Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 19 Mechanical Vibrations: Particle, I.e., The Motion of A Particle P
Chapter 19 Mechanical Vibrations: Particle, I.e., The Motion of A Particle P
..
mx + kx = 0
-xm
setting ωn 2 = k/m
..
x + ωn2x = 0
O The motion defined by this expression
x is called simple harmonic motion.
Equilibrium P
The solution of this equation, which
represents the displacement of the
particle P is expressed as
+xm x = xm sin (ωnt + φ)
+ where xm = amplitude of the vibration
ωn = k/m = natural circular
frequency
φ = phase angle
..
x + ωn2x = 0
-xm x = xm sin (ωnt + φ)
The period of the vibration (i.e., the
time required for a full cycle) and its
O
frequency (i.e., the number of cycles
x per second) are expressed as
Equilibrium P
2π
Period = τn = ω
n
+xm 1 ωn
Frequency = fn = = 2π
+ τn
The velocity and acceleration of the particle are obtained by
differentiating x, and their maximum values are
vm = xm ωn am = xm ωn2
P = Pm sin ωf t
..
mx + kx = Pm sin ωf t
.. x
mx + kx = kδm sin ωf t Equilibrium
.. δm sin ωf t
mx + kx = Pm sin ωf t δm
.. ωf t
mx + kx = kδm sin ωf t ωf t = 0
Equilibrium x
.. ..
mx + kx = Pm sin ωf t mx + kx = kδm sin ωf t
xpart = xm sin ωf t
x xm
x Magnification factor = P m/k = δm
m
Equilibrium
1
=
P = Pm sin ωf t 1 - (ωf / ωn )2
The amplitude xm of the forced vibration
δm sin ωf t
δm becomes infinite when ωf = ωn , i.e., when
the forced frequency is equal to the
ωf t = 0 ωf t natural frequency of the system. The
impressed force or impressed support
movement is then said to be in resonance
with the system. Actually the amplitude of
the vibration remains finite, due to
x
Equilibrium damping forces.
The equation of motion describing the damped free vibrations
of a system with viscous damping is
.. .
mx + cx + kx = 0
where c is a constant called the coeficient of viscous damping.
Defining the critical damping coefficient cc as
k
cc = 2m = 2mωn
m
where ωn is the natural frequency of the system in the absence
of damping, we distinguish three different cases of damping,
namely, (1) heavy damping, when c > cc, (2) critical damping,
when c = cc, (3) light damping, when c < cc. In the first two cases,
the system when disturbed tends to regain its equilibrium
position without oscillation. In the third case, the motion is
vibratory with diminishing amplitude.
.. .
mx + cx + kx = Pm sin ωf t
In the second case the motion is defined by the differential
equation
.. .
mx + cx + kx = kδm sin ωf t
The steady-state vibration of the system is represented by a
.. .
particular solution of mx + cx + kx = Pm sin ωf t of the form
xm xm 1
= δm =
Pm/k [1 - (ωf / ωn )2]2 + [2(c/cc )(ωf / ωn)]2
2(c/cc) (ωf / ωn )
tan ϕ = 1 - (ωf / ωn)2
The vibrations of mechanical systems and the oscillations of
electrical circuits are defined by the same differential equations.
Electrical analogues of mechanical systems may therefore be
used to study or predict the behavior of these systems.