Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diploma Paper
Diploma Paper
OKSANA HLUKH
Supervised by
Associate Professor of
For Humanities
V.M.MAKSYMUK
2
L’viv - 2010
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..3-6
CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY
1.1. Interpretation of Colour……………………………………………...7-10
1.2. Structural Peculiarities of Colour Vocabulary……………….....….11-14
1.3. Semantic Structure of Colour Terms………………………………15-17
CHAPTER II.
PRAGMASTYLISTICS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY IN THE MODERNISTIC
NOVELS OF THE XX CENTURY
2.1. Figurative Function of Colour Vocabulary………….....................18-20
2.2. Semantics of Colour Vocabulary in the Writer’s Usage……….....21-31
CHAPTER III.
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY IN MODERNISTIC
NOVEL
3.1. Descriptive Function of Colour Vocabulary……………………….32-33
3.2. Expressive Function of Colour Vocabulary…………………….33-34
3.3. Aesthetic Function of Colour Vocabulary…………………...….35-36
CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………...…….37-39
REFERENCE ……………………………………………………...………40-43
SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………44-45
TABLE 1 ……………………………………………………………………24а
3
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY
meanings that go beyond ink. Just as seeing red alludes to the strong emotions
invoked by the colour red, feeling blue or getting the blues represents the extremes
of the calm feelings associated with blue, ex., sadness or depression, lack of strong
(violent) emotion. A deep royal blue or azure conveys richness and even a touch of
superiority.
Colours directly influence consciousness: yellow colour calms, green inspires,
red excites, black embitters. At the same time different conditions of soul
correspond to definite colours: green to calmness, red to excitement, yellow to
disease, dark blue to vitality, blue to hope, black to abstract. Writers use colours to
transfer different periods of human life: blue, green, lilac and red colours
correspond to youth full of love; brown, dark blue and grey colours symbolize an
old age.
Different types of colours differently influence a state of health and mind. Warm
colours – red, yellow, brown, orange heat a person and his mind becomes creative.
On the contrary, cold colours – green, dark blue, blue, violet, turquoise and lilac
cool a body and make one’s mind calm and meditative.
The names of colours are used in common expressions to describe moods and
feelings. For example, one may say a sad person sees blue and a jealous one is
green with envy, angry person sees red, a coward may be called yellow.
Colour associations are analyzed indirectly by a study of oral traditions and
legends, using methods developed in structural anthropology. P. Kay states that
colours are considered not in isolation, but mainly in contrasting pairs or in
sequences. It has been found that a specific colour could have different associations
in different conditions, and that generally the associations are more abstract than
concrete [43,54].
Colour conveys meanings in two primary ways – natural associations and
psychological symbolism. Occurrences of colours in nature are universal and
timeless. For example, the fact that green is the colour of vegetation can be
considered a universal and timeless association. Colour may generate another level
9
of meaning in the mind. This symbolism arises from cultural and contemporary
contexts. As such, it is not universal and may be unrelated to its natural
associations. For example, green’s associations with nature communicate growth,
fruitfulness, freshness and ecology. On the other hand, green may also be symbolic
of good luck, seasickness, money and greed — all of which have nothing to do with
green plants. These associations arise from a complex assortment of sources.
Furthermore, colour may have both positive and negative symbolism. For
example, although blue is a beautiful colour of the sky on a sunny day, it can be a
symbol of sadness or stability. Idiomatic American English reflects these traits in
phrases such as “singing the blues” and “blue chip stocks.” Red is another example
of dual symbolism. On the one hand, as the colour of fire and blood, it is an
energizing, aggressive and bold colour. In stark contrast, red is used for “STOP”
signs throughout the world today.
Although there are no absolutes, there are logical sources for the range of
complex and sometimes contradictory psychological/cultural meanings of colours.
These may arise from any of the following:
1. Cultural associations: the colour of currency, traditions, celebrations, geography,
etc. (For example, green is associated with heaven (Muslims) and luck (the U.S. and
Ireland)
2. Political and historical associations: the colour of flags, political parties, royalty,
etc.
3. Religious and mythical associations: the colours associated with spiritual or
magical beliefs (For example, the green man was the God of fertility in Celtic
myths. Also, in contemporary Western culture, green is associated with
extraterrestrial beings.)
4. Linguistic associations: colour terminology within individual languages (For
example, South Pacific languages refer to shades of green by comparison to plants
in various stages of growth. In Scottish Gaelic the word for blue ('gorm') is also the
word used for the colour of grass.)
10
While investigating lexical semantic field of colour vocabulary the linguists deal
with certain terminology demanded to make any kind of linguistic research.
A colour term, also known as colour name, is a word or phrase that refers to a
specific colour. Colour terms have always been considered as a group of
morphemes or words that are related to each other. In books on various linguistic
issues they are generally referred to as “colour names”, “colour adjectives”, “colour
words”. The colour term may refer to human perception of that colour (which is
affected by visual context), or to an underlying physical property. A. P. Krytenko
says that red and blue and yellow are more closely related to each other
semantically than red and “quick” and “long”, that is why in word field theory
colour terms were considered as pertinent examples to explicate and illustrate word
field theory [17, 129].
Colour vocabulary – a general notion that combines all the terms used to denote
the notion of colour in the sphere of linguistics.
Talking about colour vocabulary some linguists differentiate the following
terms: monolexemic colour words, compoud colour words and multiple basic
colour words. Monolexemic colour words are composed of individual lexemes,
such as “red”, “brown”, or “olive”. Compound colour words make use of
adjectives (e.g. “light brown”, “sea green”) or multiple basic colour words (e.g.
“yellow-green”).
Colour words in a language can also be divided into abstract colour words and
descriptive colour words, though the distinction is blurry in many cases. Abstract
colour words are words that only refer to a colour. In English white, black, red,
yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray are definitely abstract colour words. These
12
words also happen to be “basic colour terms” in English as described above, but
colours like maroon and magenta are also abstract though they may not be
considered 'basic colour terms' either because they are considered by native
speakers to be too rare, too specific, or to be subordinate hues to a higher 'basic
colour term', in this case red (or maybe purple).
Descriptive colour words are words that are secondarily used to describe a
colour but primarily used to refer to an object or phenomenon that has that colour.
Salmon, rose, saffron, and lilac are descriptive colour words in English because
their use as colour words is derived in reference to natural colours of salmon flesh,
rose flowers, infusions of saffron pistils, and lilac blossoms respectively. Often a
descriptive colour word will be a subordinate hyponym of a 'basic colour term'
(salmon and rose [descriptive] are both hues of pink). In some languages colours
may be denoted by descriptive colour words even though English may use an
abstract colour word for the same colour.
The status of some colour words as abstract or descriptive is debatable. The
colour pink was originally a descriptive colour word derived from the name of a
flower called a “pink”; however, because the word "pink" (flower) has become very
rare whereas "pink" (colour) has become very common, many native speakers of
English use "pink" as an abstract colour word alone and furthermore consider it to
be one of the 'basic colour terms' of English.
P. Kay suggests the following division of colour names:
Many other modern colour words are similarly derived from the colours of
plants and natural substances, which have long been raided by colourists in search
for names to apply to the ever-more subtle shades which turn up in commercial
colour charts. There’s no great surprise in colours like cinnamon, tangerine, oyster,
lime, melon, glacier, apple white, ivory, silver, chocolate, amber or aubergine,
though there probably is in puce, a colour which seems intrinsically comic even if
somebody doesn’t know that it actually means “flea coloured” (from Latin pulex via
French).
The colour terms in particular languages constitute a lexical field, and the
meaning of each term depends upon the place it occupies in the field.
Today every natural language that has words for colours is considered to have
from two to twelve basic colour terms. All other colours are considered by most
speakers of that language to be variants of these basic colour terms. English
contains the eleven basic colour terms "black," "white," "red," "green," "yellow,"
"blue," "brown," "orange," "pink," "purple" and "gray.” To be considered a basic
colour term, the words have to be monoleximic ("green", but not "light green" or
"forest green"), high-frequency, and agreed upon by speakers of that language (this
last point, however, can be ambiguous, as native speakers may not always agree
with each other).
There are many different dimensions by which colour varies. For example, hue
(red vs. orange vs. blue) – the basis of colour and usually refers to the name of the
colour. The main principles of forming of the colour naming hues are the following:
1) combination of the main colour names with the words which signify
brightness (light/dimness): dark green, blue gloom, dark silver, dim brown,
bright green.
2) metaphoric transference of the meaning of adjectives: names of
object/liquids: ivory, slate, muslin, chocolate, olive, lilac, steel; names of
object/liquids + colour names: pearly-white, chocolate-brown; descriptive
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colour names: the colour of robin’s eggs, the colour of cigar, the colour of
pearls, the blue of a sapphire.
3) formation of derivatives by adding suffixes -y(ie); -ish, which denote
colouring of lesser intensity: greenish, purplish, brownie.
4) combination of several colour names in order to form denotation of hues
(shades): blue-green, golden-brown.
1) formation of more intense hues (shades) of the main colours: yellower, very
blue, redder.
Saturation (“deep” vs. “pale”) – is a colour intensity of an image; colour with
high saturation will appear brighter and more vibrant than the same colour with low
saturation, and brightness or intensity – the lightness or darkness of a colour. The
adjective "fluorescent" in English refers to moderately high brightness with strong
colour saturation. Pastel refers to colours with high brightness and low saturation.
Similarly, languages are selective when deciding which hues are split into different
colours on the basis of how light or dark they are. English splits some hues into
several distinct colours according to lightness: such as red and pink or orange and
brown.
P. Kay once said about colour terms that there is hardly any other part of the
vocabulary of the language in which names are chosen so arbitrarily. Colour terms
can be created at any time by any speaker [43,12]. The number of colour terms is
unrestricted, many terms are created time and time again.
15
CHAPTER II
PRAGMASTYLISTICS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY IN THE
MODERNISTIC NOVEL OF THE XX CENTURY
imaginations, that would concretize everything described and would give more
emotionality and poetic character [49,172].
In literature colour makes an impression of trustworthiness. With the help of
colour the author shows his attitude to the events or characters; colour can show
the depth of the plot and serve as a key to understanding the concealed meaning.
V.A. Kukharenko states that functions of colour term in the texts are identical
to the functions of stylistic means of a certain stylistic method: descriptive,
characterizing and specifying. [19,138]
In comparison with art, literature is to some extent limited, because without life
experience, without creative imagination and aesthetic knowledge, without
developed emotional and intellectual sphere a reader cannot apprehend colour
meaning in the way it was intended by the writer – due to symbolism and
emotional inspiration of colour terms.
For the writer it is very difficult to transfer his own vision with the help of
words, because he himself can possess an impressive ability of distinguishing hues
but is unable to transfer it with the help of words.
Even if the writer attempts to transfer all the colours and their hues, the reader
will perceive the colouring due to his own life experience.
Colours in literature influence emotions, they help to comprehend clearly the
world created by the author. It is more complicated to present the world picture,
than the pictorial one.
Literature has its own possibilities that are not available to painting. A painter
is deprived of the means of his art: the necessity to move towards the inner
comprehension from the outer one and to do this using the outer means.
In the novel a writer presents different means of expressing the inner world of the
hero, his character. By use of the words that denote colours, the author can
provide the readers with the better understanding of his work.
Colour palette is functioning as a peculiar component of a landscape and a
portrait. P. Kay also says that together with the other stylistic means colour palette
20
studies the characters, reveals the inner world of the heroes, reproduces emotions
and wishes, creates the appropriate originality of depicted life [43, 198].
Colour terms are widely used by the writers in the system of colour depiction.
They are also used while characterizing objects or transferring colour symbolism.
A. P. Krytenko states that while undergoing this process, colour terms acquire
figurative meaning and can be combined with a large range of nouns belonging to
different semantic groups [17,11]. In some cases such figurative meaning in a
certain context seems to impose onto the direct meaning of the colour name and to
interweave with the colour name intensifying its emotional expressiveness.
Of a particular interest are those colour names that not only name colours but
also express the measure of this colour or the degree of colouring. The most
interesting are those cases in which additional components not only specify the
colour, but also render subjective attitude, emotional condition, that is caused by
this colour (corn-gold hair).
In the novel colour becomes one of the leading elements, that assists in the
process of expressing the main idea of the whole work as well as a certain
function performed by an episode, which is an integral part of a complicated
mechanism of the novel, that exists only in the presence of all simple parts and
details that are as important for penetration into the depth of the novel as the
integrity of the work itself.
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Green is life. Green signifies growth, renewal, health, and environment. Green
is also jealousy or envy (green-eyed monster). Green is a restful colour with some
of the same calming attributes of blue. Green colour in nature is reminiscent of
Spring. Dark green is masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. Dark green is
also commonly associated with money. Sometimes green denotes lack of
experience.
Green stands for a variety of meanings, but Fitzgerald used it mainly for "not
faded", like in "a green old age". It is the most meaningful colour used by the
author as a symbolic device of revealing ideas. This colour also reminds of hope,
nature, spring and youth.
In The Great Gatsby, green is associated with Gatsby’s character. It is used to
emphasize his desire and his unfulfilled wish to regain his love Daisy. As he has
already achieved everything in his life concerning financial success, wealth and
power, Gatsby’s only aim left is to reach Daisy’s heart. Therefore, the green colour
stands for his never-ending hope for her love and functions as a symbol of his hope,
as it is mostly associated with the green light at Daisy’s dock.
Throughout the novel, the green light functions as a key symbol. Gatsby watches
it almost every night from his lawn across the water. "I glanced seaward – and
distinguished nothing except a single green light" [39,25]; "You always have a
green light that burns all night at the end of your dock" [39,90]; "Gatsby believed
in the green light, the future that year by year recedes before us" [39,171].
Later the whole water between Gatsby and Daisy gets green "On the green
Sound, stagnant in the heat..." [39,112].
Green may also represent the struggle that Gatsby has between his wealth and his
dreams. One may observe that this colour symbolizes new money. The Great
Gatsby is a “new money” person, so he lives in a green house, surrounded by green
lawn. Gatsby feels that he needs green money to live and to impress Daisy.
24
Symbols of Gatsby’s money included the green ivy growing up his house also, in
his car it depicts the passengers sitting “in a sort of green leather conservatory”.
All of these symbols depict Gatsby’s money.
One of the possible meanings of green in this story is also an envy. Gatsby can be
seen as an envious man for a few reasons: he is extremely envious of Tom
Buchanan because of the fact that he has the one thing he can’t buy, Daisy, also,
Gatsby is extremely envious of the people that he invites to his house. He knows
that he is not old money like the people he invites to his parties. This makes him a
man who is “Green with envy”.
TABLE 1
Of frequency of usage of colour terms in The Great Gatsby
Green 54 13 2 69
White 51 23 10 84
Red 26 14 8 48
Yellow 25 20 3 48
Black 33 31 6 70
Blue 16 14 2 32
Grey 22 8 5 35
Gold 10 8 2 20
Silver 10 3 2 15
Pink 7 2 - 9
Violet 4 - - 4
Orange 5 2 - 7
Purple 4 2 - 6
Crimson 17 2 5 24
Rosy 3 1 1 5
Zink 2 - - 2
Scarlet 6 3 1 10
Salmon 12 - - 12
Emerald 7 2 - 9
Pearl 4 1 - 5
Brown 8 2 2 12
The major theme in The Great Gatsby is immorality of the people in 1920’s,
especially the upper class. Daisy, Tom, and Jordan are “old money” people. These
people wear white clothes, live in white houses, but they are immoral inside, they
have no scruples. “High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl"
[39,115]. When Nick Carraway visited the Buchanan he met two young women:
Daisy and Jordan "They were both in white" [39,13], trying to appear pure but as
Nick learns more about them, their dresses become creamy, then yellow or gold.
Even the windows at Daisy's house are white "The windows were ajar and
gleaming white" [39,13]. "Our white girlhood was passed together there. Our
beautiful white" [39,24]. "They came to a place where there were no trees and the
sidewalk was white with moonlight" [39,106]. "His heart beat faster as Daisy's
white face came up to his own" [39,107].
Gatsby himself lives in a great white mansion and wears white or pink suits,
representing his innocence and pure heart.
White colour performs aesthetic and expressive functions in the novel. It is
presented in the form of abstract and descriptive colour words.
Red is hot. It's a strong colour that conjures up a range of seemingly conflicting
emotions from passionate love to violence and warfare. Red draws attention and a
keen use of red as an accent can immediately focus attention on a particular
element. Its shade rosy is softer and symbolizes tenderness, quietness, sweetness, it
is a calm colour that has nothing to do with sometimes violent and cruel red colour
while crimson symbolizes strength, seriousness, adultness and a good taste, in some
cases it is less violent than red.
For Fitzgerald it is associated with life, joy, love, shame, and rage. Entering this
world of the rich, Nick is dazzled by the glowing light, the reds, and the rosiness: he
walks "through a high hallway into a bright rosy-coloured space" [37,353]; there is
"a rosy-coloured porch, open toward the sunset, where four candles flickered on
the table in the diminished wind" [37,243]; the French windows are "glowing . . .
with reflected gold" [37,178]; there is "a half acre of deep, pungent roses"
27
[37,136]; later on, "the crimson room bloomed with light," [37,78] and on his way
home he observes how "new red gas-pumps sat out in pools of light" [37,76].
Red, in these sentences is glitter, enchantment and dream; but there is another
reason for the frequent occurrence of the colour. As the colour of blood, it is
inevitably associated with the violence caused by the people who prey upon Gatsby
especially Tom and Daisy, the "careless people" who smashed up things and
creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness and let
other people clean up the mess they had made. Thus Tom breaks Myrtle's nose and
there are "bloody towels upon the bathroom floor" [39,52]. Daisy runs down
Myrtle, whose "thick dark blood" [39,124] mingles with the dust of the Valley of
Ashes. And Wilson murders Gatsby, whose blood leaves "a thin red circle in the
water" [39,98]. The beautiful reds become the colour of carnage.
Red is wedded to white and yellow, to reveal, simultaneously, both the dreamlike
enchantment and the actual brutality. Thus it is appropriate that the Buchanans'
house is a "cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion" [39,97]; and we
find it significant that Gatsby, when he enters the Buchanan house for the first time,
"stood in the center of the crimson carpet and gazed around him with fascinated
eyes. Daisy watched him and laughed, her sweet, exciting laugh; a tiny gust of
powder rose from her bosom into the air" [39,48].
Red colour is used to present expressive, descriptive and aesthetic functions. It
is used in compound colour words and as descriptive and expressive colour names.
Yellow symbolizes wisdom. Yellow means joy and happiness. On the one hand
it denotes happiness and joy but on the other hand yellow is the colour of cowardice
and deceit.
Sometimes the gold at Gatsby's house turns to yellow. Thus the richness is
only a cover, a short sensation, like the yellow press for the more offensively
sensational press. "…now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music" [39,42].
In contrast to the golden girl Jordan, her admirers are only yellow "two girls in
twin yellow dresses"; "... we sat down at a table with the two girls in yellow"
28
[39,44]. Remarkably Daisy's daughter has old and yellow hair: "Did mother get
powder on your old yellowy hair?" [39,111].
Yellow illustrates also the greed of the characters, desire for wealth and money.
“Rich people are “rotten” inside, like daisies. But “newly rich” people are also
yellow inside, like Gatsby” [42,87]. He gained his fortune through dealings with
crime. And this exemplifies a theme of death of the “American Dream”. “The
immoral people have all the money, but, according to the “American Dream”,
money should be a reward for honesty and hard work” [42,70].
Yellow symbolizes also the corruption and death in The Great Gatsby. Gatsby's
yellow car is the murder weapon used to kill Myrtle. The rich, flaky women at
Gatsby's party swing their yellow gowns wildly as they drink and flirt and cause
problems.
Yellow colour is used in aesthetic and expressive function.
Meaning of the colour Black - conservative, mysterious, sophisticated. Black is
the colour of authority and power. The colour black is used to convey elegance,
sophistication, or perhaps a touch of mystery. Black is authoritative and powerful;
because black can evoke strong emotions too much can be overwhelming.
Black colour is used in descriptive and aesthetic function in the novels.
Blue is seen as trustworthy, dependable and committed. The colour of sky and
the ocean, blue is perceived as a constant in people’s lives. The colour symbolism
of blue is related to freedom, strength and new beginnings. Blue skies mean
optimism and better opportunities. Blue is cooling and relaxing. Blue symbolizes
water, the source of life.
Blue is also the colour of being depressed, moody, or unhappy. Therefore a lot of
things around Gatsby are blue. "In his blue gardens men and girls came and went"
[39,41]; "... ghostly birds began to sing among the blue leaves" [39,144]; "So when
the blue smoke of brittle leaves" [39,167]. After Myrtle's death people are in a blue
mood. " ... a blue quickening by the window, and realized that dawn wasn't far off.
About five o'clock it was blue enough outside to snap off the light" [39,151]. The
29
most unhappy place is the graveyard: "He had come a long way to this blue lawn"
[39,171]. Blue may symbolize romance and illusions. Gatsby's dream-like parties
are filled with blue music. The colour blue in The Great Gatsby is associated with
false appearances “In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths
among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars” [39, 233].
Blue colour performs descriptive function and is used in compound colour
words in the novel.
Grey is a neutral, dull, not important balanced colour. It is a cool, conservative
colour that seldom evokes strong emotion although it can be seen as a cloudy or
moody colour. Like black, grey is used as a colour of mourning as well as a colour
of formality. Grey is the colour of sorrow.
In Fitzgerald’s novel it symbolizes also a loss of hope and even death"…grey
little villages in France" [39,48]; "occasionally a line of grey cars crawls along...."
[39,23]"The grey windows disappeared" [39,91]; "... a grey, florid man with a hard,
empty face" [39,97] about the portrait of Dan Cody in Gatsby's bedroom. Gatsby's
ideal is gray and empty. The Wilsons, living in the valley of ashes, appear in grey,
except for Myrtle, when she enjoys the company of Tom Buchanan. The only way
for Myrtle to get out of the grey was to become Tom Buchanan.
Grey colour is realistic colour which is used in the depiction of New York in the
form of abstract colour terms
Gold stands for: 1) richness; 2) happiness or prosperity: golden days, golden
age; 3) success; 4) value: a golden opportunity.
Golden is associated with wealth and prosperity. Gold evokes the feeling of
prestige. The meaning of gold is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often
symbolizes high quality.
At Gatsby's parties even the turkeys turn to gold “...turkeys bewitched to a dark
gold” [39,41]. Gold is used to be an example of old money, unlike green that is
used to depict the new money of gold. Tom could be seen as a gold person for he
has old money.
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Jordan Baker – the golden girl of golf – is associated with that colour. “With
Jordan's slender golden arm resting in mine” [39,44]; “I put my arm around
Jordan's golden shoulder” [39,77].
With a few sentences Fitzgerald throws a light at the turbulent months while
Daisy was waiting for Gatsby during the war. “All night the saxophones wailed the
hopeless comment of the “Beale Street Blues” while a hundred pairs of golden and
silver slippers shuffled the shining dust [39,144]. Here even the dust in the rooms,
usually grey, is shining, while across the contrast between golden and grey once
more in “we went about opening the rest of the windows downstairs, filling the
house with grey-turning, gold-turning light” [39,144].
Gold performs descriptive function, especially when describing rich people
in the novel.
Silver especially shiny, metallic silver, is cool like grey but livelier, more
playful. Silver can be sleek and modern or impart a feeling of ornate riches. While
grey-haired men and women are seen as old, silver-haired denotes a graceful aging.
Silver represents jewelry and richness.
In The Great Gatsby the moon or moonlight or the stars are often silver: "the
silver pepper of the stars" [39,25]; "The moon had risen higher, and floating in the
Sound was a triangle of silver scales" [39,48]; "A silver curve of the moon hovered
already in the western sky" [39,114].
Pink is a softer, less violent than red. Pink is the sweet side of red. Pink is the
colour of universal love. It is a quiet colour. Pink provides feelings of caring,
tenderness, self-worth and love, acceptance.
Sometimes Gatsby comes up with the colour pink "the luminosity of his pink suit
under the moon" [39,136]. When Gatsby and Daisy are finally together, "there was
a pink and golden billow of foamy clouds above the sea" [39, 91].
Pink colour performs descriptive as well as expressive function.
Violet – royal, precious, romantic. Meaning of the colour violet is grace,
elegance, delicate, feminine. A mysterious colour, violet is associated with both
31
nobility and spirituality. The colour of royalty, violet connotes luxury, wealth, and
sophistication. Violet is the colour of good judgment.
Violet is used in descriptive, aesthetic and expressive function in the form of
abstract colour name.
Orange is vibrant. It's a combination of red and yellow so it shares some
common attributes with those colours. It denotes energy, warmth, and the sun. But
orange has a bit less intensity or aggression than red, calmed by the cheerfulness of
yellow. The colour symbolism of orange is creativity, confidence, intuition,
friendliness and the entrepreneurial spirit.
A variety of colours presents wealth, indicates great number of something.
To impress Daisy Jay Gatsby brings up a pile of shirts "and covered the table in
many coloured disarray ... in coral and apple-green and lavender and faint
orange, with monograms of indian blue" [39,89]. Lavender is the colour of
indulgence.
A certain colour in the novel is a means to express a character’s personality, one’s
status, and a symbolic meaning. Fitzgerald used colour to express many
personalities. In addition to expressing personalities, colour in the Great Gatsby,
also displays a status of an individual or value of an item. The Buchanan’s
“cheerful red-and-white Georgia Colonial mansion,” makes the reader think that
their house has much beauty and value associated with it. The colours which reflect
class status are used describing “Valley of Ashes.” The dark and grey descriptions
illustrate a poor, useless, and desolate area of land.
Writer’s imagination in its own way has created a "universe of ineffable
gaudiness," of "a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty"—a world of such stirring
vividness that it may be represented now by all the colours of the rainbow.
Fitzgerald used colour to express many personalities. In addition to expressing
personalities, colour in the Great Gatsby, also displays a status of an individual or
value of an item. Colour is an important part of literature which is used often and
will always be an element of a good novel.
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CHAPTER III
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF COLOUR VOCABULARY IN A
MODERNISTIC NOVEL
henceforth bear a reference to the characters’ appearance into its poetic and
descriptive functions.
Modernists appeal to colour vocabulary while providing portrait characteristics,
describing heroes’ hair, eyes, complexion, clothes providing in such a way a great
deal of information about a certain personage. Description that is based on the use
of colour vocabulary influences the reader subconsciously and is a means that
creates planned by the author image of each of the characters.
The authors appeals to the usage of mostly abstract colour words or as they are
called monolexemic colour words while presenting nature, interior and appearance
descriptions.
Colour is a power that directly influences the soul. To do this is not an easy task
especially if influence is not performed by the painting, where an artist can easily
take advantage of visual abilities of an observer but influencing with the help of
simple words – colour terms. The success of presenting the main idea of a certain
novel depends on the writer’s ability to use expressive means while encoding the
crucial information in such a way it would be interesting for a reader to decode it.
Expressive function of the language bears a very important part in the process of
understanding the main idea of the literary work.
Beyond descriptive function colour terms have expressive qualities: dark hues
induce a mood of melancholy, bright pinks and pale blues – gaiety, gentle
gradations suggest harmony, clashing contrasts are disturbing.
Analyzing the use of concrete colour terms in The Great Gatsby we have come
to the conclusion that expressive function of colour vocabulary is aimed at revealing
the inner state although sometimes general knowledge of colour terms and its
understanding by the reader does not correlate with the main expressive idea that is
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presupposed to be presented. For example, green colour signifies growth, health but
Fitzgerald with the help of this colour expresses never-ending hope, desire or
unfulfilled wish. The reader makes such conclusion when constantly coming across
the phrase “green light” that is a key symbol in the novel.
White colour is innocence, but in The Great Gatsby it is used to show the inside
of the wealthy people, to express the black side of their character and their life.
These people wear white clothes, live in white houses but they are immoral inside.
Red colour expresses passionate love or even violence. In Fitzgerald’s novel red is
expressed as the colour of blood and is inevitably associated with the violence
caused by the people who are careless, who can easily kill a person and forget about
the crime the very next day.
Yellow symbolizes wisdom but in the novel it is used to illustrate greed and
desire for wealth and money. In The Great Gatsby it is expresses corruption and
even death. Gatsby’s yellow car is the murder weapon.
Black is sophisticated.
Blue is perceived as a constant in people’s lives but in The Great Gatsby it is the
colour of being depressed.
Grey is neutral, but in Fitzgerald’s novel it symbolizes loss of hope or death,
because Gatsby’s ideal turned out to be grey and empty and not worth attention.
Gold symbolizes richness, pathos, success and is associated with wealth and
prosperity. Silver is expressed as colour of wisdom, because first of all it is a colour
of old people’s hair that symbolizes long life and great experience.
Violet is royal, romantic colour .
All in all expressive function of colour vocabulary in modernistic novel is very
essential while doing step by step analysis. Modernistic novel is full of artificial
colours and the task of linguists is first of all to do the analysis to find out the real
purpose of the use of colour terms, to identify the expressive function of the colour
terms that are appealed to.
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not signify a hope in the form of green light but something that is condemned to
death, something with no future.
Gatsby’s yellow house symbolizes richness it reflects his success as an
American self-made man who buys this yellow house to be closer to Daisy but after
Gatsby’s death the mansion is just “huge incoherent failure of a house” [39,245],
as the American Dream appears to be a failure even if it was partly realized but not
in honest way.
The ideal of the American dream in novel proves to be an empty dream. For
Fitzgerald, the artist is equated with the romantic, and the romantic – such as Jay
Gatsby – is lost in that sort of society. For Gatsby, the dream proves illusory, and
the reality is the hypocritical society of West Egg.
By the skillful use of colour terms the authors managed to reveal the vainness of
the American Dream, to present it to the readers’ attention and to educate them
showing it in bright light.
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CONCLUSIONS
As a result of our analysis we have come to the conclusion that colour plays a
very important part in human life, namely – fills it with bright paints. The widest
value of colour is presented in the fine art. Literature adopted the concept of colour,
so as interlinked with the art. It uses the stylistic epithets of colour and also their
stylistic functions. Colours can symbolize many different things. Artists use
colours in their paintings when they want you to see what they are trying to express.
If an artist is trying to express sorrow or death he often uses black, blue and grey,
basically he uses dreary colours. People automatically feel what the artist is trying
to express. When the artist uses bright colours one may feel happiness. In the
novel The Great Gatsby the writer like artists, uses colours to symbolize many
different intangible ideas in the book. Fitzgerald uses the colour of yellow to
symbolize moral decay decadence and death. Then Fitzgerald uses the colour of
white to symbolize innocence. The writer used this colour to underline the inside of
the wealthy people. This innocence is just a surface; they cover their dark side
behind it, like Daisy does. Her name symbolizes a flower: its petals are white, but
its inside is yellow, not as pure as white. Daisy is fragile like a flower, but deep
inside her, she is almost evil.
As to the structural peculiarities of colour vocabulary in the lexical system of the
language colour words in a language are divided into abstract colour words and
descriptive colour words. Abstract colour words are words that only refer to a
colour (white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and grey), descriptive colour
words are words that are secondarily used to describe a colour but primarily used to
refer to an object or phenomenon that has that colour (salmon, rose, saffron, and
lilac).
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English contains the eleven basic colour terms ‘black’, ‘white’, ‘red’, ‘green’,
‘yellow’, ‘blue’, ‘brown’, ‘orange’, ‘pink’, ‘purple’ and ‘grey’. To be considered a
basic colour term, the words have to be monolexemic.
The main principles of forming of the colour vocabulary: 1) combination of the
main colour names with the words which signify brightness (light/dimness): dark
green, blue gloom, dark silver, dim brown, bright green; 2) metaphoric transference
of the meaning of adjectives: names of object/liquids: ivory, slate, muslin,
chocolate, olive, lilac, steel; names of object/liquids + coluor names: pearly-white,
chocolate-brown; descriptive colour names: the colour of robin’s eggs, the colour of
cigar, the colour of pearls, the blue of a sapphire; 3) formation of derivatives by
adding suffixes -y(ie); -ish, which denote colouring of lesser intensity: greenish,
purplish, brownie. 4) combination of several colour names in order to form
denotation of hues (shades): blue-green, golden-brown; 5) formation of more
intense shades of the main colours: yellower, very blue, redder.
The semantic structure of colour terms is based on understanding different
semantic transformations and symbolization, peculiar for a certain tradition. Colour
due to its nature its an abstract notion and is considered to belong to the symbolism.
Colour term – symbols exist in our consciousness as a unity of visual colour image
and a lexical unit which perform informative function in the real world and become
symblos of different notions and phenomena.
A system of colour terms depends on the principles of colour perception by the
author and his vision of the world. In the modernistic novel The Great Gatsby by F.
S. Fitzgerald the authors’ treatment of colour names is symbolic. White is purity,
cleanliness, and innocence. Green is associated with Gatsby’s character. Red is hot.
Crimson – symbolizes strength, seriousness, adultness and a good taste, for
S.Fitzgerald its is associated with life, joy, love, shame and rage. Yellow
symbolizes wisdom. Black is associated with conservative, mysterious,
sophisticated.
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REFERENCE
SUMMARY