paar =~ya YNUHL 7 cLivid VAN ny@ONYH NyoN PHAM HA NOI IYEN DUY THUAN CO SG LY THUYET MOpUN VA VANH NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC - 2001p= LGI NOI DAU ‘Trong ahiing nam gan day nhu cau hye hoi ca sinh vien Khoa Toan, cdc thiy gido day Toan va nhitu nguti khde quan tam én Toan hoc, ngay cang gia ting, nhim ngng c20 higu biét cla mah, Trong khi 46, sich va cdc tai ligu vé mot sO nganb eta Todn fige chua duvse bién sogn & trong auc, ma nguon ti liéu nbap tir uci npodl va lai hin hoi hom true. Sinh vien khong e6 ti lew furdoe mi chi hoe theo bai giing cla tity 6 16p. Dieu d6 gy nbien ikhs khan cho ngudi hoe, dae biet 1d doi voi cac sinh vien dai hoe Vi cde hoe vien hé saw dai hoe. Né cling han ché rat nhieu khi hang ty hoc Va sing tgo ota sinh vien, Vi 46, chiing (Oi man ‘dan bien soan cudn sach nay nim dp img phi nao nguyen vong hoc tap cita nhieu ban doe Cuén sich nay duge bién soan voi muc dich Him mét gido trinh thuge chuyén nganh Dai s6 & bac Dai hoe va bac Cao hoc. Noi dung cita n6 [8 nhimg vain de bo ban cita If thuy¢t yah va médun, mét I thuyét phong pha va phét trién manh me hien may. N6 bao gom bay chyong. Chuong I tinh bay nbimg khéi niém ve modun, modun con, médun thumg, dong cfu, tich true tigp, tng true tiep, modun ty do, tich tenxo. Chuong II danh cho ede modun con edt yéu, mdun con Ai et yéu, modun xa anh va médun ndi xa, bao Moi xa, phil xa ah. DS Bi nbimng khéi niem quan trong cia If thuyét vanh va modun Ching 48 gp pltan tic dy su phat tridn manh mé cba Ii thuyét ee andy. Titchufomg IIT dén chuong VI tink bay nhimg vain dé co ban ita nhing Iép vinh va médun quan trong DTTOSB,Chuong IIT danh cho vanh va modun Noether, vanh va modun Artin, Chuomg IV trinh bay & cong cu 66 nhieu hieu lye tong viee nghien cu vanh va modun, Chuong V dinh cho vani nita don, mot lép vank c6 cau trie don gian, gin véi khong gian véeto va déng mot vai trd quan trong trong sir phan tich cia nhieu lép vanh khéc. Dinh If tri mat va cde dinh Ir ve caiu true ca vanh don va nita don bude dau gitip cae bun hhigu sau hon mot chat ve If thuyét vanh. Chyomg VI tinh bay vanh dia phuong va vanh mira dia phuong, Lop vanh nay 6 vai tro quan trong khong nhing trong ban than Ii thuyét vanh ma cdn ¢6 dng dung trong mot s6 nganh toin hoc khée. ‘Chuong VIL tinh bay so luge vé mgt sO vanh thong gap nhu vanh chinh quy, vanh nguyen thiy, vanh nita nguyén thiy, vanh nguyén (6, vanh niza nguyen t6. Ching t6i coi trong vige tinh bay don gifin, dé hidu. Sau ‘mOL myc hoae mot chung ¢6 mot s6 lngng bai tap di dé ban doc cling c6 nhing diéu da thu kom duoc. Cac tie gid chan thinh cim on Gio su Doan Quynh, Giso si Ha Huy Khoi, Tigh si Bui Huy Hien da doc ky ban thao, gop nhieu y kien qué bau dé hoan thanh cudn sich nay, Ching toi hy vong ring cusin si ede ban he vitn Cao hoe, sinh vien a Khai nigm can Jacobson va dé, hai ch nay 06 thé gidp ich cho h Todin, cae thiay gio day Todn & cdc ung Phé thong va nhieu ban doc kde. Tuy nhién, di e6 ging dén may chéc cling khong trnh khoi thiéu s6t Rat mong nhan duce sy g6p ¥ cia ban doc, ching t0i xin chan think cim on, CAC TAC GIA ‘CHUONG | MODUN 30. NHAC LAI VE VANH Vainh Rt mot tap hap cling véi hai phép toa, trong d6 R 1a nhém giao hoin véi phép ton eng va la nia nhém véi phép toan nhan; hom nia phép nhan phan phoi doi voi phep cong xly +) =ay tz (wt ylenaet yz véi moi x,y 2 ER Phin tir trung h goi la phian ri khiong), Phian tir don vi néu e6 eda phép nhin dug ki hieu bi 1. Néu vanh R cé nhieu hon mot phiin tt va e6 don vi thi ls 0 ‘Vinh duge goi fa giav hodn néu phép hax hosn, Vanh con eda vanh R 1a tp con ciia R dong thai 18 nira nhém con 6 véi phép nban va 1 nhém con dBi véi phép cong. Idéan di (idean phdi) cia anh R a vanh con A théa man digu kien acti phép cng dutoe ki higu bai 0 (thudmg foh chat gino racA(areA)acAreR Van con dong thi 18 dean téi va phai duge got Ia idéan hai phia (don gidn Ta idéan). Anh xaf: RR’ gilta cde vanh durac goi 18 ding edie var neu fix + y)= {9 +f) foxy) = fof?Néuf:R— Ri La mot dong cau vanh, ta ki hidu Kerf = {x € R| x) = 0} va gol Ii hat nian cia dong edu vanh £. Hat nhén tia dong cau ‘yauh [a mot idéan trong R. Nguye lai, méi idéan cha vinh R duge xem nhy hat ahan cua mot dong ctu vanh f: R > R’ nao do. Tap con I cia vanh R [a idéan khi va chi khi n6 théa man hai ditu kien > a-bel relbrel y6i moi a,b € I va mgi re R. Néu I 1 mot idéan cia vanh R thi nhém thuong R/I theo phép todn céng tré thinh mot vinh véi phép toan nhén cm sinh (a+) (b+) abl, va duge poi It vdinh shuomg cha R trén | Dinh li dong cu vanh. Gid sir fs R > RK’ la mot dong din vanh, p : R > RiKerf la todn cau chinh tde tir R dén vinh thuong ciia R wen Kerf. Khi 6 c6 moe dong cau yank duy nbd P : RiKerf > R’ sao cho tam gidc ReoiRs NF RiKerf la giao hodn. How nita fa mot don cdi Chui §. Trong cuba sich my vanh R luon Tuon duge Ih c6 don vi 1 4 0. thigt §1. MODUN ~ MODUN CON ~ MODUN THUONG 1A. Dinh nghia. Gia sR A mot vanh, Mot R-madior phd Mle (1) hom cong aben M cing véi (2) anh xa MxR>M (m, 9) mr, duve goi la phep hen véi vé huiding, thia man cach (monje = mcr’) (+m) = mr + mt m(r +) = mr + mr mi =m v6i moi m, m' € M va moi t. 1 € R. Nou Ov Oy tong dng la ce phian tir trung hda ciia M vi R thi ta cé thé dé dang suy ra tir dink nghia rang Oat = Oy; 00g = Ow -m)r = m(-r), V6i moi m € M va moi re R. Tir nay ve sau thay cho Oy va Op ta sé viet don gidn 12 Oma khong so sy Tam Vn nio. Tung ty, mot Remddun tréi 1 mot nhém aben M ciing vei phép nhan voi vo hugng rm (r= R,m © M) théa man rem) = (rr) x(m +m) =m + om! (rr )m = an +m Im=m véi moi m, m' © M vir eR.I Ro rang, néu vanh R giao hodn thi cac khai nigm modun phai va modun trai trimg nhau va duoe goi don gidn lit R-modun Dé thudn tien ta SE noi mOdun thay cho modun phai. VE ki hhieu, neu M [a mot R-modun phai (trai) ta ki higu Me (eM) dé chi 16 vanh oo 36 R khi can this 1.2, Vidu. 1, Phép nhiin v8 ben phai trong Vinh R xc din phép akan y6i vo hucng cua R len nhém aben cia R, théa man cdc tien de cua mOdun, Boi vay R 1 mot R-mnodua phai (ign nhien ring R By mot R-indun tli vii phép nhin bén wai trong R). 2, Tuong tu nhu tren, indi idean phai cia R 1a mor R médua phai; mdi idéan tréi fk mot R-modun trai 3. Gil sit R = Z Ia vanh ede s6 nguyén, Méi nhém aben A 66 cal trie Z-modun. 4. Gia sir R = K la udng, Mdi khong gian véeto ten K 1a mot K-madun. Co the’ not réing kha nigm médun ld. md rong ctia khai niém nhdm aben va khdi niém khong gian vécta. 1.3. Nhan xét. Ta nite lai ring ede ty dong edi cia nhém aben A lap thiinh yanh End(A). Trong trudmg hgp A la mot R-modun tréi, phép han v6i vo hurting hoda to&n xae dinh mot dong cau vank: @:R-» End(A) TH O(F), VOI @irja = ra. Hon nia déng cau nay bién dom vil, thinh don vi id,(id,, Ki higu cho dan Newoe lai, doi voi méi nhém aben A, moi dong edu vanh bien dom vi thanh don vi deu xii dinh mot edu trae R-modun tri cau dong nhat ciia A), trén A v6i phép nhan véi vo huéng cho bai RxASA (fa) + (olrVa). 1.4, Dinh nghia, Gid sit M 12 mot R-modun phai. Tap con A cia M duge gai Ia madun con cia M néu A 1 médun tren R v6i phép cong va phép nhan v6i vo hudng ciia M han ché tren A. LS. BG de. Gi sit M 1a mer R-modun phdi. Nei A la tan con khae réng ciia M thi cdc diéu kién sau tuong cong: (a) A la médun con trong M. (b) Ala nhom con cong ca modun M va doi véi moi a € A, moi r € Ria cé are A (0) VOi moi a,b © Ava moi rs © Rta cd art by eA Chieng mink. (Xem nhs bai tap). 5 1.6. Vidu, 1, Mi médun M da 6 ede médun con tam thung 1a 0.2 M. Modun con A cla M duge got la thue swnéu A#0 va A#M. 2. Gi sir MIA mot R-médun tuy yval m, © M. Khi d6 tap mR = {mgr | t€ R} 1 mot modua con cia M. N6 duge goi la modun con xiclic sinh di phian rit my, 3. Gia str m, Ia mot phin tir eta R-modun M, 1 1a mot idéan phai cita vinh R. Tap hop ede phidn tit mou, trong dé « chay khdp 1, 14 mot modun con cla M, kf higu boi m,I. 4. Gi sit A, B [a hai modun con cite mot R-modun M. Thé thi AB sé la mot modun con ciia M va A+B=jat+blacAbeB}ha mot médun con cita M Theo bé dé 1.5 ta e6 thé ching minh mot ech dé dang mgnh dé sau, 17. Menh d@, Giao cia mot ho bat ki nhitng modun con ctia R-médun M la mot médun con cia M. Vi du, 1) 22132 = 64. 2) 1) pZ = 0, voi 11 1a tgp tat ¢@ cde $6 nguyen 16. 1.8. Dinh nghia. Gid sit X la mot tap con cia R-modun M ‘Médun con bé nhait A chita X duge ggi [A middun con sink boi X va X [a mot rdp sinh-hay he sinh cia A. Trong truong hyp A= M ta ndiX 1A mot ihé sinh ciia M va M due sinh boi X. Neu M eo mot he sinh hitu han ta néi ring M 1 R-modun Aru hen sinh. Ménb dé sau cho thay modun con sinh béi mot phim we chinh 1 mdun con siete 1.9. Ménh dé. Gid sit X ld tdp con ctia R-madun M. Cav menh de sau 1d tung ducong: fa) A la modun von sinh boi tap X (bh) A= (Dare | EX, HER}. Wrong do ty = 0 hue het wre ‘mot 86 ftw han Ching minh. Vigo shién tap tit 0a ede phin tir cla M c6 dang Yixr,, eR. xeX fa modun con cita M va chifa X, Mat hdc, moi médun con ciia M ehita X déu chita csc phiin str dang Say. Vay tap tat cd ede phan wr dang Sx, fa modun con bé nhat hita X. o 140. Vidu. Z—modun Q cic s6 how ti Khong c6 he sinh haw han 10 ‘That vay, gia sis X = fa), a>, .., aq} AL mot he sinb hw hgn cia Q. Khi a6 : a 66 thé bidu dign du6i dang t8ng hitw han: ay=xay+ Dua.ae Z Suy ra ay = xia) + 2m, Tied6 may = Y°2x,a), voi m= 1 - 2x1, Gist bay +d Zz arya t Dre 1 € Khi ds ay =myia) + Dmyiay = DrariayitLmyias Dieu ndy ching 6 X\{a)} cung 12 he sinh cha Q. Tiép tue ‘qué trinh nay sau n bude ta duce tap rong 1a hé sinh ciia Q va do 86 Q= 0}! ALLL. Dinh nghia. Gia sir(A\ |i € 1) Ri mot ho thy ¥ nhime modun con cla R-modun M. Khi dé modun con sinh béi tap S =U Ai duge goi 1a tng cia cde modun con Aj v2 ki higu boi TA) 1.12. Menh dé. Cho (A,| i € 1) fa moe ho tty ¥ nhitng mddun con tia M. Khi db Eo Ching minh, C6 thé thir lai rang tap hop AW (Ya fae Ante Jo, J hou han} Jae A,i Jel, J hiu han}I médun con ca M chia S =U A. Mat khée, mdi médun con chifa S cing chéa A, Béi vay, 'A la médun con bé nhat chit hay A= DA, a Don gian hon, o6 thé xem ménh d® 1.12 nh mot hg qui cua menh oe 1.9. 1.13. Binh nghia. Modun con A cia modun M duge goi a i dai néu A? M vané khong chia trong mot modun con thu sit a0 cia M. 1.14. Dinh ducge chita trong moi modun con 10% dai Bé ching minh dinh Ii nay ching ta cin t6i b6 é& Zom. BS @ nay con duce sit dung trong hing loat chimg miah vé sau Trong médiun hitu han sinh mBi médun con the sit 1.18. BB dé Zorn. Cho A la tap sdp thit ue, Néu méi wip con sap thit ne hoan ian trong A c6 can tren trong A thi A cd phiin ex ec dai Ching minh dink tt 1.14, Gid st'S= (my, .., mj Ta be sinh cia M. Néu A Id médun con cita M va A + M thi tap cde modun con cia M P= (B)ACBeM,B=M} 1a khac rang. Hon nia, P12 sip the ty theo quan hé bao him. Dé dp dung bé dé Zorn ta cn chi ra méi tap con sip thif ny hodn tan Lowa ’ ¢6 can tren trong F. Bat C=UBBeL Khid6 ACC. Gil thiet rang © =M. The thi fm), ...m} &C, do dé ton tai médun con B € Ls1o cho {my, .., mJ © B, nghia B= M, tri véi gid thigt vé DP. Vay ta phi e6 C M/A(m+ Alii mr+ A 1a moe dah aq. Hon nita, nhidm thuamg MIA la R-médtun véi phép nhin voi vo Inidng (m4 Ajr= mrs A Va duge yoi la modun thucong. Ching mink, Gia sis my + A= my + A, The tht my +a, ae A. Tirdé myr= mor + ar, véiar € A, Boi vay myc + Am mgr + A. Dieu dé ching to twong img néi trong ménh dé La mot énh xa, Sau dé ta e6 thé thir Igi ede ditu kign efia mot R-modun, Dieu nay suy re tir M Ii mot R-médun. BAI TAP 1. Chimg t6 ring nhém aben A nhan cau tric Z,-médun néu va chi néu mA = 0. 2. Gid sir A la R-modun phai va B 1a nhém aben, Chimg 16 ring tap cic dong cau nhim Homy(A, B) c6 ediu trtie R-modun phil. 3. Modun Mp goi la don néu M + 0 va chi e6 hai médun con [a 0 va M. Chimg minh rang M fa don khi va chi khi mR = M v6i mei OemeM. 4. Cho I vi M 1h hai idean thuc su cia vanh R. Chimg minh ring: 1) M Ba idéan 161 dai néu R/M [i vanh don, 2) R 6 dean ti dai chita | 3) R o6 ft nhat mot idan t6i dai 5. Gia sir Mg Ia modun khéc khong, N 1a mOduin con thuc sf cla Mvi ae M\N. Ching minh ring M4 — 1)M co modun con K t6i dai voi, tinh chat N cK wae ¢ K. 2) Néu M= aR +N thi M c6 modun con ti dai K v6 tinh chaiNcK va ae K 6. Chimg minh ring trong mOdun Qz cic sO hau ti khong 6 médun con téi dai. 7.Cho A [i idéan oita vanh R. Chimg t8 fing A Ta idéan phai 101 dai khi va chi khi n6 1a idean tri ti dai.§2. DONG CAU MODUN 2.1, Dinh nghia, Cho hai modun Mp, Ny. Mot dong cau R-mddtun hay mot dnh xa tuyén tinh £: M —> N Ja mot inh xq f thoa man cée dieu kign fox + y) = flx) + fly) far) = fear d6i véi moi x, y € M, re R. NéwN = M thi f duoe goi 18 mot rw ding edu cia M Mot dong cau R-médun cdn duge goi don gin Ia mot ding div néu khong can thiét pha chi 13 vanh eo sé. Dé thay f: MN 1 dong cdf médun khi va chi khi fixt + ys) = fxr + flys V6i moi x.y € M. moi, 8 ER Tap hop tat ca ofc dong cifu tir Me din Ne duge ki higu bai Home (M, N), hay don gidin a Hom (M,N). Tap hgp nay fa nhom aben vdi phép cong cdc dong cfu (F + 8) (x) = fix) + 26x) voi f, g © Hom (M,N), xe R. Néu RB vanh giao hoén nhém cong ndy c6 eau trie R-modun vi phép nhan véi vo hudng (0%) = flr, Xe Me R. Ta cing dinh nghia dom cau, toin cau, dang céu médun tuong tu nhur 46% véi dong edu nhém. Cy thé, dong cata £: Mp—> Ne dutce goi 1a don cau (tuomg ting ton, edu ding cA) néu f 1 mot dom dnh (tuemg. img todn ah, song Anh), Doi voi dong cau modun fs M— N ta ki higu Imf = f(M), Kerf = {x € M| f(x) = 0} =£'(0) va goi Imf i dnh cia f, con Kerf Th har nhan cia £ 2.2. Minh dé. Cho ding edu mdun fs M—> N vd U,V twong ting la médun con ctia M,N. Kat 6. 1) fU) lis médun con ctia N 2)f71V) = (x © M /fa) © V) ld médun con cia M. Daic bigt, Imf va Kerf la nhing modun con nemg ing cia N, M. U. Khi 46 f(x), f(y) © 1(U). Ching minh. 1) Gia six, y Ta can ching minh fixyr + Ay)s € AU), voix, s © R. ‘That vay, do xr + ys € U nén fixir + flys ~ fxr + ys) © £U), 2) Gia sit a, b € f '(V). Khi do ffa), f(b) 1a nhimg phan tir thude V. Tirdé suy ra flajr + f(bys © V => Alar + bs) ¢ V. Boi vay, ar + bs © £4V). 23, Menh 8. Gid sit : X > ¥ [a mor dong edu R-médun. Hai tinh chat sau day twong dutong. (a) f la mot don cdi, (b)f gicin wie dicen ben tréi, nghia la moi ding shite fip, = fg: dew kéo the 9 = 2, trong dé 9), 92 la nhiing dong ediu tie R-médun tity ¥ M 161 X. Chieng minh. (a) => (b). Vi fo) = fips nen fipy(x) = fil) vi moi x ¢ M. Nhimg f 18 dom edu nén (x) = x(x) vdi moi x € M. te dg) = 92 (b) = (a). Gilt sir (x) = fe’). Khi d6 fl — x})= 0. Goi M Ta\ modun xiclie (x — x)R cing véi phép nhing chinh tic gr M= (xR X, con @, la dong city 0: M > X, bign moi phan tt cla M thanh plan tir 0 trong X. Khi dé dé thay fp, = fips. Do gi thiét ta 6 1 = 2. Dieu nay ching 16 ox — x!) ghia 1a don eau, 24. Menh de, Gi ste fs X—» ¥ ld mor didng cide Rmédun. Hoi tinh chit saw la naong dune: (a) f la mot toan edi. (b) f gidn ude duoc ben phai, nghia la moi déng shite wit = Waf dew kéo theo y, = Wo, trong 45 uy, ys la nhing dong aia 8 Y 181 mor Rmodun ht Ai N. Ching mink, (a) = (b). Vif todn edu nen v6i mgiy = ¥ deu ton tai x € X sa0 cho fix) = y. Do 66 Wily) = walls) = waflbd= yay). tie BA yy = Yo (b) = (a), Lily N= Vim va wi YN la phsp chigu, Wo ¥ > N la dong cau 0. Khi d6 yif= wef= 0. Theo gid thidt suy ra fing yy = wo. Tite [A N=0, hay Y= Imf. a 25. B6 dé. Gid sit 9 | A> B la mou dong cau R-modua va U,V tuong ling la nhing médun con ctia A, B. Khi di. 1) 9 dun cilu > Keng = 0. 2).0 (lL) = U + Kere. 3) o@ (Y) = VN) Img. 18 Ching mink. 1) Ching minh dé ding 2) Trude hét ta chimg minh @ (QU) ¢ U + Ker. Gid sia c @(@(U)). Khi dé g(a) © G(L), do dé ton tai ue U sa0 cho @(u) = ofa). Tirds a-we Kerp = acU+Kery. Neuwoc lai, xét phan tiru +k < U+ Kerg, Khi d6 o(u +k) = e(u) + fk) = ofu) € o(U). Tir dé u+k € @ (@(U)). 3) Dinh cho dge gi xem nhut bai ap. a Tir bé dé nay truc tigp suy ra ring néu U 1a modun con cua Avao: A> Bla don cfu thi U=@ '(@(U)), nghia fa mdi modun con cla A dién duge dudi dang p'(V). Mat khée, néu V 1a médun con cia B v2 @ ; A> BIA toin edu thi V = @(9 (V)), aghia 1a médun con V cita Bdge biéu dién didi dang @(U). Bay gid chung ta xem xét mot sypkien quan trong [8 sy phn tich mot dong cau thinh tich. 2.6. Dinh li. Méi ding cdiy R-mddun @ : A> B cb su phan tich> A> B ‘7 AlKero trong db g =A» BK 1a eon ed i idm On 910 mbt dem duu. Hon nita 9" 44 toan cau khi va chi Khé g toan edit, Chumg minh. Xé\ tung ting: ' : AlKerg > B, a + Kero + ofa).oR anh xa. That vay, néu a + Ker = a’ + Kerep thi sue Kerg Bai vay, oa’ + Keng) = g(a!) = p(a > u) = p(a) + g(u) = la) = ola + Kerp) Ré ring g' 1 dong cfu. Hom nifa e6 thé thir lai ring g' la don edu. That vay, neu a + Kenp) = gia) = 0 thi @ © Kerp va vi vay a+ Kerg li phiin tr tung hda cia A/Kero. Nghia fa Keng’ Bay git gia sira < A Ia mot phlin tir tay J. Khi dé la) = g'@ + Kero) = ofa) Do @ dom cu va do Img’ = Ime ta suy re duage Ta to’ cau hi va chi khi @ toan cau. Khi d6 g Ia ding cfu. ao 2.7. He qua. Neu @ | A> Bld mgt dong ede R-médun thi twong ing: @: AlKero — Imo + Kery + ofa) 1a diing cau va do d6 0 6 thé phan tich thank 9 = tgp, A 5B of ti A/ Kero —* > imp trong d5 p la phép chi chink ric, «1a phép ahiing chink tic Ching mink, R& rang @ chinh la g' néi trong dinh ty 2.6 vei mign gid trj han ché trén Imo. a 28. Dinh li (dink Ii thet nhat vé ding cu), Néu B.C Id hai médun 20 —— eon cua A this (B+ CNC = BIB). Ching minh, Xét phép chi€u tu nhign p:B+C+(B+ Cyc, goi o [a han ché cia p tren B, a = ply. Khi d6 Kerp=C, Kero ~ BC. Theo hé qua 2.7 (B + O/C = Imp = p(B + = 1B) + pC) = PB) BAB) C) = Imax = a(B) = p(B) Boi vay (B+ CVC =BABNC) Qo Nhdn xét, Dinh |i nay c6 thé ching minh khong sit dung ménh dé 2.7, ma this true tiép ring anh xa BAB NC) > (B+ CVC b+EBACH DEC Ih ding edu, 2.9. Dinh li (dinh Ii tht hai vé ding cau). Néuw Co BC A thi AJB = (A/C)/(BIC), Chang minh, Xét che phép chigu pi: A AIG, pr: AIC > (AICV(BIC). Khi d6 pap, [8 toan cu, do dé theo hé qua 2.7 AlKer(psp)) = (A/C)(BIC). Ta cé (theo hé qui 2.5) Ker(p:pi) = pj'(Kerp2) = pj' (B/C) = p,'(p(B)) = B+ Key, =B+C=B. Bay gid ta tinh bay ket qui mé rong cia dinh If 2.6. a2.10, Dinh li. Gid sie: A> B la ding cae médun vd la todn edu. ngodi ra Keres © Ker. Khi dé ton rai dong edu CB sao cho: W @=ho, (i) lm = Ime, (iii) i don edu <> Kero. = Kerg. Ching minh. (i), Bang cau ¢ = 2.0. €6 nghia 8 bidu di sau giao hoan A—>B ol Ak Le Do o: toan cau nén voi mdi phin tir x © C ton tai phan ti a ¢ Asao cho ofa) =x. Bay gityta chimg minh ring twang tmg: ACB x ofa) 1a mot dh xa, ngbia fi 3. khong phu thude vio vige chon phian tir ac A, mA a(a) =x. That vay, gia sie x=a(a)=a{a), aac A. Khi do aa’ e Kera c Kero (theo gi thici) Boi vay ofa) = 20x). DE thir lai hang A fa dong edtu thé main (i) va Gi) Ta ching minh (iii). Dau tién gid sit 1a don céu. Do gid thigt Kerer & Ker nén ta chi cin chimg to Ker < Kerat 1a dit Gii sir a € Kerg. Khi dé 0 = 9(a) = 2.ala) = ala) = 0, a € Kera. —— Bay gid wid sir Kerr = Ker; Khi d6 tir A(x) = 0 va x= aa) suy ra: 0 = A(x) = Kala) = pea). Do déa © Kerp = Kera, Suy tax = aa)=0. a 2.11. Dinh nghia. Gia sir 6 ta dat Cokerg — BiIm@ (doc 1a ddi hat nhan ciia 9), Coime = A/Kere (dye 1a dei dnh cita @). Nhu way, Coimg ~ Imo (do he quit 2.7) ~» B la dong cau R-modun. Khi Tinh chit phé dung cia hat nhan ya doi hat nhan duye triah, bay trong dinh I sau. 2.12. Dinh li, 1) Trong bidu dé cdc dong var modun: Kero > 4°98 v D 0 thi tn tai dong edu duy nit y's D > Kee sao cho wy’, wif la phép ahiing chtnh tc. 2) Trong bidu db ede dong edi médun A 2s B—> Cokery ° c néu pxp = 0 thi tin tai dng cau duy nhdt 9’ : Cokero — C sao cho p= pip. v5i p [a phép chiu chink the. Ching mink. 1) Ta gy = 0 suy ta Imy < Kerp. Bai vay ta dat vi sD Kenp. awes wu) = yu) Ré ring y= i.y’ vA néu e6 y" :D—> Kerg sao cho y = iay" thi do i dom anh nen y’ = y", 2) Dinh cho doe gid xem nhu bai tap. Oo 2.13, Dinh nghia (day khép). Mot day (hiw han hoge vo han) hing dong edu R-modun LS Bee duge goi la kidp tai B neu Ima. ~ Ker. Day duge goi la &idp neu 126 khdp tai mot médun khac véi hai diu (néu c6) cia day. Day khap dang tg 0O>2ASB5C>0 “ duge goi lt day Kip nsdn. Tu dinh nghia cia diy khdp dé ding suy ra ménh d@ sau. 2.14, Menh d@. Cho ding cau R-médun a. : A> B. Khi dé 1) Day 0 > A> Bla khop néu «dem cd, 2) Ddy A> B 0 la thop neiu @ toan cdiu, 3) Day 0 + Ay 0. Wik ide bra Ga. Mot he quai true tiép ciia ménh d& trén 1a trong diy khdp ngdn (+) ot la don cau con B todn edu. BAI TAP 1, Cho modun Mg. Chiing minh ede digu sau tong duomg: (a) M Ti modu dom (a) Moi dong edu khiéc khong M —> N ladon cau, (©) moi dong eau khiic khong N —> M fa toan cai. u 2, Gil sit f: M— N la mot eon ciia M. Ching minh ring: 1) Néu K.) Ker f= 0 thi fc: K > N [don cau, 2) Neu K + Ker f= M thi fc! K > N Bi toan cfu. 3.Chimg minh rang: 1) Neu M Ia Z-modun xictic hitu han thi ton tai day khop edu R-médun va K 13 modun a 09 E472 4 M30 2) Ton tai day khép cde Z—médun 0327,32,524,44,50 4. Cho bigu do giao hodn cia cée dong cdu R-modun 0344 B2C+0 a al rt 0A SB IC 50 trong d6 céc dong 1a khép. Hon nifa, gia thiét ring fi 1A ding cau, Ching minh ring: 1) eR don cau va y 1a toan cau 2) @ 1a toan cau va y 1 don calu, 5. Gif thigt ring R la vanh giao hon, A vi B [a hai R-mOdun, Doi Oi dong edu R-modun @ : A> B ta xdc dinh (ora) = far), Wa © A, Vr e R. Chang td rang khi dé Homg(A, B) tré than R-modun, Hon na, ket ludn nay khong diing trong trung hop R khong giao hoan. Sa ]§3. TICH TRUC TIEP - TONG TRUC TIEP Trong i thuyét modun mot mat ta nghién eta médun da cho nho su phan tich né thanh nhimg modun don gidn hon; mat khac ta hinting t6i vige xay dumg nhimg médun moi tirnbiing medun da cho. Theo hung tht hai, nhimg ctu trie dic big! ¢5 ¥ nghia 1a tinh truc tiép va téng true tigp. 3.1 Dinh nghia (Tich true ti¢p). Cho mét ho nhimg R-médun (Ar Fe D. Khi dé tich Be cae TA, = |(a) |i € La © Ai} cing vGi phép céng va phép nhan voi vo hung theo thant phian: (a) +) = (a+b) (a)r = (ar) Ja mot R-modun, goi 1a rich true tiép cia ho (Aj | 1 © 2. Trung hop Aj ~ A v6i moi i ¢ Tta ki higu Ta, =a Phép chigw p,: TTA, 5 ay Ia mot R-dong cai v6i Vj € TL. 3.2. Binh li (Tinh chat phd dung). Gid si B la R-modun cung vi cdc dong ediu B,: B > Ay Khi dé tin tai dong edi duy nhdt B:B—ITA; saa cho cae bie do sau xiao hon Tato BN AB oowiet B Ching minh. Bong cu B : B+ TTA, duge cho béi pAix) = Bix). xB. iel Qo 3.3. Menh dé. Gid si (fi: Ai > B\| i © 1) ld. mdr ho dong edu 26 modun. Khi dé tame ting fla, >IB cho. bd £((a\)) = (Fa) La mpr dong edie, duge ki h due bei TUE, va duge goi ld ich true tigp clia ho ede ding edn (f, |i € 1. Ching mink, Danh cho doe gid ahr mot bai tap. a 3.4. Dinh nghia (TOng trye tiép). Cho (Ai) i € 1) 8 mot ho nhimg R-modun, Modun con cia TT A; gm tt cd ahi pin tir (a) mi a) = 0 hau het, wiv mot sé hitu han chi sé i € 1, duge goi la ng rue tiép (hay téng tre tiép ngodi) cia ho (A, | i € T) va kt hiew bii BA, Trong truimg hop A: = A voi moi i € I ta kf hicw @a-a" Voi mdi j ¢ I, tvong ing He A > BA, 4 > (a), --{% vegam Oneu i 4 j 1a mot don cau 3.5. Dinh li (Linh chat pas dung). Gid sit B la R-modun cing vot etc ding edu cy» A; > B. Khi do ton tai déng edu duy nhdt : BA, > B sav cho cdc bid do sau giao hon OA >A Na. vielChing minh. Dong cau a - BA; -> B durge cho bai a((a)} = Yaa). 5 3.6. Ménh dé. Gid sit (f, : A, > B,| i < 1) Ja mar he ding cau médun. Khi dO wong ting PGA > OB, che bai H(a)) = (F(a) fa mor déng cdu, duge ki hiéu bot Of va duoc got la tong mye tiep cttw hg cde dong edu (f, |i € V. 3.7. Dinh nghia. Médun Ag dune goi la ng true sep trong cia mét ho edie modun con (A,| 1 € 1) néu eée diéu kien sau duge thoa a-¥A, 2A, MYA =, voimoij et 3.8. BO de. Médun Ay la rng true tip tong cia mot ho cde imdddun con (As |i € 1) néu va chi néu mbi phiin tira © A biéu dién duy nat duedi dang oem, +4, 4.44, 68) EAU HEL Chitug mink. Do ditu kién 1) eta dinh nghia 3.7 66 mot tap hifu han I! © T sao cho phi tia viet durge dui dang. a= Yon. Gid sircdn o6 tap him han 1" Asta) Say la ding cite BL. Chi §. Do be qué 3.10, tir nay vé sau thay cho téng true tiép trong ta chi néi don gidn Ia tng trve tiép cing vot ky hieu BAL. Su phin biét téng true tiép ngoai hay tng truc tigp trong duoc higu theo timg tinh hung cu thé. 3.12, Dinh nghia. Modun con B clia A duve goi B hang ni true tigp wong A néu c6 modun con C cita A sao cho A= B® C. Modun A ¢ 0 duge goi Ia dhiong plain ich duce nu 0 va A Ri nhimg hang tir trve tgp duy nhat trong A. al— 33. Viddu. 1) Gi sit V = Vj 1a Kndng gian véeta tren trugmg K va fa) i € F} 1A mot ca s6 cla n6. Khi do hign nhién 2) Trong Zz moi modun con déu c6 dang mZ,m € N. Véi m #0, m= 1 th mZ Khong la heng tis tre tig. That vay, néu Z=mZOnZ thi mnemZnZ=0 >n=0 2mb=Z => m= 1, tdi véi gid thiet. Vay modun Zz khong phan tich duce. 3.14. Dinh nghia, Don clu a: A + B ea cae R-modun duoc g9i a che ra néu Ima. fa hang tit trye tiép wong B. Toan ctu 2B C duye yoi Bi che ra nea KerB 18 hang tir true tip cia B 315, Ménh de, 1) Dang cae madun a : A> B 1a don ed che ra thi va chi khi tan tai ding cau Bs B > A sao cho Bat = ida (1a ndi acd nghich dio trdi). Khi dé B= Imo ® KerB. 2) Dang cau PB > C ta roan cia che ra hi va chi ki tn tal dong céiu y ; C9 B sto cho By = ide (1a ndt Bcd nghich dao phi), Khi dé B= Ker © ty, Chiing minh. 1) Gid sit: A> B li don cata che ra, Khi do B = Ima ® By. Do méi phim tb = B viet duge duy nhat dui dang ofa) +b) ,a.€ A, by = Bi, vado o Ii ding edu gilta A va Ima nén tuong dmg P:B>A, ofa) + bia 1 mot dong cau. R6 ring Ba. ~ id, Nauge lai, gid st ton tai dong cfu B » B+ A sao cho a = id. Khi 6 @ 1a. don cau, Lay b € Btuy J. The hi 30 fico — af(b)) = 0, nga 1a b ~ a(b) = by © Kerf. Vay B= Ima + Kerf, bé ching minh Ima. () Kerf) = 0 ta lay a la phan tir thuge gino. ThE thi tn tai x € A sao cho ax) = a va 0= pa Vay B = Ima © Kerf. 2) Néu B: B > C Bi toan cau ché ra thi B= Ker © B, Khi d6 cdi han ché B, cha B trén B, 1a dang edu: Bi = Bly + Bi=e, Goi w:B) > B Li phép abing chinh te ta duge y= nfl: C > B, thoa min By = ide, ‘Nguoc lai, néu tn tai dong cau y: C > B sao cho By = ide th) y don cau va B ton eau. Ap dung ménh dé 1) ta duoc B= Kerf} © Imy, nghia 1a fla todn cau che ra. a Plax) =x a= 9. 3.16. Dinh nghia, Day khop ngin aoe O>2A+B>C>0 “ duge goi B che ra néu Ima = Kerf 1a hang tit true tigp cia B. Doi voi day khop ngiin ché ra ta c6 3.17. Menh dé. Déi vor day thap ngdn (*) cde phat bidu sau amg dheong (a) Day khdp ngdn (") che ra. (b) ola dem edu che ra (ce) B lat toda edu che va. Khi dé B= Ino: © Imy= A@® C, trong doy: C > Bla nghich dio phi ciiaChing minh. Suy ra true tip tir dink nghia va tir menh d& 315 3418, Binh Ii. Cho ddy kidp ngda 0 >A >B>C>0 Khi dd ede day sau lit hop. 1) 0+ Hom(M, A)—> Hom(M, B) > Hom(M, C) ‘ 2) 0» Hom(C, M) —» HomiB, M) “> Hom(A, M) trong dé M la R-médun tity ¥, a+ = Hom(idy, &), a’ = Hom(a, idy) (rong ne wii B.. f) Ching minh, |) Tons: bet ta ching minh @ dom eu. Ta 66 Kero ,= fu:M—> Aj au =0} Do o don eitu nen u= 0. Vay Kera= 0. Bay gity ta chimg minh Ima, = Kerf. B..,= Hom(idy, [).Homtidss, 0) = Hom(idy, Boe) = Homtidy, 0) = 0. Bei vay Imac Kerf. Bay gid Idy ue Kei, khi do u:M— B va fu = 0. Theo dinh Ii 2.10, u duye phan tich qua a, te [a ton tai Vv eM A sao cho u = av, aghia fi u © Imo. Bor vay Ke.c Ima, 2 KerB’ = {u: C > M | uB = 0} Do f toan cau nén u= 0, Vay p don du. Bay git ta chiing minh Imp” = Kera’. Ta c6 a’. B= 0 (cing nhv trén) nén Im" c Kero’ => Lay ue Ker’ .u: B> M vaua = 0. Lai theo dinb 1f 2.10, u duge phin tich qua B, tte 18 tn tai yi 3M sao cho u= vB, nghia fa ue Imp", Boi vay Kera’ < Imp’, o 3A9. Dinh li. Cho day khdp che ra 0+A+BSC>0 Khidé cae dey sau cling 10 khop ché ra 1) 0+ Hom(M, A) + HomiM, B) > Hom(M, C) + 0 me " 2) 0» Hom(C, M) > Hom(B, M) + Hom(A. M) + 0 Ching minh. |) Theo 3.17 va 3.15 toan cdu Bo mot ghich dio phai y : Cr B sao cho By ~ ide. Khi d6 Hom(idys, B).Hom(idy, 7) = Hom(idy, ide) = iden ¢ Tird6 Hom(idy, B) ~ B+ 1a todn edu. Boi vay day (1) Ba khép. Hon nifa theo 3.15, f+ fa toan ctu ché ra va do do day 1) fa Khép che ra 2) Duge ching minh tuong tw. o BAI TAP 1, Ching 16 king Zy ® Z, = ting nhau, 2, Tu dong cau p : M—> M duge goi la ly ding néu pp = p. Chimg minh rang médun con A cia M 18 hang tir true tip néu va chi néu ton tai mot dong edu lay ding p sao cho p(M) ~ A. Khi a6 »néu va chi néu m, nnguyén to aM Kerp. 3. Gia sir K va Ll hai médun con cia mddan M. Ching té ring ede day sau Tk khop 1>KML+KOL>K+L> 0 MAK NL) > MK © M/L—> MA(K+L) > 0 trong d6 alx, y) =x —y va BO 9) = XY 4. Gid sit M~ K + Lva gi sir f: M > N la mot todn cafu, Ching N=f{k) ® lL) néuK )L = Kerf §. Ching minh rang d6i véi dong edu ce: A> B cde ménh d sau tc duromy a) Kera. fi han true tip trong B true Sp trong A, con Ima li ha (b) Ton tai dong cau B: B > A sao cho a = aBa, 6, Gia sit M ~K @ K'= LL, Chim; 1) K = Lkéo theo K' = L' nhumg khi 2) Neu K ag ké H, HT médun con cita M x M. thi 1=K @(HNK) 7. Gia sie M & médun khéc khong. Trong M? = M x M. dt My = {(m ,0)| me M} va Mz = {(0, m) | me Mj. Boi v6i méi o € End(Me) dit M’ = {(m, tm) | m ¢ M}. Gia sir L Ia médun eon cha M’. Ching minh 1) M? = K @ Mp neu K M’ vGi @ mo 46 thuge End(M). 2) Néu K = M' doi v6i tu ding ciiu @ & End(M) thi M?~M, @ K. 8. Gil si (B,| i= 1,2...) 1 tap hop nio dé nhing médun cor M, ngoai ra M = 8 tuong durong (a) BB) YB, = 0, vei ¥j= 1,2 (>) M= 6B 9) Gia strp [a 56 nguyen 16 va Q= (2 IlxeZvanen Ching minh ring: Vz=9Q,/2 tor TR ap wt cd c4. MODUN TU DO 4.1 Dinh nghia. Gia sit U = (a; | i © 1 1a mot tap con ctia R-médun A. Ta néi ring U Bi dae lap tuyén tink néu voi moi tap con hau han J.< 1 Yan=0ne Ried suy ra = 0 voi moi ie J 4.2. Dinh nghia. Gii sit A ki R-modun, U 1a tap con ciia A. Ta n6i U 18 cor sc cita A néu U Ia hé sinh va dge lap tuyén tinh trong A Khi dé A duge goi la R-modun 1 do véi co s& U. Ts ciing ndi U 18 tdp sind we do cba A. 43. Vidu. 1. 0 Rt R-modun tr do voi oo so rong, 2. Ban than vinh R fi R-médun wr do v6i oo sé {1 3. Gid sir 118 tap hop nio dé, Khi dé R°GORR-RieD la R-modun tir do véi eo si U = fey) ie 1}, trong 6 Inéuj = i eae longuj +i U due goi la co si chinh tic cia R", 4, Méi Z-modun tur do duoe goi la ahim abew 1 do. Moi nhem xyelic cfip v6 han la aben ty do. vii cor sé gom mot phian ti vii Z. cae $6 hitu ti Q khong 1a nhom aben tu do. That vay he {oc} gom mot phian wl o + 0 1a.doe lap tuyén tinh, cdn {c B} Th phu thuge tuyén tinh véi moi a, B. Do dé néu Q c6 ~ = — co sé thi co 88 chi gm | phan ti, nbumg he nhur vay khong th sinh ra Q. 4d. Ménh 8, Rembduun A 1a 1 do viii cot soi U khi va chi ki phan vt iia A viet aug rnpt cach duy rh duc dan asant + antm & € Ust ER Ching minh. D8 dang suy ra tirdinh nghia. 45, Menh de, Cac digu sau wing dong (a) Ala R-médun ty do (bia A= Ri € 1, vii tap ohi so nao dd, (a) va (b) duge thoa Ching minh, Tease hét ta thay 12 v6i A= 0 (KKhi dS 00 sis A 1A tap tong @ va tap 1= @)Viv thigt A> 0. (a) > (b). Gid sit U = fu | ie 1} Reo sociia A. Khi ds an xa gi Ra uR xo ux nh. Tir tinh chit ciia cos suy ra ring u, x = 0 kéo the x = 0, nghia la 9, ding cau Ta khang dinh ring A= Guz. Vi U 2 he sinh nén hién nhien A = Sou, R. Gid sit voi uy € U ta ed acuRM(LuRr Khi dé a= ux) - Su ym CR. Tirdé suy ra (X wand — uy = 9 Do tinh chat cia hé de Hip tuyén tinh ta suy ra x, = 0 voimoi he tir c6 mat trong he thite tren, nghia Li wRA(LaR) =o. Boi vay theo nghia nghia 3.7 1a 69 A= u, R. (b) = (a). Gid sit 9, “RA, 1a cde ding cif néi trong ménh de. Ta khang dinh rang tp hyp {@(1) |i 1} 18 mot co sé cia A. That vay, do A, = @(R) = (DR nen A=®A, ® oR Dieu nay chimg t6 {o(1) | 1 hg sinh ca A. Neu Jc 1, J hau han va Zo(1)xj ~ 0, x © R thi theo he qua 39 (xi = O06) = 0 vo Vie J Do ¢) ding cétu nén x, = 0 vii Vi e I. Vay fp(1) |i el} a doe lap tuyén tinh vado d6 18 0 si clia A, 4,6. Dinh If (Tinh chat phé dung). Cho F té R-modun utdo v5i co GU € 1) 2A 1 Remddun, Khi d5 moi dn xa f:U > Adu md rong mét edch duy nhéi thanh mst dong edu OFA. Chang minh, Dong cau 9 > F = A duge xe dinb biti he thie Dex) = > Medex yy gids néu y : Fy A mot dong cfu mé rong cia f thi wie) = fe). va wax) = Dyer: 38 Yiweyn = «Le. pitu nly chime t6 9 ~ vy. Binh li dui day ching 16 tinh chat phd dung 18 mot dac rung ciia mddun tyr do. 47. Dinh li. Gid sit U let gp con eta R-médun F, hom nita U va F 6 tinh chai: moi dnh xu ft U den R-modun bat kt ¥ deu més ting ediv duy nhiit @ : FY. Khi dé F la nedo rng thanh mé wl co sd U Ching minh. Trude bét ta chimg minh U la hé sinh. Goi X Mi modun con cua F sinh bai tap U. Khi dé dom cau chinb tac U—> X mé rong thinh dong edu duy nhat g:F 5X Xét don cau chinh te h: X > F. Kh do eh: FOF Timo rong cla i. Dong thor dong cu dong nhat ids : F > F cung Taamot mé rong cia i, Boi vay hg = id. Digu may chting ta h phai By toan ctu, te BX =F Bay gid ta ching minh tap U 1a doe lap tuyén tinh, Gid str U= {b; |i © I}. Xét modun ty do R” voi co sé chinh tac fe, /i cf). Xét dnh sa FUR" be thanh ding c4u duy ahét g:Fo>R" Gia sit Yon, =0, r © R va bling 0 haw het trty mot so hitw han, The thi 9gid bin)= Lele = Leno n=0 voi moi i |. Digu nay chimg t6 {b, |i € 1} la hi tinh, doe Hip tuyén 4.8. Ménh dé. Moi R-mddun M dou dang edie voi thong ctia mo Remadun we de Ching mink. Gid sit M c6 tap sinh $= (a, modun ty do R" véi co sé chinh tae U= {fie I ie l). Xe Khi d6 dnb USM ana R59 M. Tirdé suy ra M=R"Kerg. dupe mé rong thinh to’n cau g 4.9. Menh de. Nei @ thi @ la ché ra, M > F la toan cdu va F la R-modun tu do Ching minh, Gia sit U = {u, |i la mot ca sé cia F. DO: ji mdi u, ta chon a; € M sao cho o(a) = u,. Khi dé ta c6 dong viFoM, dune Dan ring ov = id; nén theo 3.15 ta cb A= Imy @ Kerp, Nhu da chi ra trong vi du 4.3.(5) nhém cong cde s6 hitu ti Q Z-modun khong ty do Dinh Ii dusi day khang dinh ring doi voi tudmg K thi moi K- khong 1a aben ty do, tie 1a tn tai nh médun déu tw do, 4.10. Dinh. . Moi khong gian vécto trén triting K déu 6 co so m Ching mink. Gia sit K 12 trtmg va V 18 khong gian vé én K. Goi E 18 tip tat ca ede tap con doe lap tuyein tinh trong V Do tap rong ka wp con doc lap tuyea tinh nén tap E khée rong Cée phan ti cba E duce sap thirty theo quan hé bao ham, Gia sit F la mét day chuyén trong E. Dat B=-UB,B el Ta clin chimg 15 B 1a hé déc lap tuyén tinh trong V. That Vay, gid Six), X25 05 My 12 hing phan ti khée ahau cli B, Do T sip thi ty hoin toan nen ton tai B; € Tsao cho x), x2, Boi vi be B; [a doc Lap tuyén tinh nén tap con B, eling d6e lap tuye'n tink ake Bi + Xp} cba Ditu nay n6i lén ring B la doc lap tuyén tinh, nghia la B E. Khi d6 theo bé dé Zom E o6 phan tr t6i dai U. Ta ching 16 ring U fA co sé ciia K-médun V. Muén vay, chi ca ching 18 UR he sinh cia V Neu V= 0 thi @. Neu V hi U # ©, Gid sita € V. Khi dé UU {a} khong 1a hé doc Lap tuyén tinh do tinh t6i dai cla U. Do di tom tai cic phn tk, ki, 4 ky © K khong bing 0 tat ea sao cho ak+ Suk, we U K khong thé bing 0) vi khi dé k = 0 tat cd. Tudo suy ra a=akk! = -Duilkik digu may ching 16 U 1b tap sinh cba V o Tanhan thay moi modun con ela Z-modun Z du ding cu V6 2, do dé du 1a tu do. Su kign d6 duge tinh bay trong fink hubng téng quat sau 4.11. Dinh ti. Gic sti R La vanh chink. Khi dé moi mddun con cha Rmodun we do la 1 do.Ching minh. Phép chimg minh co sie dung hai bé a2 sau: (a) Moi tap hop E déu c6 thé trang bi mot thi tr tot (ne La moi tip con khge rong eta E déu e6 phan titi thiéu). (b) Nguyen Te quy nap siéu hen: Gia sit E a tap hop sip thie fw t6t vat 1A mot tinh chai dBi voi cfc phn tir ca E sao cho "Vy T sao cho d6i voi méi mh6m aben A va inh xa tuyén tinh trong @ : Mx L > A déu ton tai dong cau day nit h : T-> A lim cho bidu do sau giao hodn Me Geet hohe ess! ® 5.3. Ménh dé. Néu (T, £') va (T", f!) déw la tioh tenxe oii Ma va ab thi ton tai dang edu duy nhat j +79 T sao cho jt =f". Ching mink. DoT 1a tich tenxo va fT tuyéh tinh trong nén ton tai dong edu j : T > T’ sao cho j Mot céch di xing, ton tai dong catu j!: > T sao cho j' f'= Tiras dirs jer= et ghia Ia bidu do sau giao hosin MXL=OT. \ Ai t ‘Dong cau dong nhat idy cong tha man bigu dd giao hoan nnén tir tinh duy nha ta suy ra jj = id. Jay jl ning ding cia } Tuong tu, jf = ide. $4. Ménh dé (su tn tai). Tich tenxor clia My va al. ton tai Ching minh, Gid sit F ta Z-mOdun t do véi co sé la tap M x L, Nhu vay F={¥a, 4, yi) | m © Z}. Luu y rang cae ting trong F li hu han. Goi H 1a nhém con ccna F sinh béi tt ca ede phan tit dang (+x y)- Gy) ERY) iy FY)— Ky Coy) ° (xt y) = Gy) Goi T 1a nhém thuong T= F/H va dat P12 edi han che cia phép chiéw tu ahién p: F > T ten tip Mx Lc F. Nhu vay fy)- Ry &ytH Dé ding thir lai ring F Anh xa tuyén tinh trong, Bay git gid sit: Mx L > A Ta mot dnb xa tuyén tinh ong vac nhém aben A. Ta sé dimg dong cau h : T > A sao cho 9> he Trude het, do M x LR ec s@ cita Z-modun ty do F nén theo enh dé 4.6 ton tai dong clu k : F—> A 1 md rong cita o. Dong ‘thd: k bien cde phian tir sink dang (*) cua H thanh 0, Tirds suy ra HE Kerk, Khi d6 theo dinh Ii 2.10 ton tat dong cduh: TA S20 cho k = hp. 45Tr — Xét biéu do M ae oT \i \ Py bh A trong do i [a don cfu chinh tic, RO ring, do k Li md rong cia @ nen hf = hpi ~ ki~ ¢. Bay gitynéw h' : T—> A cing [2 dong cfu théa min quan he hf =o. Khi do WS a Oe yD) = PCY MV Ee yd) Dav b'pes y= Ya mdg yd Dai hex, y) = E nina, yi) =H ay) | Vay h= h', do dé h 1a duy nhat o | 5.8. Nhan xét. Te ky higu tich tenxs citahai modun M ,, va pL béi Pa @ L-M®@L, Anh xa tuyén tinh trong f: M x L > M @ L khong bao giv 18 dom Anh, (rir khi M = L = 0. Do dé khong thé dong nhat M = L voi mt tap con cla M @ L. Ta ky hidu fix, yy=x@y va goi lA rich fenxo ctia hat phiin te x vay, ‘Tap tit c& cde phan tirx @ y. x © M.y © L, lap thanh mot hé sinh cha M ® L, Nhu vay moi phan tr cia M ® L co dang Ya (Oy), ae Z 4% Tir tinh tuyén tinh trong cba f suy ra cac he thie sau trong M@L: (Ktx}@y= x@lyry)ax@y+rBy’ w@y-x@ryreR nix @y)=mx @y=x@ay, neZ Bytr@y Do bg thee cudi cing nén méi pian tit cia M ® L 6 thé vies Guege dusi dang E(x @ yp. $6. Vi du. Gi str R = Z, M = Z> Khi do vei xeMyeLiacé x @y=3x @ y) 2x @y) =x @ 3y =x @0-0@y=0 Boi vay M@ L=0. 2x@y 87. Menh de. M @ R= My Ching minh. Xée dinh anh x2 9:MxR>M ;(a,1)=ar Dé thay « fa tuyén tinh trong, do dé n6 mé rong thinh mot ong civ duy nhat, ta cling ky higu fg, o:MOR+M: g(a@r)=ar Ta ching 1 @ B ding edu, That vay, twong ting A:MOM@R,aa@! TW mmot dong cau. Hom nifa, dé thay A= I. 2g = bee En ~p va} 1a nhing dang cau. o a5.8. Dinh nghia (Tich tenxo cia cic dong edu). Gia sit iM M'va A: L > L’ fam lugt 1a dong edu R-modun phi udi, Khi dé tuong img o:MxLoM@L” (YH) @ Ay) 12 dnh xa tuyen tink trong. Do do @ mér rong thinh dong ctu duy nhat p@rA:M@LoM@L x@y Hs plo) @ Aly) oi IB teh tensoeiia hai dong cia vad Bay gids ndu cho cfc dong eau MIMOM!, LoUSL" thi d& dang suy ra duge rang ip @AA=("@ ANG @ AY 5.9. Menh de. Néie Mi (i © 1) la Romddun tri thi ton ai mor ding cde we nhion (@M) @L= EM OL) hing R-mddun phai va L la mot Ching minh, Xét dob xa 9: (OM) xL> GM @L) (K). NRO ®y), Do ¢ Ii tuyen tinh trong nen @ cim sinh dong cau duy nhat cing kj higu Bg, 9: (OM) @ L> OM, @ Ly (1 @y HK ®@yy 48 Goi 1: M. > ® M,=M Liveée phép nhiing chinh tic. Khi 46 ta 06 dong ctu 1 ® id, : Mj,@L>MO@L Tir dé theo tinh chat phd dung cia ting trye tigp ton tai “ding cau vi@M@LDIMOL &% @yiHY Mix) @ y) Ba VI Y (ux) @ y) = (E waxy) @y = Oy nenoy, yo la thing dong edu dong nhat vado dd o, y li nhing ding edu. 0 Chit ¥: Néu x & M'OM, y © L' SL thi tich tenxe x @ y chi duge xéc dinh khi ndi 10 n6 fa phiin tir cia M' ® L’ hay MOL. Vidu lay M = Z, L= Zp vaM'= 24, L'= L. Khi 46 téch 2@ T bing 0 tongM @ L vi 2@1=1@21-1@0-0 thing trong M'® L' né khéc khong (vi 2 ® T la phi tir sinh cita 2 ® Z, = 2, do 2Z la ts 6o), NGi cdch khée, tich tenvo' ciia hai don edu ndi chung khong let dom evi BAI TAP 1, Chimg minh ring v6i moi modun ty do F va moi day khép agin HB 0>A>B>C30 49