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Dynamic 11
Dynamic 11
Journal of Theoretics
Redshift Calculations in the
Dynamic Theory of Gravity
Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Department of Physics and Astronomy
York University
128 Petrie Science Building
York University
Toronto – Ontario
CANADA
E mail: ioannis@yorku.ca
Abstract:
In a new theory called Dynamic Theory of Gravity, the cosmological
distance to an object and also its gravitational potential can be calculated.
We first measure its redshift on the surface of the Earth. The theory can be
applied as well to an object in orbit above the Earth, e.g., a satellite such as
the Hubble telescope. In this paper, we give various expressions for the
redshifts calculated on the surface of the Earth as well as on an object in orbit,
being the Hubble telescope. Our calculations will assume that the emitting
body is a star of mass M = MX-ray(source) = 1.6×108 Msolar masses and a core radius R
= 80 pc, at a cosmological distance away from the Earth. We take the orbital
height h of the Hubble telescope to be 450 Km.
Introduction:
There is a new theory of gravity called Dynamic Theory of Gravity
[DTG]. Based on classical thermodynamics Ref:[1] [2] [3] [9] it has been shown
that the fundamental laws of Classical Thermodynamics also require Einstein’s
2
[x µ , pν ]Φ = i = gν {δ µ + [Γ µ ]x }Φ .
q
q s, q
s
(1)
p 4 = mv 4 , (1a)
•
γ
v4 = , (1b)
αD
•
and γ is a time derivative where gamma itself has units of mass density or
[x µ
]
, pν Φ = i = δ νq Φ . (2)
3
From (2) we see that the unit of action is the product of a multiple of
Cronecker’s δµ q function and the gauge function Φ. It can be also shown that
if we use gauge field equations Ref:[6] then the gauge function Φ is of the
form:
k ( A + Bt ) λ
Φ = exp exp − . (3)
R R
λ λ M ob
− ob − em λr
∆λ G M r e ob M e e em
R R
HL Rob − Rr
z= = exp− 2 − + e − 1,
λe c R ob Rem c M⊕
R
⊕
(4)
M⊕ M ob
where is the gravitational potential of the earth, is the
R⊕ Rob
M em
reduced gravitational potential at the detection point, and is at the
Rem
emission point of the radiation. Since λ << R, expression (4) can be simplified
for the earth’s surface (Es): Ref [5].
4
G M ob M em HL
ln[1 + z Es ] = − − + , (5)
c 2 Rob Rem c
and for orbiting Hubble telescope (ht) of a height h the following expression:
G M⊕ M em HL R⊕
ln[1 + z ht ] = −
2 (R + h )
− + c R + h . (6)
c ⊕ Rem ⊕
GM R R⊕
= c 2 1 + ⊕ ln[1 + z ht ] − ln[1 + z Es ]
(7)
R h R⊕ + h
and
c R GM
L = (ln[1 + z Es ] − ln[1 + z ht ] ) 1 + ⊕ + 2 ⊕ .(8)
H h c R⊕
G M ob M em
z=− − , (9
c 2 Rob Rem
5
H
z= L, (10)
c
G M ob M em H
z=− 2R
− + c L, (11)
c ob Rem
GM em
= c 2 ln[1 + z Es ] , (11a)
Rem
c GM ⊕
L= 2
. (11b)
H R ⊕c
6
λ
the DTG in terms of emitted λem and observed λob. Since z = ob − 1 we
λem
obtain:
and
c λ Es (ob) R⊕ GM ⊕
L = ln 1 + + . (13)
H λht (ob) h R⊕ c 2
h LH GM
⊕
λht (ob) = λ Es (ob) exp − − . (14)
R⊕ + h c R⊕ c 2
At the earth’s surface the wavelength of the observed radiation has the
value of:
h LH GM ⊕
λ Es (ob ) = λht (ob) e xp − 2
. (15)
R
⊕ + h c R⊕ c
7
h GM e h
[ ]
h
λ Es (ob ) = 1+
λht (ob) R⊕
[λem ]
−
R⊕ exp −
2
(16)
Re c R⊕
and
h GM em R⊕ λ Es (ob)
λht (ob) = λem exp + ln .
2
h + R⊕ Rem c R⊕ + h λem
(17)
perticular redshift is associated with the X-ray source 4U0241+61 which has a
mass Msource = 1.6×108 Msolar. An object of such redshift will be at a distance:
Ref[7]
[ ]
d object = 1010 1 - (1 + z )−1.5 = 9.203 × 10 9 light years
(17a)
From (13) and (12) we obtain the following relationships for the
wavelengths at the earth’s surface and at the Hubble telescope:
We see that (20) and (21) also contain the emitted wavelength since it
appears in the analytical solution for λht and λEs. Let us now choose the
commonly occuring Lyman ( Lα ) line in quasar spectra, having an emitted
D
wavelength λem = 1216 A . If the quasar’s redshift ztot = 4.4, then standard
theory predicts that this line would be redshifted by a factor (1+ztot) λ giving
D
6566 A : Ref[8] Next we find the following results:
D
λ Es (Re l ) obs = 6566 A
D
λht (obs ) = 4924 A (23)
D
λ Es ( Dyna )obs = 6579 A
%difference of λ Es = 0.19 %
D
λ Es (Re l ) obs = 6566 A
D
λht (obs ) = 5875 A (24)
D
λ Es ( Dyna) = 6565 A
obs
% difference λ Es = −0.01%
Masses = 3.04×1038 kg, we need to solve the system of the following equations:
z ht = 0.583%
z Es = 0.635%
(26)
∆ z = 0.052%
z Es = 1.089 z ht %,
z Es = 4.400%
z ht = 4.040% (27)
∆ z = 0.359%
[
z Es = 1.635 e 1.769×10 A]
-5
−1
(28)
z ht = 1.583 e [1.769×10 A] − 1
-5
−5
λ Es = 1.635λ em e1.769× 10 A
(29)
1.769×10 −5 A
λht = 1.583λem e .
z ht = 1.000 e 0.459407 B − 1
(30)
0.491824B
z Es = 1.000 e −1
11
λ ht = 1.000λ em e 0.459407 B
(31)
0.491824 B
λ Es = 1.000λ em e .
) = 56529 ln 0.631λ Es
A(λ ht
λ em
also
B ( z ht ) = 2.033 ln[0.999( z ht + 1) ]
(31b)
0.999λ Es
B (λ Es ) = 2.033 ln
λ em
0.999λ ht
B (λ ht ) = 2.176 ln
λ em
12
2800
9 HLHL=
Dynamical Redshifts ZES ZHT vs A €€€GM
€€€€€e€€€€
Re c2
2600
2400
2200
2000
A (G Me/ Re c2)
Figure:1 Plots of Dynamical Redshifts at the Earth’s Surface
and at Hubble Telescope versus Quasars’s Gravitational Redshift
Factor.
λEs,λht
HLHL=
13
9
Dynamical Wavelengths l ES l HT vs A €€€GM
€€€€€e€€€€
Re c2
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
A (G Me/ Re c2)
Figure:2 Plots of Dynamical Wavelengths at the Earth’s Surface
and at Hubble Telescope versus Quasars’s Gravitational Redshift
Factor.
Similarly for the equations (30) and (31) containing B we obtain two graphs in
figures 3 and 4:
zEs,zht
HLHL
14
9
Dynamical Redshifts ZES ZHT vs B HL
€€€€€€€
c
1270
1260
1250
1240
1230
1220
B(LH/c)
Fig:3 Plot of Dynamical Redshifts at Earths Surface and
Hubble versus Cosmological Redshift Factor.
λEs,λht
9Dynamical Wavelengths l HLHL
ES l HT vs B HL
€€€€€€€
c
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B(LH/c)
15
Next, solving the system of two equations in two unknowns for the
same quasar, the percent changes of the redshifts at the earth’s surface and at
Hubble were calculated, and from there the actual z values. A percentage
difference of
–8.18% was found, and also a ∆z = 0.359 between the two values of zES and
zHT.
Finally, general solutions of z’s and λ’s were obtained in-terms of A and
B being some multiple or submultiple values of gravitational and cosmological
redshift, and then plotted. For very large values of A and B, the DTG redshifts
and wavelengths seem to diverge, whereas at small values of A and B, they
both follow a linear behaviour that seems to converge to each-other at A = 0
and
B =0. This could mean that there is no distinction between DTG and
relativistic gravitational effects when A and B are very small. The effects
become distinct at larger values of A and B as shown by the graphs. Here it
may be resonable to assume that objects of large redshift and potential might
be canditates in detecting DTG effects.
References
[1] P. E. Williams, “ On a Possible Formulation of Particle Dynamics in Terms
of Thermodynamic Conceptualizations and the Role of Entropy in it.”
Thesis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1976.
[2] P.E. Williams, “The Principles of the Dynamic Theory” Research Report
EW-77-4, U.S. Naval Academy, 1977.
[3] P. E. Williams, “The Dynamic Theory: A New View of Space, Time, and
Matter”, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-8370-MS, Feb 1980.
[4] P. E. Williams, “ Quantum Measurement, Gravitation, and Locality in the
Dynamic Theory”, Symposium on Causality and Locality in Modern Physics
17