifygw,f?‛ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wifoGif;aom vrf;n$ef
7 csurf S aumufEw k fcsuf?
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4? wu,fwrf; a&;qGJ=uawmhr,fqw dk Jhtcg tcuftcJawG/ oHo,pdwfawG &SdcJh=uayr,fh wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf

udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if)[m pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf nSdnSd E_dif;E_dif; oabmxm;
=uD;rm;pGmeJ@ r[mvlrsKd ;=uD;0g'a&m usOf;ajrmif;wJhvlrsKd ;a&;tjrifrsm;yg uif;pifEkdifor# uif;pifatmif vkyaf qmifcJh
=uwmudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tprSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;bufu oHo,pdwfawG&SdcJh=uw,f? 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@

vef'efudkoGm;awmh ckvdk jAdwdo#tpdk&xH wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u a=u;eef;ay;yd@k cJh=uygw,f?
‚ Advk fcsKyfatmifqef;onf Armjynfudkom udk,fpm;jyKoljzpfa=umif;/ awmifwef;a'oudkudk,fpm;jyKolr[kwfa=umif;/

odk@jzpfI awmifwef;a'orsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef &Sr;f apmfbGm;rsm;udk oD;oef@zdwfac:yg[lI &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u jAdwdo#
tpdk;&tm; a=u;eef;&dkufI awmif;qdkonf [laom owif;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?‛
a=u;eef;&dkufjyD;aemuf jAdwdo# tpdk;&xH 4if;wdk@wifjyawmif;qdkcsufrsm;. tusOf;csKyfrmS
(1) ? jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufupI &Sr;f jynftm; oD;jcm;e,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonf?

(2)? jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&efq;Hk jzwfygu ya'o&mZf&Srf;jynfe,fonfvnf; tvm;wl tcGifhta&;
&oifha=umif;?
(3)? &Sr;f jynfonf ArmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;&eftcsderf usa&mufao;a=umif;?
(4)? ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;tm; tkycf sKyfa&;ESifhb¾ma&;&mrsm;wGif pDrcH ef@cGJcGifhudktyfoifha=umif;?
(5)? &Sr;f jynfESifhe,fcsif;qufaeaom wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvGwfvyfpmG qufqHcGifhay;&ef?
(6)? &Sr;f jynfonf tjcm;awmifwef;a'orsm;enf;wl e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;. abmiftwGif;Yomaexdkif
vdak =umif;?
(7)? jrefrmEdik fiHEiS fyh l;aygif;&rnfqdkygu ya'o&mZf&Srf;jynftwGuf vHk;0udk,fykid ftyk fa&; &&Sd&rnf[laomrl jzifhom
aqG;aEG;vdka=umif;?
(8)? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik fiHtwGif;rS cGJxGufvdkv#if cGJxGuEf dkifcGifhudkaemifa&;qGJrnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif
tmrcHcsuf ay;&rnf jzpfa=umif;wdk@yg0ifonf? (OD;azcif-udk,fawG@yifvHk pm-51)
aemufwcg yifvHknDvmcHrmS &Sr;f eJ@ucsif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uom awmifwef;om;rsm;nDnGwfa&;aumifpD trnfeJ@

t"duxm;aqG;aEG;=ujyD; pmwrf;wapmifwifoGif;cJhygw,f? pmwrf;yg tcsufrsm;rSm
1? jrefrmwdk@ESifhtqifhtwef;wl/ tcGifhtvrf;wl 'Drku

d a&pDusus cHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf?
2? tr_aqmifaumifpw D Gif yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaom &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,fEiS fh ucsifudk,fpm;vS,fwdk@onf rdrw
d dk@vlrsKd ;
toD;oD;. jynfwGif;a&;&mtm;vHk;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf=u&rnf? xdk@tjyif umuG,fa&;/ Edik fiHjcm;a&;/
rD;&xm;/ taumufawmf tp&Sdaom tm;vHk;ESifhqkid fonfh udprP sm;twGuf tm;vHk;pkaygif;wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf=u&
rnf?
3? ucsifwdk@u oD;jcm;ucsifjynfe,f tvdk&Sda=umif; awmif;qdkcsufudk TaumfrwDu axmufcHonf?
14
4? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifh bk&if{u&mZftpdk&. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf &Sr;f / ucsifwdk@ESifhrywfouf
ap&?
5? vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf ‚jrefrmjynfaxmifp‛k rS usGEfyk w
f dk@ cGJxGufvdkv#if usGEfyk w
f dk@oabmusonfhtcsdew
f Gif cGJxGuf
Edik fcGifh&Sdaprnf [lIjzpfygonf?
ucsifjynfe,fudpP
ucsifjynfe,fwck zefwD;ay;a&;udprP Smrl vG,fulonfhudpw P &yfr[kwfyg? Todk@qdjk cif;rSm ‚rl‛ udu
k ef@uGufonf@
oabmr[kwfyg? wu,fwrf; vufawG@aqmif&Guf&mwGif awG@=uHK&onfh tcuftcJa=umifhom jzpfygonf?
&Sr;f jynfonf jynfe,fwckwGif &Sdtyfaom vlOD;a& yrm%/ e,fy,f/ wlnDaom bmompum;ESifh,Ofaus;r_/
pD;yGm;a&;t& &yfwnfEkid fr_ tp&Sdonfh t*Fg &yfrsm;ESifh jynf@pHkr_&Sdaomfvnf; ucsifjynfe,fwGifrl Todk@aom
t*Fg&yfrsm; r&Sdyg?
a'ocHwdk@uef@uGuf
ucsifjynfe,ftaejzifh txl;owfrw S fxm;onfha'o ( Part 1 Area) wGifomv# if [dkwpk 'Dwpk &Sdojzifh jynfrrS
Aef;armfESifh jrpf=uD;em;c&dkif/ uomajrjyef@a'orsm;rygv#if rnfonfhenf;ESihrf # jynfe,fwcktjzpf &yfwnfEkid frnfh
tajctae&Sdrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@tjyif tcuftcJ&Sdaom tcsufw&yfrmS az:jyygc&dkifEpS fckY aexdkif=uoltrsm;pkonf
ucsifrsm;r[kwfbJ tbufbufrw S dk;wufaeonfh jrefrm/ &Sr;f ESifh&Srf;w&kwfwdk@rsm; jzpf=ujyD; ucsifrsm;ESifhaygif;pnf;
rnfqydk gu acwfaemufjyefoGm;ouJhodk@jzpfaeojzifh ucsifjynfe,fxJodk@ oGwfoGif;jcif;udk a'ocHrsm;u jyif;jyif;
xefxef uef@uGuf=ujcif;jzpfygonf?
ucsifwdk@.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
ucsifjynfe,fudpP tacstwifaqG;aEG;=u&mwGif ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm; ( txl;ojzifh';l 0g;aZmfvGe;f )onf rdrw d dk@

tvdk&Sd&mudkom jyif;jyif;xefxefawmif;qdkaeygonf? tvsOf;oifhIaz:jy&ygu 'l;0g;aZmfvGe;f rSm rdrdoabmxm;udk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; ajymav@&Sdol[k emrnf&onfh acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? Adv k fcifarmifav;ESifh
jrpf=uD;em;YawG@pOfu ‚cifAsm;wdk@ArmawGusKyfr,Hkbl;Asm‛ [k tm;remwrf;ajymcJhzl;oljzpfygonf?
Adv
k fcsKyfu ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 4if;wdk@.qENudk vdkufavsmapvdkygu 4if;wdk@uvnf; tjcm;olrsm;. qENudk
av;pm;oifha=umif; axmufjyaqG;aEG;cJ@ygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 4if;wdk@awmif;qdkaeonfhucsifjynfe,fwGif jrefrm
jynfrS jrpf=uD;em;ESifh Aef;armfc&dkif/ uomajrjyef@a'owdk@wGifaexdkifoltrsm;pkrmS ucsifrsm;r[kwf/ jrefrm/ &Sr;f ESifh
&Sr;f w&kwfrsm;jzpfojzifh 4if;wdk@.qENudkvnf;av;pm;oifha=umif; Adv k fcsKyfu axmufjyonfudkvufrcH/ rdrdwdk@
qHk;jzwfxm;onfh twdkif;vdck sifonfudkom pGJpJjG rJjrJ ravsmhwrf; awmif;qdkaeojzifh AdkvfcsKyfpdwfraumif;jzpf&onf?
odk@aomfAkvd fcsKyfonf at;at;aq;aq;wnfwnfjidrjf idrf pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfjzifhem;axmifaeygonf? TuJhodk@ 'l;0g;
aZmfvGe;f u tjyif;txef awmif;qdkaejcif;rSm 4if;wdk@yifvHkodk@tvm uGwfcdkifwGifaqG;aEG;cJhpOfu qHk;jzwfco hJ nfwdk@udk
qkyfudkifIravsm@wrf;awmif;qdkaejcif;omjzpfygonf? (OD;azcifudk,fawG@yifvHk/pm 64-66)
aemuf OD;azcif&J@pmtkyfrmS ckvdk qufvufjyD; az:jyxm;jyefygw,f?
Adv
k fcsKyfu ‚ usKyfwdk@ArmawGay:rSm xm;&SdwJholwdk@&JŒ r,HkouFmpdwfawG[m b,favmufrsm;te,fxdkifaeovJ
rodbl;? usKyfwdk@&JŒapwem pdwf&if;rSefuefr_eJ@olwdk@tay:rSm apwemaumif;xm;&Sdr_awGukd txyfxyf tcgcg
tmrcHcsufay;ayr,fh olwdk@&JŒ pdwfxJu r,HkouFmpdwfawGudk z,fxkwfzk@d tawmfcufygovm;‛ [k 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh
15
u|efawmfwdk@udkajymjycJhygonf?
‚---- tcsuf oHk;csufudk anmifa&$apmfbGm;=uD; pyfa&$odkuf jyif;jyif;xefxef awmif;qdkonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfyif csKyfI
r&/ nDvmcH zsuf&rvdk jzpfaeonf? aqG;aEG;yGJudkvnf; &yfvdkuf&onf? AdkvfcsKyfonf &efukeo f dk@ jyef&eftwGuf
av,mOfysu H dk pDpOfcdkif;onf? yifvHk&Gmuav;vnf; vSKyfvSKyf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfoGm;onf? ¡ (12-2-71)ae@xkwf a&$wl
*sme,f/ pm-31§aumfvH 2wGif AddkvfcsKyfEiS fhtwl yifvHknDvmcH wufa&mufcJhonfhtzGJ@0if/ zqyv udk,fpm;vS,f/
jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;a[mif; Adv k fcifarmifuav; a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;rS aumufEw k fcsuf ¢
(OD;azcif-udk,fawG@yifvHk pm-69)
az:jycJhovdk yifvHknDvmcH ysufoGm;avmufonfh tajctaersdK;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyefvnfoHk;oyfjyD; ol@

taeeJ@ vkyfudkifcGifhr&Sdayr,fh rltm;jzifhvufcHcJhjyD; oludk,fwdkif zqyv nDvmcHrmS wif;oGif;r,fhta=umif; uwd
ay;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm ckvdkyg&SdcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
yifvHkpmcsKyf? (6)/ yl;aygif;xm;jyD;onfh jrefrmjynftwGif; oD;oef@ucsifjynfe,fwck/ e,ferdwfowfrw

S fI
wnfaqmuf&efjy\emrSm wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwf&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ TuJhodk@ oD;jcm;jynfe,fwck xm;&Sd
oifha=umif;udk oabmwlnD=uonf?
vrf;n$ef 7 csuf wifoGif;wkef;u ed*k;H csKyfrmS vnf; ‚ wae@u pmwapmifbwfvdkuf&w,f? e,fwe,fu t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrmS aejyD; vGwfvyfwJh ArmEdkifiHawmfxJrSm raecsifbl;qdkwJh tJ'Dvdk tpD&ifcHpmrsdK; u|efawmfawG@&w,f?
awG@&awmhum tJ'Dvdkt*Fvdyf vufatmufaecsif=uw,fqv dk #ifvnf; oabmyJ? tvif;a&mifuaejyD; tarSmifxJ
oGm;csif=uwJh vlawG&Sdv#ifvnf;oabmyJ? u|efawmfuawmhrwm;qD;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrmS vnf;raecsifbl;? b,fvlrsKd ; b,fEkid fiHjcm;vlrsKd ;vufatmufrS raecsifbl;? u|efawmfwdk@ vGwfvGwf
vyfvyfaecsifw,f? tJonfawmh tJonfvdk vGwfvyfwJh Edik fiHtjzpfeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@aeEdkifatmifqdkjyD;awmh
onftqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tvif;a&mifxJrSmaecsif=uwJholawG[m u|efawmfwdk@udkaxmufcHyg? tvif;a&mifu
aejyD; tarSmifxJudk oGm;csifwJhvlawGawmh oabmtwdkif;ygyJ qdkwm onftqdkudk wifoGif;&if; u|efawmf ajymcJh
ygw,f?‛
az:jycJhwmawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m jAdwdo#tpdk;&xHu EdkifiHawmf&J@vGwfvyfa&;udk &,lzk@d twGuf oHcif;

wrefcif;udk tajccHjyD; w&m;0if aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSm ESpfOD;ESpb f uf nSdEdSKif;aqG;aEG;&if; oabmwlpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdk
atmifjrifcJhwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f? tvm;wlyJ eufeJodraf rG@vSwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ta&;udkajz&Sif;&mrSmvnf;
rsufEmS csif;qdkifawG@qaHk qG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;enf;vrf;udkom toHk;jyKcJhjyD; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &dk;&dk;om;om; wifjy
aqG;aEG;jyD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ ,H=k unfav;pm; tm;xm;r_udk&,lEkid fcJhwmudk awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f? yifvHkpmcsKyfrmS
cGJxGufcGifhryg&SdcJhayrJh Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'xJrSm cGJxGufcGifhudk xnfhoGif;ay;jyD; tmrcHcsufay;
cJhw,f?
'Dae&mrSm wqufwnf;owdjyKzd@k aumif;wmu wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGtay:rSm b=uD;bab&J@abmxm;rsdK;

rxm;rdzk@d ygyJ?
16
&Sr;f vli,frsm;u zqyv odk@ay;pmrS aumufEkwfcsuf 1946 ck azaz: 0g&D 20&uf
vl=uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;/ ,ckta&;wum@ta&;=uD;qHk;tcsufudkusGefawmfwdk@n$ejf yyg&ap? 8-2-46 &ufae@aqG;aEG;pOfu

‚&Sr;f jynf[m (land locked ) uke;f acgifacgif acsmifydwfjzpfaeI AdkvfcsKyf ArmjynfreJ@ raygif;csifbl; [k acgif;rmae&if
Armjynf (vGwfvyfa&;zdk@rqdkxm;eJ@) 'drk DeD,Havmufyif&onf@tcg pD;yGm;a&; pDrHude;f vkyfvdkuf&if wcgwnf;aygif;vm
&rSmyJ‛ [kvnf;ajymvdkufygonf? bdvyf pm;yGJ0kid f;uGefz&if@wGif apmfbGm;wOD;tm; OD;babu ‚&Sr;f jynfu
&xm;vrf;awGjzKwfypfr,f/ pmwdkufawG/ a=u;eef;wdkifawGjyefodr;f ypf vdkufr,f/ tmvl;awGr0,fbl;‛ ponfjzifh
(economic threat) vkyEf idk fonf@ta=umif;ajcmufvSe@f vdkufaomtcg 4if;apmfbGm;=uD;u ‚[m 'Dvdkawmh rvkyf
ygeJ@‛ [kawmif;yefonfh ta=umif;n$ef=um;jyD; &,farmajymqdkvdkufygao;onf? usGeaf wmfwdk@&Sr;f rsm;tzd@k rnfr#
pdwfxdcdkufoGm;onfudk vl=uD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;rd[efrwlyg? Todk@pD;yGm;a&;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufI aygif;apvdkjcif;xuf
zufqpfqefaomt&m &SdEdkifygOD;rnfvm;? ‚[J@-aumifrav;/ eifig@udk=udKuf/ r=udKuf&if a[m'D"g;=unf@‛[k
jcdr;f ajcmufjyD; rk'rd f;usifhonfEiS fh bmrsm;xl;jcm;ao;ygovJ? odyt
f cH&cufvSygonf?
txufrmS az:jycJhovvdk 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=uzdk@jyifqif&mrSm aumif;rGet f m;omcsufawG

&SdcJhayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG tjcm;EdkifiHhacgif;aqmif=uD;rsm; vky=f uHcH&jyD;wJhaemuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf
xJrSm 0wfvHk OD;csefxGef;/ OD;bOD; (q&mpHudk=udK;ay;cJhwJh w&m;ol=uD;)eJ@ a'gufwmb[ef (a'gufwmbarmf&J@tudk)/
a&G;aumufcH wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmftrwf zqyv OD;ausmfjidr;f wdk@u OD;Ek&J@axmufcHre_ J@ jyifypfcJh=uw,f? 'g[m
'Duae@ aemufq;Hk e0w/ etz ppftkyfp&k J@ ppfwyfrif;quf xm0&=uD;pdk;a&; tajccHrl 104 csuf zGJ@pnf;yHkqD OD;wnf
oGm;apcJhwJh ueOD;vrf;pygyJ?
1948 ckESpf aemufykid f; 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHt

k ajccHOya' tusyftwnf;rsm;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&J@
oabmxm;rsm;udk ckvdkawG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
1321 ckESpef ,kefvjynfhausmf 11 &uf/ 1961 ckESpf ZGefv 8&ufrS 1321 ckESpf yxr0gqdkvqef; 4&uf 1961 ckESpZf Gev f
16 &ufae@txd &Sr;f jynfawmifykid f;awmif=uD;jrdK@ pm;jrdef&dyfomwGif usif;yjyKvkyaf om jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH=uD;
(&Sr;f / u,m;/ ucsif/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif) . rSwfwrf;rS aumufEw
k fcsuf
tydkif;(3) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiH.zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk &Sr;f jynfe,ftaejzifh vufawG@usifhoHk;&mwGif

awG@=uHK&onfh csKd @,Gif;csufrsm;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;
tajccHOya'ed'gef;
e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonfrmS atmufusaemufusovdk jzpfaeonf? vGwfvyfa&;yl;aygif;,l&mwGif &Sr;f onf

&Sr;f taejzifh/ ucsifonf ucsiftaejzifh/ csif;onf csif;taejzifh axmufcHonfjzpfI vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiH rjzpfay:atmif jrefrmjynfEiS fh &Sr;f jynfwdk@tm; aoG;cGJonfh t*Fvdy.
f pDru
H de;f ysufjym;&onf? xdk@a=umifh
17
e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonfhtpm; &Sr;f jynf/ ucsifjynf/ u&ifjynf/ u,m;jynfEiS fh csif;jynfwdk@ tygt0if[laom pum;
&yfudk xnfhoGi;f tyfonf?
‚ ArmjynfrESifh ruGJruGm yl;wGJI vGwfvyfa&;,l&ef oEMÏd mefcsxm;aom &Sr;f jynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf e,fcsJ@.

aoG;cGJru
_ dkvufrcH/ wdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmfodk@ qufvufyg0ifaqmif&GufcJh=uonf? wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfodk@
wufa&mufvmaom &Sr;f jynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf (1)EdkifiHa&;awG@t=uHKEke,fjcif;/ (2)Oya'jyKr_vkyfief;rsm;
em;rvnfjcif;/ (3)wESpftwGif; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aZm=uD;aejcif;/ (4)trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif=uD;rsm; usqHk;
ukeI f tcsif;csif;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk qENjyif;jyaejcif;wdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'jyÏmef;csufEiS fh pum;vHk;rsm;udk
cyfayghayghyif vufcHcJh=uonf? Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef; ajym=um;onfhtwdkif; Oya'pum;vHk;xuf pdwf"gwfudk ,Hk=unf
udk;pm;cJhonf? vGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;onfhaemuf aoG;csif;om;csif;awG Oya'pum;vHk;awGudkom twdtus t"dy`g,f
aumufjcif;/ tusyfudkifjcif;rsm;jyKvkyv f drhrf nfr[kwf[k ,lqcJh=uonf?‛
‚ vuf&Sd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik fiH. zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf/ 13ESpfumv tawG@t=uHKt&/ tydkif;(3)
wGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; epfemcsufEiS fh csKd @,Gif;csufaygif;rsm;pGm ay:xGufaeonf? jynfe,frsm;onf ArmjynfrESifh
wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sdonfudk xif&Sm;pGmawG@Edkifayonf? tajccH Oya' wtkyv f Hk;udk jcHKI qef;ppf
=unfhygv#if (1) zGJ@pnf;yHkpHepfwGif4if;/ (2) tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0r_wGif4if;/ (3) ygvDrefzJ@G pnf;yHkwGi4f if;/ (4)
jynfaxmifpk tcGefawmfEiS fh b¾mawmfcGJa0r_wGif4if; csdK@,Gif;csuf&SdjyD; jynfe,frsm;tzdk@ tcGifhta&; qHk;&SHK;epfemvsuf
&Sdavonf?‛
1? zGJ@pnf;yHk
‚ wdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmfodk@zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' (rl=urf;)rsm;udk twnfjyK&ef wifoGif;pOftcguyif/

OD;csefxGef;u tajctaet& rv$Jra&SmifomI jynfaxmifpkEidk fiHrsdK; zGJ@xm;&a=umif;/ odk@aomf xdkjynfaxmifpEk idk fiHrmS
tar&duef qGDZmvefwdk@uJhodk@ jynfaxmifpk ppfppf Edik fiHrsdK;r[kwfa=umif;/ uae'gyHkpH ( Canadian Type )
wenf;tm;jzifh ( Moderate Type ) tv,ftvyfpm; jynfaxmifpEk idk fiHrsKd ;jzpfa=umif; ponfjzifh &Sif;jycJhonf?
wzef OD;csefxGef;uyif ‚ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ tajccHOya'[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk Hepf jzpfayr,fh/
vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepf jzpfygw,f‛ [kxkwfaz:ajymqdka=umif; &efukew f uUodkvf &mZ0if ygarmuQa[mif;
rpPwm wifum;u ol. (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHawmf) pmtkyfwGifaz:jyxm;onf?
tajccHOya' Adokum=uD; OD;csefxGef;uyif oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk pHepfvkyaf y;&onfh ta=umif;ESifh

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rsm;. ,HkrSm;oHo,rsm; ajyaysmufap&efjzpfonf? awmifay:om;rsm; &kwfw&uf rpGef@v$wfEkid faom/ ESp&f Snfvrsm;
Armrsm;tay: xm;&Sdvmaom r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;yifjzpfonf?‛
e,fpyfa'o acgif;aqmifrsm; jynfaxmifpk ppfppf tvdk&SdonfrSm trSepf ifppf OD;csefxGef; ,lqouJo h dk@/ Armrsm;tay:
oHo,&SdI r,HkouFmI r[kwfay? urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm; csrSwfxm;onfh vlrsKd ;wdkif; udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh
(Rights of the Nations to Self- Determination )rlt& udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;vdk=uaoma=umifhomjzpfonf?
18
jynfaxmifppk Hepf qdkonfrmS urBmay:&Sd rnfonfh jynfaxmifpEk idk fiHudk =unfh=unfh jynfaxmifac: jynfe,frsm;
oabmwl pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;aom pHepfjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHwGif e,fpyfa'o vlrsKd ;rsm;tzdk@ &Sr;f jynfe,f/
ucsifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f [lIjynfe,ftoD;oD;zGJ@pnf;xm;aomfvnf; ArmjynfrtwGuf
oD;jcm;jynfe,f[lI zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&Sdacs? Armjynfrtm; A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh waygif;wpnf;wnf;yl;aygif;
zGJ@pnf;xm;vdkufayonf?
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wef;wlnDr#r_ rludk ysufqD;aponf? TzGJ@pnf;yHk pHepfonf wae@aomtcg jynfaxmifp=k uD;jydKuGJapEdik faom
ta=umif;&if;vnf; jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifonfhtcg cdkifjrJaom/ wef;wlnDr#aom
jynfaxmifpk jzpfay:a&;twGuf Armjynfrtm; jynfaxmifpt k zGJ@0if oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;&rnf jzpfavonf?
2? tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;?
e,fpyfa'o acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk ppfppf tm%mcGJa0aomenf;udkvdkvm;=uonf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm

Edik fiH. tm%mcGJa0enf;rSm e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;. vdktifqENEiS fh ajzmifhajzmif=h uD; qef@usiv
f suf&Sdayonf?
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Armjynfronf jynfe,fr[kwfbJ A[dkjynfaxmifpt k m%mudk aygif;pnf;IcsKyfudkifxm;onfvnf;wa=umif;/ xdk
ta=umif;wdk@a=umifh e,fpyfa'ovlrsKd ;rsm;onf rausreyfjzpfae=uonf? Armrsm; vuf0g;=uD;tkyx f m;onf[k
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,ck vuf&Sdjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiH ygvDref. txufv$wfawmfjzpfaom vlrsKd ;pkv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wfawmf

jzpfaom jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh tcGifhtm%mwl r&&Sdacs? jynfe,frsm;uvnf; nDr#aomudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& apv$wf
cGifhr&=uay? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uvnf; vlrsKd ;pk v$wfawmftm; wm0efrcHbJ/ jynfol@v$wfawmfudkom wm0efcH
xm;av&m/ vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmfonf tvGew f &mrS *k%foduQm csdK@iJhaeavonf? jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udkvnf;
umuG,fEkid fprG f;r&Sday?
4? jynfaxmifpk tcGefawmfESifh b¾mawmfcGJa0a&;?
vuf&Sd tajccH Oya'yk'rf 96 (1)t&/ jynfe,frsm;odk@ cGJa0ay;xm;aom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rSm ajrcGeaf wmfEiS fh

opfawmcGerf SvGJI bmr# jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf r&&SdEdkifacs? 4if;tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;rSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;.omref
toHk;p&dwfudkyif rumrday? jynfaxmifpb k ¾mawmf cGJa0a&;udpw P Gif jynfe,frsm; rausreyfjzpfaeonfrSm
vGwfvyfa&;&onfhtcsderf S ,ae@wdkifyifjzpfonf? ,ae@txd wdusaom jynfaxmifpb k ¾ma&; ay:vpDudk
rcsrSwfEidk fao;acs?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ta&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;ra&S;raESmif;umvtwGif; vufeufudkuf

awmfvSeaf &;qifEJv $ dkuf&wJh ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwD&J@oabmxm;udkawmh ckvdkawG@&ygw,f?
19
vlrsKd ;;pk jy\emESif@ywfoufaom Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD
A[dkaumfrwD Edik fiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@. qHk;jzwfcsufaumufEkwfcsuf 1969 atmufwdkbm 1 &uf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu udkifpGJvmonfhay:vpD
wef;wla&;ESifhudk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifhawmif;qdkcsuf?
ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDonf ygwDpwifwnfaxmifvmuwnf;uyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udktav;xm;

cJhonf? 1944ckEpS fwGif (Auy)onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;wdkif; wef;wla&;ESifhudk,fykid fjyVmef;cGifh &Sd&rnf [lI4if;/
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;wGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh &Sd&rnf [lI4if; az:xkwfcJhonf?
zufqpf*syefawmfvSeaf &;jyD;aemuf 1945ckESpfwGif a&;qGJonfh awmfvSeaf om zqyv vrf;pOfay:vpDwGif

wef;wla&;ESifh cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufcGifh&Sdaom udk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifhoabmyg&ef ygwDonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifth wl t&if;&Sifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tusdwfte,fwdkufvsuf tEdkif,lcJh&onf?
1948 ckEpS fvufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &;jzpfvmaomtcg ygwDonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;wdkif; cGJxGufcGifhtygt0if udk,fykid f

jyVmef;cGifh&Sd&rnf (0g )udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;a&;&Sd&rnf[k ygwD.oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefchoJ nf? 1950ckEpS fESifh 1951
ckEpS fwGifusif;yaom A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifvnf; Toabmxm;udkxyfrt H wnfjyKxkwfjyefchaJ vonf?
1962 ckEpS fwGifusif;yaom A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;uvnf; 48 ckEpS foabmxm;udk tcdkiftrmjyKum atmufyg

twdkif; qHk;jzwfcho J nf?
- cGJxGufcGifhtygt0ifudk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifhonf tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESifhomru ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;ESifhygoufqdkifonf?
- oufqidk f&mvlrsKd ;rsm;onfrrd dwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrzd momudk,fykid fq;Hk jzwfydkifcGif@&Sdonf?
- rdrw d dk@jy\emrsm;udk rdrdwdk@uompdwf=udKufqENtwdkif; qHk;jzwfcsuft&udk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfa&;udk4if;/ wjcm;vlrsKd ;
rsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpzk GJ@a&;udk4if;/ cGJ@xGufa&;udk4if; qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf[k igwdk@uGejf rLepfrsm;vHk;0,Hk=unfonf?
1964 ckESpfwGifvnf;atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJhavonf?
wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsdK;onf cGJxGufcGifh tygt0if udk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifh yg&Sdap&rnf[k (Auy )u vHk;0cH,layonf?
udk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifh qdkonfrSm udk,fh=urRmud, k fzefwD;cGifhjzpfvsuf/ cGJxGufcGifhqdkonfrmS udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifh.
tjrifq h Hk; twdkif;twmjzpfonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;toD;oD;. vGwfajrmufa&;onf Armjynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vHk;yg0ifaom Armjynfol
w&yfvHk;. vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh cGJjcm;r&bJ wom;wnf;jzpfayonf? Armjynfolw&yfvHk;. vGwfajrmufa&;qdkonf
rSmvnf; tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ jrdK@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;/ trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
ponfh jynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;u jynfol@'Drdkua&pD wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;um e,fcsJ@pepf/ ajr&Sifpepf/ AsL&dku&uft&if;&Sif
wdk@tm; tjyD;wdkifz,f&Sm;ypfEidk fro S mjzpfEkid fayonf?
20
7
qufvufjyD; wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpt
k rsdK;om;jynfolrsm;&JŒ taxGaxGtajctaeeJ@ olwdk@usifhoHk;cJhwJhtaxGaxG
ay:vpDrsm;udk avhvm=unfh&if ckvdkawG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m ArmrsdK;EG,fpw k pkyJ aexdkifwJhtzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfygbl;? wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fptk rsdK;om;aygif;pHk

pkpnf;aexdkifwJh vlrsKd ;pHyk g0ifwJhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfw,f? wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fprk sm;[m wjynfvHk; vlOD;a&&J@ 50
&mESKef;ausmf&Sdw,f? olwdk@[m a0;vHoDacgifwJh/ pD;yGm;a&;t& rzGH@jzdK;wJh e,fjcm;a'ovdk yx0Da'orsm;rSmcsnf;
aexdkif ae=uwmjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;t&acwfaemufuswJhtajctaersm;udkjzwfoef;ae=u&w,f?
edrfhuswJh ,Ofaus;r_tajctaersm;udk jzwfoef;ae=u&w,f? olwdk@[mjrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;qifEJ$cJhwJh jAdwdo#e,fcsJ@
usL;ausmfr_rsm;udk ckcH&mrSm jrefrmrsdK;cspf tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@twl yg0ifcJh=uw,f? zufqpf*syefawmfvSeaf &;eJ@ppfjyD;acwf
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSmvnf;yg0ifcJh=uw,f? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJaG ESmif;umvrSm olwdk@[mrsdK;EG,fprk sm;tvdkuf
ydrk pdk nf;&Hk;pkpnf;rdvm=uw,f? jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGufomrursdK;EG,fpw k ckcsif;pDtwGuf/ trsdK;om;a&;wef;wlr_
twGufygpnf;&Hk;aqmif&Guf&r,fqw dk mudkodjrifvm=uw,f? 1947 ckESpfrmS a&;xdk;csKyfqw dk Jh yifvHkpmcsKyfeJ@ 1947 ckESpf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' a&;qJG&mrSmvnf; yg0ifcJh=uw,f? 1948 ckESpf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk tjyD;owf &,l
&mrSmvnf; jrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;eJ@twl yg0ifcJh=uwmjzpfw,f?
1948 ckESpfvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;wJhtcgrSm jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;tESpfom&rsm;ajymif;vJ

oGm;cJhw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf=uD;tjyD; urBmhtajctaersm;[mvnf;ajymif;vJoGm;cJhw,f? 1948 ckESpfrwfvrSm
zqyvtpdk;&u uGejf rLepfygwDudkvufeufeJ@pwift=urf;zufzEd ySd fcJhw,f? uGejf rLepfygwDu zqyvtpdk;&&J@
vufeufeJ@zdESdyfr_udk vufeufudkifckcH&yfwnfcJhw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vufeufeJ@zdESdyfr_udk
vufeufeJ@ckcHwJhEkid fiHa&;vrf;a=umif;wckjzpfay:vmcJhw,f? 1949-50 ckEpS fxJa&mufvmwJhtcg u&if/ rGef/
u,m;rsdK;EG,fprk sm; trsdK;om;wef;wla&;twGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &;xJyg0ifvmcJh=uw,f? 1960pk/ 1970pk/
1990 pkrsm;xJ a&mufvmwJhtcg EdkifiHa&;/pnf;&Hk;a&;t& Ed;k =um;r_&SdwJh wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpt
k m; vHk;vufeufudkif
awmfvSeaf &;xJ a&muf&SdaejyDjzpfa=umif;awG@&Sd &w,f? t"dursdK;EG,fp=k uD;rsm;jzpfwJhu&if/ rGef/ u,m;/ ucsif/ &Srf;
pwJh rsdK;EG,fpk=uD;rsm;&JŒvufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &; jzwfoef;r_[m ESpf 40 eJ@ 50 ausmf&SdaejyDjzpfa=umif; awG@&Sd&w,f?
ygvDref'rD udk a&pDtpd;k &rsm;eJ@ ppftpdk;&rsm;[m wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;eG,fpjk ynfolrsm;&JŒ trsdK;om;wef;wla&; awmif;qdk

r_udk ppfjyKr_eJ@wke@f jyefcJhw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ wygwDpepfwdk@eJ@wke@f jyefcJhw,f? 1950 ckEpS fae'Duae@txd Arm
"e&Sif vlrsKd ;=uD;0g'udk usifhoHk;jyD; rsdK;okef;a&;ppfyGJudk wavsmufvHk;qifEJc$ Jhw,f? ygvDref'rD dkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;eJ@
ppftpdk;&rsm;[m wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpjk ynfolrsm;&JŒtrsdK;om;wef;wla&;awmif;qdkr_udk jrefrmEdkifiHjzdKcGJa&;/ cGJxGufa&;
vSKyf&Sm;r_rsm;tjzpfoabmxm;jyD; qef@usifcJh=uw,f? 1965 ckEpS fxJrSmppftpd;k &u ‚wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ta&;eJ@
ywfoufwJh awmfvSeaf &;aumifp. D tjrifESifhcH,lcsufrsm;‛ qdkwJhoabmxm;a=unmcsufudkxkwfjyefcJhw,f? 'gayr,fh
'Doabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufu vlrsKd ;pktrsdK;om;jynfolrsm;&J@ qENjzpfwJh trsdK;om;wef;wla&; jy\emudkrodusdK;usGH
jyKcJhwmjzpfw,f?
jynfwGif;ppf&yfqJa&;eJ@ywfouf&ifvnf;ppftpd;k &xHtnHhcHa&;/ vufeufcsa&;/ rqvvrf;pOfeJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;

tnHhcHvrf;pOfudkyJudkifpJx
G m;cJh=uw,f? wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpkEidk fiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udkenf;rsdK;pHkeJ@
21
xdk;ESufjzdKcGif;cJhw,f? rsdK;EG,fpt
k csif;csif;rsm;t=um;vlrsKd ;a&;yVdyuQrsm;udkwavsmufvHk;zefwD;ay;cJhw,f? 1989 ckEpS f
twGif;rSm ‘0’rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; uGejf rLepfygwDxJu cGJxGufoGm;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynf ppfyJ&G J@ aoe*FAsL[m
tajctaersm; ajymif;vJoGm;cJhw,f? Oya'wGif;rSmvnf; &Spaf v;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyH=k uD; jzpfay:aew,f?
Edik fiHwumeJ@ a'owGif;pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm; ajymif;vJaew,f? 'Dtajctaersm;udk ta=umif;jyKjyD;
wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fpk vufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &;a&;tiftm;pk trsm;pk[m ppftpdk;&eJ@ rv$Jra&Smifom typftcwf
&yfpJa&; vkycf Jh=u&w,f? u&if/ u&ifeeD J@&Sr;f rsdK;EG,fpt
k csdK@qufvufjyD; vufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &; qufvkyaf e=ujyD
jzpfw,f?
1988 ckESp'f Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyk=H uD;eJ@uGejf rLepfygwrD S‘0’vlrsdK;pkrsm;cGJxGufoGm;r_a=umifh jrefrmhEkid fiHa&; b0twGif;&Sd

wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpk Edik fiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ Edik fiHa&;taetxm;[m tvGet f a&;ygvmw,f? ppftpdk;&u
Oya'wGif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJu G dkxdr;f csKyfzk@d / uGejf rLepfygwDudk qufvufjydKuGJcsdeJ@oGm;apzdk@/ uGejf rLepfygwD&J@
vufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &; jyefay:rvmapzdk@/ vufeufudkifawmfvSerf _rsm; a,bl,stm;jzifh ao;usHK@oGm;apzdk@
twGuf tckvdk wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fpEk idk fiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tay:ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;t& =um;xm;a&;
ay:vpDudk usifhoHk; vmwmjzpfw,f? 1963 ckEpS fjynfwGif;jidr;f csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrmS jyif;jyif;xefxef jiif;qefcJhwJh
Edik fiHa&;awmif;qdkcsuf=uD; 3 &yfudk vdkufavsmay;cJh&Hkomru a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;vkyyf idk fcGifhrsm;udkyg ay;cJhw,f?
'g[m wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpk Edik fiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: pD;yGm;a&;0g'eJ@xdk;ESufjrLpG,fwmvnf;jzpfw,f?
jynfr'Drkud a&pDwdkufyGJtwGuf wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fprk sm;eJ@,m,Dtm%mcGJa0r_ay:vpD wrsdK;usio fh Hk;wmvnf;

jzpfw,f? wbufrmS 'Duae@txd wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fprk sm;&J@ t"duawmif;qdkcsufjzpfwJh trsdK;om;wef;wlr_&&Sda&;/
z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpEk idk fiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;/ oHk;yGifhqkdifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ppftpdk;&u
jiif;qdkaeqJyJjzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&; jy\emrsm;udk Edik fiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;zdk@qdkwJh awmif;qdkcsufudkvnf; rodusdK;usGH
jyKaeqJyJjzpfw,f? wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fprk sm; taeeJ@yoHk ¿mefrsdK;pHk&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;t& pkpnf;pnf;&Hk;r_
rsm;udk jynfwGif;jynfyrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyfvmaea=umif;awG@&w,f? EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudkajz&Sif;Edkifzkd@OD;pGm
NLD eJ@ ppftpdk;&wdk@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;=uzd@k / 'Daemufwdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fprk sm;eJ@oHk;yGifhqkid fawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJvkyzf @dk
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(1) ? wdik f;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;[m trsdK;om;wef;wla&;twGuf z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpEk dkifiHawmf wnfaqmufz@dk

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22
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23
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24
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a-unmcsuf 1§90 t& olwdk@&J@ tajccH&yfwnfcsufudk tukef txkwf ajzjyvdkufwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'ðytzJG@ (International Human Rights Law Group) u jrefrmEdkifiH&J@

1990 jynfhESpf arva&G;aumufyeJG J@ywfoufjyD;a&G;aumufyrJG wdkifrD 1990 arv 19 &ufae@pJGeJ@xGufvmwJh tpD&if
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Edik fiHom;rsm;taeeJ@ Edik fiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;rSm wuf=uGpmG yg0ifa&;/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;pnf;&kH;cGifh/ toif;tyif;zJG@cGifh/
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25
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v$wfawmf=um;wGif ajz&Sif;&r,f?
(7)? ukvor*~eJ@ wdkif;jynftpdk;&toD;oD;u tjrefq;kH tm%mv$Jay;zdk@ e0wudk awmif;qdk&r,f?
(8)? tm%mrv$Jrcsif; e0wESifhqufpyfvkyu f dkifaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESifh e0wtm; oG,f0ku d fI odk@r[kwf
wdkuf&dkuf ulnDay;aerSKrsm;tm; &yfqidk f;xm;&r,f?
(9)? ukvor*~taeeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu apv$wfaom apmifh=unfhavhvmoludk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;
0ifa&mufEidk fa&;twGuf zdtm;ay;aqmif&Guf&r,f?
26
(10)? tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJG@rsm;taeeJ@vnf; ukvor*~rS txufyg wduscdkifrmwJh OD;aqmifvkyu
f dkifrKS rsm;udk
axmufcH tm;ay;zdk@oufqidk f&m rdrw
d dk@ tpdk;&rsm;udkawmif;qdk&r,f?
txufrmS az:jycJhwmawGu EdkifiHwum&JŒ 1990 jynfh arva&G;aumufyeJG J@ywfoufvdk@ ok;H oyfcsuf/ t}uHðycsufawG
jzpfygw,f?
ppftyk fpk&JŒ vuQ%m
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyk=H uD;ay:xGe;f vmwJh 1988 ckESpu f ae uae@txd ppftkypf k[m 'Drkud a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ &ifqidk f
&mrSm ckvdk EdkifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk cif;usif;cJh/ cif;usif;qJ jzpfa=umif;udkawG@&w,f?
1? ppftkypf k[m ol&J@ppftiftm; (t=urf;zuftiftm;)udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKjyD; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ jynfol

vlxk=uD;&J@ wdkufyJeG J@ awmif;qdkcsufawGudk wHk@jyef&mrSm awmifhcHwJhenf;/ wif;cHwJhenf;/ tcsdeq
f GJjyD; wdkufwJhenf;udk
usifhoHk;w,f? (taxGaxGoydwfumveJ@ uae@rsufarSmufumvwdk@rSm 'Denf;udkyJ usifhoHk;cJh/ usifhoHk;aeqJ jzpfwm
xif&Sm;w,f?)
2? ppftyk fpk[m 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfykt H wGif; ,dr;f ,dkifoGm;wJh olwdk@&J@ tajctae wnfjidrcf dkifrmr_&zdk@ enf;rsKd ;pHek J@
wpwp &,ljyD; 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;udk wjznf;jznf; wppDzjJh yD; acsr_e;f wJh enf;udk usifhoHk;cJhw,f? 'Drku
d a&pD
ta&;awmfyk&H J@ tqifhtm;vHk; txl;ojzifh uae@tajctaerSm ydkrdkjyD; xif&Sm;odomw,f? 'Denf;y&d,m,ftwGif;
olwdk@&J@ t"dueJ@ trmcHtiftm;jzpfwJh (ppfwyf)&J@ bufpkHwnfjidrcf dkifrmr_udk OD;pGmaocsmatmifvkyjf yD; wzufrmS
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykt H iftm;pkrsm;&JŒ t"dutrmcHtiftm;eJ@ acgif;aqmifru _ dk udk,fpm;jyKxm;wJh a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk t"duxm;jyD; acsr_ef;wJh jzpfpOfyg0ifw,f? a&G;aumufyJu G mvtwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jywfjywf
om;om; 0ef;&HcJhwJh 'Drku d a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;udk OD;pGmacsr_e;f cJhw,f? a&G;aumufyJjG yD;wJhaemufrmS vnf; a':atmifqef;
pk=unfeJ@ tzGJ@csKyfudk OD;wnfacsr_ef;cJhw,f?
3? ppftkypf k[m 'Drku

d a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ &ifqidk f&mrSm olwdk@&J@t"dutusdK;pD;yGm;udk tcdkiftrmumuG,fjyD; omref
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk vdkufavsmwJhenf;y&d,m,fudk toHk;jyKcJhw,f? taxGaxGoydwfumvtwGif; =um;jzwftpdk;&
zGJ@pnf;a&;awmif;qdkcsuf (tm%mcGJa0a&;awmif;qdkcsuf)udk jiif;qefjyD; a&G;aumufyJu G sif;yay;zd@k oabmwlcJhw,f?
a&G;aumufyJrG Sm jywfom;wJh 'Drku
d a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifha':pkudk a&G;aumufyJ0G ifcGifhrjyKbJ
ydwfqdk@wm;qD;cJhw,f? a&G;aumufyJu G sif;yay;jyD; tzGJ@csKyfeJ@tEdkif& 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;zd@k
ajymifajymifwif;wif; jiif;qefaecJhw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcHqw dk mudk usif;yay;jyD; 'Drudk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@vlrsKd ;pk
tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ tqHk;tjzwfuswJh oabmxm;awGudk vufrcHbJ y,fcscJhw,f?
4? ppftkypf k[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;a=uG;a=umfjyD; vlxktwGif;/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGif;

ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;enf;rsm;eJ@ xd;k azmufjzdKcGJzkd@ enf;y&d,m,fudkusio fh Hk;cJhw,f? 'Drku
d a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
txl;ojzifh tzGJ@csKyfudk jzdKcGJzkd@ t=udr=f udr=f udK;yrf;cJhw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pk awmfvSeaf &;tiftm;pkrsm;udk
enf;rsdK;pHkoHk; xd;k cGJypfjyD; vufeufudkifjidr;f csrf;a&;vkyfcJhw,f? Ak"Nbmomu&ifrsm;udk toHk;jyKjyD; KNU udk jzdKcGJcJh
w,f?
5? ppftyk fpk[m 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@&ifqidk f&mrSm t=urf;zufwJhenf;eJ@ vSnfhjzm;r_dif;wdkufwJhenf;y&d,m,fudk

ydjk yD; wGifwGifus,fus,f usifhoHk;cJhw,f? wzufu t=urf;zufjyD; wzufu r_dif;wdkufw,f? t=urf;zufre_ J@ r_dif;wdkuf
27
r_udk wvSnfhpDjyKrlw,f? t=urf;zufr_usL;vGejf yD; r_dif;wdkufw,f? r_id f;wdkufjyD; t=urf;zufw,f? ppfwyf[m 'Denf;udk
1948 ckESpfupjyD; uae@txd pGJpGJjrJjrJ usifhoHk;jyKrlw,f? r_id f;wdkuf&mrSm bufpkH enf;pHk jyKrlaqmif&Gufw,f? 'Duae@vdk
umvrsdK;rSm 'd@k wm0efta&;oHk;yg;/ vkyif ef;pOf 12 csuf/ jynfol@oabmxm; 4 &yf udk toufoGif;xm;w,f?
trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; a=uG;a=umfoHtwkudk ydkrdk toHk;csw,f? wefcdk;=uD; bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;eJ@ax&f=uD;0g=uD; q&mawmf=uD;
awGudk olwdk@tkyfpk;d r_ wnfwHha&;twGuftoHk;csaew,f? 1948 ckESpfupvdk@ wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsKd ;tay: Adv k fusvmwJh
ppfwyfudk trsKd ;om;u,fwif&Sit f jzpf xifjrifvmapzdk@ enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ vdrn
f maew,f? jynfolvlxk=uD;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
wdkufyGJawGudk rif;rJhtjyKtrl/ wdkif;jynfjzdKcGJwJh tjyKtrltjzpf o&kyzf sufaew,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ 'Dru dk a&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;udk trsdK;om;opPmazmufrsm;tjzpf t"rR ur`nf;xdk;ay;aew,f? rqv acwf 26 ESpf pk&wJh pnf;pdrf
OpPmudk uae@ 4-5-6 ESpfeJ@&&Sdae=uw,f?
6? ppftkypf k[m ol@&J@tkypf ;dk r_ cdkifrmvHkjcHKa&;twGuf uwkwf 2 ckeJ@umuG,fwJhenf;y&d,m,fudk pl;pl;pdu k fpku

d f usifhoHk;
cJhw,f? ppfwyf/ ppftiftm;cHuwkwfeJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk cHuwkwf/ cHuwkwf 2 ckjzpfw,f? ppfwyf[m olwdk@&J@
‚cHppfuke;f ‛jzpfjyD; zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyk[
H m olwdk@&J@ ‚umppfuke;f ‛jzpfw,f? 1962-74 txd ppfwyftiftm;eJ@olwdk@&J@
tkyfpk;d r_udk umuG,fcJhw,f? 1974 ckESprf Sm 74 zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyHkudk twnfjyKjyXmef;jyD; olwdk@&J@ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@
wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpk;d r_udk w&m;0ifjzpfatmifjyKrlcJhw,f? olwdk@&J@tkypf ;dk r_ vHkjcHKcdkifrmapa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfykH cHuwkwfudk wdk;jznfhwnfaqmufcJhw,f? 'D cHuwkwfudk jynfolvlxk=uD;u 1974 ckESpf ZGefvtvkyform;
oydwf=uD;eJ@ pwifxdk;ESufcJh=uw,f? 88 'Drku d a&pDta&;awmfyk=H uD;u 'DcHuwkwfudk tjyD;tydkif jzdKvSJcsvdkufw,f?
'ga=umifh wwd,t=udrf tm%modrf;yGJudk qifEJj$ yD; ppfwyf/ ppftiftm;eJ@olwdk@&J@tkypf ;dk r_udk umuG,fxde;f odrf;
cJhw,f?
jzdKvSJjcif;cHvdkuf&wJh olwdk@&J@ ‚umppfuke;f ‛jzpfwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH cHuwkwfudk ydkrdkcdkifrmatmif jyefvnfwnfaqmuf

Edik fzk@d twGuf trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwk usif;yaewmjzpfw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m ppftyk fpk xm0&=uD;pdk;r_udk
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ umuG,fay;zdk@jzpfw,f? 'Drku d a&pDtiftm;pkawGudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'abmiftwGif;
xde;f csKyfxm;zdk@ =uH&G,fwmjzpfw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;twkudk yHkaz:zdk@
jzpfw,f?
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qdkwm
1? trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;w&yfvHk;tusdK;udk ud, k fpm;jyK&r,f?

2? 'Drku
d a&pDtiftm;pkrSefor#&JŒ 'Drdkua&pD&ydkifcGifhrsm;udk csGif;csufr&Sd todtrSwfjyK&r,f?
3? tjyKtrlrSeof r# yGifhvif;ajzmifhrwfr_&Sd&r,f? taumuf=uHrr_ sm;/ uvde^f m%fqifrr_ sm; uif;&Sif;&r,f?
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;[m/ rlrJhaphpyfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;t& tnHhcHa&;r[kwfbl;? ppftyk fpkatmuf acgif;v#dK0ifa&;
omjyD;r[kwfbl;? ppftyk fpku aqmif&GufaewJh trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m ppftyk fpk&J@ =uD;pdk;r_udk w&m;0ifa=umif;
tmrcHcsuf ay;zd@k eJ@ jydKvJoGm;wJh olwdk@&J@ ‚umppfuke;f ‛udk ydkrdk cdkifrmvHkjcHKpGm jyefvnfwnfaqmufz@dk omjzpfw,f?
'D 1948-49 umvrSm ordkif;jzpfpOft&a&m/ vufawG@t&yg tifrwefta&;=uD;wJh/ rsufajcjywfvdk@ vH;k 0rjzpfwJh

Edik fiHa&;pnf;a=umif;wckudk jywfjywfom;om; a&;qGJxm;&Sdzdk@vdkygw,f? tJ'guawmh 1948 rwdkifcifu wyfrawmfeJ@
1948 jynfwGif;ppfaemufykid f; wyfrawmfudk cGJjcm;em;vnfxm;=uzdk@ygyJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ud,k fwdkifacgif;aqmif
xlaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfu 1948 rwdkifcifu trSeyf J e,fcsJ@qef@usiaf &;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifcJhwJh trsdK;om;wyfrawmf jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 1948 jynfwGif;ppf pwifcsdeu f pjyD; 'Dwyfrawmf&J@ EdkifiHa&;
vuQ%m[m vufawG@t& ajymif;oGm;ygjyD? 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlxkbufu wyfrawmfr[kwfawmhyJ vlxkudkzdEdyS f
28
owfjzwf t=urf;zufwJhwyfrawmf jzpfoGm;cJhygjyD? 1948-88 twGif; 'Dwyfrawmf[m bmawGvkycf JhovJ =unfhyg?
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktrsdK;rsdK;udk Oya'tyrSmyg zdEdyS o
f wfjzwfwJh tvkyu
f dkyJ usL;vGecf Jhw,fqw
dk m jzpf&yfawGu
oufaojyaeygw,f?
'D jynfwGif;ppftwGif;rSm 'Dwyfrawmf[m wjznf;jznf;eJ@ uGejf rLepfqef@usifa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkqef@usifa&;eJ@

vlxkqef@usifa&; wyfrawmf jzpfonfxufjzpfvmaeygw,f? 1958-62 twGif;rSm 'Dwyfrawmf[m Adkvfae0if;&J@
cg;ydkufaqmifwyf/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;wJhwyf/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk umuG,fwJhwyftjzpf wqifhwdk;jyD; jzpfay:
wnf&Sdvmygw,f? 'Duae@usjyefawmh 'Dwyf[m 'Drku d a&pD ta&;awmfykeH J@ 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usiw f Jh
wyftjzpf qufvufjzpfay:vmcJhygw,f?
'Dwyf[m jynfwGif;ppftwGif;rSm Adkvfae0if;udk r¾dKifxm;jyD; vufeufudkif Edik fiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpf pkpnf; zGJ@wnf

rdvmjyD;/ ppftkyfpek J@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk arG;zGm;=uD;jyif; cdkifjrJvmapcJhw,f? jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m
ppftyk fpkudk arG;zGm;=uD;jyif;vmapcJhwJh EdkifiHa&; a&aomufjrpfeJ@ yifpnfyifrrsm;jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfu
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk arG;zGm;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfu jynfwGif;ppfudk wm&SnfapcJhw,f? wck[m wckwnf&Sdrt _ wGuf
tajctaeeJ@ ta=umif;tcsuf jzpfvmapcJhw,f?
1948 uae 'Duae@txd ppfwyf&J@ EdkifiHa&;jzpfay:r_awGudk eufeufeJeJ xd;k azgufodjrif qkyfudkifrxm;&if 'grSr[kwf
xdk;azgufodjrif qkyfudkifxm;Edkifatmif =udK;pm;zdk@ysufuGufcJh&if jrefrmEdik fiH'rD u
dk a&pD ta&;awmfykt
H wGuf qHk;&SHK;
epfemr_awG =uHKawG@Eidk fw,fqdkwmudk txl;owdjyK=uzd@k vdktyfygw,f?
urBmhordkif;rSm acwfopforRwEdkifiHawG ay:aygufvmuwnf;u ppfwyfqw dk m wygwnf; wGJzufay:ayguf vmcJhwJh

EdkifiHa&;taqmuftOD wckygyJ? b,fEkid fiHa&;pepf/ b,fvdk tajccHzJ@G pnf;yHkrsdK;eJ@ wnf&SdaewJh tpd;k &rsdK;rSmyJjzpfjzpf
ol@tkyfpk;d r_ wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;udk tmrcHcsuf&Sdapzd@k ppfwyfwwyfudk wnfaqmufxm;=upjrJygyJ? pifppf ppfwyfqw dk m
Edik fiHawmftyk fcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;=uD;&J@ t"dur¾dKifwyfzGJ@ygyJ? b,fvdk ppfwyfrsdK;yJjzpfjzpfoludk,fpm;jyKxm;wJh tpd;k &
w&yf&J@ wnfwHha&;udk tumtuG,fay;=u&pjrJygyJ? 'g[m ppfwyfwwyf&J@ jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf udpPeJ@ vky&f dk;vkypf Ofudpv P dk
jzpfaecJhwm=uygjyD?
ppfwyfwwyftaeeJ@ ol@tpdk;&udk oltumtuG,fay;&wJh tvkyrf sdK; vky&f wmudkyJ Armjynfppfwyfuawmh olwdk@yJ

a&;=uD;cGifhus,f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xrf;aqmifwJh ordkif;0ifwm0efeJ@ tvkyfrsdK;/ urBmay:rSm&SdwJh tjcm; b,fppfwyfrsdK;rS
rvkybf l;wJh tvkyrf sdK;jzpfoa,mif enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ csJ@um;jzef@csdaecJhw,f?
'gbmjzpfvdk@vJ? ta=umif;rJhr[kwfygbl;? olwdk@[m 1962 ckESpfuwnf;u jynfolvlxku a&G;aumuf wifajrSmuf

xm;wJh w&m;0iftpdk;&w&yfudk ppfwyftm;udk;eJ@ jzKwfcsjyD; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk&,lxm;wJh ppfwyfjzpfaevdk@ygyJ?
1990 a&G;aumufyJrG Sm tEdkif&xm;wJh trsdK;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk EdkifiHawmftm%mv$Jray;yJ tm%mudk rw&m;
qufvufodr;f ydkufxm;wJh ppfwyfjzpfaevdk@ygyJ? 'Dawmh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ckvdEk Spfaygif; 45 ESpaf usmf w&mrJh
odr;f ydkufAdkvfusaer_udk usdK;a=umif;qDavsmrf _&SdwJh tjyKtrlrsm;tjzpf vltrsm;u ,Hk=unfvmapzdk@ ckvdktrsdK;om;a&;
tzHk;tumrsm; qGJxkwfzk;H umvmwmyJjzpfw,f? 'grSomESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Edik fiHawmftm%mudk vk,ufodr;f ydkufAdkvfus
pd;k rdk;rif;rlvmcJhwJh olwdk@&J@ a=umifolawmfvky&f yfawGudk trsdK;om;a&;tusdK;aqmifr_=uD;tjzpf qufvuf vdrn f m
Edik frmS jzpfw,f?
29
'ga=umifh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHudk ppftkyfp&k J@uef@owfxde;f csKyfxm;wJh rlabmifpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG atmufu
wufa&mufjcif;[m ppftyk fpkeJ@yl;aygif;jcif;jzpfw,f? ppftyk fpk&J@tyk fpdk;r_ wnfwHha&;twGuf usm;uefay;wmjzpfw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHudk opPmazgufwmjzpfw,f? 'Drku d a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfru _ dk jzdKcGJwmyJ
jzpfw,f? ppftyk fpkudkEdkifiHa&;xGufayguf ay;wm jzpfw,f? jynfolvlxk=uD;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG atmifyGJudk wm;qD;
ydwfqdk@wmjzpfw,f?
'Dawmh ESpaf ygif; (60) eD;yg;&Snf=umcJhjyDjzpfwJh vGwfvyfjyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ ordik f;vufawG@eJ@ rqvppftpdk;&/ e0w/
etz ppftpdk;&wdk@ =uD;pdk;rif;rlcJhwJh (1962-2007) 45 ESpfausmu f mvtwGif; jynfolvlxk=uD;&J@ b0vufawG@ awGu
b,fvdktajzay;aeygovJ?
ppftyk fpk[m 1948 ckESpfupjyD; 'Duae@txd b,fwke;f urS jynfolvlxktusdK;udk xrf;aqmifcJhwJh trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;
tiftm;pk vH;k 0 r[kwfbl;qdkwmygyJ? tJh'v
D dk r[kwf&Hkomru jynfolvlxk=uD;xH ab;'kuQaygif;pHk o,faqmifvmwJh
jynfolvlxk=uD;tay: t=uD;tus,f zdp;D ESdyfpufaewJh trsdK;om;0efxkwf0efyk;d =uD;/ trsdK;om;tEW&m,f=uD;jzpfw,f
qdkwmygyJ? ppftyk fpku olwdk@[m trsdK;om;tusdK;aqmifcJhwJh trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk=uD;jzpfw,fvdk@ wpwp
a=uG;a=umfaewm[m olwdk@&J@ ppfwyfrif;quf =uD;pdk;r_ xm0& wnfwHhapzd@k omjzpfw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcHeJ@ tJh'D
nDvmcHrmS a&;qGJtwnfjyKzd@k =uH&G,faewJh zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'opfqdkwm[m ppfwyfrif;quf=uD;pdk;r_ xm0&
wnfwHhapa&; =uH&G,fcsufudk taumiftxnf az:zdk@omjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh ppftkyfpk 'Duae@ a=uG;a=umfaewJh
trsdK;om;a&;rl0g'rsm;qdkwm[m ppfreS fwJh trsdK;om;a&;rl0g'rsm; tvsOf;r[kwfbJ a&ra&mwJh/ &mESKef;jynfh
trsdK;om;a&; rl0g' twkrsm;omjzpfvdk@ qef@usifwdkufzsufoGm;=u&rSm jzpfw,f?
jrefrmhqdk&dk;wck&Sdygw,f? ‚u|ef,Hkwbufuef; om;orD;,Hk pHkvHk;uef;‛ wJh? ppftyk fpkudk ,Hkrd&if b0wckvHk;

ysufysufjyKef;ygvdrfhr,f? 58/ 62 ESpw f Hk; pm;cJhrdjyD;=uygjyD? oHk;wHk; xyfrpm;rd=uzdk@ ta&;=uD;ygw,f? ‚wcgaozl;
ysOfzk;d em;vnf‛yg? jrefrmjynfolvlxk=uD; t=udr=f udrf tcgcg rao=u&ygapeJ@? acgif;aqmifra_ e&m &xm;=uolrsm;
owd&Sd=uyg? jrifhjrifhysHjyD; a0;a0;jrifEkid f=uygap?
trsdK;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJcsKyfrS csrSwfxm;aom tem*wfjrefrmEdik fiH zGJ@pnfyHk;Oya'qdkif&m vrf;!$et f ajccHrlrsm;ESifh
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ 'Dru
dk a&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf/ jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;jyK
aumfrwD wdk@. vrf;n$erf _rsm;/ rme,frvm pmcsKyfyg vrf;!$et f ajccHrrl sm;/ r,foa&mxm oabmwlnDcsufrsm;.
qDav#mn f D!$wfr_tay: cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfcsuftusO;f
oufqidk fol tm;vHk;u pkaygif;yg0ifa&;qGJwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyftajccHOya'w&yfay:aygufa&;[m trsKdom; jyefvnf

oifhjrwfa&; vkyfief;pOf&J@ ta&;ygwJh tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;yg&*l jzpfol 0SD;,m;
(Wheare)u ‚tajccHOya'[lonf ,if;ajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyXmef;onfh EdkifiHYwnf&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
30
vlra_ &; tp&Sdonf pGrf;tm;pkrsm;. tem;jydKifpwk*Htwdkif; aygif;pyf&v'fjzpfonf‛[k qdkygw,f? urBmh vuf&Sd
Edik fiHwdkif;[m ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHkqidk f&m tESpfom&udk tajccHjyD; oufqidk f&m zGJ@pnf;yHkrsm;udk a&;qGJavh&Sd=uygw,f? 1990
jynfh a&$;aumufyJ&G J@ tusL;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;t& trsKdom;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@ csKyf[m oifhawmfwJh zGJ@pnf;yHk qdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;udk ppfrSefaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSwqifh jynfolvlxlodk@ wifjy&ef wm0ef&Sdvmygw,f? trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;vkyif ef;tygt0if u|Efkyfwdk@Eidk fiH&Sd wOD;ESifhwOD;t=um; jzpfay:
aewJh jy\emawGudk atmufaz:jyyg rlawGukd udkifpJjG yD; acsmacsmarG@arG@ ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrhrf ,fvdk@ tpOfwpdu k f ,Hk=unfcJh
ygw,f?
1/ yGihfvif; &dk;om;I tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;vdkufema&;rl/

2/ wrsLd;om;vHk; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rl
3/ +idrf;csrf;acsmar$@ aomenf;udktoHk;csa&;rl/
4/ tmCmwuif;pifaom taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfr_udk a&S@&_aomrl/
trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzJG@ csKyfpwifzGJ@pnf;uwnf;uyJ trsLd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfzJGpnf;yHk(,m,D)ESifh rl0g'
oabmxm;rsm; (rl=urf;) pmtkyfrSm tem*wfzJ@G pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhqkid fwJh vrf;!$et f ajccHrrl sm;udk xnfhoGi;f
jyXmef;cJw
h ,f? 'Dpmtky&f J@ta&;=uD;wJh tajccHrrl sm;[m-
(u) trsm;jynfolwdk@. qENEiS fhudkufnDI tajccHvl@tcGifta&;rsm;udktmrcHrnfh ppfrSefaom 'Drku d a&pDtpd;k &

jzpfay:vmap&ef &nf&G,fonf?
(c) wdkif;&if;om;rsK;d rsm;. arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm; jynfh0pGmcHpm;Edik fa&;/ jynfaxmifp}k uD;wckvHk; om,m0ajyma&;
wdk@ESifho[Zmw jzpfa&;r_udk vufudkifusifhoHk;I jynfe,frsm;. ud, k fykdifjyVmef;cGifhudk azmfxkwfrnf? qdkwJh Edik fiHawmf
opfwnfaqmufa&;qdkif&mtajccHrl tkwfjrpfudk csxm;cJhygw,f?
zcifAkvd fcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yifvHkpmcsKyfudkqkcd JhwJh yifvHkòrd@udk 42

}udraf jrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@jzpfwJh 1989ESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfoGm;a&mufcJh+yD;
yifvHkausmufwdkifrmS trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf a=unmcsuf 9 jzpfwJh ‚'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpo k pfpmwrf;‛udk
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwdkif zwf=um;cJhygw,f? 'Dpmwrf; tjynfhtpHkuawmh-
trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf. rl0g'oabmxm;rsm;ESifh a,bk,svkyif ef;pOfrsm;udka=unmjcif;/
'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpo
k pfpmwrf;/
- jynfaxmifpw
k ckvHk;. EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; u¾e,fy,ftm;vHk;Y tjynfh0qHk;aom 'Drku
d a&pD
tajctaersm; azmfxkwfa&;ESifh tppfreS fqHk;aom 'Drku d a&pDEkdifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufa&;/
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd;tm;vHk; vufwGJrjzKwfpwrf; aoG;pnf;nD!$wfrj_ zifh jynfaxmifp}k uD; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/

jynfaxmifp}k uD; zGH òzd;wdk;wufa&;ESifh jynfaxmifpk}uD; +idrfcsrf;om,ma&;udk OD;wnfa&S@&_jcif;/
- jynfaxmifpzk Gm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. tcGifhta&; wef;wlnDr#r_udkvufcHvsuf rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkr# txl;

tcGifhta&; ray;a&;ESifh vlrsLd;pktm;vHk;. cHpm;xdkuf cHpm;tyfaom rnfonfhtcGifhta&;udkr# csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_
rjyKa&;udk OD;wnfa&S@&_jcif;/
31
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;u¾e,fy,foD;oD;Y ud, k fykid fjyVmef;cGifh&Sda&;udk OD;wnf
a&S@&_jcif;/ e,fy,fa'otoDoD;rS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd;tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr/_ ulnD&dkif;yif;r_/ 0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;r_jzifh
jynfaxmifp}k uD;wckvHk;ESifh jynfaxmifpk}uD;. jynfe,fa'o tpdwftydkif;toD;oD;. }uD;yGm;zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufa&;udk
OD;wnfa&S@&_jcif;/
trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf txufyg r_0g'oabmxm;rsm;udktajccHvsuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;aom a,bk,svkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; csrSwfaqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf?
(1)? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkyg0ifaom jynfolvlxk}uD; w&yfvHk;ESifhtwl waoG;wom;wnf;vufwGJvsuf

'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufrt _ a&;awmfyk}H uD;udk atmifyGJcHonfhtxd wdkufyJ0G ifoGm;rnf?
(2)? 'Drkud a&pDpepf atmifjrifpmG wnfaqmufEkid fv#if jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/ zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufa&;/ +idr;f csrf;
om,ma&;/ wdik f;&if;om;vlrsLd;tm;vHk;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;wnf;[laom 'Drku d a&pDvl@abmifopf. tajccHtkwfjrpf
rsm;udk tckdiftrmcsEidk fap&eftvdk@iSm yifvHknDvmcH}uD;uJhokd@aom jynfaxmifp}k uD;. tem*wfc&D;vrf;!$efrsm;udk
csrSwfEidk frnfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk ac:,lusif;yrnf?
(3)? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk trsK;d om;!SdE_dif;r_ nDvmcH}uD;wGifwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;. udk,fydik fjyÏmef;cGifh/

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;. tcGifhta&;wef;wl&nfwlcGifh/ vlrsdK;pk}uD;wck. e,fy,fa'otwGif; rSw D if; aexdkifvsuf
udk,fykid fpum;/ udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_/ udk,fydkif e,fajr&Sdaom vlrsLd;pki,frsm;. oD;jcm;e,fajrqdkif&m udk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfr_
ponfhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I trsm;oabmwlnDr#aom jyVmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfrnf?
(4)? wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk trsLd;om;!SdEd_if;r_ nDvmcH}uD;wGif jynfaxmifpzk Gm;wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;. aoG;pnf;

cdkifrmr_udk ,dr;f ,dkifòyduGJ aeapjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &; bufaygif;pHkwGif 'kuQ yifv,fa0vsuf&Sdonfh
jynfaxmifpktwGi;f qufvufjzpfay:r_rsm; t+yD;wdkifacsaysmuf csKyf+idr;f ap&ef twGuf EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh
ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef !SEd id_ f;rnf?
(5)? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd;aygif;pHk trsLd;om;!SdEd_if;r_nDvmcH}uD;wGifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHkESifh jynfe,ftm;vHk;.

pD;yGm;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;/ udk,fykdifpmay/ xHk;wrf;,Ofaus;r_ESifh bmompum;rsm; pnfyifxGe;f um;a&;ESifh tjyeftvSef
av;pm;vdkufemr_&Sda&;wdk@twGuf cdik frmwdusaom 0dkif;0ef;yHyh dk;r_/ tm;rcHr/_ av;pm;apmifhxdrf;r_/ &if;ESD;jrKyfEHrS _
vkyif ef;pOfrsm; csrSwfr_rsm;udk azmfxkwfrnf?
(6)? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk trsK;d om;!SdEd_if;r_ nDvmcH}uD;. jyÏmef;csufrsm;tm; tajccHvrf;!$efZ,m;rsm;tjzpf

vufudkifjyKvsuf jynfaxmifpkzGm; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;twGuf vlr_a&;&mY4if;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mY4if;/ Edik fiHa&;&mY4if;
w&m;r#wr_jzpfxGe;f apum tqifhtwef;tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif yuwdwlnDaponfhtjyif
vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vlrv _ Gwfvyfr_rsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;apEdkifonfh jyÏmef;csufrsm;/ tmrcHcsufrsm;/ wm0efEiS fh
vkyyf idk fcGifhrsm; paom EdkifiHawmf.yHko¾mefEiS fh &nfreS f;csufrsm;tm; tcdkiftrm/ twdtus owfrSwfazmfxkwfaom
Edik fiHawmfzJ@G pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yfudk 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif !SdE_id f;a&;qGJrnf?
(7)? tajccHOya'opfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;/ wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; cHpm; &&Sda&;/

tjyeftvSef 0dkif;0ef;ulnDyal ygif;a&;pdwf"mwfwdk@jzifh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifp}k uD; t"Geh&f Snf=umwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf
32
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; waoG;woH wpdwfw0rf;vufwGJrjzKwfpwrf; yl;aygif;&yfwnfEkid fa&;udk tmrcH&ef=udK;yrf;
rnf?
yifvHkòrd@ aiGawmifausmif;wdkufrSmvnf;
‚usrwdk@[m aemif 'Drku d a&pDjynfaxmifpw k cktjzpf xlaxmifa&;twGuf yifvHkvdk wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm;vHk;

yg0ifwJh nDvmcH}uD;wck ac:zd@k vdkw,fvdk@ ,H=k unfygw,f? 'Dvdk nDvmcH}uD;uae+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpw k nfwhH
cdkif+rJa&; twGuf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsLd;pk rsm;&J@ &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;/ udk,fykid fjyVmef;r_ pwJhudpaP wGudk
aoaocsmcsmaqG;aEG;+yD;awmh tm;vHk;&J@oabmwlnDcsuft& taumif;qHk;tajzudk &Smr,fqw dk Jh &nf&G,fcsuf
&Sdygw,f‛ vd@k vnf; xkwfazmf ajym=um;cJhw,f?
trsdL;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfa&G;aumufyJaG =unmpmwrf;ygtydk'f 22 t&
-wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; toD;oD;onf rdrw d dk@. &ydik fcGifhrsm;ESifh wm0ef,lrw_ dk@wGif wef;wl&Sdapa&;/

-rnfonfhvlrsKd;udkr# txl;tcGifhta&;ray;a&;/
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; e,fy,ftoD;oD;Y ud, k fykid fjyÏmef; cGifh&&Sda&;udk
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESifhtnD OD;wnfa&S@&_a&;/
-zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opf ray:rD =um;umv tpDtpOfjzifh jynfol@v$wfawmftm; Oya'jyK jyVmef;+yD;
jynfe,frsm;twGuf tm%mydik ftzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;a&;/ qdkwJhtESpo f m&rsm;ay:atmif OD;wnfcsufrsm; csrSwfxm;
ygw,f?
tydk'f 23 t&qdkv#if
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;/
'Drdkua&pD tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; wef;wl&nfwlcHpm;a&;/ Edik fiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;tcGifhta&;rsm;wef;wl&nfwl
cHpm;a&;/ wdkif;jynf. ,d,
k Gif;aeaomajctaersm; jyefvnfxlaxmif&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; wufnD
vufnD yg0ifaqmif&Gufa&; qdw k Jh tajccHrr_ sm;udk udkifqGJxm;a=umif;awG@&Sd&w,f?
ed*Hk;tydik f; 25 rSm
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHawmfudk u|efyw f dk@ xlaxmif&mYurBmhro
d m;pktv,fwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%m ydkifqidk fr/_
wEdkifiHESifh wEdik fiH wef;wl&nfwl&Sdr_/ jynfolvlxk=uD;. pm;0wfaea&; ajyvnfr/_ pd;k &drfxdwfvef@jcif; Asmyg'ab;rS
uif;vGwf+idr;f csrf;r_ tp&Sdonfh vl@abmifb0jrifhrm;a&;wdk@twGuf jynfolvlxk}uD;. babmxm; qENESifhtnD
xlaxmifrnf[k oEdMXmefjyKxm;a=umif;awG@&Sd&ygw,f?
15/ 7/ 89 ae@u UNLD ESifha':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@&J@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
‚z,f'&,fvdk@yJac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpv k dk@yJac:ac:/ bmrSrac:csifvnf;&w,f? usrwdk@[m b,fvdkyJac:ac:

ta&;}uD;wmu usrwdk@ =um;xJrSmtm;vHk;oabmwlnDwJh yHpk H&SdwJhEkid fiHwckudk azmfxkwfzk@d yJ? tm;vHk; oabmwlnDrl
&SdwJh EdkifiHwckazmfxkwfwJhtcg UNLD&J@ oabmxm;awGrmS ygwJhtwdkif;yJ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ usOf;ajrmif;aom
trsK;d om;a&;0g'awGudk qef@usi+f yD; wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk; csp=f unfaoG;pnf;a&;udk tpGrf;ukeyf l;aygif;aqmif&Guf
=uzdk@/ tJ'Dawmh trsKd;om;a&;0g'awG aemufq;Hk usawmh usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsK;d om;a&;0g'yJajymajym aemufq;Hk
33
vlrsKd;a&; 0g'awG 'gawGawmh usrwdk@ a&Smif&r,f‛ vd@k vnf; Edik fiHopfxlaxmif&mrSm xm;&Sd&rJhoabmxm;eJ@ Edik fiHa&;
tjrifudk oHk;oyfjycJhygw,f?
1990 jynfhESpf =o*kwfv 29 &ufaerSm xkwfjyefcJhwJh UNLD eJ@trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyfwdk@&J@ oabmxm;
a=unmcsuf tydk'f 4 (*) t& edkifiHawmfopf&J@ tajccHtwk fjrpfeJ@ pyfvsOf;vdk@ azmfjyxm;&mrSm
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;onf vlrsK;d a&;wef;wlnDr#r_/ EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDr#r_eJ@ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjynfht0 &Sdap&rnfh

tjyif 'Drdkua&pDEiS fhvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udktmrcHcsuf&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf; nD!$wfpmG
xlaxmif&efvdktyfa=umif; UNLD ESifh trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ wnDwnGwfwnf; oabmwl =uonf[lI
yg&Sda=umif;oHk;oyfawG@ &Sd&ygw,f?
jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwD/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwD/ jynfol@&JabmftzGJ@csKyf/ vl@abmifopf'rD dku&ufwpfygwD/ trsdK;om;

Edik fiHa&;wyfaygif;pk/ tjrJpdrf;vli,frsm;tzGJ@(rHk&Gm)/ aoG;opfvli,frsm;tzGJ@csKyf tp&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ@wyfaygif;pk
zGJ@xm;wJh 'Drku
d a&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf ('rz)&JŒ tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJhoabmxm;udk ckvdkawG@&
ygw,f?
'rz. tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh t=uHjyK pmwrf;rS aumufEw

k fcsuf ?
1989 ckEpS f =o*kwfv
tydkif; (1)
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udka&;qGJ=u&mwGif
( 1 )? rnfonfv
h rf;n$ecf sufudkcH,l=urnf?
( 2 )? rnfonfth ajccHrrl sm;udkusifhoHk;oifhonf?
ponfwdk@ESifhywfoufI 'Drkud a&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf ('rz )u atmufygtwdkif;wifjytyfygonf?
1 ? w&mhwq,fw h OD;aumfrwDu a&;qGJjyD;/ zqyv tzGJ@csKyf y%mrjyifqifr_nv D mcHu 1947ckESpf arv 23

&ufae@wGifvufcHtwnfjyKcJhonfh vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydik fjrefrmEdkifiHtwGufEkid fiHzJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykOH ya'
(rl=urf;) ESifh 1947 ckESpf wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfodk@trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif=uD; Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom
‚ vGwfvyfonfhtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjrefrmEdkifiHawmf twGufa&;qGJ&rnfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh ywfoufonfh
vrf;n$efjyVmef;csufrsm;‛tygt0ifxdkjyVmef;csufrsm;udkwifoGif;&mwGif&Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGe;f wdk@Y yg&Sdaom
vrf;n$efcsufrsm;/ tajccHrrl sm;udk topfa&;qGJrnfhtajccHOya'wGiftajccHrlrsm;tjzpfcH,loifhonf[k 'rz u
wdkufwGe;f wifjytyfygonf?
,if;vrf;n$efcsufpmwrf;rsm;onf jrefrmhordkif;pOfwGiftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;udktwuf=uGq;Hk ESifhtcdkifrmqHk;

wnfaqmufxm;EdkifcsdefY/ Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;.acgif;aqmifr+_zifh wrsdK;om;vHk;u vufcHtwnfjyKcJhaom
vrf;n$efcsuf rl0g'rsm;jzpfygonf? ,ae@tcsdet f xdvnf; rSefuefaeao;aomvrf;n$efcsufr0l g'rsm;yifjzpfygonf?
2 ? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif ‚tcsKyftjcmtm%monfEkid fiHom;wdk@Ywnfonf‛ [kqadk omtajccHru l dkvufcH=u&
rnfjzpfygonf?
3 ? w&m;r#wjcif; (Justice) vGwfvyfjcif; (Liberty)nDr#jcif;(Equality) wnf;[laom avmuygvw&m;rsm;udk
tajccH=u&ygrnf? vlrq _ ufqHa&;r#wr_/ pD;yGm;a&;w&m;r#wr_/ Edik fiHa&;w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfpmG zGifh[a&;om; az:jy
34
Edik fr_/ vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfEkid fr/_ vGwfvyfpGmud;k uG,fEkid fr_/ vGwfvyfpmG bk&m;ausmif;uefponfwdk@odk@ oGm;vm0wfjyK
Edik fr/_ vGwfvyfpGm y&da,oe&SmrSD;Edik fr_/ tqift h wef;nDr#r_/ tcGifhtvrf;nDr#r_EiS fw
h &m;Oya't&mwGifnDr#r_wdk@udk
Edik fiHom;tm;vHk; wdk@&&SdcHpm;ap&eftcdkiftrmjyVmef;ay;&rnfjzpfygonf?
4 ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;.xm0&nDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufjyD; xdknDnGwfa&; t"Ge@f &Snf wnfwHh

cdkifjrJa&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;wGif udk,fykid fq;Hk jzwfydkifcGifh ( Rights to Self-Determination )
tjynfht0 &&SdcHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdap&ygrnf? wef;wlnDr#r_vnf; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpjk refrm
Edik fiHawmf ( Union of Burme)udk
( 1 ) ucsifjynfe,f?
( 2 ) u,m;jynfe,f?
( 3 ) u&ifjynfe,f?
( 4 ) csif;jynfe,f?
( 5 ) Armjynfe,f?
( 6 ) rGejf ynfe,f?
( 7 ) &cdkifjynfe,f?
( 8 ) &Srf;jynfe,f? [lIjynfe,f (8) ckwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&rnfjzpfygonf?
tydkif; 3/ tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) tcef; 1 Edik fiHzJ@G pnf;yHk
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdkifiHwGifjynfaxmifpjk ynfe,frsm;jzpfaom

1? ucsifjynfe,f?
2? u,m;jynfe,f?
3? u&ifjynfe,f?
4? csif;jynfe,f?
5? rGefjynfe,f?
6? &cdkifjynfe,f?
7? &Srf;jynfe,f? ESif@
ppfudkif;wdkif;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ yJcl;wdkif;/ rauG;wdkif;/ rEWav;wdkif;/ &efukew
f dkif; ESif@{&m0wDwdkif;wdk@udkpkaygif; zGJ@pnf;
xm;onfh Armjynfe,fwdk@yg0if&rnf?
1990 jynfha&GaumufyJGrSm yg0if,SOf+ydKifzdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;aemuf trsdK;om;'Drku

d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf[m ,m,D zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'w&yf vdktyfw,fvdk@,lqcJh=uw,f? ,if;aemufykid f;rSm zGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJa&;vkyif ef;pOftwGuf
atmufazmfjyyg vrf;!$ef;tajccHrlawGudk A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@u csrSwf;ay;cJhygw,f?
(u) ygwDpkt H ajccHpepfodk@ tajccH&ef/

(c) jynfolrsm;twGuf 'Drku d a&pDtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHI Edik fiHom;wdkif; vGwfvyfpGm,SOf+ydKifvkyyf idk fcGifh
&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifhwdkif;jynf tusK;d jyK vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm; yg0if&ef/
(*) jynfwGif;/ jynfy &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;udk tm;ay;&ef/
(C) ausmif;om;vli,f/ awmifolv,form;/ tvkyo f rm;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;tygt0if 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ukeo f nf
pD;yGm; vkyfudkifolrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef/
35
(i) yifpifpm;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef/
(p) wdkif;&ifom;wdk@. udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifhwdk@ESifh wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm; &&SdtmrcH&ef/
(q) EdkifiHwumESifhvnf;aumif;/ txl;ojzifhtdref D;em;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; cspf=unf&if;ES;D pGmqufqH&ef/
wuf=uGv_y&f Sm;aomEdik fiHjcm;a&;0g'udk &&SdtmrcH&ef/
(Z) trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@ csKyfrS csrSwfaom vkyif ef;pOfr_0g'rsm;ESifh rqef@usif&ef/
trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dkOya't=uHay;tzGJ@[m A[dktvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwD&J@ wm0efay;csuft&
txufazmfjyyg tajccHoabmxm;rsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pD;tzGJ@ csKyf a&G;aumufyaJG =unmpmwrf;yg r_rsm;udk
vrf;!$eftjzpf cH,l+yD; 1990jynf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'(,m,D)udk a&;qGJ@cJhygw,f/ Edik fiHawmfzJ@G pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
Oya'topfudk trsm;oabmwlnDrj_ zifh a&;qGJjyVmefjyD; tm%mrwnfrpD yf=um; EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcm tm%mudk
v$Jajymif;&,l&ef4if;/ Edik fiHawmfEiS fh tpdk;&,EW&m;}uD;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD zGJ@pnf;vnfywfap&ef4if;/ vl@tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef4if; &nf&G,fI vdk@qdkjyD; zGJ@pnfykt H ajccH Oya' (,m,D)udk *EDNcef;r tpnf;ta0;rSm
wifoGif;cJh=uygw,f?
1990 jynfh Zlvdkifv 28/ 29&ufae@ *EdNcef;rrSmusif;ywJh ordik f;0if trsKd;om;'Drkud a&pDtzGJ@csKyf v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;yGrJ Sm A[dktvkyt f r_aqmiftzGJ@uoGif;wJh 1990 jynfh (,m,D)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
Oya'ESifhpyfvsO;f aom tpD&ifcHpm ed*Hk;ydik f;rSm-
‚1990 jynfh ,m,DzJ@G pnf;tkyfcsKyfykaH jccHOya't& tm%mv$Jajymif;&,l+yD;aemufyidk f; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.

tcGifhta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;+yD; trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf. a&G;aumufyaJG =unmpmwrf;yg wdik f;&if;om;wdk@. udk,fykid f
jyVmef;cGifhESifh wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&mrlrsm;udk jynfol@v$wfawmftm%mpufjzifh trsKd;om;nDvmcH
ac:,lusif;y+yD; wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; ta=utvnf!SdEd_if;I +yD;jynfhpHkaom jyÏmef;csufrsm;&&Sdatmif OD;wnf
aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf‛[k tzJG@csKyf&J@ cdkifrmaom trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;vkyif ef;pOfudk azmfjycJhw,f?
Edik fiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&rnfh ‚EdkifiHawmftajccHrlrsm;‛ acgif;pOfEiS fhpyfvsO;f I

NLD . oabmxm;ESifh t=uHjyKcsufrsm; aumufEkwfcsuf ? 23 &uf arv/ 1993 ?
usGeaf wmftaejzif@ ‚Edik fiHawmftajccHrrl sm;‛ udkaqG;aEG;ItjyKoabmjzifh t=uHjyKoGm;rnfjzpfygonf? 4if;udk

wifjyjcif;rjyKrD TtajccHrrl sm; csrSwfa&;twGuf txl;tav;teufxm; xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;rSm
(1) ? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/
(2) ? 'Drku
d a&pDa&;/
(3) ? tajccHOya'ta=umif;;wdk@jzpfygonf?
------
Edik fiHom;rsm;u tajccHOya't& w&m;&Hk;awmfwGif wifjyw&m;pGJqdkEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnfh tajccHrrl sm;udk qufvuf

aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf?
(1)? EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcm tm%monf jynfoljynfom;Edik fiHom;rsm;Y wnfonf?
36
(2)? EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcm tm%mrsm;udk udkifwG,fusifhoHk;&eftwGuf Edik fiHawmf. tjrifhqHk;aomtm%mydkif
tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;&rnf? ,if;tzGJ@udk jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfpGmESifh w&m;r#wpGma&G;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufaom
jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhomzGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(3)? EdkifiHawmf.tjrifhqHk;aom tm%mydkiftzGJ@uom t"du tm%moHk;&yfjzpfaom Oya'jyKa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;ESifh
w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk tajccHOya'ESift h nD udkifwG,fcGJa0ay;&rnf?
(4)? EdkifiHawmfwGif ygwDpHk'Drku
d a&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&rnf?
(5)? EdkifiHawmfwGifygwDpHk'Drku
d a&pDpepfudkusifhoHk;onfjzpfI Edik fiHawmf.tjrifhqHk;aom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
tzGJ@udk jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufaom jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhom zGJ@pnf;xm;&Sdrnf
jzpfonf? Edik fiHawmf.tjrifhqHk;aom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik ftzGJ@udk ‚v$wfawmf‛ [kac:wGifap&rnf?
(6)? EdkifiHawmf.tjrifhqHk;aom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiftzGJ@jzpfaom v$wfawmf=uD;=uyfuGyu f Jr_ atmufrS
uif;vGwfIoD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom tjcm;EdkifiHawmftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ ,EW&m;rsm;[lIr&Sdap&?
--------
(13)? wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd ;EG,fpktm;vHk;onf jynfaxmifpzk Gm;rdom;pkrsm;jzpf=ujyD; wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;

aomuf=uI wef;wl&nfwl at;twlyltr# OruGJodkufrysuf oHo,uif;&Sif;pGm/ xm0pOfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfpmG
rcGJpwrf;aexdkifoGm;=urnfjzpfonf? TjynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd jynfe,ftm;vHk;onf TtajccHOya'ESifhtnD
(u) ? udk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfcGifh&Sdap&rnf?

(c) ? jynfe,frsm;u jyÏmef;xm;aom Oya'rSeof r#onf Edik fiHawmfzJ@G pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnDjzpf&rnf?
tu,fIjynfe,frsm;u jyVmef;vdkufaom Oya'w&yf&yfonf jynfaxmifpt k usdK;xdcdkufrnfqdkygu
v$wfawmfu jyefvnfppD pfcGifh&Sdonf?
(14)? v$wfawmfwGifjynfe,frsm;qdkif&mudprP sm;udk jyVmef;&ef&Sdyguoufqidk f&mjynfe,frSv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

tm;vHk;. 75 &mESKef;ESifhtxuf oabmwlro S mv#ifv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfjyVmef;&rnf?
(15)? EdkifiHawmfonfwef;wl&nfwljzpf=uaom ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ Arm/ rGe/f &cdkif/ &Srf;tp&Sdaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aomEdik fiHjzpfonf?
1994ckEpS f rwfv 29 ae@/ e0wtrsK;d om;nDvmcHrSm Edik fiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf/
Edik fiHawmfzJ@G pnf;wnfaqmufykHESifh Edik fiHawmforRwtcef;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;jyD; trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@
t}uHjyKcsufrsm; pmwrf;udk wifoGif;&mrSmvnf; trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf twGif;a&;r_; OD;vGifu
‘obmywd}uD;cifAsm;
u|efawmfwdk@Eidk fiHudk jynfaxmifppk epf (Federal System)jzifhzGJ@pnf;+yD; tm%moHk;&yfudk tqifhqifhaom tm%mydkif
tzGJ@rsm;udk cGJa0cGJjcm;tyfESif;a&;onf trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf.oabmxm;jzpfygonf’[lI cdkif=unf
jywfom;pGm wdkif;odjynfod tzGJcsKyf. tem*wfjynfaxmifpq k dkif&moabmxm;udk ajym=um;cJhw,f?
37
trsdK;om;nDvmcHay: NLD. oabmxm; aumufEkwfcsuf ?
Ed0k ifbmv 22 &uf 1995 ?
(14)? trsdK;om;nDvmcHwGifjzpfay:cJhonfh yuwdtajctaersm;udk aphiHkpGmoH;k oyfrnfqdkygu rlv&nf&G,fcsuf

rsm;rS wpwp uGJvGJvmcJhonfudk txift&Sm;awG@&Sd&ayonf? trsdK;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&;twGufrjzpfoifh
rjzpfxdkufaom udpw P &yfjzpfonf?
yHkpHrsm;rSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
(u)? nDvmcH.OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm;udk trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;nSdESdKif;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif4if;/

nDvmcHwGif4if;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhnSdESdKif;jyD;rS jyKpkjcif;r&Sday?
(c)? nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftcsdK;tpm;udk=unf@jyefaomtcg jynfolua&G;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufonfh jynfol@

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;. 15 h24µ &mcdkifEKS ef;omyg&Sdaoma=umifh trsdK;om;
nDvmcHwGif tjrJxm0pOf ‚tenf;pk‛omjzpfaeonf?
(*)? pmwrf;rsm;udk jyKpkwifjy&mY vGwfvyfr_r&SdbJ tm%mydik frsm;u pDppfjyD;jyifqifay;apvdkonfrsm;udk

jyifqifay;&onf?
(C)? nDvmcHtwGif; aqG;aEG;&mY tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefzvS,fcGifh/ wifjycsufrsm;tay: pDppfoHk;oyfvsuf

toifjh rwfq;Hk udk nSdESdKif;a&G;cs,fykid fcGifhr&Sdacs?
(i)? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. pDppfwifjycsuftrsm;tjym;udk OayuQmjyKcJhonf?
(p)? aqG;aEG;csrSwf&mY tajccHrrl sm;omru tao;pdwfrsm;yg yg0ifaeonf?
(q)? tvSnfusobmywdtzGJ@pmwrf;rsm;udk jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjyD; axmufcHwifjyay;&onf?
(ps)? nDvmcHusif;y&mY 1947 ckESpfEiS fh 1974ckEpS ftajccHOya'rsm;a&;qGJpOfuuJhodk@ tcsed fZ,m;owfrw

S fcsuf
r&Sdacs?
(15)? jynfolwdk@.tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,faomtm;jzifh Oya't& ‚w&m;&Hk;awmfwGifwifjyw&m;pGJqEdk idk fcGifh

&Sd&rnfh tajccHrl 35 csufudk4if;/ w&m;pGJyidk fcGifhr&Sdaom&nfreS f;csufrl 9 csufudk4if;/ wifjycJhayonf?
Toabmw&m;udkvufrcHcJhay?
(17)? NLD onftrsdK;om;nDvmcHudk=udKqdkonf/ vdv

k dkvm;vm;wufa&mufcJhonf? 'Drku d a&pDusifhpOfEiS fhtnD
nDvmcHudkusif;y taumiftxnfaz:oGm;vdrhrf nf[kar#mfreS f;cJhonf? odk@aomf Todk@ jzpfrvmcJhay?
(19)? trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk ,cktwdkif; qufvufusif;yoGm;rnfqydk gu
(u) trsdK;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;/
38
( c ) ppfrSeaf om ygwDpk'H rD u
dk a&pDEkid fiHawmfjzpfay:vmEdik fa&;/
(*) trsm;jynfolwdk@,Hk=unfvufcHEkid faomzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yfay:xGe;f a&;/
rsm;udktaxmuftuljyKEdik fvdrhfrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@a=umifh NLD taejzifh txufyg&nfreS f;csufrsm;jzpfajrmufa&;

twGuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;nSdESdKif;jcif;jzifhom tajz&SmEkdifrnf[k cdkifrmpGm,Hk=unfayonf?
trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;vkyfief;aumfrwDOuUX
OD;atmifwdk;xH ay;ydk@aom NLD. pmwrf; aumufEkwfcsuf ? 1995 ck Edkif0ifbm 27 &uf?
(28) ? Todk@tm;jzifh ,ckusif;yvsuf&Sdaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHonf wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@/ tjrifrsm;/
oabmxm;rsm;zvS,fjcif; tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jyD;rSoifhavsmfavsmufywfonfh rlrsm;udkcsrSwfjcif;jyKonfh

tpnf;ta0;r[kwfbJ pmwrf;zwfonfh tpnf;ta0;oabmoufa&mufaeygonf?
(46) ? txufwGifa&;om;az:jycJhaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fjciff;/ ppfreS faom ygwDpkH

'Drdkua&pDEkid fiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwGif; aqG;aEG;wifjy&yHek nf;vrf;rsm;ESifh trsdK;om;
nDvmcHtcsdeZf ,m;rsm;t&4if;/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHEiS fhywfoufI tm%mydik frsm;. trde@f rsm;/
a=unmcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;xkwfjyefonfhtcsufrsm;ESifh4if;/ vufawG@aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udkufnDrr_ &Sda=umif;
awG@&Sd&ygonf?
NLD. &yfwnfcsufESifh trsdK;om;nDvmcHtay:oabmxm;rsm;tm;

jynfolodk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. &Sif;vif;csufrS aumufEw
k fcsuf 1995 ck 'DZifbm 2 &uf ?
-------usrwdk@tzGJ@csKyfwnfaxmifwke;f u 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh a&G;cs,fa&;pepfwck

ay:xGe;f a&;twGufqdkjyD; xlaxmifcJhwmyg? usrwdk@[m tpdk;&tzGJ@ jzpfa&;qdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@axmifcw hJ m
r[kwfbl;? a&G;aumufyJ0G ifzk@d qdkjyD;awmhrS xlaxmifcJhwm r[kwfbl;? aemufykid f;rSm NLD taeeJ@ rv$Jra&Smifomvdk@
'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;t& a&G;aumufyJ0G ifr,fqdkjyD;qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? 'g[m usrwdk@ tzGJ@csKyfu &mxl;vdkcsifvdk@
tm%m vdkcsifvdk@ qdkw&Jh nf&G,fcsufeJ@r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxk&J@qENeJ@udkufnDr,fh tpdk;&=uD;wck ay:aygufa&;twGuf
a&G;aumufyJ0G ifvdkufwmjzpfw,f? -----
a&G;aumufyJG rusif;ycifwke;f uawmh usrwdk@em;vnfovdk jynfolvlxkvnf;em;vnfr,fvdk@xifygw,f?

a&G;aumufyJu G aejyD;awmh aemifwufr,fh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&udk arG;xkwfr,fvdk@ usrwdk@u 'Dvdkem;vnfcJhygw,f?
a&G;aumufyJjG yD;awmh 'Dvdkr[kwfjyefbl;wJh? a&G;aumufvdkufwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJzk@d yg qdkjyD;awmhqdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@ NLD taeeJ@qHk;jzwf&jyefw,f? NLD taeeJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDudk
tmrcHr,fhtajccHpnf;rsOf; Oya'wckay:aygufa&;twGufvkyzf @dk wm0ef&Sdw,fqdkjyD;awmh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
pjyD;awmhwufwmjzpfygw,f? usrwdk@vdkcsifwmawGr&vdk@ usrwdk@[muef@uGufwmr[kwfygb;l ? jynfolvlxk
vdkcsifwmawGr&rSmqdk;vdk@ uef@uGuf&wmjzpfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh jynfolvlxk vdkcsifwmawGudk rvkyfay;
Edik fbl;qdk&if 'DtrsdK;om;nDvmcH[m bmt"dyg` ,f&SdawmhrSmvJ?
39
v$wfawmfrJqNe,f 485teuf 392ae&mrSm 82 &mcdkifEe_ f;ausmf trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tEkdif&&SdcJhayr,fh
1990 jynfha&GaumufyJG&v'fudk ,ae@tcsdet f xd taumiftxnfazmfray;ao;ygbl;? 1990jynfhEpS f 'DZifbmv 18
&ufae@rSm trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifjyD; DAB ESifh NDF wdk@&J@ jynfh0pGmaxmufcH
tm;ay;r_eJ@‚jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik fiHtrsK;d om;!Gef@aygif;tpd;k &‛udk 1990 jynfha&G;aumufyJ&G v'fudk taumiftxnf
azmfz@dk &nf&G,fjyD;zGJ@pnf;cJhw,f? 1991 azazmf0g&DvtwGif; +rdK@jytHºk uGre_ J@vufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &;wdk@&J@
[efcsufnDpGm aygif;pyfr_oauFwtjzpf trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhw,f?
1990 jynfh azaz:0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSm xkwfjyefa=unmcJhwJh jrefrmjynf'rD u

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awmfvSeaf &; tif;tm;pkrsm;rS vkyaf qmifaeonf‛ qdkwJh e0w&JŒ vdrn f m0g'jzef@r_udk acsr_e;f zsufqD;Edik fcJhw,f?
'Da=unmcsuf[m vufeufudkifawmfvSeaf &;qifEJa$ e=uwJh vlrsKd;pkvufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;&J@
OD;wnfcsufeJ@h jynfolvlxk&J@ ppfreS fwJh Edik fiHa&;qEN[m xyfwlxyfr# wlnDvsuf&Sdwmudk oufaojyEdkifcJhw,f?
1992ckESp/f Zlvdkifv 31 &ufae@rSm trsdK;om;!Ge@f aygif;tpd;k & 0ef}uD;csKyfa'gufwmpde0f if;/ trsK;d om; 'Drku d a&pD
tzJG@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) twGif;a&;r_;OD;wifatmif/ DAB OuUX}uD; Adv k fcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr ESifh NDF OuUX}uD;
Edik fa&$usifwdk@[matmufazmfjyyg tajccHrr_ sm;yg0ifwJh rme,fyavmpmcsKyfudk wnDw!$wfwnf; oabmwl vufrw S f
a&;xdk;csKyfqcdk Jh=uygw,f?
1? r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udkvnf;aumif;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudkvnf;aumif;/ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh zufqpftm%m&Sif

pepf usifhoHk;onfh e0wtm;vnf;aumif; tqHk;wdkif/ twlwuG qef@usifwdkufzsufoGm;rnf?
2? e0wppftm%m&Sif}uD;pdk;r_ csKyf+idr;f +yD;aemuf vGwfvyf+idr;f csrf;onfh tajctaewGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd;aygif;pHk

Edik fiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pHkwufa&mufEkid fonfh ppfrSefaom trsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;udk ac:,loGm;rnf?
3? ppfrSeaf omz,f'&,fjynfaxmifp. k EdkifiHawmfzJ@G pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;/ jynfolvlxk

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d a&pDEiS fhtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;
tjynfht0&Sdonfh z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpu k dk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf?
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jynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpjk zpfa&;/
40
(c)? jynfe,frsm; jynfaxmifpkodk@v$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mrsm;rSty usefaomtm%mrsm; jynfe,frsm;wGifom&SdI
jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;/ usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh &&Sda&;/
(*)? jynfaxmifpwk Gif trsKd;om;v$wfawmf (txufv$wfawmf) ESifh jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf) [lI
v$wfawmfEpS f&yfxm;&Sda&;/
(C)? jynfaxmifpEk Sifhjynfe,frsm;. wyfrawmfrsm;udk vlrsKd;pHkjynfolvlxk. uGyu

f Jr_ tm%matmufwGifwnf&Sda&;/
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3&yfudk tjyeftvSefxdr;f !Sdpepfjzifh xm;&Sd+yD; vGwfvyfonfh w&m;pD&ifrp_ epfudk usifhoHk;a&;/
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jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif usifhoHk;oGm;rnf?
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r,foa&mxm oabmwlnDcsufrS aumufEkwfcsuf?
1? EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufqidk f&m oabmwlnDcsuf?
(u)? ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;jyD; jynfwGif;jidr;f csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&ef?

( c )? 'Drku
d a&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfusifhoHk;&ef?
( * )? vlrsKd ;wdkif;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyVmef;cGifh tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef?
( C )? z,f'&,fjynfaxmifp=k uD; wnfaqmuf&efwdk@jzpfonf?
2? e0w . trsdK;om;nDvmcHEiS fh ywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf
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vlrsKd ;rsm; yg0ifaom tiftm;pk/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifaom 'Drku d a&pDtiftm;pkESifh e0w ppftyk fpk
tiftm;pk oH;k pkwdk@yg0ifap&rnf?
41
4? z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpEk Sifh ywfoufaom oabmwlnDcsuf
trsdK;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fykid fjyVmef;cGifh tcGifhta&; tjynfht0&SdjyD; trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; pkaygif;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;

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tESpf 50 ajrmuf jynfaxmifpak e@

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rdef@cGe;f aumufEkwfcsuf/? 1997 ckEpS f azaz:0g&Dv 12 &uf?
Zefe0g&Dv 7 &ufae@uaejyD;awmh 14 &ufae@txd rJoa&mxmrSmusif;ycJhwJhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tzGJ@tpnf; 15 zGJ@eJ@

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tJ'h da=unmpmwrf;xJrSm bmygvJqdkawmh
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vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; &ufpufpmG ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh ordkif;wGifr=uHKpzl;atmif
twd'u k Qa&mufcJh&a=umif;qdkjyD;awmh yg ygw,f?
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k ay:rSm t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhvmw,f
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(u)? ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodr;f jyD;jynfwGif;jidr;f csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&ef?

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42
a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifaom 'Drku d a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wef;wl&nfwlvufwGJI trsdK;om; tcGifhta&;
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f Jh jynfaxmifpk
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43
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44
OD;oef;xGe;f ajym? 'gEdkifiHa&;udpyP g? EdkifiHa&;udpu
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ajymjcif;jzpfygw,f? e0wESifh awG@qHkrSom EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;=u&rSmjzpfygw,f?
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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50
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52

Isufrodvdk@ Quf&Ufudk CSDK Vdk@Xifwm Odk@R (KWF Zgwfrxgufcifu Awmifbdk@Rsef Od Uyg 1

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iSufrodvdk@ quf&ufudk csdK;vdk@xifwm odk@r[kwf

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(wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;ordkif; 'kwd,wGJ pm-458)

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(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm 132-133)

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(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm-133)

(wdk@Armtpnf;t&H;k ordkif; pm 215)

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