UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NET BUREAU

Code No e : 07

Subject : ANTHROPOLOGY

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Note:

There will be two question papers. Paper-II and Paper-III (Part-A & B). Paper-II will cover. 50 Objective Type Questions (Multiple choice, Matching Type, True/False, Assertion-Reasoning type) carrying 100 marks. Paper-III will have two Parts-A and B; Paper-III (A) will have 10 short essay-type questions (300 words) carrying 16 marks each. In it there will be one question with internal choice from each unit (t.e., 10 questions from 10 units; Total marks will be 160). Part-B will be compulsory and questions will be set from Unit-I to Unit-X. The candidate will attempt one question from Part-B (800 words) carrytng 40 marks. Total marks of Paper-III will be 200.

PAPER-II

1. Introduction

Aim, Scope. Historical Development, Relationship with other sciences. Different branches of anthropology and their interrelatedness. Recent and Emerging trends and major developments in all branches of Anthropology (Physical, Archaeological and Social-cultural). Fieldwork, Ethnography, Comparative method. Observation, Interview, Case study, Genealogical method. Schedules and questionnaires, Statistic.al tools of Archaeological sites and Data collection

2. Evolution

Theories of Evolution Lamarckism,. Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism. Synthetic theory, Primates and Fossils : Fossil records. Earliest Primates (Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus. Dryopithecus, Proconsul). and living primates (Distribution, Classification. Characteristics, Phylogeny and Taxonomy)

Comparison of morphological and anatomical features of Man and Ape Erect Posture and Bipedalism

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3. - Fossils

Characteristics and phylogenetic position of early Hominoids

Ramapithecus; Australopithecus Africanus: Australopithecus boisei (zinjanthropus); Australopithecus robustus: Meganthropus; Homo habUis:

Characteristics and phylogenetic position of Homo erectus: Homo erectus javanensis; Homo erectus pekinensis: Homo sapiens neanderthalenis

Phylogenetic position. salient features and distribution

La Chapelle auxsaints; Rhodesian Man

Classic / Conservative

Progressive-Steinheim;Ehrtngsdorf; Mount Carmel

Evidence, distribution and characteristics of Homo sapiens

Cro- Magnon: Grimaldi: Predmost; Combe cappelle; Brunn; Chancelade; Offnet -

4. Human Genetics

History and Development; Scope and Branches; Call structure and Division; Menders Laws; Patterns of Inheritance-Autosomal DOminant; Autosomal Recessive; Codominance; Sex linked; sex limited and sex controlled; Multiple alleles

Linkage and Crossing-over 'Lethal genes

Methods of Studying Inheritance-Twins; Sib-pair; Pedigree

Role of Heredity and Environment-5tature; Skin Colour; Intelligence Genetics of Blood Groups

ABO System-Two-factor Hypothesis; Multiple Alleles; Rh System Living Human Populations and Human Diversity

Concept of Race

Criteria for Racial Classifications-

Skin, Hair and Eye colour; Stature; Eyes, Lips and Ears; Face and Lower Jaw; Blood Groups; Dennatoglypbics

Distribution and Characteristics-Caucasoid; Negroid; Mongoloid

Racial Classifications-Deniker's; Hooton's; Coon, Gam and Birdsell's

Racial Classification of Indian Populations-Risley's; Guha's; Sarkar's

5. Chronology

Relative. Absolute and Cultural Geological framework

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Tertiary, Quaternary-Pleistocene, Holocene Major Climatic changes during pleistocene Glacial and Interglacial periods

Causes of Ice Ages

Pluvial and" Interpluvial Periods

Moraines, River Terraces, Loess, Sea-level Changes-Caves, Marine teasaces, Beach ridges

Relative "dating: Terrace, Stratigraphy, Palaenology, Palaecutology

Absolute' dating : Radio-carbon, Potassium-argon. Thermoluminescence. Dendrochronology

Cultural Chronology- Three-age system : Stone Age, Copper/Bronze Age, Iron Age

Palaeolithic Period: Lower palaeolithic. Middle palaeolithic. Upper palaeolithic. Mesolithic, Neolithic. Chalcolithtc=Emergence of Metal Technology, Urban revolution

6." Typo-technology and Palaeolithic Cultural Features Percussion technique : Primary and Secondary making

Block-on-block./anvil technique; Stone hammer technique: Cylinder hammer" technique; Clactonian technique: Levallois technique; Pressure technique; Retouch; Blade and Burin technique; Flake technique; pecking; Grinding and Polishing: Splinter and groove techniques

Artefact Typology-

Simple flake; Side flake: End flake: Levallois flake; Clactonian flake; Blade; Microlithic blade; Tortoise core/Levalloisiam; DiSCOId core:

Mousterian flake: Prismatic COre"

Tool Typology->

Pebble tools; Chopper; Chopping tool Bifaces-Handaxe; Cleaver

Scrapers=-stde. end. round. concave, convex

Blade knife: Blunted back blade; Borer/Awl: Burin Points leaf shape-Laurel Leaf; Willow Leaf POints-Shouldered Points-Denticulate; Notch Microliths-

Geometric Types Non-Geometric Types

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Celt-Axe; Adze

.. Shouldered Celt Shoe-last Celt Grinding Stone

Ringstone ,

Lower Palaeolithic Cultures- Typo-technology, Habitat, Environment Economy, People and Distribution

Lower Palaeolithic Cultures Pebble Tool Culture

Oldowan; Sohan; Choukoutien Acheulian Cultures

Acheulian Cultures. of Africa; Acheulian Cultures of Europe; Acheulian Cultures of India

Middle Palaeolithic Cultures

Mousterian . Culture/Middle Palaeolithic

Environment Economy. Social Organisatton, technology

Europe-Habitat, Religion, . Typo-

Middle Stone Age in Africa Middle Palaeolithic in India

Upper Palaeolithic Culture-Habitat. Environment Economy, Typotechnology. Social Institution. religion

Europe+ Perigordian Culture

Chattelperronean; Gravettian; Aurignacian Culture; Solutrean Culture; Magdalenian Culture

Upper Palaeolithic in India

Upper Palaeolithic Art

7. Holocene Culture Mesolithic Cultures

Climate changes, Typo technology, Habitat. Economic activity. Socio-religious features

Europe-Azilian Culture; Tardenoisian Culture; Maglemosian Culture; Kitchen Midden Culture; Natufian Culture :

Indian Mesolithic

Langhna]: Teri Sites; Birbhanpur; Bagor: Bhimbetka Adamgarh, Sarainahar Rai, Lekhahlta, Mahadeva Mesolithic Art in India

Neolithic (Early Farming Cultures) Neolithic of the Near-east

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Jericho; .Jarmo: Catal Huyuk Neolithic Cultures of Indian Subcontinent Northern Neolithic

Burzahom

Southern Neolithic

Brahmagtri: .Sangankallu; Utnur; Telkalakota; Nagarjun Konda Eastern Neolithic

Daojali Hading; Sarutaru Central Zone (Neo-Cha1colithic) Navdatoli; Nevasa: Inamgaon Indus Civilization

. .

Extant; Charactertstics: Chronology; Origin and decline

Continuity with post- Harappan

Indus people and society

Iron Age

Megalithic Types

Menhir; Dolrnen /Topfkal: Cist; Cairn Circle; Carcophagt

8. Evolution, Social Structure and Organisation Evolution: Unilinear, Universal. Multilinear

Diffusion; Neo-evolution; Innovation; Acculturation; Transculturation Culture : Definitions, and Attributes

Functionalism: Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown

Structuralism: Levi-Strauss, Leach

Culture and Personality: Basic personality conftguration=Eardiner and Linton Enculturation: Status and Role; Patterns of Culture; Culture Change; Themes Cultural Relativism; Values; Great and Little Tradition; Civilization; Gender Theories

Indian Contribution-Theory and Concepts

G. S. Ghurye; N. 1\. Bose; D. N. Majumdar; M. N. Srinivas; S. C. Dube L. P. Vidyarthi

Aspects of Culture, Organisation of Culture, Institutions Social Organisation

Family

Family of Orientation and Procreation Structure: Nuclear. Extended. Joint

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-Residence: Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Neolocal, Virilocal, Uxorilocal

Marriage

Rules: Endogamy, Exogamy

Monogamy. Polygamy: Polygyny, Polyandry

Mate selection : Cross-cousin marriage. Levirate, Sororate. Sororal Dowry, Bride price/Bride wealth

Kinship

Kinship Terms : Classificatory and Descriptive systems

Consanguineal and Affinal

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Terrris of Reference and Address Descent, Inheritance and Succession :

Patriarchal and matriarchal Unilineal : Patrilineal, Double

Groups : Tribe, Clan,· Phratry, Lineage

Kinship behaviour and relationship; Avoidance and Joking relationship, Incest

9. Economic and Political Organisation : Religion an~ Magic

Economic' Organisation Concept of Property Primitive Communism

States of Economy Collection, Hunting, Fishing. Pastoralism.

Cultivation, Shifting ami Settled

Subsistence Economy and Market Economy

Barter

Means of Production Division of Labour

Political Organisation Panchayat-traditional and statutory Leadership-clan and tribe

Kingship and Chiefdom in tribal communities Customary . Law

Judicial System

Crime and Punishment in Primitive Society Religion and Magic

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Primitive Religion : Animism, Totemism, Ancestor Propitiation, Shaman, Priest, Medicine Man

Tribal Mythology : Origin of universe, Tribe and Clan, Tribal deities Magic : Black, White, Preventive, Defensive, Destructive, Imitative, Sympathetic, Witchcraft, Sorcery

Symbolism and Rituals

Supernatural powers-Mana, Taboo

10. Indian Anthropology: Basic Concepts and Issues

Basic Concepts

Indian Village as part society, as an Isolate Caste as a group and system

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

Tribe, Caste, Varna and Caste/Jati

Notified and Denotified Groups

Other Backward classes and castes

Sanskritisation, Westernisation, Modernisation Sacred complex in India

Regionalism and Ethnicity

Basic Issues

New Panchayati Raj Gram Sabha

Women in new Panchayats

Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Casts Major tribal groups

Tribal states in India

Tribal Movements for Autonomy, Development Schemes ,.

. Tribal Rehabilitation; Democracy and Caste Bonded Labour and Child Labour; Ashram Schools: Mandai Commission; Dhebar Commission; Emerging Spiritual Leaders (Gurus) in India; Caste among non-Hindus

PAPER-III (Part A and B)

[ CORE and ELECTIVE/OPTIONAL 1

Unit-I

Theories of Evolution-Physical and Social

Cultural Processes and Principles of Evolution-Convergence. Divergence Parallelism, Adaptive Radiation, Speciation, Irreversibility .

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Theories of Evolution=-Lamarcktsm and Neo-Larnarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwtnism. Synthetic theory, National Selection in Man

Evolution and Diffusion of Culture, Theories of Socio-cultural Evolutton-eUnilinear, Universal, Multilinear, Nee-evolution,

Bipedalism versus Tool making, . Biface Technology and big game Hunting, Development of Language.

Human Colonization during late Pleistocene, Emergence of early farming and village communities, Process of urbanisation.

Methodological tools and techniques in Physical, Archaeological and Social-cultural Anthropology

Unit-II

Distribution, Characteristics, Classification, Position of Man. in animal Kingdom.

Primate evolution with reference to Skull, Jaw, Limbs, Dentition and Brain. Earliest primates of Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene,Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus, Dryopithecus and Proconsul.

Living primates=-Dtstrfbutton, characteristics and classification, Phylogeny arid . taxonomy, Prosimii, Cebodea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Man, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutan and Gibbon

Erect posture and bipedalism

Origin of Man-Theories of Monogenesis, Polygenesis, Hologenests and Dispersion.

Primate Behaviour

Evolution of Behaviour Patterns of Social Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour

Early Hominoids

Process of Hommtsation and Emergence of Hominoids : Ramapithecus, Australopithecus Africanus, A Boisei (zinjanthropus), A. Rob ustu s, Meganthropus: Homo habilis-Classification and Controversy.

Homo erectus=-Horno erectus javanesis, H.e. pekinesis, Pithecanthropoids of Africa and Europe.

Homo sapien Neanderthalensis-Phylogenetic position, Salient features, Distribution of La Chapple-=Auxsaint, Rhodesian Man, La Ferrasie, Swanscombe, Fontechevade, Krapina, Steinheim, Ehringsdorf Mount Carmel

and' Shanidar .

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Emergence and charactertstics of Modern man=-Brunn: Chancelade:

Cro- Magnon; Grimaldi; Offnet; Predmost

Unit-HI

History and Development, Concept, Scope and Emerging trends-Relation to other sciences and medicine

Principles of human genetics and molecular genetics Mendel's Laws of inheritance and its application Modes of inheritance-Autosomal (dominant, Sex-linked, Sex-influenced, Sex-limited, Lethal

recessive, co-dominance), genes, modifying genes,

suppressor genes

Polygenic. Variable ponetrance and expressivity, Linkage and crossing-over Mutation : Gene mutation-Spontaneous, Induced, Mutation rate, Genetic hazards of radiation, Chemical mutagenesis

Methods of studying heredity

Twin and co-twin control methods Pedigree; Sib-pair; Hereditability estimate

Population Genetics

Hardy-Weinberg law: Definition and application

Genetic polymorphism : Concept, balanced and transient

Breeding Population : Mating patterns, random mating, assortative mating, consanguinity and. inbreeding coefficient, genetic load. genetic isolates

Selection: Heterozygous, Intra-uterine. fitness, differential, fertility. relaxation ' Genetic Marker; ABO blood groups, Genetics and Distribution in India MNSs blood groups; Rh blood group system

Nomenclature, Fisher'S crossing-over idea, Cis- and trans-position, natural and incomplete antibodies

Kell and Duffy system-Inheritance

Secretor factor and Lewis antigens-Interaction

Dermatoglyphics-History, Identification, Topography

Fingerprints· Pattern-Identifications, Inheritance. Pattern intensity, Furuhata and Dankmeijer's index

Palmar Dermatoglyphics-Configurational areas. Main~line formula and index, Transversaltty, Inheritance

Mid-phalangeal patterns-Identification arid types Palmar flexion creases and main types

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Sole Prints-Configurational areas, Main-lines formula and index.

Transversality. Inheritance .~ .

Toe prints-Pattern, Identification, Inheritance

Dermatoglyphics and Personal Identification

Dermatoglyphics and Diseases (Chromosomal and others) Dermatoglyphics and Paternity disputes

Population variation-Qualitative and quantitative

Human Growth-Development and Adaptation

Human Growth: Definition, C911cepts, Differentiation, Maturation and Development

Phases of Growth: Prenatal, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Maturity, Senescence

Factors affecting growth: Genetic, Environmental. Hormonal, Nutritional, Socio-economic, Secular trends, Gerontology

. Methods . of studying human growth and. development-Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed long:itudinal. Growth curves, Epiphyseal union. Dentition

Analysis of human physique and body composition-Sheldon, Parnoll

. Health-Carter

Human Adpatation to heat, cold, altitude and nutrition

Nutritional Requirements-Infancy to old age: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins

Under-nutrition, obesity, Malnutrition

Physiological Factors in Growth-Haematological, Blood pressure, Heart. rate, Pulse rate

Unit-IV

Red Cell Enzymes

Genetic variation and Polymorphism-Red cell acid phosphate. G6PD, Phosphoglucomutase, Adenylate kinase, Adenosine deaminase and Lactate dehydrogenase

Plasma Proteins: Heredity arid Genetic variation of Hap tog lob ins, Transferring, Immunoglobuline

Haemoglobin : Normal and Variant

Normal Haemoglobin : HbA and HbF, HbA2 Abnormal Haemoglobin: HbS, HbC,· HbD, HbE Thalassemia

HbS and Malaria-Balanced polymorphism

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Cretinism and G6PD deficiency

Techniques. for Biochemical Analysis Electrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis

Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Biochemical Pathways (one gene one enzyme hypothesis), and Heredity of Phenylketonurea. Alkaptonurea, Galactosemia, Albinism

Histocompatibility antigen (HLAJ-History, Subtyping. Inheritance. Genetic interaction linkages, Polymorphism, HLA and diseases

Blood groups and diseases : Erythroblastosis fetalls, Smallpox and Malaria

Gene mapping: Blood groups, HLA. Sex-linked characters

Human Cytogenetics

Identification of human chromosomes. Keryotyping and Nomenclature Techniques for studying Chromosomal Structure and Polymorphism Autoradiography, Banding, Flqrence

Chromosomal aberrations

Numerical : Turner's syndrome. Klinefelter's syndrome, Tripio-4, Triplotal-X, Tetra-X, Down's syndrome, Pateu's syndrome,. Edward,'$ syndrome. Sturge-Weber's syndrome. Triplolqy and Tetraploid.Y

Structural-Cri-du-chat syndrome and Philadelphia chromosome Translocations-D/D. DIG,· GIG. A~entricINon-~g"ocentri~; Metacentrlc/Metacentric ring chromosomev Ieroctromosome mj,vessiop. mosaccism

Sexual differentiation-Genetic and post-genetic

Application-Genetic counselling. Genetic screen and Genettc.engtneertng

and DNA fingerprinting· . ..

Unit-V EnvtronmentalArchaeoiogy Cultural Ecology Ethno-archaeology Settlement Archaeology New Archaeology

Action Archaeology

Social and Economic approach in Archaeological studies

Nature of environmental changes=Climatic, Geomorphic. Faunal and Floral

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Nature of evidence for reconstruction of palaeoclimate and

palaeoenvironment

Geomorphological, Sedimentological, Pedological, Palaeobotanical

Methods of dating

Stratigraphic; Paleomagnetic: Fluorine; Radiocarbon; Potassium-Argon;; Fission Track; Thermoluminescence; Obsidian Hydration; Archaeomagnetism: Magnetic Reversal; Tree Ring; Varve Clay;

Palaeontological.

Racemization

Unit~V1

Earliest Cultures (Primitive 'HuI;lter-Gatherers)

Bipedalism versus tool making-Evidence from Hadar. Laetoli, Olduvai Gorge, Koobi Forz ,

Importance of (the African Rift valley) Olduvai Gorge Australopithecines and tools

Spread of hommtds outside East Africa; Early Man and his. culture along the northern Mediterranean, Palestine, South Asia. Java, China and India

"Hunting techniques and cooperation; Beginning of the use of fire and

its impact in biological and cultural evolution, Development of home base and migration-implication in band formation .

Emergence of Biface Technology

Homo erectus-Biface technology and big game hunting Development of cooperation and' possibly language Further expansion of human habitat

. Geographical extent of btface cultures

Acheulian culture in South iWestern Europe-Terra Amata, Torralba Ambrona. Pech-lu-Aze Lazaret

Acheulian culture in Africa-Olduvai Gorge, Isimila, Kalambo Falls, o lorgesaillie

Acheulian culture in India-Madrasian (Kortalayar Valley), Didwana, Belan Valley. Bhimbetka. Narmada Valley. Nevasa-Chirki Hunsgt. Krishna Valley. Sohan Valley

Significance of Hathnora (Narmada Valley)

Evidence of Homo Fauna associated with Acheulian tools in Peninsular India

Flake Tool Complex

Middle Palaeolithic characteristic features and distribution in Europe Technological/economic implications of Evolution of flake tools

Middle Palaeolithic Cultures in North Africa •. Western Europe. Central Europe. Near and Middle East, Central Asia-Tabun Tashik Task Shanidar

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First human burials and emergence of rituals

Middle Palaeolithic culture in Indta=-Bellan Valley, Bhimbetka, . .,._Nevasa and Narmada, Eastern Peninsula

Typology and Technology of Middle Palaeolithic tools in India Human expansion in Temperate regions

Blade Tool Complex

Advanced Hunter-Gatherers (Upper Palaeolithic Cultures) Evolution of blade and burin technology

Use of bone and antler as raw materials

Upper Palaeolithic cultures and Homo sapiens

Upper Palaeolithic cultures of Western and Central Europe and North Africa-Dabban, Chatelperronian. Perigordian, Aurtgacian, Gravettian. Solutrean. Magdalenian, Pavlovian, Szeletian

Emergence and development of art-Painting, Engraving, Sculpture. Motivation

Upper Palaeolithic habitations and economy-cave and open-air settlements, reindeer and mammoth hunting

Populating the New World

Upper Palaeolithic in India-Reningunta,· Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Bellan Valleys, Vlsadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley

Unit-VII

Final Hunter-Gatherer and Incipient Cultivators (Mesolithic Cultures) Post - Pleistocene environmental changes

Development of microlithic technology, composite tools and bow-arrow Important Mesolithic cultures and sites of Europe and the Neareast-Azilian, Tardenoisian, Maglemostan, Ertebolle, Natufian and Epi - Palaeolithic

Mesolithic cultures of India

Western India-Bagor, Tilwara, Pushkar lake,· Lankhnaj, Bombay Coast Central India-Adamgarh, Bhimbetka, Baghaikhor, Chopani Manda Ganga Valley-Sarai Nahar Rai, Mahadaba

Eastern India-Birbhanpur

South India-Eastern Ghats and East Coast Mesolithic economy and SOCiety

Mesolithic art

Beginnings of agriculture. ·eviqences from Mount Carmel Caves, -Jurtcho. Beidha Karim Shahir. Mehetgarh

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Hoabinbian of South East Asia, North East India

Emergence of Village Farming way of Life (Neolithic Revolution)

Economic and Social consequences of food production-settled life, population growth, craft specialisation. class formation, political institutions

Ecological perspective of early agriculture-Nuclear zones of the Neareast, South East Asia, North East India

Important early farming centres and sites in the old world (excluding India)-Jericho, Catal Huyuk, Janna. Beidha, Khirokitia, Zawi Chemi,

Shanidar '.

Early cultivation in New Guinea

Root crops and rice cultivation in SouthEast Asia

Beginning of agrtculture in India-Ganga Valley. Mehergarh, Koldihwa

Diffusion of Village Farming, Way of Life in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent Pakistan-Kim Ghul Mohammad, Rana Ghundai, Gumlam Sarai Khola Kashmir Valley-s-Burzahom, Gufkral

Rejasthan=-Ahar, Gilund {Ahar Culture)

Central India-Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran (Kayatha, Ahar and MalwaCultures)

Northern Deccan+Nevasa. Chandoli, Diamabad Inamgaon, Prakash, Bahal (Malwa and Jorwer Centres)

South Indta=-Maskt, Brahmagrrt, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal Utnur, Halbur. Palavoy, Paiyampalli, T-Narsipur, Ashmounds, Nagarjunakonda (Neolithic Culture)

Neolithic Cultures of Eastern and North Eastern India-Daojali Hading, Kuchai, tool types, distribution and affinities with S.E. Asia

Birth of Civilization (Bronze Age)

Rise of civilization in Mesopotamia-Evidences from Ubaid. Malaf, Jamdet Nasr, Early dynasties

Indus Civilization

Expansion of village communities in the Indus and Gagra/Hakra Valleys-Amri, Kot Diji, Jalilpur, Kalibangan. Mohenjo-daro, Harappa

Mature Indus Culture=-Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Chanhundaro. Kalibangan, Lothal, Surkotada, Town planning, Architecture. Metal technology. Art. Writing

Late Harappan Culture-Expansion into Kutch, Gujarat. Punjab. Haryana, Western UP, Rojadi, Rangpur, Ropar. Mitathal and Alamgirpur

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Decline of the Indus Civilization-Theories, Environmental decay, Hydrological changes, Tectonic movement, Climatic changes, External invasion

Aftermath of the Indus Civilization-OCP Copper. Hoards

Biginnlng of Iron Age and Second Urbanization Economic and Social implication of Iron technology

Black and Red ware culture-Noh. Attranji, Khera, Ahichichatra Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture-Distribution, Economy and Society Norther Black Polished (NBP) ware culture-first cities in the Ganga Valley and emergence of the Mauryan Empire

Role of Ecology in the urbanization of the Ganga Valley Iron and Megalithic burials

Megalithic types=-Southern Indian . Inhabitation. Economy, Megalithic rituals

Living Megalithic cultures of Eastern and Central India

Unit-VIII

The Meaning and Nature of Culture

Humanistic and anthropological perspectives, distinguished, attributes of anthropological concept of culture :

Learned and historically derived Plurality

Relativity

Behaviourally manifested

Functional integration and holistic perspective Dynamic changing

Language as vehicle of culture

The contribution of E. B. Tyler; A. L. Kroeber; B. Malinowski Emerging areas:

Medical Anthropology; Ecological Anthropology; Urban anthropology; Development Anthropology

Evolution and Diffusion of Culture

.Theories of socio-cultural evolution

Untlinear (Morgan)

Universal (White and Child)

Multilinear (Julian Steward)

Contribution of British, German and American diffusiorusts

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Contemporary trends in evolutionary studies : Nco-evolution, Acculturation, Diffusion, cult.ure contact and social-cultural change, Invention, Innovatton Technology and culture change, especially affecting women

Functionalism

Form, function. meaning and distinguishing tenets of Functionalism in Social-cultural anthropology :

Malinowski's and Radcliffe-Brown contribution Structuralism

Social structure. social organisation and social system Levi-Strauss

Leach

Structuralism in Social Anthropology Psychological Anthropology

Culture and personality-Benedict and Mead. Basic personality Linton. Kardiner.Cora Du Bois

Anthropological approaches in national. character studies

Family. Marriage and Kinship

TYPology and functions of family Nuclear. extended and joint family

Preferential marriage, functions of descent groups, lineage and clan Kinship terminology and Kinship behaviour

Unit-IX

Contribution to social-cultural anthropology by E. B. Tylor

Lewis Morgan

Franz Boas

A. L. Kroeber

B. Malinowski

A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Evans- Prichard

C. Levi-Strauss Ralph Linton

Robert Redfield Margaret Mead

Methodology of Anthropological Research

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Ethnography as a method

Fieldwork tradition in anthropology: Basic characteristics of fi~lct work method

Quantitative and qualitative tools and techniques: Survey, Observation, Case study. Interview, Schedule. Questionnaire. Genealogy, Group discussion. Mapping

Comparative methods in social-cultural anthropology Cross-cultural comparison

Controlled comparison

Reinterpretation, Restudy. Evaluation research Participatry Rural Appraisal (PAA)

Rapid. Rural Appraisal (RRAl

Intervention Research. Process and Impact Analysis

Unit-X·

Weaker sections in Indian population: Scheduled Castes (SC) , Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Primitive Tribal Groups (PTG), Denotified communities, Basic of labelling as ST and SC according to Constitution

Tribal problems and Welfare measures relating to

Forests

Shifting cultivation Land Alienation Housing

Health and Sanitation/Nutrition Indebtedness

Bonded Labour

Education

Gender Issues

Development Strategies [Plany Sub-plana] Special Programmes

Large-Scale Agricultural Multipurpose Societies (LAMPS) Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITbP) Community Development Project (CDP)

Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP)

Component Plan for SC

Tribal Youth Self-Employment Scheme (TRYSEM) Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj

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Role of voluntary organisations in development Tribal problems of Identity-autonomy ethicity

Tribal movements-Revivalistic/Nativistic population displacement due to.development schemes such as-dam construction, Revttalisation of local history, problems of pseudo-Trtbals to become ST

Indian ~ociety and Culture

Caste as a group and as a system of social segmentation and integration Caste in modem India, Changing dimensions of caste

Village studies in India-Primitive society as a conceptual model of village'

ethnography .

Concepts+Little and Great tradition,' universal~sation and' parochialisation. dominant caste, Sanskritisation and Westernisation, sacred complex. Role of city tn change. Folk-urban and tribe-caste continuum

Indian Masters

G. S. Ghurye N.R. Bose

D. N. Majumdar "

Verrier Elwin

M. N. Srinivas

'S. C. Dube

·,L. P. Vidhyarthi

Anthropological approaches in community. Health. Natural health. Promotion and disease control programmes such as population control, Nutrition, Mother and child health. Health Education. Leprosy, TB. AIDS, etc.

Anthropology in Education and Communication

Rural development Gerider perspectives

Relocation, Rehabtlitation=-Earthquakes, floods, Disasters Human resource training and management

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SAMPLE gUESTIONS PAPER-II

1. Which of the following sites is located in Kenya? (A) Hadar

(B) Kobifora

(C) Omo

(D) Taung

2. Middle Palaeolithic Culture is also known as (A) Core tool culture

(B) Mesolithic culture

(C) Blade tool culture

(D) Flake tool culture

3. Modernization in Anthropology refers to (A) Economic development

(B) Industrial development

(C) Westernization

(D) All of these

PAPER-fil (Al

1. What do you know about the origin of modern m~?

Or

Describe dermatoglyphic pattern types.

. PAPER-ill (B)

11. Describe the significance of Cave art in Bhimbetka.

Or

Discuss the role of anthropology in tribal development.

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19

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