'1'6,-~ i'i.1'.fl'iBi,.' ,1;-'~-m.~-.I,lgJ· .

1-- ..... 11 ~~ary.afll InOlA 'Gyi~~aJll

~Lalxmrdj~

I [IJ II Low NlalVarr,rese lK2Q\B '50:~lgl]l'IJ l[ZUll'iN>lJIll[IJ)

~curil>f.nt:,l'C of tJiil. ~ecli~ :Pit'Jif.st"~~ i'l!! ,fh~: ~'id,iQ't.I'4'i!1.

I1nifitd Iltsiiue (BliiiwJ lis: ~a~ idm,~JJif:d w;i'ti Q,tilV su\'P1S'~~' p~i!\IU Oir',Q\~~.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

TBEBASQ~-\UBLANGUAGB

, ,

['1j"H' "F ''I1I'[A''" ~.Q-UII"E,'- A''' '~'-'~H' IA':'" BI "'F,TI -

,I.. ',' .,Je U,···~ " __ 1 ," .. I ."[ ,LI,~· .. " ... "'~"

,l'.;;f,t ... " Dne---" - - - - • - ~ 0

~~ _'"~ ~~e ~"MX, ,prUliIiIU1'C,fi.blUP1'

~ .i~ f'~8'\~':fulh

fiiir~

~Jt

d'~,p,

gd:

,~,V((i'

,got house ,mar,il:1e

iI'. - ,Lr:rO~; yet:

,ill ~
'b be
d ,.
'It II!!
f ;fiN
I 8:e
h hilb'fiJ
0, :ii
~Il
jl :~
:k, :b,
:~ [~:fe' Id,rer ~~~ ~F~jXT "~1i!'jn~~¢.~iQ," !tf.!rme #i E~gl'j'~~

iii eme' n~~yw
n ~ ;ll-a!O'OW
iii • ~i'Ol\
0' Q' o;;IQ!t
pi ~ ~'I*!'
, c~
1,' cae bedd'i-',-'
_Jung
iii ;ge sea,
t: ftc ,~\ii1'a1
U U. bJot"
;r( ~cki~ ish
~ ~ miss lmp'@

Th~ l~tt€[,s,~ :h" jii !1nd r;" Mer,i,'t f~.ut!he~' 'e.x;plama;tt@(ns[. 'fll!;e l~lt;te;r' :h is a, ,:P:~l()~~' Q.f ,th~ dial~elts [@f.' ttu~' :rtort'h,«,n Basq,~.:u~' C,ou--,-n't:r.y (Lj, L~~N'j' Z) bu,t: dO@s lI"Ot appear in, the: ~~dl~m dilP!l~~ [~I', G).. 1~ was, ~h~' c:~us~ of' m~n.y d'i~put~~ at ~h~ 'iliMe 'uniimtllon of' ,t'he' iaro,8!ua,ge' was fRJPooedL ,A,O~p.t-d;i.i:tg: t@[ the ,gu.ide~itltgs adopted by ~'h.~ Acade.my' [of U1L:e :Ia.sque' La.filgtta;ge' ~f'ij its, meelin;g a~ Ber-gaJr:a in 19'79ii the ,letter' b, is, used jj~ ~bJe ;fimll:w!I!lfrlS d~ms)tances\;; (~,) 'be~'ee.n, ,two idJe:ntical vglW''el~,j' 'e"g, I' ~hRt-u {w[ kU';ge1t) ,;n;\d ,abad {r,a~l~ (l) oo'C:a;sio~alUr '~een woO[ ,d)iIlt~mnlt vowels, ,ar~ h\ [rig' (b@d,) ~n.d l'fih.oJ. (Ji.~ll);: (,3) :in de'mo:ms~ra,~ ti~:es 's~c~, as :biirll ('~h.i5,~[~ hon, (thid)l" b,\U';. (U~ilit~ ,0Vt~1' 't~~r[~l;: (4) bil, adV\e:r~, 'oof pla'C-E'", hemen, (here)[, kor [~lli~re')~, 19 (Q~r. 'th~N()~ [(-5) in SPIne' :0!U!m'iJe6\1' such as mOl, [(_t'hFee)~ :hamar [~~n),~, ~l (tweDity);r :ha~, {dllirleen), '~~y~~ .• r,l~~ieri al

,~

:hU!~dNdJ.t and [d1iun, ([()Jle' h!UndJred)\~: ,(6" in 'ved>a~ fur:m:~ 'w:her[@ ~, farnliil~i~u" yo.~,

Ih~"\) '-i-.'--C-·--I--C'" .- .", LI~ii 'h."iii ... [{.,"" 'I: i··'i;, : i··-fIi Ibii ti.il'i ,;i..,,_.-" ,(.'~,..,,~, ~"'~"'C")"" ·('71i;·,t' ,I;<-h""[ 1; . ilL' 'iiIi,ppea!f:S~, ,e",g.,,, " .. , ,.aK! ,you are" ang, ... ti ,I~n~lli.yfl:U, W(i:iff\lr ,." I ,Et !Ii!, ,;e

iL'~MIliI'~~Il!I'!ilf~Ii:' ~~lftfV' ,-,-~""'_ W,r:lilrdll', wrueh 'tftnst' be 'l'Y!;o::Iin1l:~~--iI , ~~il~\,", h~:~~ 1~a;~.ll!"oI:Ior.)"

1~~_III._ • .'!I_~_.I"a U-Jj 1II_lIi~ll!llIJ LIIl~~~J~ __ '~ ~ ".~ ~!i!'t~ .. '~'~-_-~'~' '~~w_w_·~· _ ~ '~~~~~-~I!r'~~1! ~_~_~ .rMIII_~&rI.' 1!.!i!I~_III~.

and hUb, (;rodkl;: and (:8) :m ~me' f.([~gn 'Wt~ms\I' ;8'u~'h ,a~ &1Q~',

No~~'llI:y j is, :pro:noU!~cOO lib, th~ h' :in 'iE!fllp~ih "1tumbl~/<t' 'but ~n ~~~ ,a'r[~as[ ~ii'ld in Umiiiteil 'Basque ilt is, p1Qn<J,1!Jn~,d :Ik:e tI;'h,-e :Y' :I!n :E'ilI,lllisih ~'~yeB\,,""

'_'tw'een 'two 'v()'::w~Js I' ]S' is():tt as, in, 'l~e ~ns1ls'h M_e "'Teddy/" but :~n ,,,tiler in:slain'G-es i~ is, 'V'en:r stmnO"tu' 'K'llWed lice ,the' S~~~S:h 'rr

l. .. . I .. -. j _. . --'J. [ . -, .'.l~ . .I' . _" ., . . -, ;] r-- - - J. I • II'!

C'o:m:po,\Lnd I@Ue-rs\l &:pbthong.s" ar~d 'VQw,e!l ,e;ontm~ti:Cns[ ar~r@ as f~lllo,ws;

,1~1;~' ,dd

:11.

:0'

,iBI3sq.u~' iP:Ul'~' de-o'~,t~~

~blko!" ~b~kDiita ~ hi-billc.nil:a IW,-::oI'lalz lleo-:~

kft~! &sq1Ui!" iIiUjIiffU'

~i ~ i~

cl re t,

oil oi

:k,,_fi~ + ;jjj'ldii, :;::; 'k~.nta1dil [[m!~5i~1 '~taJl) bhi '4' nne' := bil!lM! {:re- .. r,DulI[\e cat')

,ijl--'-I +- [-fde' - :ifiI~rd ~'I~'[~t- -,~ -;~-tlJeJr\ _1:Oi! Q~-_. _ _U~L. _II: ~~LI!i!:p.m{Lb.1 1

-~(d!a .... WIle '::: ~Q]!um.c: (',chiM 01 school :a;ge.) ibilld- + iIi;'ht" ~ ..... ['[ ..... '1 .. ['1 il',~-_c-~ ~~~~. c-iJIL'~

[_ ~ ~'§;: -.' '!'L ~iI, = !i!'!I!~,g~1I! I~uiityl!:~"' ~}';.!r,l!l~ W,iL! ..... ~1

lbd:c "$-' em' ,:.;, !ba'~ UtQU~ ~ p€d{lc)

[Ii!!~""" ,,J,, '-i\d'~' 'I"!; - -, - ~ilic ,--C -cJl.~: (';vI'c -,~ ,~ ~.~ ,-. -), ~ ~"''I!;,~ - ~L~e ~d!lfO!I!\!IlIJ . __ ~ce'='RCWJ::.

U'to. -t;. ami! =: ,ast.a:ma, (m~_r d\:),nikcry')l 4I...mt.He'~ ~.es h_ (rorm,[of~'

aUiidiHa--- - ~ • .JL •• ill.."", _. lBi'· ;; :~_ ~-'- _. -rJr ¥el1l.1i uIAIIn,:m ·.~ya!m;,

~n 'Hisca,V8ili. [lli'@ t'mIl.\o.w';~Ic;t, ~~~~~ t-.:~-;,;, ,,..:1;0>' ..... i'io~ ... (,~-

,if - ~ ~ ~ - ~~¥ - ~ !U[~o '!I"""."',iI",L~-v.J.;;:]! II: .""" !IiIIIF~, .. ~,IIIJF::

'~, u':~

ill *' [iiiiI, := ~ .,T;el!ill!le.

~+.a:=~ it! + Ie' e.

lit' -+ Ii) =: 'i!!! Q[ + ,. Ir ,ii,

eu

QU,

O',i, iIiiii 'II il, Q:;;::'lie' e-!I! iIiiii: 'iii,

D~~\fl1o:~~

,tit~" pt'On;tiI~M'JiOni ~'n E~"8'Ush

IL.·~'k '13.. .... 'lJliIS.;i" )i!G

.,~,Ia~

:po!I'I'W t", 'toy ~'

(nli'l.~' Spainish, d~d3 [~dh

P U·· . ]Jio'T'['f"!'''lIj'''UH, A_, 'T-",( 0,'" .' 'N,. ' 'iIi; .• A> R· 'V'~' ~JIl"" ~,lI!. .. J,n _.,Ji,~,,-J ~,~, __ "A.~

£1.

~'~D'CiiI2c! i:JI.~ A,~~~

H :iis o:~ :~mOO:Hed1y ,,-liD.med l~art· '~here is, :rno ,(>t:.fd ~t~ :Iin ·BalSqu~'. Th:~[!@' b

.... - ,~,.~_j," ........ _· ... --t~·· ''''~-t~·· ""'50' "' .... '~, .... ~1:t",: ... , -~~I ... ~;r;;r;' ..Ji,~.~,_ ,~~ ,"~~.. t,_.. • '.,,~ , ~ ·m' '. '''-1 .&"-J!l W,[1.'-'n::'.J:L a~1i.,..~.1:"·. ~ O:U.,-.,. IR . I~:I, ,C:~I.I!e.fI~3.I~~ 1u..I.!R.W :i:f."I:~~ ~~I 1!eX.I 5. !L';. ylt]. In[~~~~j: [~'Q

:intonati.o:n t~.@ StR&!! Va_r,ii.s8 :fj:Q;m ,0'J:te' ,diiaIKt: to an.ol~e,r .. &oIn. one row,fIIj to ang~!I:~' ~nd eve~. aiit tiInes wjlthiJn the' dJiiEkrenlt ~n,@~ of a, ww,~-; The' Srt~6'S b. so' ilimpc'Jrtallilt 't1lllat all 'tiime.s III even ,c~hiitn~,!!iS 'tIl.e' meamft8 cf.' ,s. w-om"" :fo:r' ,example"" maIN (~,V8) ,and tt1ldu (BaS4f\i~' :fltde); &,il8(t 1~~aS$) atnd, ibuQ' 1(fQ:r'~t)l, (J-taUcs, !l~'

.. ,.' ...... ,..iii t.. .... , ... _. "iit--, ,: ...... ,-iI.:i ....... ~ '."'~.' ""." ,~p..·'I'~ ....... ~m·· .... <i""~ ~, ~I n~ ... !'!; ~ IU!l-u.J~~~ ~'_I;~~iiiII . _iA~-II!r.~ _ 1. I"!iiii~ !lJ~!'! ~

" .,

=W':'~"~,D~D·· .O;·,··,'~R··~D.'Fr~K·.

L",UIAI" ..... , [ .. ~.,.,

Word. omeF in Lanu<e is, V,eni" dif-Ieren't' tirom tu't, iiin E:n_,p'tish . '&1. 'g'!l;='1IIII'Q ~""'~

e- .• ~. , •• _.",.~.~" • ",~ .. ~ ~ .. '":":"":""J.' . . .~. '~'m' ~. ~o~.~ _,)_, _.~l __ . e- _~l_, ~~,~.------"_~,_o~ "=_ ~,~I§;; ~ll"":tll"liii'

i$ 'llIisudy ,iiiJ ,~$, O:f' elemerrd; of' :iinqmry ~It -iU!5~ immedli.alteiy pl'f~de the'V@tb, ,As, nplillined. irrw. the' veflD :sedlnt:lJ of thris ifttrud,umo.m" ,~ 'Basq-uoe v~b :ma,y 00 ,a,

'." .... ,' "...:II ' .• ' "~,,,,, .. ;!OIi" ' "b' I .. .... .. ''''Clio . ../ ' ..... , ..... '''I." ...... -, '~~ .... I'~ ... t.. ..

oom.raWlY or sY,rliu;).@,y,£, VW~, ,:Bee' pa,ge' ,i1.~~ •. ,no oo.m,poun.i!;I,~eW ,!~ iltt~ In, iW.e

£~lktl~ring '~m:P~s", It :is oom:pos~ ,of ,II ~~n. ve'lb (e,to.m~, to, ,rome')\~, wbk-h,

.. ~,~~.~~ '~'. ~ ~~ ~ ~ ,'. ~ ~ ~ 'd"1 ' , ~~.:''', rol (. ., t f" '~of"· 'w'be)

,.' .. ' I _. r ' ,,' _. t. • ,". ," •.• - _',' .' _. r 1,"',- ",", : ".'. - " r".," . 1,1:' ".1 r - -,' 1- - _., ",.', ",1 .',," ",··1·

UiITl.eS. , ",~nm,g-" ~, an Q ~. ,~' ~~ ~.I}' 'Y1~U ~ "~ ,n!l'lr!l~, ~ ~C.,t ,~D'1l'I.lS' . ~ ~ ,g:q~, I~) ....1,

Re~ to t'~ :~'S of' an ifiq,wriiry and. it, :re1artilGMhiip' kI' th.~ verb;!', 11M '~8 exaJoUoe' t'til:e fulilowin:p· n:U!'SiUOlif' Atzo RGf elord zen?' [(Who 'CIl.me 1lI':es.ter-&;e:'?)1

'----"" .. I, , .. ''''''~'~'''lIi:'''''''' ... , .... ,' .. "~"'" ,-'". ,7'" . Y·,-·

n~ i~'diorm.a1t!ig.n soug'h~ il ~ ,~X:i;d I\Q .. t wh~ (yes:terday)., Thl~~s", i~, :r,es;po~lSe .. n ,the

:~, oJ lth~ 'person. 'w:ho ,c~, i~ho~~dJ be llooa:ted im~d~t-ely 'befo~ Ol'@ ver.b. fte Vi-em i~, 'p~aced, ,art m-e end" es~'I!1,y':in. $h(Irit ~~IWnil~. Df'SIe rules a..re fUlt ~,w~ys, I~~ :tt~r. b~, affi!gativ~ iPh...1'a~!!i! fke aruij('imary v~b ();)tn~, ,a.'ENir '~he· :maiin 'v~b: Et~ iq,j'J:. 1([ will ~",) :i':n. ifUi!!,plJii.ye, ,~ten~, me, ,otd:~r' i~ very diaerent .. burt, ,arm:y 5tressed WQl'Ilt:IartIll)l'l ,~.s still, looned, ~In!m.ed.ia,tely before

,L!I:. .. , . ,- ..... ~. ~IP' __;b'

llIJI.e' ,maJrt ver.'",

".', '~h-""'''' .".,~Jl'·"".,,'11,11":"-- '*' .-,'.', ""1',· ,'i)'"1 + I," '-!IlI!V .. ~

,De.p DO, , au:t(iLlila~ ~ erlU! , romp e:m.e.:nf!l-'iJo ~IiIL ~.I!:.W~

&;. ,+ na-b, ... ,ifo~kin, . .;j-, ctomb., I~ ~l ~: ('Q~ wnh. :~.)

P'A.:RTS Ofl tiP'B'ECH,

Sam.@' llin.gj~i5tiic ,sc'hala'rs ba,''!;',e ooin-e-d 'ter.m;s and 1~~'1)a; a:~caUy far de---a_liin,g 'Wll(h ~e' Basque' ~a'ngI1J.tla,p'" Su'C'h llajbeils ,at~ ~~~ry' 'W lin'~i.stk S't~dy ~U~ '.tIq.~~~' 'Ui~'IliI:.'e' :E~gJ~;~ih, :i.s. ,nOit· an. :1·ndg-..;EiUl'opean, :lIeI.n~. G:~lti~ all, l~btLl8 ~p,ed, :fm; :en,gliish do not a'~wa,y$j 'sUJ~t: dt~, Basq;u.e' ~pa:~', and :many' of 'th,@, Wrm$ pm~ by 6n.guisb are' 'vii1uilll'y ~0\1VD 'to ,tlhe ,pfi~r.ei~,

'~,":" .... 1~0!\'~,~_~~ ~~,~,,~:,,",~, ,nn..'i'ioiil .... ~....,.... iIli''''''.-; .... ;;;;;iI!.tio, ..... f' t~!"'I;~, ,!!I;lft;-l1 '.f~I~,"" . .:I;a;!p -i"",, ~!':I;;II~~. ':'i',,",;a;; ~~'lil~~;i;'\"

£~'I,~;;;I',I~,--8_~II~ilg ,1{ \Ir-!I;!II ,u. ~,~...... U!l~~ IU!"!I.I! ,u'" U'-J,!U .. '!iii~, !II .... U.'I,WIOI'ioC iJiJ.l'!lO' J,v..u.1Ioil''H

'._;p .. -:iI' ......... ~;iI!;r;,~~1 '0' ·'f: l!i; !irU'Iifj,~:iI< ·~ i~l ,,,,,.t' s~~ ... ,"': :iflil!t--.:li'mPible ,as nnssible, "Dr ,~",,~, 1a~t~.

,1i-II'~~1 !!l;l1oa'!i.!W!iJo,iNV.Io'" ... '~~-'!.-- ir"""''''-!I:-':l! v .. , . F"'"'-" ~ - ~ ~''''=o-' ~ ~ ~ ,~~ iF .='~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ __ ~ ~.~ -=a--'--

:Ii'f~m'bl@![ of' !feadm,~, we- hav@ '~~ lth.e' oo;rmm.o:n, sram.m.wti\c.al, lan;guill,p' familiar W' :Emgb!:,itl, ~~.~ both,:i)n ,m.u~ :inuodudi0n, and. :In 'tt..e didaMt'y- :itself.

A' _',-. t.~ 7fJ'~

'~'n 'D"-IUI:t'IoiII; ~'h, .... ..-. "'"'_ j,.'Ii..~ 'ld·iofi·Als~ l,...t'.c.~ .... 'iiCi;iC" 4i",,!~;n~iif..o;.,~ 'iI"~~6ifiitli.-:ibio;,., ,':iii:jiiAi p,~.a.~,,,:'!1-~~ II: 1 1 lU!5l_ .... ,..._,..; 1'_ . llliiiiii"~ H_II:II!iiiii; ~ll!ll~~ , __ ~~y_ Ul: !I;II~-~~-~. ~~I~Ii!.II"'~!f. 1I1I.UI~I,IIIILII~£~ "'~I._y, l. _~~,l""'~'''''~'i!'

"'['1'-, . ~ u:ilr' "'h ,.:II, .. e_j~"'~ .... I~ ... 'il~, ,i- ...... -''''''I --"1.,.,,,,,'II~·iit-n~ '.fftft..-ro iD'-'iI::€II~iI","' Ib'v ,~'I.."" '""-'I~~" I~' ~, c·.I,'i;.. ,I!"IiIEli' ,~n~j8J c ~~~_~~ '~!IJLI~e il:l!'iJ£: ,li]oUill!~LIO"_I.I!II}'j~l"iI .. u~. u U!I.'Ii_,,~.'!ir ',;i !ll-·U'IIo;' i:JI .... IiUA ,ill, Wl~~,

,~'i-.~ :t •• :iji~ . ...,..:.:.,...", '.~"""':""'~;tjori':;i. llI;l~' [J~ !!!'T-'~~~ ~'~~N4I~~~.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

~;

stMn (m"n,}~ Sizonii {'the' :ntlll:n) .UrulliI:' ~fbe' menl"' 8!H, (,the IWl'n~Ij;,

lil Plu~1 'w~th iotJrant5:inv,e' 'lliemi. '~iii'm',;;;J\D. (J"~'k ,eto:lri :z:i'rc:n-

. _ III ,. __ .. _-!!j _' _' •• _ '" I _l. I. _ • __ •• _. I _ J ~'. .~ '_ l •. '~' I _ -. r .r!I!'!IP.c!,,! '. "L _ ••• - _. I .•... I ~ _ _ _. ~J

(1'he':m~ ~~-,

1~1, Si.ngu!IJaJr with lratritSitlil'!l€ "itero." Examp'Je: Giz~nilk qin, d!U!. fIlle mam] did, :iJt~,

~Mn.tk (~~~ m.~~)- Plu~l ,~~d u~ ~lh 'tr~S~~'il(! ~re~~-

'r:ll",a;II'I':III']!'lc.. , ..... ,~'-'"':"I ..... 'I!.,: , ...... h .. ,d, '.-1-_ Fli'h''', '"1'1'"<;10'''1', :~ll-d' ),i 'Ii: 1~_A_"_II~L'.,r."'"'L-~r. U:~-.II_.!I.iI" ~.L_.,. ....1.1;;. !\"Ij, , _"''1 ,.~!I""'I.III 'UJ_ 1IJ1o.,'

P si!JQQi' {,~~ *'e m.en}. Pltlf;ftl ,illltrrld 'used w_n, the' spe'aike'r ts one of

~"!--- a~iI'Ii'~lp,: ,'l'lir ~ko;> _'-':'oI'j;.-'I!I'C, ",,"'rill"', 'w""..;..,..", ~'~."" ~~iC, 'iC~,'Lri'-'''' ,''',""",' ' ..... 'a!t"b-!¥- ~in IIl_lIl~ ~!I.!'!!IIiII r !U... '_Ibu ~-"'I •. ~l11!1~ ·!!!!I!·I._~11 _·~·!ljII~~_.I~ ll-~~ l._ .... '~~~~~~ ~.~ ~!II!~-- . ..T,' ~_.l!!

~n~: ~ him", ~~iPJil!~ 8i"! lCi .. ud'a~d1fn("k ('W~ 'BasquesJ;: 2;I:IO:k. .a.ndiroQ'k.

t,. _- _ c, '! .-,' " , ,I~W'M..-·,· I - I .- ~, 'h- ~c " ~ ~);_ 'l;you, wo:meJ1li I~, ~ ~ nO "i[ifi: " efleu,

rleoo::: ~i ~the~)~ :an .. i .. Ohe' bf,Qth~)~, ~n!1iii, b.i: '~,a ~the~"); Now:. ~bI (b"oth.@~); imIIi.iI bil.i: '[aJ 1M,!l)th~i').

:F'liLin'he:t, ,~_pl~, of :i!iU-'ih. .W(jrd$, a~: ,umdcii~ (e)i(m~')", ,,~ l[h·U;t'h.),. el:~~

('....:'i..u~'~'r-~' ... ''II ~\i!UiZIiii c('t'tl.'ilffll""rii; I';','ri,.ll 'F'II;n _;i~a-' tC ... ,.-. c .. ' .... ",,""'tl,..:, .... li.

.~JJ:I;. . .,,-I;lJi, a-. '_, .... :1I:riJMII.JI~~~' luJ.n.'!i.IJ LJ.!"-'lur.: ~Ii~_ ,\~;I;.I ~1JI-1iI!il1 .ld~·.'.

ln, }Msca,y .. :Soo~e '~fds, tb~~ end. ~n, iI1 add ~!n, 'f'~, to d!e~gfi!<a:t~ U~~ arti~le'", 6xam[,1@~: len',. (.fI)~w'@'f'~I~ lQrt. ~ttJt~ flow~r);: .'1.'1)" (d@l~gbl-eI!")I .. alalbe-'. (tih.e da,ug~,~ mr:'). T.his :m~e d.oos :i1;1fiitt ,a,:pply to, words I~e. arma, I~_~,'lth.ef;;., 't\li1ie mnl~e.r')' and .. Ulii

("£iilii' I' 't-!,. ;l!'1ii!ih '\

.~a;~ .. llelij .lIild~ La", ,erl;'

J,l'!u~ ,i~d)efi~~~:e ,~r~(;l~' :iln, ·Ia~u~ is, 'b:~t~ :I~ ,alw.a:y~, rom~s, afte'r' ~h.-~ :~Oiun" :r~'o:r' 'U.,e' ,}~r!1d tifU~ :indle'.f:Qli't~ b.bJ-.:I" htzd {s~~e) is uJ~dJ';: gD:elm Nit I~'!ll :ma!lll;: gb;on 'b'arlizilik. (S():m~' mgl1!i')'.

TliTi:e :pad~ti'v,e am~l~ is :fQf',~d, 'w,~t~ ~"S'ldn)iies. ..idk (af:le:r' vow~~.s) ,and! ,~.,ik. (a.A~r' I~'il$~n:t~)'. :ii't i$l, o:~tecn, iU~ed :i!rl :l1!;~.'ti~~ :~nlt-@nee~~, lin, ffimiteH-ID,gan,ve$\I' ,and

,il!!ii .~~"'lf~,;!Io,t~",~,~ ,o:!'~"","iif.r";,'1l".r!~;r;: ':\i;Ti1 '~.aJ1"b:'~~ ~!t..;lIo.'!'io..:.li~¥~f:',~.o!io :':~ :~ ;i!"'~'~]~I'!iii~'!U\6,_, if,t~, ',c!i. ·~~W'±1iI'lil''C;, ~1~1,c!i'"";~.:i __ "",'.u·_t_~,iIOiIOl_"IJ''Il' 'Iii- ~11I1"1_"'I'IoI"'~ iIi~l~ '!!'1'-, ,. _I""n, "IU,oy IRM,Tr""""-,iIoiliV"", I.,. a "'U',r'-~' _"""I _ ~, ~" ~_., ""II . _ P.J,;"" K!i;l'~

as a. s:1J.!IJIbc; '~@; ~be nnu~,. It: calm &t.',ry. a ~ingular o;f' a pl~f.1lll :mealll!ing;"

No;ut,t:§:

:1[1, :Ba5<lri.J.e l~~ ,n(it1Jln, has, nQ g'I@:(i!;d;~I" ~~rl~ is, ~nd@:r~ ~0W~V~'t" l¥~ ~h,~ ~i;o:n:d

. it. ,'Ii'" ..i-. t ) Til... .PIt;l; ,", :h..:.-:,....rir- ", -.

persoo, :';illIMum.t '~-e:iIi~U ,':'0:1'.1.1\.] ,.,I!~ie' ,g,;e-(i!;~e-r' 0:1 a!11!!, a!~llmalt-~' I~~!i~, ~$ $o:nu~,t'iilnes

:mdJimltm b:~' m,ea_~s· (if.' ~:u;llLrlt"e5' iIlJt: suftlXiliike. word.s fama\!' mO't!Ef.et~~ eme,I' m~aiLe'; ,au~, :mal~),j' oo,t no. IC~at~n,g',es; 10CClIiJIf: itl ,adiedjV'~s or' ,arrtiicles, '~O' iIt~I:"f:espond Ii) ,tih~s, gend,e~ d.isp,[!a,y"

'. -' A'- ;-, ... ~-j., .• ~~, ,br";,. 't'1;..,.:ii 'Pi"li\.c,,,, d ~,:,,-,"I,":,::,-,,,,-,,, ""0- ,;r""r' '''''''''"''II.'''-S ""'nn""""'" Of .... ';I-'r''''''''' "--"t...,.,.",iC'. ,;:, _:;·'!o!"",!.!I'II,\.t ~u'o. 'Ii,v ,!lill"", ,,. ..... 1"'''',' ~i;I' .. ~o;O~' ';I ,- ,~~_.!' ,~:",1l;I'$i!l!'!~"~,Ii,Ii-~!Ii, !i~I!, lli-n_~~' ~.Iol;.;I!,!I!!I!I!O;;O"

S_i~i7iJ;;IIlIr~ -'.ii, ~i.iil!.,> 'WI',~i~, It ... ~"I'c''''"''''';~.~'''''' ,"" .... ...i ~,'"', ... i'i" .. "J~:'~""'i, 'i',,",,_~'"

_ b .... ~ - -- - -.- -I!!I", - - .,~_I~ "",'J~'" HI"_,,,n,I,'"'''', H.I,'U, I~ .. ,-,~,.::"'j~iI!'", '" .''1,41I!l'-,:;o"

PI tlm.i~ ",aik~, ,-.e'~ 'wi'lh ~'nJtir,am5'ililye' ,~Dd ~!r,ams:iJtiv'E!' ''IiI'ems.

I'u - fi .~ - ,ok riik.. h·' "n' h be' 'I 1 'I d dr. ~h

_C:I~"-i!:~[nl:e.:: ~(ll'. ~', """ t ,iI p,tlrnhv,e'~, W;~':'IC:~:~ carni~' !S'!_!IfI~;&tl~( '0'1:' 'P~1@(--a,_,_epe~___I__li_g 'O'n t :iI!.'

:indivll.'duaJ (,a~-

nere ,IlJR s-l.pl~' ,fiI;OO..DS ,and mmp1llind, nOu:nf~. Co:mp:n:iJilid, :llI;l)UtlI5) ~,j;s'WIi~y" !naive· a bijljiifinen e",a., sen~~."l"'":"'~"')i'.., 'h, - ,~'~'s-b' ·~;i1o.,;lI'-i~~4 '~ ':U' ;-JI; ~YI'lf ,--;-J:L~ii1'" 'i'i~"'" h-" ':' :iii'iI .... ik - T'i;

J!r" 'I ~ t - ~~'§'.I'_U'I"i!li~1I'.IlIo '1;, "U _Mlulidi !ai.Im ..... , W, elm !Ulli.ilil~, U'~!L'.!i::iIOl, U'I ..... , "¥lFu,eu.

d~sa'"~!rS, tl!,~,,,,,_ -, 'uda'ben1l;'-51n""n,p'm-~') 'mstDa..ll 0'· ~ iliI..lI·-.:I:--<IiiPI'i'i.

- Lf;"-llf· ~~- - -1 - ~IClf-,' .. -. _. . __ , 1 ~I ·'Ii''''~~i- ~'_ t·' '_ .~_ e- .... ~ .·1 ·!l.i~lb'Jhll UII!;~~~,_-~

There ~m :0:0' p~PQSiiooSi i~ 'Basqju:e a~ file:re ,arll~ In. 'iE'~,gl~S]i~, but th.em' ,i1ili~

. , - .. Copy rig hted m ateri al

~ttfi~es~. and nOUinS al'le dedlir_nm ('t'~ey' :h~ve ~~~) ·!1;8 bl. ·Lari~." MiQ~ov~r~ in i~me !Case,s Ute,se, !SufiX'eS, v,al']f' d.@pEmd'mg: Q:~. w·~,th~r ~, no'Ur~s· ar~ ·ili~irma.:te: ~mg~. (~IiIS ,i\'nd ,arn.~mal5) [01' i~arDii:mak' ~j)fiL'P' nh i.(1kp) " Th~' .g~n~Al rul~ £~I' ~~i;lrte; .. jmmnNii.lle beings :has, .a .rew ,~r;e.ptinr.ts" FOf [~Mp:I;e', 'the :p~u;~[ of the

~"'I~'.:· I~I'~- ,-:; ,~·-:..,j""-~I :",',~-j"i"I:.""":-'~ .I"'ioI"ili,JlI ,""1 ~ ... ·b.·.'I~ ~." [",~"",'.;II~"lI~~ ,""'''fl'·m.· ""ii!~· .•. "'i'1.:-1.I~jZ, W""i' ;:'-"'v ~," ai!fe iIJOIl:sl,,",,!Ei~.1El1I.iIi Inil!~IIi.U.I .• ,a:~~ G~I~U R liD,.I.'" iii"" 1!oi ......... ~,'iNu.,., .. ~ ~,.,~" ,,'R,!I;·'!;, ,I ,U"",!;!! ~,,,,", ii7'Q,.\'.

'bU!rg'k~min (.h;~dad,..el '~l1td :nQ.1t b~R; ,and maihaiia-ren. ~haD'bl (·tabJe leg) and :nnt: :miillhaialm·",

Al1(8[~;f~lit1e5 and Dirni~ldiuts

:& .I;oiltnTli""'I'i'f":&r. ... ~~'r.",' =-n' ··d:fi'i_~iifi;;'riI~'i":..u, ":'i'i.c-~",,",=: A"~ 'i."" ·~U~I;>O._.;l W'I·'t,·iIti "' .......... ' ......... "1[" ·n ..... }Iii'""'" ~ ,1.~"'It"ll.ll~o ... ~~I.jIlJEilJtII""~ !iii. g ........ ,~_111 .J .... J~~111II-!'!i.l i~!I!·!ILIIH_A'-II!;i~ 'Ii.~~!l1 ~ _ ~~I _ ~. 1. -WTI ~V.I::II~'_::II!lrV,~I!! .. IV~" !I_'il!l,r

and [~""'''''''''''''''.' ,,... a 'I~L~.", C', :- r ·,":I',';h· ·n""""f'UlI.·.· iff i'I"'-".'.'''"I··''' .... ~]"\orr;l,_

an. fU!II.o!l.o"",al"""u'IiII, W" Wh .. , ,r··' """r"-'ijO ~~!V"'31~;z!I ~!I!~""",,

,r.:b"QLttie)

.-;Li'o' [~I~me',. :)"'C.:I',,g) '-\~ <~~lL litne~l

·",!ddla. l~smaU ~n.!B! dep~,eC'illtffing Sle_ose)

",,--=11, (,. .. 1'," ~. 'I'~ll' "'j, llilil!l,'. YO!i.il1Dg" , bi~_~~ ....

..-iii! I,.,. [~I-I' i~,~J~ - ~ "!IIv. ~_,!lf!l_~,.

'''hi!1!. (y~ng~, Utlie.)

·,..,tx'O I~Smi:ll!lJ" ~.ilt)t:l.'e,~ y·mjng~, de,air')

:m;l.It'''Dloune boy)

an.A~'=', ... tu ........ IIfI(Io' :1 I:> d''Il'',. ;e.;;i"l!-i'T'":":""j m·, 'l;O:;iI,_",'::~ _~_~~o~~~ \J 'Ir.P.~~!lClI ·~·-'Ii!" ~I!r(~-~J '1. __ ~J_.I~IJI!~1

:~dli.s:b. '~hnll\l' tiul~ i'm)Ui.fitalD.~1 " k'[1 t '~I ~

JiiiUM .1a \.s:miilil. :nl,.arn~,

:o"·k .. liila, (Y~fi8: :gW1'-JJ)

.leibllltil..1! (sma!l!l. wbrtdow) :1.~Ue (~UUe m!ilill~

.n~~dlilb!1l. (liiiUb~' ,gif:':i)

:hel:dtm (smallil. 'V:il~:~

J'~ (YLuumg: r[~,:h) :M~I'ii~"". (IUUe' :MaQ'')

'b.1.I!rwt'b, (I~Ul~' hflad()

CMtI~t.OU:l WOtls

~, of' 'th.@ grea~st d!~f'i~Wt1.es 'w,e ~.nd. ·w.irt~. mm:poufid 'wm-d)5 (:moun~ .il!~d.

~.' .,..... •... , .. ifj,1o.~I.' 6.·~: v':'.)i~"r~'t,....,~ ',=.":;'. [..:I.:~II""""'.~ .... c ·,4~'I"', iP': ·W.·. rh ·@,t·~1 ',~'" ~.' h·v r p·If-,·oI:I!ll'U,· .... · .. ,a,. iI',';.'b ... ·m.~ ,.-..n.~1 ,'I.:-:i:iIi""oi:Io. '""1-"1.:-...."..... ~ .... ;ioi); , .. "':'i""' .... 'I"'!, ~1i,1J!L-'!e· ~ ·~1 ~ ~~~"~~I~Oi __ l""! ~~. _~iI,..~ l~ .. 1,)'.,' 111~~II_~l!l.'_lI!i!; 11P_ l. ~ _ J !!f. ~-.UIIIIU-.l_III,I"" lUI ll'!li:i:-JL .. , I . .u.II~U !iii. ~l~.w-~

W!J:[ct Or ·w.rite ·,them as ,two d~8tind words •. Some· '~j!!,s tha,l' ~n, h.e·lp UI5 maike, nl~" ..:I~C!"I~n ~'Io"-' ~

.:_;l_~_~ y-~c~_Ii]I_.V , I lI,u .:_ W'r.

2 .. A ;smglle',w-cnl M.Q~l{l be tQ~OO, (~nd. ne Ih.Y.I?!m,'@n used,). wb-e-:n, two ,o:riginal~y d!l'sti;l\'d: 'WONS, :f(>.:tm. a, ·tihiltd ·w.it~ a diff~f~n~: :mea;~~n:~ ·a~ ~ti!J tke f~~l!low,~jj,g '~Qlip:l@s:;:

Copy rig hted m ateri al

31. T'wi@ 'w0ms ShDUitd be w,riUen. se.pa1'aite'ly

a) w:h;@n on@'[(!tl botb 'Wii;)'~ at:e lon:&, as m,;giiH [m,ulldd,ea'ik; (hu:matn rig'hits),;: ib:), wh~n th~ ~~d. ,of' 'lt1te: :fiif$t 'word and, '~he' 'begjil1ilrnliin:g [oj' t~e' :semnd Cllea,te d;iffi~ltti~8 i~, 'grIGlUlncli1ll1o.D (ewn, if l]i(l~h 'woms, a_re sh.ort:)., :1E_~mr~@~ :Imi!ll[ ~gd

[1i"'!J • lr'-

(seaguil)

"~~--;"__~'·A"";o;,"" ~Tf"':'~ "",t 'Ji~~ 'Q,,,,~~,~;;n;, 1i"~'P'.'.""IH:;I',~ has ,:ailso estaib!llsbedi nrmse.liI.ll.es :fOol'

Ji"lilie CiL.,.....!! ... .eilU-Y v..1 'iIi[ ... '~~"'1'!Io'I1!W 1I.;P--'!'~oC!i~~i""" ~ ~ ~_ ~ __ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ .~ ~~, ~ _ _ _ ~ _

c~pound, v~['bs, ~'b~lt aN' fQ.mi~ b_-y' ,ad!<I~g Ute' ·wu.ros (~n '~lle' ma;nr~er' >01,' v,el"ba'~

;a;.I~:t..,!~.......,,~ , ....... , .. ·1 ,,..,,,,, ... ,...::i ~-'":'"'''i1'!'''''''' ~m'''rw1'I;III"""A '1'.-""'r't."" ~h~CI:i;1if '~"'iLfiii""i,."i'ti' ~'"lf~ , ... ~~,"';IU',,", W;~iifi;,;o"'l ,~~"-~vt,. ~.~_-":'_'1 ~~e_I:I..1I~"l' ~~~!I.~ ~~. 'llt_~ll1.11~,.U, !I!"~ ,-1J.l13! I.-J" _ .... l .. 1 [IJU': n .; 1 '_111,~: ... ' '!n!J'!Iij'[II~' !R.~'~~J!il! '_ ~ 1I,1I}1P.'·~llll!

,!ii!!! o~~ .~td !1re :11I;g-W wdUe:n as ·twu"" [e.,g.,~, :hU er:_i (to kiU" to [C~U.lSi@ sO\m~G:l1,@' W' :kiI~)-..

NO,IiIi": ,~lel1~l(1;1;

:lasqu.e inO'Ui~8 are' d!e-dl~mut I,h'at is, to ~y~ tlm:e fo:~ ;of Ut~ nOllmrl, is ~OOified,

.~ l1li. I. 'I ~ _ ~ _

by ,th,E:' ,add iitll 00, of' S!U'(~~xnli' :m:u.ch :in t~e m.aD:ili.et of rem~n 1i'id)G-iE'~m,pe-a'n

lang,ua~~., 'lh~8 .. :~te-ad [(d' ws~~g,a, "~pmi~tilinn, as, :E'~~i:sl~ does W, eXPfess the

~~~~~~~ ,=:~~::~e:~l~~:~:fo::·:f!:~i;:r~ ~r. s:= '~:;;:S[ (~~!~~

,-iIi .. ..._ .... i\n-;i"'~.n.-i'iI_, .oo' ....... iniii)i"~iO'Io"iiI:n"''"',''i; ,or I", s,~:::IiH,I'1i"', in :tJ:-.eI'Uil~lti.eS [~'~n&e_iiinilt:e d~le,(rIsl~I't-,

U~.l'_.D_aJ.Iu."i.l!ll.~ _.iIl~._~~_~~M_._'~,. v_ ~~ -1Y~'~~~I' g- _ -' ~ . .. - - - ~

''''flIg:anunb)., T~~' :sulfi:x'~ qlso 'Valr-y :in Wi"imJ depe:ndlin:s on 'w:~ether a, '~iUJ'U]l~, ,e:I'[u,i~, :m, a ViG-we~ 01' ,ii! mi1li5Dna~}t,; Of wheitthAr: ~t: 18 !\!iinima,te or'inanliolHI!l.e., bl tihe' deflnilte declen5ion, Ute' :speabr 'Must: also mb' in[ro' ;~U;:C(),U!lWf. 'w:t[U~,t~\le![ ,me' :I\[)-Ufi is, sin,guil'a.r o.r -ph,~~L 'ItU?,H' varllit~ons, ,Wfl~ d~mQ:nSitt-arled :1:0 't~bles 'm ,arnG. ::t,

l:~~l'e' 1, nelo",iJe Ded~~si~~ ()f '~he ,NQ;!.ii~~ ,A:nim8~e Be:img,s 5izo.m, (muanJ'

Subject (N'omi~ti,ve) :Subject Agemt, (_N'o~Ii,~) !Possessi,''!,!',e" (~n~ti,~)

~'nd1RCt CH!I,j,et;t' (~li,v,~-)De5!t1[llfIiticII" fol"

..,.,.! ,,,,iii

w~, .. ,,,, -j .,i;.iC.:~"."t·I-1I.!I"":) ._ •• _J ~!I!_ll~ \!ITTIi_"'~~.w _ 1 ~ ... :

~1tiI!n=kiW~ ':,~(~

1(lnesS1rV@')1 :Flo:Hi!l. H;t of

[(A.bb'ti,~)

'N' ,c :-~,~-~, ~ ,-. "J iii" " ,~ ... --'-" .

, ... ,o:n~, i['os;sesslve

,~iIi' .-~~~-li~"""'~

~~.-y.~,

"1".-.. 'd' .u - .. ~ ... ' - .

,.,~~ '~_it'rec...-l(liDI

(Allaltli~)

.P/:u~l: ahoma I~fhe :man) '~,i!ii ~~- -rh::l!l:' t'~ ma~;~ ... ti' pz~L~~_~ \_~~ ~~__ ,

~"-- -~~-:-~-~ i'af- tbii!' pzIBrui!lNl'I! '1;,_ ~ ~~ -~

:miDtriI!.l 'the :millim",s.)1

8'il:Q~"'

,[to ~ffite m.a.n,)i

giruiJNI~tt~t, ,(lOT: dj~ marn)'

~fceki" ('w,~m ~ :map)

:~'

(ii!ii~t- -tile' :ma~)

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(ltm 'lb@' :m:.m')

,pzo:nllrewg,lintlit. '~'f!lWM-4it;

(_~rn ~b tn:lan)

(mekins for ,amlma:te beinp)

... ~'

=tkin:

_,iL,"i'!' 'jI!I!lI; Ailiallil \lIJ.IIJ

gh on al"D'fg-!A1ill ill '''nwiUt-ll~

(to llJie ~D)l a1zonQ~JUrfi: ,,,mg-_mtt (tow.ud. ~M m~n,~

~qt s. ..... JV1,

'iIl:bonm'

I~ .. - .• .

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~ -

,"\q~_;ttifi~'Q' Iii:Q~~jjj;t~ I~U.p ~:o ,the' :ma!n)

~ - - - ~ ~~ ~~'_... di.' '_',iii' L., -_'""_' _t'li#tUI. '_- , _,'"""'''''. _.'"_ .... _- _""

~"'''~~y; o.--.,.._~"O,""'N~"''''

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IN_D~~te: kinp ~ (house) Sin:iuhir

su~: fN'omina!Hive,! ~'!'~'A~ ~fit ~""~""'~ ~I,e~ ~~

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:~~~y~ (Geniti,v,e')'

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I~Dattili~) :DestiO'lIiJtion.., :fOl

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- ~ - ~ - .~ - - - ~ ~ ~ : ..

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ffl'te5~ve~

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(~I:i,ve)

:Nn"pc:~l ,Poss:e.BsllV'e' ~'ko (~tive)

-m'

To .. ,di~n

(AlI:aJtir've) Towail:di

Up' 'L\O\I' ,ilSi far' a'S, ('~ina!l)

.. .

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mrm! ~:'L'O .. ~tgl"l1:

[~e00u5e)'

~, ... ~ '(~'W,dlli'~ =. .. , ',""'Iiiii",',~,,-_,,,,,,',',','''''',,',~,

!1!5;~'!5;~ ~~~~ ~l~ ._ .. e- !tIII!·ti Iir!J ,,",~~~ !I'~~!I!~'

et"RA: O~e MUise'" ~ilt, .~k (the h()l;l;I~') ~tJ;.

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,melfri (~'O'

the'tu!iuse) ,etxe.Mke~ ih~ha~) ,eiX1!:4Nim' ('wUh th,e hn:ie" itb·~ (~!i~t the hQil!lsei', aXil11M' (~D ~.~~~,),

eix'C'tik' (::r~ro:m

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~iik: ~e~k'

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SUbject (N'ofcm:inil;I1I~) SUrbj~ ~t(N'~~ti,ve) :Possem,y,e ((;@ru;H,Q:) :~p_dii~: (lbject ~Dati,ft:) 'Desiiit!l.'.t!tinn,. .fill'

'Wi'. ~A_~)1ive~~

,j!\t'(Ullt 'try me-a~, gf. (~'~tmmeflta~ bwide, in" .on" at (['nessi,v.e',)

:f-JiUm" OUit: of (AJbl\atti,ve) ,N'op_pe~.niil ~~ive 1(~Iti:ve)'

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U:p' 'm~ 8S I.M Iii'S (t~na~) ,Any" :ml'llte tPilrlitiiv-e')'

A.:s,

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,.man ,il.manmtz.:t ,ilillUini'.liPt'

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amaf"'1gmtll' iiittillit~glUilimtz;' :ajl\i~I!(~gJi:Z".tlIilOi aD'lIIrik'

~~t

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:ate.ndw.:

:mutill(OOy), 'PlQtnd' ,muUIM' mulU~ m.uiliilm:tz.:t mu,tiI tiku.,

mutU,,:m;J' miiti1(~J.itdik

m.u'i:n(~giUt .. :

I -~ , ''':ill~~:· ~ ~, In:ii1Z mUUI!!J~,f!!Ul'~ ~~~ ~. ~

mutnl_JB'Mf--4IIino :m:llt~Iii:' :m."l~lh'dt.'

:Iilnl (_wor:k_) '''lUi ,Iilom

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I' ,~d)'red Ob'i!d ~Da:I:1,V~'''' .11, I " ,~ , J - - '\- ,',' I

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.Abog:t~, by' :Dlteains of ]U'n8tn1me~!~iIi~) :~Ilside. .. IR.., ~, !!lit (1'~~lii;"e)]

P:FQM,;. out 'QJ (A'blaUv,e'),

N' , ,,~' ~ ~ ~,~ ~ P;Q:s - - !Iii\!' ~, (l.oc-a ti!::'Ile' ~l ,00000.~[I_jI~ ~ "~ __ ,e._ ,_J __ ,~

tb'~, d~Q:n, ,(Ahtiv,e'),

'fu,w,alrld,

Up ~Q:;, as, :f~_f !lSi (~~'I)

__ "','"I"IlO', _""""'i' ,("~~i,~.,.....,,'iI; ~~J~ ~-.II".-~ .,~;d_~,!liLU,!p'·~,'"

m-endi,:i' mmdi!rm~t mif!ndi~tm' mendh; m,nditlliN mendiitiAtiii m,nditii1i., mendiittA'ni g'I,endii;iA~i~ m,et'l.diit!Amm'Oi' mmdirit. mHl.d~t;z'ilt

l:int 'Ii!i!!~n~'t ,I~t.m' I~~* ,1.nd~N l!i__n.t.~tilit IUIil!t.i'lJ! ILIU't,A~ ~~tiil:nmh: ~~bI'M!htiJ' ~!!IIni!k lantzllit

Ooo~mi1 Df FrfSt N~,rtMS,

Ii):rlQ\per. rmm.~ ot persons, ,:II!l1td ~hmss :foJl:ow fn.e' ,iimLcdlefti1liiI~e declefillslon, pa!~'

'~'-I ~'_, ~J -_ 4 "":,,,:'i,-,: -~ "':'!""i'-~ "', :'1"~ ,""_~r.j"'i': p1"(JTii=O,'" ·":i"""I ..... .o.;>'" :"".,-.;:. ,6"" d.' ".~'i1i,o· ii"" i"] 'v"",,,",,,:_.,;;t 1~iii"'i'...,'Ii ,tliTie.' ,at', :'iiTi'.,;o,-,c ~m-, ,!I!,i!!idi~'II;lI~I1;;:1i1:!Urn~ 'li;J'.1, .,n'll!1 ",' r,_,10 .~I.""'''''!I.~lil!", u,.., ..... ,",Io~, ~''''O, in,.. !AJ ,"""'!f1l!'~1I, .... uu, ,~llc' "n!E'ir:'

:iJn II ~sona~itt_ appea'[' t~ ta!ble' 3" ''fb~' :f~J.linm~~ ,alnd maKUJjn~ first: nan:l~S I~st:ed :m ,.hies ,4;, ,lind 5 alisio, ,fo:ljQ!w t.h~ d)~ef¥~~~.,

~ri:l:!'l~ ,3,. D«l~w.~, 1fJ/:' fj:rst N~~'

~ndi. in A' Vawd

Mdom ~lhQny) Aadilblntk Md.u.ni.t.tn'

Andontri

'$libj«t, tN~~ti,vel :S":lbjeet Api'~~t1v,e..,

~- ......... ,,-::Uoi::i ~y-o; ... .",~,~~_\, ~·~l~·~ ~~lIu'_ll~~,1

:~ Obj@d (DaHv~:) '~tm.tio:njl' ,fm

'Wt1h (_~tiw~

,A.bJIl!t~ 'by' :m!I1eaRS Of 1(lns~taiI,) :~\j ~.'M.,iII!t(J'~~

:Prom~, O'Uit of: '(Alu;lw~) :tii;h)Lf;J_~I, ~nive (~ti,~;); T~~ ,~ tAltt~)

Toww

Up' ~\I' , •• s far: OUI, ,('t~~l ,luiry~, ~ (Parm'ti"Mi() ik~ riik ,As

.lmdO~=r.' MdoniRki", .&1I40nk' Md.anitMd&.r bdQn1(t:~,p#Mk'

ADd.amj(~Bg-8:

Md.om'~~Nfz~ AmlQni~Pi'ilmg Aadoruril' _d,QP]:ft"4f

(;natPJg i\P;l ill' ,Qmsm;r.ant MiRn (Yal}")' ~~k

MUienm

~nJ:

MlIR!nm,rz.t

MDienc'km ~

~-' MiHng~4fl'

M'~t!i, M.lRn&;:m:tIIJ'IH:' M~l1i"o Ml!nmik

:M'lrt'Dbf

I

1'ab}:~ i4., ft'mr;r.iiri~ f:rrsi: ,N4iPJ';j-es

I{N)O!t ,1II[iJ :O.rst: :niilimes, ha,v,f! ain, :Elng,lilsb 'equiIi'!l!.n,rt)

A'l;1iDte AkU6e'

Agate Apilha

A:I~

,AIU-M' AUlh ,Am'8i,o:ila .Ama.la

A~~ ,~~f

Ainh.. I~Our' Lady ~ ~Ie~~" '¥I'bouIrd) ,Ane

~~, GI.Q~, ,Andft'ifi'

,Ainbl:ne Gloria ,~.!Lkmui,

Ahm:1M' 1('Ou!r ~dy ~ ~1~,y') I And.otlc

,A i"taber' I(OUJf Lady' of iUi'rdiai1li1\. N;ava~,)] .Adun'iM

:Mif;i!(I)e

I~Oll~' Lady of' Oiarli~, Gmpfl!zccoaJ)

:Elnd :Mothe;d~~ AmlI!

AntoiD@.Ue AmJwI.:ReUe'

,~Ou~' ydY'Qf~p~ti~~i~zm~ teri al

A'. A"rIJ"'" Ai't.aM:

AnOSIi .

.A,urcu,l'I.e P.i"eseI!l;ia,1mn ,AJuine ,AUgu5ti(i~ 'B~ $Qlih~de

BidH'fi' B •. unii, Bib:m~ 8j,~· Bhena. DQ t:le hi. [)g~

Va~riIe

,~Ou~" Lad.v·!Of Rltscalt),

. ~ ~. .

V~~J1. Vktt'Qri~

iEd.a.rnc :S-now

Bguzkiite· '5unn;r Eli_bt!ie' m~al~eth

)'pOun JH'one

.Juo:n.e J'okiine J'OM' 'osun:e J'OiH'H

Joxqa. J'u~ene K.da~

joaln.

Jesi!i!s, «f-e_le' :i'onn. of the Hime) ~ogep:hiRe

jp~phi~

wli1!liana

Clilli~'i.~

~iI!'j", atr.nleR Kaftililin Cad:'i~'~' iKol.dDbih L01)rlse

Konbleti iKorw, [.eiiM tide' iloni' iIl.'URmi!:.'

I.U[:· Millidel'

:P,a;ui~1 :SII'biine :hrllu,mH

. . ~

HDpe ;hme

(:<)uir, La,d(~' oJ ·De-v~. G~.i(pd~~ TieIieH

St~~' USOIi

]'s'land ,l·un .. ,

('O'Pr__r Lady gf Tclc~-\; G·'dpY~~.)' Z~ N!liti.vity

C'o:nception,

(~r lad, of 'I)Q"QS~ GIl~p~~~) (~r Lady of :~,goesa.. N:a.'V;illlna~ L'idiia.

FI,Q!W~~ :fiJ0 I;'i!ll b:u,~'bil:1a,

.['i' .... _..'M-..

l~ll;~I-~

!FQFes;t

(O;tJ: ~dy ·gf .A~~tiii" IG~~~') (OWtj; ~gf of :Lei~I' '~~y) Remedy

iF:r3!noos(iitiili)c

Pa:i,i'la,

Sa'bJns,

C-O:::I1W~tiQ". - Co:nception. The,i\eS8 [:k)v~'

I'i!lbi't: 5 •. Mii\5!Ciliilint? .fJf~t ,Ni:n:rres

(N'm: ,iil~ f~r5t: name.s, :b~.ye' an. ~i5ih ~~iy,,,,dmt)

AlibQl

Ah:saruiLu ,~nd.el'

Andft AM~W

Andima,

Ad!ui'le Adam Agi!f'

Ainpni! ,A'ng,~~ ,AiW.:'

EnHa, Sw.a'llDw'

',r'Oi.A_----= .• ~'"" -. t'~'··it~y·_= ~ ,=.I';'r. .... f~ .... ,iI;,.,"l1,1,-0·... '0',"'.;"';0;",,"

1I:!i~~'I;I'~ ",;;,.lIi1il1" ~,r Yo "'Y.l:u~.I'iO!I!, u., 1!n~ ... J"

EDUiUnc Merqr' M'~~n;e, [la:r:lene

~Q:ile' Me~es MMte :D!!Ii rlene

E~~i, M'iIi~h,d.H niIUi'l~ne.

Estfb .... U..z; (OIlJir Lady of ,Alta,vla)' M'ariteIi ri, 'Da.r1ene

:ED"QtUe' t~__j' ~,y (;:!f :MJ;lt"'i:!9baill~, Nat¥-.tn<1) Mail'el1, :M'~de~

I~__r~~i:z Vid;l():m ~en :M'adcli~

'Gar __ i Mii~J!le :Mld~el)e

~rbiQe :P!.l_riif~iltigp, Mif~, :Mi~de'

.,...,~ .... - ....... ~1iAIo... 'I' ",-Ai'i:.l' -"'D",,,-- -'-t;" ~ iD'::"''''''''!il'iij, ',M:_ '.;_.-'- .. -_o_-', '''.III'

''li,;ilillY'::h.iWIi. [~o~r' ,L.odY; O,li' ~ma~'~i!l. I~"~j;': ~ ,IYJiiliirY

O:enW:4i!n~' :p~~ N~'

'Gu.lz(me' .A ng.e m, Nf!i'~

,a~QC' H\oiy'C~, :NelU

~dQi~, ,{tOu~' Lady fM b;a:h .. Ni~vaJTa,}1 :N.,Ii

fCi,II.i.m:' ,(tOUir' :Lady' ~f Mo-trilko .• Gtllpd~,) o.iihane'

~,BJDH!' ,Ascension, Qlab,

lilc:em-e 'V~siJ)tat:ton. Q.rnI~

l'I .. ~e' (OUl': Lady oJ l~s~el~~ai, N'a1V'a'""a) O.!ialM

I .. 'NinA!! '-,-"'- ·n. '.D,.'."'~ .. __ - ...... ~:.~I·.L .. ,..,.-:

_ ~~_ _ , . :nrlilil".j- 1[,"",11.'1''''' ~

1IGilz 1tN_lne IbUo

)~ ltd .. '!' ha.r :1'H.1:e'

Copy rig hted m ateri al

A'Ild:qUn A'nd'oD_~ ~ A'DtIOn ,AMrt~ Mi,eI' ,AiuR.l.n

B'.aui B\I1IMdin B~ Bemn 9~~, Bittot Bladili,

Danel iIleun.m:o DQmC'g Dgnh1 EdMta, :Eduf' :E,goi'lZ

:EIi, Endlr.a :Inc:ke E~~O'U.z En,l.'m.'IlD, En~;pel E'n'QIDlIifti

EzleR' FRmiiD C"iblm, ('Jag'b

Ca:rilko.li:z, CiidKn, Gt:nw 'CCulb 'GOItizDD, G~i:z, ,fhan :~,

Iaol'

:~el:' :fmanoil :Udti :lii.SO :luika,

:~r

An tJfto ny' ~i!!ii.ol\

'V~lmti~ V;a,l~ il3iet~fd V:~~t V'IC~fit

DaL(L[el

All Sainits, :Do:m~nlc DiQ:n,Y,~lls :Edw,str,d, SIto;w'

Ralymctnd, 'b~b'--~

, _ _ip ,_iite_

Raymo:nd, Siep:bem,

Ga:~1 ~v.lOI:'

:~~ ~rse' ,Artg,@j~

I(H~y>C~~, J~hn

'VisUliIiJti'DI11'll :E'm.m!l~g~l :lgJrulI'fluS ~tius l~~~ ls.id,m'

J'Q'1cJin Jon, '1'---N "i!JK'.'_,_

JU'Lll

] Uiten, Julin ~ KacUdi Kemc:n ,~ep.ill Ki~

ID~~;im wohn ,~Qseph ~C!:s.U!iS' ,~!IiIliiilin ~~ti~ 'Ca-r:m.ei!'o

CI!l~de' S~glh PeitE'l' Splo,U1t'

:LQg, :wren :L'uken, M..ttilo, Mn~el :N:iik_ora Oi1!!t

Ptalll P,Jl,ulm P,.bi,

Pe.'II, P~'II~ Pet:rmd_e, P,em P,i~~ 5.libln SaUJa,wl!e' 5e'bu

Somr

'iF .... t@~,

1IOOm1ln Uguu:, 'lli~, UHlu;pal [f(r:~o

tJ~i lU:bller.' XldJbiin~,GI:' X!tnU Zipr' ,Z'Qri\cm

Lucian.. :L.uikle' 'M'limn ,~~l ,Nic'ho]a8!

'~ky

Pali!cl,

Pal'uiI F'6~' :feliJ(

Pef.er~

,Pe:rd!ina:md. ~r. iPe:~e;r

~~k,y

xaV\ief' ~~yadOf ]a1.me;s, 'Pu)l(is't'i'i1i.~i'iili: :Fe~i);,

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,;Si'tS,JlIIiZt'·

Subj@d tNQmmal!re) :SIJI'bjed Aigent (J'lominarUve:) ·~S1li.ve ~"Gen~tive~)

'~'":".,.i,;~~, ,O.:-·i.oJ· .. ~~ "Ir~·~ ,j. ... ..,.'~ ,~~~i1;'\:_,l~, .~. VI ![3.. .. \,IbNi1JL.:T~,1

'Destination" ,~'o:r 'Wi.,[{,A~J~~e~ ,Aibclll~~ 'b,y melililiWS of

JI'--'''w'i~dm1!:i3i\ ~ ~m':p~~-~~.;~_=~~-!

.slde~, :in. -on.,.at ~rmessi,v.e')

Fit'IOM", O'o!t: lillf' (:A!Mt!liv-e_)

;5u'bj'ect (N- --, - -ti- -'Ii.

~ <_. I '_. _ .••• _ , •• ' • Olllli.liIit .. 'Ife)p.

Sli'bj~ Ag4?nt (N~~ti,~) 'Possessive ~'(;en~livec'i;

, .... - -, . ~ ~. . _. .. ~.I

'~'-.~:-- 00j.:-. - '~~lr'"':'~' ... ..:i~' ... ').,~tIJ UiJlI!fJ!I:9o.JIo . .. . '. !l:'L"1o .' II..J.ldl u,v.c ..

-~ - ~~ - - - - - , ~ ~ - .~- ~ - ~ - -'."

~t.bgtioni!' for: 'Willlh. o(A_~ti~~ Arbout 'by meilns m

tTmsnmen:taJ) m-slde'~, :~ ,on!, ,at f[, ... - " - .'~ 'iiness]''V!e.1

:F-~ 'ili.U: [O'f '·.Aik;illlattt:-')'

~ ~""".~"'" ~ ~ "" _ .. ~ .. _ve".

Up ~'O~, as, ,LIr as o(-te~n~

U,is

MU, hone'lI;o, Iu:mim. honl hone Ii_I bont'Wn ibtme_

hliU'IJdlin hW1e~· :hul'tebtik :tu:n:tmpmtiik~ l,,~g~

:ElQn~~, :bon~~ :ElDitdUtintz ;h,on.engaru:ntz,!i!'

:ElJl~Jino :bCl:li~aino-'"

~~ ·n.ue:k; :~lM'k "ullin h~i"ei, ih~iuen~t hauekm ~ue~;

hag~ haUenpni;

ibaltdati'k, ~~d.~' bi!li~Q!

billi~~ :bau:e:n;pna,'" :h~~ii; :fiiluen.ptla:ng,'" :b!il~~~ :IuI!IL'C'~

:bmri :tuJ:ttCk l~Q.~ :bonii, l'attm;~~· :b.iI!l~ldn, ,l'ig~

t..""'"~""""" ~.~,

~,pnl.' Im~tiik, ~t:engarntl~ •. iI" ~tab,

~taf~ honel'lp..~WWlU bo:nenpnunb.~ ~~ii!liinQl

11- "'_"';.""L'IIiliPli_1t _u.&~.'!Iiiii.,--O-----...:&.W

,~~n~trtl :bar:iek :l'I~~1Ii:, :borie:n, :rUi'~ :horl~bat :Ml'ifikiiQ :hDr:teta.z

hd~bn horicnpl1r~ boflebtik hod~4ik· boridako

~~, horl~~' ~b· hotimpttW1itl-" ~ ~~

bu-r.i, :Iltiiid!;; lluen logii

l'~nw.U :hlIRkin

~, ~,~' Mm,ti'k, ~...pnd}ilk,i!"

~o

~. hare;~.nlII~ 19~~QIZ hAr.enpnunb* Mdar~Q' h.lerqpIlll1iin0~'

l\li,e'k

:bat .. k :fI.ien :hBd :h:dtn:t.zal: '~m :haidD

h.tietan, Miienp~ ha~tik ha:h'npnd I krjo

baidaic:o

Mi~iua, lIUIi~,~' haldaDmlz, nien.g.unm!Ui!" hlildHal.no lIiiimg;m.lmo-

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,Adi£d~

'The' ad,ecti,v@' Js 'veiry' ~P'lmnt: in hsq,~~ ~I~se i.t c.ar~ carry t}t@' :nou'~ s_tjlx~, and. ,frequt::n:Il~Y' C-d'me.s the' aHide ,ills s, suth., 111!1 the :ful!lawi.ng: exam,.l~s, moe pOU!~, doos n()t ,~atve an, '~' :s~:' glmn, p"te: (y,Qouttg: m.an,);: ,~:n ,gazka

(th.~ ['!ll] yeung; :~)'"' I

'Un1ac' ~h;!' ,m 'Ba~,~g the, ,adij€d],ve Jio.nRa.1W, mmes, iil.t\ter the' ru)llIn.

'Th: ' .'U'iI:!'·, "'~\i'l;, ,;o!.!!I;'MI :;E!J~V iiIIi~'~'~1 :."~"'fIi t''Ilio~iL..i!in; ~~fMI.~ .... r.' '1~~~;lfl'll'~ i'MI'~l~ '~'Iit~ii-A,~ ,~~,;Ii ~.,..iii t'~;i!io , J.. r.JI.f! !F!I'!" ~ 1IWMolo!ll WIH'J-l ..... ,111.';1111 ~UJr[11 '\ T!t!" JJ UJMIi:i' ~,~)._IR_" [11 ~ U\ I _~)~['rI: ""!R.LlI)!" ~ ~_~,'._VlJ_1I11i "!'f"!P.' ~ II III !tis,.. !R~, ILl, 01, L-V 'Ill . 111.1IE

!reverse',. 'O-n, rare' ooca_s(i(lt'DS t~ ,adiji@(jj,vt!': :p.r,~d@s ~, no~n.. ,~, g, ~ "~.ih@~ ilt :i;s ,ain '~Pflllu~lt and :~d)i'(:a~s, naltio:~fy: ~ :hb[k;llBtil4li, (la5qu~ :m!l1g,~~~ll, 'WiUlJ son'te' V~~ ... :sucih as, :izan (to. bel; the ,adjedi,"1le' ;is, p,r:edJi:ca,te(I, ,a.nd, ,fo:Ltlow;s 'the'

'Ii ;1:.'1:1 :Ii'''k '~ "i"'L. th rl' ti 0 th Iti 'f 1Il..'" 'I:..

inau~o . ..In, ~ "ese cas@s", iWI__DJlU.El! ,li,;:.ng~_~'~1 ,_,~@, a""'1@'i(;~~,V@' eamss '~',--,~~' ,il!__r~c~o@'~ 'W,III!_!l!C111 ,carll,

l~' s~~guJa~ Of p:lrural", Wh.en there'is p, $tries of' adj:ediv\'e&~ QniI:y t~e. las;~ One' ,car',;~'es 'l~e ,-,mette, The d!em€r;~SITiitive5, al'rratlils 'follto,~:~ oom~ite!::'7 ane·-:= ttli-, . .rH.. . • iii . .•• " •.. ~ .. , ,.. W r , ... w ... ! ,.y .. ~f ~e

:fIiotlIl1i:; 'Gizi1U1i hau 'o:rui1 dill (1his, _an:ffi 8:o()d]~ Gii.zon :hlJuoelk o-nQiI: dUliiI [~n.ese :-en,

do(r~ ,i)i,~j".o!Ii~ itl'~j[~ ti'l,..~ ~~fi"i:i:"!~~'iill'81 ,~f~~ ,ro;il~~~I~~,'iI!I'~ ,~d':~:~;~~s' ''''-'I~,O!i; ;iI'!"I'io~c;!io 'i"c~'5;~ ~~; o~'1. 1AJ!,,~ll 110 L l1lw" !Ii.~.,J,iIJIJ,rr_£!IiiiiI!",1f·'!E MJ,lJld.~ ~'1111~ .•• ,JIl~~J.I·II!''1W·!IiiiiI ,~f~~"IJ·!I!"LE .Il11iil'lf."!IiiJ ~-.IIIIIIIlE [a-,~'

(:~~a1gct~MU~,

'Glm,~mti~ ,Adj«l.i~:

a.) 1:0 '~xpUiSS, ~Wlnt:Yf ~se the' ,cO<~[lJn.ctiom, 'bema, (ibezm., 1b.;I;:r~Q.) I(,!}!$ • CiS) and ,c:'~ange '~he' 'Wi(n-clJ cIder.

'~ ~ ,31 4 5

Zu il>euii"i, ,mElli, ;Elitlz ~'n_i),.

I I am, ~.s.,~ ai!!i ,QUo" 15" :2, 3 2: 1

T,h~ sa.~~ t'I~~nr,g; ,~atJ?,~!1!~1 'wilth qU~if:il!ltli.~& (.~.0\U1!~ ~nd ,i1:d!v~rlt;,~) 'w'~th ~k"" lIailn'tnwl (,as miUch as),.

,~, z 34,5,

Zlik 'bale., jan, ,(b.d nil,'~

~' i.. .... ~.,.,., .." ... i .................. ' i'1""'~,~,.ii,.· ...... , '!U"lMli ii, ,I,L!],"'"" 'II!;'_L'I;;'I!-', ''''''i;;IO "'.ilU,,,,,U,"1;I ,1' -.". . .,...

5,43, 2: 1

b)1 'lo e-xpr~, :superi~rily .. ~s~ Lh,~' 'OGl1~u:ndio.~, baino., .' e. ,·ap(lI} (m,Qf@) and change 'l1he ,cmi'€'r of tshe 'wOld'S, Th~' ad)j~liv~ 'lak~~ U'U~, ,oGDIpalrati,v'@" smfi)l;, ~,a) .. and tb-e ,cn:n:liiJlrl,d].o(rl, baUu:l1 mii!j)s,t '~mrn'tedila:te-1y precede lite oomplemen:t~

(Jf: 1k~ OOg'Pa!ri8lOU. I

~ "

Z'U itGliiiQ' :f~'~~, :i:U!g, :me. :1 ~, ;1liIi!OOl'E:' ;iifllitelll,gen'l' 't'baI11 Y,O'u ,"'

65,1. ,3, :2 1L

The $a-e: 't'h~~_g; happens ~Uih ,com,paii'ilsDm (:mo,u.i15 a.neil. rad,~'f:ibsl;

1 ~I .3, 4 5 16,7

:lllk'lN1tnp dilliiUi ~~1 :ir~b~i, ,a,yl nillit.

'I Mo"'"" earn ........ 1 ·m· ...,. ·m· PV' ,j.'h''''''' v ·'·

" I. ''!I'~ .~-----" ~ ~~ , . ' i,. [ . ' '.~.;r !I-_ ,HiIJ" .1'., ",

"615; 4J: ,3, :2 '1

C I~'"

~ \11, ';'UJiJ\,""'"

. ,~,peri, n~

Copy rig hted m ateri al

W:2, 3 4·5,6

.Z·g .gJIi. :lrBuleril' ~i' 'You, ~~ ~ ntQ~t: :i1nt~llffi.pt ~her.

1 165 , 3

~rJli Ad:i«IJj~j

"iBasqu@' use~ :pos~iv@ a_dj~tive5i In f~t j~staru~e~ t!1.i1!rn. dJ~:$, ~n8]js!h.

niP!!' <[Pili!!~" ~gR!.i!' gil!!) :;:::; rn.y

iLiii~. ;::1 Y' "".!,,,. (.",t",,",,,,, ):',

DU.,. .. !UwlJ . ,1:1&!I~.oll

.: ,- :.

bf!~' [= m~" ~ i:tr5. sun: = ,O'u:r'

.~U~ [::;< y,~~r: (~ip~.)[

- -

zuen, =:. :Yo.'1llf (pi].)

~~.:;:::; 1Iheir

The :miI.JoDty· of :nriiiJmheQ ~e- tihe' :1101110.. Only the· nUlnJ'ber' [&n'jl:' gOO8! ,~~t~r.

i;'ik '" 'iri A'" ~-""""""" ., 'L ;i; £ '11 u 'i!iLl-' iIli"L ~:i... ..4. ·i..... iIj.,r; •

'!IoIlle' fiO-un 'illlii, au 'u~ib~Ii$\:; .jlZQJi, ~.,: ,'ane mlil"n~l. ., :mLlifi<'Iill' uie' !j,~hai>tr uUi!~(i~11 :!in

~.,ai!i ,th@ HUIHliOOr' -'U'O also 1008 aft:e:r' the' noun; rgizg hi. ('two :!D,@n.~,. UlIJifiARi Ba-sq.i)je a.~pts, oollh w~s WI" ,~ •.

'-;0 .furm tile ,~~ j].IiittlOOt,$I' ti1le $uffllx "8bttl'i! (·~btteli,) ~.s added. m an th~ :nrumibers· ·exce.p,t ant:~ w:l:l!iCih. -talkies libe :k.U=.ill Iehe1ii(:go) (:fi;i"'s.l:~ .. E:x~'i;lJJ,ple5!. bi.~ (~ndl;; bos'bDm [(.fii'flh),

,P:~J'W.~Nl~5

:riQs~i.~· 'pron(J~ns, ll!_j'[~ ~s .€tiIlows~

niilileiili [~nereli~ eru::_)[ bl~

be..,.

FI'UJ

:m.lilili!ll:

;ZIUC.1! ;z au ii,

.yimlf:8 ~s~g.~

""' ..... ,~,- [~'p-I ~, ~ ~'Lllt~iiJ!1 ~ . ~ ll'l~

your.s (Earn.) [hij!5:" he!~,; ~t5,

The :fol!l(,\wi~g i~lt@ns~v:~ ftun:1s af.R [I_S@d 'w1h@~ 'the' :pro:no!U!n ~s 'the :f0CU;~ of the !Selllilence:' ~.,' :be~ .!U~ :r;t!iU~~, .~niili~

.~~ntI~ .~'()U:~:

Basq~@ perscma~ ptfi~O:tins [(:see 'table [7) .i1!~e Qften d~frlCUl'l fQI" U~e ~~dlish ~Jpe~r W' gr[~S(p,. 1'1il [o:rdetf; b) pmv:icb~' fot: a df1ii-rd person. [(s~~~1l.I1i1-r' .iIi!md plrural)~ t'lite

""~~""'".-::-.'"' '-'."'":-[-"";:~.~."' r ]I:O,-.", h.·iI,.,'II'.'IIi .~,-.~ h~I~.,!I~ [t[.I;n':,~;I!" ~iI;'N;[" 'l:tt'I-~~I'IlP.' '~l""'"[[" ........ ,' .. ,' ~-. ~i~~ji.;-. ·'.·n .. U-'·I.'·i'iol,·itil~ 'ii!I!"",;:;,n,-,u,'Ii;[".

a~,IIi"jl_~-.I,~-~~i~~-~:~·~~ =-~~~ ~_llNI __ .. _ j'!lr.'ftl ~,~H_.fliill_ •• 1.I.ll ~i ~~:_IR,J H_IJII ~Il 1i."!Iiiiil .. _~ __ ft l •. !Ii . ,IJ~lI,l~, ~-",U~1

,ale 'Uised. BeJoj.I~ ails~ u~d f.Q:I" th@' ~bir.d :pe:r.sofil s~ngi~[l~tr:;, -

Si!!bject tNn~;'r:UjdJ~J'

ni(_~)

:bi (')!cou [.fam .. ~) 'ben. ·~hw.

(ne, •. she, U> 8,1I. [("\,\j",@')'

zu, ('roUl [:slin,g.m) :l:iiJ!!k ci("~I. L·I .. ])·. - -- -~- v~ ~p ' ..

:bdk, [(-they')

T'p; Oi!r«~'itrn ,fAil'tl,tJr.!ld

.nbi

:l1liri

. ~~

,Ji(0!' (;.~~~~.~.j'~"'J

alrdz&f hiretut ~~t·

:i1Jk :bik 'HIJIi'I;:;

ltu'll:;, ~uk :zu.ek :lU:iiC'k

pli ;zuril. ,Iga,

'\!L~t ~~t: zuenmt b.ientz:&t

:bdd

W[it,~ (~~~i~)

ni:QIldn. hiftkinl W:rueldip,; .

8'I~k~n, ~ii!ff';kiiQ zue'm h.iekin

Copy rig hted m ateri al

cji'j1':-- .... "1-'lil~"",in.<Q'· ,i:"'jl"'¥n'''';''''C~' ;jf· .... -otW-Iii, ,c.~ .•.• ,"'.:;,(1,- ·W:·-lio-.",iff'o ·ti~.c. 'pC-'I'il"jl.-Tli"'""~11Ir" .:". ,~·L...c<;> ,"~,.," ..... ;;::

.~"~ .Wclb~'·.!I·oAO!"'!'~, ,~,I.iI!~~, .. ,!!1...:0 .1,UIJ,IJ.I.i!llQ WIII,1Ii.! ~.~ , . lIJI.b.I.iII .. I~.kl ",IJ·!LI!"--.II,L-'Ii..I!II.III~., .I.i.;:l! ll~~. It~)~,-;::;I! ~Ir

the. Knkn(rt: :iIleU .. :neuik;: :h,tlii" :h~: :pD" ge.lk; ,zetil~, zcuik;: ,ztueol(,j' ~ek

(~runJnii!tI,~e case,), I

The 'h8iq,ue' d1r~I\d,:~ slnguilarF tliilfisilams, I!ilito' 'E'l1I(glli.5h !arS Iu!:~ ,she" iJI~d, i~L :U: is ~sefd, 'to ki-eep' nods _, :min.d when, :~d.ii~g th .. e ,eD.ples, in t'lile dictiOfliiliry •. De' :p-~,pond,etan(;@ of :~KI!lil!in.e' :,ronQll!n:~ ,'~ nat: in.~nd~d. as, a, ~)tJs:t ~ta,te'me!nJt., bUll

'-t"~I''''''I' ~.-_.,~ .. L'I ...•. ~_':,,:. ",:'h-.: 'Il_...;'~' ,~'" i<"~.'.,' .... " ...... 'n~-~ .• '.i"l'"I··S: ~iI;"IoI· '~-il:Ilit'j"" ,ii\.;-.;.'i" m",,,,,'I"" :~~,' .. -iIi ~I.~ ~~'"":I"'" N-.·· .. ~' .... ,·--.·' ... U,. Ii~",,~ J;:rU'!;\.1~ I~_ ,. '!Iii; ,~~ ... UlJ, iiI!_'.r'""'".\III.. )1lI!;' ,r.'''''''-'''~''V''''''_~'' ~"I' ~_~-,j ... ,... ,t""",., iIO~n~_ ..... ","~; • .u. ,1!~iIOiIOl'R &Or, .I'I.!!'c[

is i!t :s~ed, ~, Basq,ue' 'w'h~l1er th~, :pro~O'''lPl :~ ~U'jbject OF c~m:pkge:n~, 'Ill'

.~I:,,,~',,::,","!!,,:,,,~ ~, ~I'" ]-'S, n"""'"'~"''"(1:'V ' ...... ; iL'-"""I"~"" ~'h·.e·' ,,,,,·,r:;: ... ,iZllFIjil. ,~.& ,t"7-.e~· ~"11".""''''''''I~.r:l''n,

~~~:~~).) ~~ ~ll. ,L~~~~_,,;/. L-'U ,~iI..I'!IP-I' !Ij., ~ !k'!LI!"-.I,.,I:~",!IJ' Ul: . ~TI ~--'U-III.,.~~,i!llliII"JJ~~,.,.

'Bef'" ilfU'lll.t'''''~ iI1:otd • ,~''"i' :!like', 'ii' has ,rome OJ;

. - - ~...... - ,I ' - -, . - • "-, -,. III! • - "- - • • -, -. j."

11':1. ,,~ '(IB'~ __ .Co) h-:i'l d'·' ........ ~ t'Ii",Iit : i17"'-'-~: ... ·11 .. o;fI 'k" ~~.~ ' ... ~ ,'_ ,."t ~I

,nl'lirll, .' . erjli.. _.. ' .. U,V!;', ... ,", ,1'reI n~1Ve l!i.l .~ .I;Ilm~ ,1;leir;, ,I!",,,~

,~tlW' ,Fmlletii'ns:

11t~ OO~$.~~, gf ~, :fielaij,v~ PWPQU'I]! j~ Q:~ ,~i tb~ .~t ~, 'p.a"~ of

iiJI_,Ii:it'IiI'~"'" v,' :~j""'-:~"'.~ ~'i...~, ~;,;, :n"",io<h:~'ifii'Ci' 'i~ill;-""" I'~ 16il!loi,.~.,", ,'1"'1 'FiIi":",,;I~""h:, .... --.=' :'LiIi" ,t'~ ... ~'~"":'Ih"''i'Io'''''''''' iL!III:IIi~"'.I.U,'!;;; !I:)~'R"UU,'_","~ r llO_l;l'!i;;· .... Ji]! \II'~''VL') iln,!!;),~ I)~ ""'JJ_In::',I; ,b!lO iI:iI~'~~iliiJlc, Ucf ihl" .111-"'" ftU'L"",~"'""I!IIO'

'L!ai'i;il"ilii~~S The ~lart1i'Y-:e jj'i~te., ;~s ,~ after' a -:- :'OV!l'"E!'IIO:--= =e1li aft:efC' ,iii: mfls~'O't~ atKt '~t

._ -"~t-~cr.--' . !Ill [1 ••• lI. • ,rr- " __ ._1,1- _1. __ ••• 1'V ."_ .. J? ,_ . __ 1 •. f _ .,. _ ... L __ l.~ __ I ••. ,.1

,a'~wa,y5 a!ppea[S, as a ,SllIlffiiii:, m, 'th,@' ,a,'l:I.Xilia~ verb :izan [~m 'helOt' lI'kan I(ml have')., The' worrel I~ atso< vanes a ,gTeilit; d,eal frt'!M 'B'fil.~S:b"

1 2; ,~, ,'!fj, s 16, '1

Em . detI _. - 1(- _ II

D'l . ..' ~e,p'a, 1 iI~

:P,'e~e,I:" ~s' th.e':m.8iI'ii 'who _S,OOI!l\e.

675" J 2; '1

W~ si}tollJll!dJ :n'Octi!' lili'~· ~in. about t1w;' ,a~ e.~~pae~ den, i'S! ,the ,~orrd!yjn;a.ti'Otl :ilmiJ Un~lited Basque' ,af 'lilie a~x.i!imry· V"lerb I,. + :n;. no:~dy th:e ~ub(mdJirrtat-e daiuse pfec,ede,s '~he.' ,H\ialn. d.aii:l5 e.,;: and. tlte anireoEdoot' 100_(1'S af~-er' fh~' re1a'tiiv-e",

1. ,2.

" ,5 6

'D,atmT,~ ~g~ :Mlt~n •• , :Mii.1"f 1.$, [he lady wh_D (l-om.~"

s 6 4:;3, :2, ~,

No~' th;a,t the' rei\a,ti:V\e preneun (~, --11) ~s ,aUaclm;ed :ll.iIoe':a Sl!1JiffLX to tlite vern of' ,tille' s!UilbotdinaIfe ,.:;lla,U,5e", W,h;e<~ a, WtnpO-!l.Ind, 't~n~' is hw.vQlvOO,j' it: is, i!1p~:ndoo, ,to ·the' ,aiULx:i~ialtY '~em"

t :2 ,3 4 .5, Iii, '1 ,8, 'IiIt11ili ,d~ m-~tiilli IIC'- ,d'-

, __ ''''_ .~, ,_!._ _ ...... _ )'U., _ " . ,,I' -.O, .. _iiII_~

fflohn ~ ,the, be:y ~~t· ,'Qu, UiV@' :~_ 7'~6,S'" 3 2; t

lr:d.e"08RtJ~ P:roJWc~ftls: ,~tid Q,UttSUD7I' Wet'd~'

Of '~e :~('jll'ow~n,g b;[ije:f n~t of ,([ues,tiO:!l Wo;,W'Si,j' 'the fj'[:s:t, :fUIl'[ mlly' also 'be' 'UiseQ as in!bliEI'NJ,gaU.Vt:t pro.rn:~tI..5 aJiild!~ as :SLl{'n.., HlIiill,Y iCain}" ~he' ,er,gBD,v>E!!' ~l:~ or' ,actiYE:

etldi.ng·~ WhWi ~"fti~ ~u;bjKitS o:f tt-aillsifii.w' 'vetbs. - -

nor ('Who)l Dm.l~wbld'~1

. j, ,. 'L_ ii'i; ft.r \ WHlilf~,1

Hn'hl: (~-OW' ~y('I; .. ;, :t.ow Rlalliy')1

:nQn. {wh.m:e')'

I:_ $ '.... 'ii,

RG._ 1j_'W,I,lenJ

~.L~'~QW)

Z()'~, ,ze.Uk '[wh,~)

Copy rig hted m ateri al

11"" Jl.

:~~.

T()~, '~on:i: f.;rom.

.tlm ~m ~

hcli'iicntl_ik

~,

fht,~, :tli!)t l'~t'f. l'~rti!k. :bQrll,~@

~r'.hi!lrB b!1lH

:h~l)i!I!i '('~th '~rbs '!il£ mn!i.:r~m~t) :11_Llidik

:fI!1iP&Q

:2. Time: lehen" ~.een (befo:re') .e- otaiiin. '(now), ,pro (,lltrter;},,, garul' (tooay) (B~ C,; U,),. ,11_1 (y~teiid!ay).!' :he:ren~ (flite d)a" 'before yesfernil!Y'),., bllhu' (b}.O'ITi)lW'),., ebli, (fhe. dary after mmor.Ki<w)t 'eU;idJam!u, ,~th'e' day ,al~r. 'U"~e d!ay !1fl~1 to:m,grrow)", ,atlUlikn, (,this :yea.'rJ~ :iPI!' ,Ihu I{La.st y~ar)~, bilhQ,arm!un.e_ (an the n.e:l<t dary')., bllld (last: ru,ghO .. e:gw'i! ,~~dJaY:h iinlJu (:S!(Jm~titne)'", :iin.o:. ez I(ne.verl!' 'ber:d..z ,(,il,p~i:11J)J' 'belJehaJ)a (immediaJte~yi),~, ;p.iz 1(learl:r')~ a~dJ 'bemnd!tIll~a;te). •

• 3,., Quantity::; ,antlb (:mJu,dh) .• , ,ge'hlqi (tao mneh), arr:al'[,('nmp~elie:I.Y't b).taWly)' .. plM

(Vnb.!',- rew~", ailld ,(s!Jlf'fidelil'~]~\ e-,i@u·S·· . '1m. ~I" 'wU :iI':Karce:I)'ii~'" M'k:o, ~:m'Uib),- :so'lu:--:,a ('too,

,I" .. _ , .. ,. , _ J~ . -.! - _I,. _. II . ,il' ~ . iii Ii ~,r . _ .. "I. _. .. . til' l,r . - .•. _.. "'~.,~. ~. - ,~ .. ,r _1: ' ' .

m~c!1),., ,&-anko:lk'i (a'tnuldan,tly)" and, upo (abu'ndan:tl,y)"

,4", Ma_n'~.~ ,h,O'ni@1k ~. 'lhri'S w~yl..: !h.o:_la ,['bJJj ,th;.1~: w8\Y'),I' :hillil'(~~ that way)." fk Affi~,lIua!ti;Of.l\i" N:e-pUOl1i!;i "_i I~'yes) .. et; (no).

6., Dl~bl~: :a.gi- I(~y'~)", "'bJa[ba·d!~ ~~yl;!e).

C°i'lltU;,iciiotl5:

'w~, w'iIII. not: go i'l1!iO 'the :pJac~m~rnt !1~d. iIJlse ~f: Basq!tU~' 'o{}n~undio:~~ :in a, ~~!~n~:in 'tl~!_~ b~f' d~cdp:tion of dl~' :!tangYlag:,~. :H(.\~~ri a. il$ll' 'of tiliwe: :ltl()Sit Wmfi1.om, oon~jti!m(;ij(.m.S f<Jl!low,S!:

I~

'~, 'blilno 'b.i,i~ 'baiiziik, ba1&

0:1'

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'both ' , . i!1~d l~u)~:

bl:l~:

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if

RQ'

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,ulk

lUg .. le_z. a .• ' .' eta; nab.:

'u~eu

'til;; lela,

00:1'

'Of: ,and

uinJess

not. e e ei!t~her., :ne iJ~.l1!,~f 0:1'

,ail>lii'll;-" "''''llf.I.-,: '-0 ~ ... -,' ""~ __ )~!I!i!,V:uJ~,~, eve~~_I;~gy~~,

,and

,ur

lRtert«ii~m8

,~, :m :BI1k_~jiht" :mt~rj~)timl8 i~, la~.l,lie are a~,g.mFa~i~, by' (:hanl,e~ in 'roiee' tone ,to 'exi:pret;$!, ~utpri_',. wnnd~~, extijtt'a!tilG~ etc. A 1~51t: (If' 'OQ.mDmTI IfiI!te~;ecti.~ns is, provided. belo'w",

.diD!: agbn,b'aU QUfl ,.I.'hm.l:

,i!ltr~~!!li)"il :u:ruti, ID:n!: fo.)l

'~~'b··~· bV~,~·",'1

[~V~' .. -$ -,_... .-it ~'~lL~~

'~--r.il! .. iii., ~"h- .-.-,11

,Ii WI~~ bI,,_ ~-t""""'iJ

;goo(il~bye.; ~fe~by~~: ,oJ ,W1lIlr.'8e!

,goodn~5~ ,gr.adOUS,f. ~,QSh,'t: g~ ,iIIi.~temOO:Il~

Copy rig hted m ateri al

'ii~ii!!:

Raj, ;~Iif!E'>iIii'!

q,uounl!

it'IU!'!

a",el;..[et'!. fa'brtRz!:

"bon'! g..y onl! h.nb'!

!heup'!

'iia'lIdo!

:killiltQI

li'oD:mIH~ ~ghQI :~d.ez!

'P:I~Q~~ h~n:-~fi!: ~~

I d~h't: :iJ~~, 'i'iCi!' w,ar~,'. ~,t'i! o.i'i~ ~ 'm.omi1'ifl&'11

1~~U-!irII ,_ ••• II ,._ ~tiL~1

,~s!lTh!

'be 'i[<lR:fum~ [~walfJlliil'lg' 5~lld5)

p'~se!

,1m :nig.h;i;~

get: O'uU

,100](, here!

0'£ OO'IlIr.Joiil'r:

lU!llllo" ~lii!

~m;nlt\w!

wh~t: thill!' _ _ _ ! (SiUirpniW)1

ili'tl\;:,,;,; .... ~ ~J._~«~~i.

~!l\t_;acse~ ~L~,~ ~,

~t..:."I.''"'!' ..... ~ ,"'I~ 'C'""'''1' ~t": ,"OJ""'"" [;!IiA'n;'~' ~--ii!i'I[~ '"'.". IIMI[ ,- -O!> :~,,""i:--u~' ih,,"~'~:il

1I.-~~¥-.::i ,.;Jii[J~ U ..... -ji!l~~ ,!!)-.. U.!IJ!III!-U,~ o!l t:lu. !II I. 1I!i1 ~v. IIlli'-!I;ii \MJ~ _ Jill !Ii ... _lMJ~~ II

C'j' 'lj"Tj"P---:: "D I"~ 'V"IJ' ,C:;' A"-" N"" :,' I 0:-"" ''mi''EIi' 'Eo 'jEi"1i X:" jIJ[;i2

~l ~j :" &~. lAl.~.i:I! l I' '1, •.... ~. l&'J 1I1~1'~ JI;Il ,.I. ,"", JIIi! ~

SWJffLXES pl~y' a :majot :r-uile' ]!i\ t~e B'asq,Uie ,lianguas~'" ,M'any su~fixe$ am '~nclud@d as, ~~trie~ .in thi~ dlkti,Qnary w~th sa!m:ple~ [of' 'U}s;age',. Hcwe~er~ ,iii: ~5 ,OOfiVemelillI, :for 'lIilte nOflOO' til)' itir.iil¥e a b,t [of suffixes" 'W'e' ,~i1v'!e :prrQ',vid,e-d ~(l!it on~ hut Wl!JJ~ sueh ~is.ts of su[f,Ibo~s ~sed, 'wijt~ :lto.u;n.s", adij;ed],'\!'es .. v1erbs,,. ,a:nd a;d,ve~os~, ~s~tiiV'~ly [~S~' mb]~~ :B,~, 91, io, and 11).,

SulfJ'';t'

4: (~.ki' cik) -.abl!l!,

, ... 111.1, l.iIIlu>! 'bilu) ",iI'lde

....a:m, -.a.t'i4a

th.~' ~artide)l kjlld~T:Ed 'oon,soatn,gl])i,~l~'

nl1!i~k~j blQw., adioll," [e"'tHilit

~- ,~'~ -

,oo;n.~,ii!i~J~~'," [efl~~, ,~: (,o:nO:~~~1:o.pQek SQ,u'Ad), :n'~e' [Q(f ,ablJlil:'u.iatn~' [of'

Wl_--. . ."\~ ... _.,_ - .1. .,

i'_1i!!5'tmm~Dt' W[e,gtO'n. pru:li side'

group o,f p~@ple' [@:f ,aph~l~~ ~:g~~ty

:se:iiSOl1li,. ~~m.e'f turn ~oo [~f ~me'~ ,~;S5io.n i1l!!.. ~TI~]d)e'

( d~rrn,~nut~'!o!''e')'

iE ... jl ........ rlQ l~-.~L~!'!!'!l!~!!~-

Suffo'~ -u'(w~tu),

~",i''W

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- ""-'1" i':'a- .. I!'Ii'~ d' ......... \ ~~..__; \~~J'!I-.j!lf~!;_r- ._~lIiJ

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[a,(:k. :rrtegaithl!'ffi~Y' with~t~, -lass

-b~,

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.. bif:te

-.Ui!;<ileif'

1"ci3~'I:.. ~_.AI '."' .... ~' ,r-_,lI.~I~ ~-~J 'R'aJjr'

job,; profess:i.o:n 'bRhiilf'lo"i.o:r reason ,Wl'

-bibi,

-d!"'ir' I~air" bi~) ~ilri

-dqiJ

u~n" :fiiiiiti;v,o' [O\f

'"'i!f', ,..ox I~a~jt - dwr)

~-.. -- ~J~~~!""!'!"!""'" .~ • - l ..

pl!a~e,o;f

pl!a'Oe oJ~ ~i)~$t ~~Wl"

~1ID,('iua) 1~

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;e~1'ect of ijlll'!!! i(I,<:t1on ~em:a.le' ~~ion f~,a;diGn

FOP!fly. :~5E',ol

,a35

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'-"'--"'''"''::'''r--''('"",,,,{,,::~..,. ... oCi 'F'iL- .......... ;-b· .. !IJ.'IIN_n.l:I!~_ .. _ ' .. ,~I~!U:!If~ ';':"1]" b!!'tJ1J'L~ri?- . g.

£s.m~~~nn :l:cillnpatH (:l!itmng:et) b.i!iCIrltar' (£-a.:r:m.el')l d.endJari (s'hopkeepeif) ~(IP.W;e)

hizl~ui (spe8~er)

- iilod~ ....... ;ul ,c] -, - ~: p __ ,,",,_~~ !!;.!,i'I:I__!iIj p a,ye.r,l!'

a:fari. [~f~, for dimrer)

L - -kaD Il'f,~""" - 'II L~ ,paz __ =,-, [~"'~' ~'O:r' ;l/Uneli~1

plan (yn[l;~ ~ ,of ~u'fh) bid_ ('gPQdl w~aJt'h~r~' 'W~l~.,g) H',jrN' [(pliiliI11it1inlS season .. Novembe,r) _~ (~f:V,g!!1;'t time,),

II,.·-~''-~'''''''' i""EI"""""'" ik_;..,. • .""" ... , ~: __ ,,~"LM; ',~i"~~-I'_ ~";"''''l'''''~l~

'~:~)

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!II;'OM;ra~Di \,~or [~!I!~ ~~_~_y~

mendi~.!Qi!lZ (~w'il!fd, tM mou!mI;tatin,,' h,t'iUTftiiIUi (nO'Ulse' ,of' P''e~er)

~ ~ ~[~ ~ ~~ JlZat tfO'f UtL': ~'-'ih@tr1j; am_lih,'1!P11 ~_~~ 'I,~ _ ~ ~~ ~ ~ "'H"" ~ ~ ,.

a~ta.n. (~!(j ~ilift~ fol,tn.'@i') jiaii;nlr:;:o;,g, (!oodess) ~J'k!l~~~ (~~rn~!il~ '~lf'O:F") :m.ntdisikll, (hiIDl) ,m~'kil~, '(.liW~ wom~m) ;prJll'SG (pa,rrgrd)

,IIi t\l5(J[ (gr~J~dJ£ath.er) gl!zil)l\til'ld~ (gro,u.:p O'$: m~n).

[~'~,. ~,·tA.~: '(ii:J..,.,..~ [" .. f' I":._' .... ~:~',".~, !ilH~!I.I!.e . ~J . .".~, ""'~, .;o~,!'"''"'P,'

bllbolaif (,!na;li,ve or 'Btibao)

men.d!ita'1te (saddl!e) mr!ii~~U!Ji, (IQ.\i\i!') H!bel'taite (~bert:y'l

:Ilie,ple' [~w.inW-t}

:tullize~e' '(:5,t~ong mnd.) l~~iJ(~~d~) l~tu]__m;tegii, ((jf~wy)

A· ~ ....... ~~ ,~h~ ... ~~ "1o.f;i;I'''''COf'fC:O~ \; ,~ .. ~."".",~,~,lili'" 'II ' !U. ... 'l .... , .... iI ,EiI;.iL-... .. IL" ~.1

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'~~P"'ti. (pJ~~ Ofli'OO'S) dx:d~k (:t"m:m, Ute: ~O'~se')[ ,!;erQcz,tilk (from. ~[Jm.~<fii [un)

Utnilltik'D t~ir'o:m, Ute S:k,y .. fwm bt::·a,v~~,} [ ~~~~~btil~[ I'~~ajjn.~',~fd)

ne5 ~JJ.a! \y _ ~~~ ~g,,~ ~ _,

1~!hatllili (IiUl~ w;~ndow)

~ZOll1Jto' [(!big m~p,)

j~liIs:mki (place ~;Q, pl.lII,y')-

atlot.lrti1),1 !ii!i~\!ibQ' [~dad.dJy}

,Iia'kitlm (k~ow!ledg~abJe')

:totu!r~ (~i01nt)

b'istu!I',1I [(:sad;n~5s)

·"IiI:!iru":·~ (w~dufiliJ).

,tL~~~~:"" ~~ ~ ~ ,

'~'bh:\I, ,(lUt'I~ ;~rE)

M~r.,enixlU! (tiUle '~_:_FY)

S:u""~'

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.. lza.I'

.. 1lZii1:

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, .. ~

,._,_i_. (.'_,._,j(). ,~ •. ',6IIILIJ: .

~,so (&iin~a)' -alo

~'~Q

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... iiiill' (dati, _}

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,-d,un

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M~~ii'lS

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- I

[( aru,:gm.e1l1i.rtartiv:-.e) ,~:~gm~m~ pe:jo-.t~i'ttii""~l

'~~m9~t :Spa.re." spet, ;fIjiljea ,~dimmtUi'li"'e')

keeper, :pe,I'$'JiIi W,:l::to taike.s, @[-eof'

job .. office gf ,ac.t: ,o;f

'made' of:

lfa'ltgopen (lMs,)

eClftblpe'rI, [~e;m!be~lishl'llLentl' ~roi~, [~~.Qf:Y:, ifei!lm'hr!.~~Pce}

tl1i;i')i)D.mlf:' (hil; mla:m) !lii~it [~lar-ge ,ass) iil.purtRt (;os ;0, thief) iihiUiiiltl,U:ine (y~tlg: goa~:)[ ~une (rt!I!me,of' 'peace,); [L ... 'II..... - - '(b'l- -'I.. .- ........... '" [PCIiYiune '" - ,ii!i'cr;;, :SlY"""1IIi

Uiburuxu (_sman book)

~h~iin (i'U~l!~') :D'W'Ldauln; (_in:lIiulel:ee:r) a,kz;aitn, [~d.~~n~[

a~fn,l~ (doomn~uv'~ ~:ob'l

'I.. - -[-.- -11-, ..... "':.-: itb- ., • .,.iIfi,*l~ ~UiIUJ~_1O ,-~~a~tp"''"l

'zillarRzko ,('made' [O'f S~'V,:eirll;

[ .. _ _ . __ ••. f· _ . _ •. _ ~ •• 1, _ , •• _ :1-

:1l_iI!i~U (m~d,e 'of 5~O:De'), ,al_uln, [[(-OM ,af' ihiiis fa~he:r~[

'rtd:rl~ ,9. Adfect,ive' S~ffiJf!es E.mm,pl?

liMite' ,o;f~' ~Ia~"to

~~~~~~Q' ~em.<te.r,:" :san

['~',"fiiV.i:> ... :f-, [~!lfI'iIn I!I~"_J! - ,.,. ~-I! ~':o-- ~

pe~ (ii~'.Lng -th~~: pos:sesg5!~ bii!i,viInS I

'i'oo:m)~,(;h.

~t! :mos:t: (St'l!i;~i':lati\i"'e')

I

dJitfiLi.cuillt", bad

I~,(l@:n~~l ,~~-(~'~;a;~ti~J) ,1,O:l:Iiail [Creddl~:bjl 8o:rdalt'ie (~d.ish)

dQ.~ (,~"1tve gf '[)Q:I:lQ~~) eBikuindal' (~'tjs1~[

~fobef~ (~~~ty'l

minberli; (seRS~Ij,V-.e :~;ol :su;ffe:ri'ngj

~tr:',Ik)rbe:f~ (~~~'I) iQia*ulld!al' (_~liv-e of [Oi:iliri~W'n)

biaird/un, (haNing ii, be-~rd), zw:i.ldton. (SQ_meo:-n~' 0Y ;S-Q Ultt:!!lh iiln,g,

~t i\5, 'wlij'tE:)

cdle'me.sJi (too oolllJllriiful) b1ikl~Q!1I, [~th.e' ,Mn~lllte~;~:), hl'uMnu O't~e:' [bili~st) Gn.ena (~ !best)

]Q~p'l'e (~haH'!;el~,) fndilr,pbfi' [('W'!eaJ'k)

iHD~be' [(ar_nQn:y,~5')1 'Ui!!Ihpib~k'O (Wirpl'ie'd.kf2iib:li~')1 rIiIirl,ei.Jllib (inaed~bl\e) H.a,p1~ (3~.ou.S ~o diri~k~

'l-i;"I'-'[~'w':-!h' '[,~--. teo, ;-'1--.---- - ;-'1·----·· :':'\

,...,. e \ __ ,15 _li(1Ii--8-0 t5J.e'ep", !5i-ee:FY J

h.lr:uprnn {~hiir,d)l

~i·Q'm(~~e~~yrighted material

S~ffix ''":Pni(brrl), ~>i.

...;Ixk.

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'-;Zltol ,".1;1",

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-cru.L, ,iI1'iiU~.f e-f~~ {,B) ..f'fazle

MMN'i~g

~etNQ@: th!lt: ~,~:S, dle9~rins:

t$'hade Qf ;color

:fa]SE'

wiithcUit", -"less .. l:a.ck", p;ri;V!lli~.liI! dJj~u:;uIDt; ~d

~o:nststi!fcJig of., made 'IlJ!,P oJ WQrU\y~ ,a'bh~'

'l:e:nde'MY

d~~-bl~ t--' ~[te ......... e ,~~~, -'m~d :,~~YL ~e' .. ~nF~'i ~~ ~n!~__:~"

tend~ng'to

'~alllgme:nt:idiv'e'}' dE5:1w-"WIl5!,

:!s:'YI]b;.,~ U If!,~ Ii;! !r'-"

na,i~Ve of~, O'n:g~ ~eru1!enqr' t'o ~pe,jgr~:ti,ve) (.dero,gattcQi.r.y)

~upd (::;[1' :ip ~a,v-Of '~f a'blltMtdJant. ~ull, ,oJ mMe' '0:1' bass", ,ailm05i~: sm.aU

-"er~ '-1Ir (,ageoJt~ doer) toJtd Gr

made o.f ~knd!l~t

~, ....... -".._r"" ~"'Hr-r-.,...I.:.

'biild~ (ttffi-pt~mng') ,i:lnpn, [(desiring: to eaf~) ;gom!~dkli, '~red'.dllil5:m)

, :t L. - tid 'I f' 'I .-..4\ ,.!I_!IIn'~~_" ,~~LO-~;, ~_~ g~,~,

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mold.aikQb; (cl!lmsy~ ~n~IM)

"',iii~ J. . - ,~ ... ;r. , .... "'.- 1t ~t~D ",OOnSlS!liln;g 01 ~;~\Ol

• ~ liizil.,,...;:, (,,~ ',;- - 'I&~ ,.,..h-u!tlli:'jrui:tt'Llrno:') i£!L~~,J! .;~~\!' """~~_~ ~~" .... ""'~~~!);.

berebi (selfish),

hw~~~~ {trID-p.·le}

. , , ~

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gteJkol" [~'wndipg: '~o ~,@t) Mruil'lleete (VE~ big;. ,1"Tle')

[ ....... - _.!It' - - 'Iio.' t ~ ~ - ' .... ~ .... - - ~). I_I!I.H:_"~~_'I;~ \!ilim~~~!I,Oi.i!!'~i5' .

m.tn:P if! Q[ '~[~~i.~~t) lUl!"I'I!eiko [~:s1!l!b!e.r:rraneG-1!l!5')

-[1"'-. .

't)iI!~ (!mlti,\'e of'mtbao) ~UJti (illia.l:')

'b~t_.!l ~.' i'-- ..L,·'I)

.lln,,;Uld ;';':I,~I[i.li[!J.i_·.

ba:!k:mw (m 'fiar!ll''Ol'' of it;"Iii?.:ro!l!i' nelIiif'I!l!ifuJ!,i;

e .. ~ _:;_' _'~' .;"_' -e-e .. :__. I .:_: I, W'-.:;~ .~'~I r-:w.:;;_...,..",' .. -."

,euritsu (mirn:f) l~~imtg (~.ID~;s:t eq,y;aJ)

,~o;ojjlt.,j~[ ~'~~=rv' 'sm· . ""Ui') . 1_.-ri,._"~IJ~V. I!. -Y.'~ •• r/: " . - 1 _H_~:.

,1i!tgunrr4l~[le (a~iI(iIDiaQ') ~i"~'le' [~'mJllid of' :red''i;

[~"'U!'" ...... = ........ ' ,,-, .. ). ,. , .I

~ - ~ ~ _.!It" - ~ 'II ~ ~'" ~ ~Ai ~ t' ~ - ~. ~ la' -~ ~ ') me_1!I.~UOIII-e :~llOI1!;1;;I! [o.,~ m.o!.l~ifl!i ~~~~'.

~'b['(gakfle~J zoli'rizm .i!'lotlse ... i!ritrrest:~d''''

, _ _ i. "-' .... r", [cl. _.. ,f.

,Mm'P1:~!'1_g eYe~i!ng poS:Mb:I~

;~"",i'ii",m;;;1 ... ~~o_~'_y..~~

)'arA.thal. ian diut (~ biili;'?ie' ea!bi:n

,a~ tii!iue..h a'S, 'po~ibl~')l

~~Ii' ·Qr (~g,,~nit;., d~[') [ematUle ('~vw),

'Iiilme mor 'ilJU1Illlildi (visiJt", timE' to vi:5~t)

-e:Ji. -Q( (~!~i1It\i" d~w' ,ed!1il~ (dTm.k'erJ

'Ulpon" .oJ], :hcJri :Ik.u8R-.a-n, ('U.:po:n :setl~ng ,tba~~[

instipto:r;, ~n w~ 'c~"Ui5eSi

i51Qme-:tihri. ~Q !ha:p~n 0-1" semeeae to do so:m.e~millg:

,j:ll1u.ule (,er.50:1l wb__o C1!iU.R5

~m~~n.~ 'Iii) ~t) ikiu&iaz (on seeinslli!!~_an, (,ac.:t: of b!wrn'~ !I!In'atlirbaile:a !iz~, dil.

(_!m:@ wi'1!1J N' [il fisliirer,man)

''-''; ''''n'''' "" ' '· ... ·""'v ".n", .. _ .. 1 .... ,"' ... ""'";,-,,., nf 'frrlIin.:w;)

"-~""'t.; ~ ·""'H;': ~"' •• L"""'" ""'III-H.; .. ,I",,,.; .... ..: ~~-·,gic.

to calUJ~ lUi ~Pf"eJ\ ~~i, ,~to urU:ge ~'O, he bor,n)-

;i.mstigJ:li~o:r:, person, who- causes,

oom-et'h~ng lID[ ha{ppen _r:ra;lIde (~ wh~ c~u~~

,.,. .... ~...,..'h~ ,i: .. ,Q' "C'I:', tI:~o:w;;"I"""! M[ [ .. n ...... r"i; r;I~c~~!~L ,l.:;Ii~~ lUI; ~._IIJ!I~-.J!L-'!u. 'lirV iii] .~'_]I

jllin,-di, (~~ ~~1 rig hted m ateri al

[(gewRdJ

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,iil!4I2

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~I .. tu -g.'be' '"":ph. ,~pi

'''P-,_I,u

.... Uz(b~tz) ~)je

-pm

"SO' ~i

-:kKa, ",:k:eun

, .. bH: ,;o;Ikotu

~u!liit~!i! ':1;1]

"lIMo

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_'~.a.u .-;nean

.. ~b _,~

.o(E1.n

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-,Mt:e' .o!14litU,

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,es.tirmii1J'iQ1iJ{. cll)]l5i'd)era!l1.aD,

~o mV'e!r'w;ith .. io supply W;ltb. wi;tj]TL{l1,nl, :P.riiii~ti.Q[jj,

I~,~k", iPcivaj~~

ma,rUef!, Qb,i~t

de5!ti,ned ~o ~Qm,e

~ui!t:i~i.e £ur

d'i£1i,(u_U

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'[;ft~U;j~~)

'[:in~rnUM'Ij!'e) '~:inf~p~1ilt"'~j ,~.ctlo:ni) :lWlilltrniOe:r;, Wa(Y :habiwalJ !l(ti.Q~, :P~~:i.I~]'!{g !iIi(l!:iQ;n sllllW1.e:tb'ing; -U'liillt: ,calm

hap:pe:n, :i!llll, ~[E],e IFi!J.I:hl!R!

U'ut'U'rE')'

:m UM(',[" ~o'

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'Il '. (' ' .~ .~

·-_'1 ",1 [,' ," r' -, Ir,·····- ·-'11

t. ,(lilt, '. OODflu.[~l<:uon

l~iiliuse

:~ ~ifu~ n~ lha~'

5i1i~" be~-lS (geJ9;UidJ' -ee, ~J' '~a,gent'" doe:r~'

-ef~ ,.,g:j' ,(,a(gent~" l'doe(~1

,!i!icnO:I11i

pol!.\Y~ri' '~d,'(V' aO:Qf

wb,e;n

b~' ~_ ~Iin.e-

~c_h time,; wiifl~D, !IIi~o:rdiDg: to~ ,jQ8 !1~~E;r'

~Une, ,10'1'

,a ft-e ir'

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,etukg;un (~:tu~) :U~ja~!fkh:.lI!n, (SQf)!t~th~ng, ,th~J::

wiU be seen)

,~'Il.''''~ill.o,-: ·d·· ~ .(~".-.~,] ~,~ "i~~\ e.~",IJ_I!!;:Q ,u", ,iii \\Y]w_ lIcung i1!~1

jilt,o, ,(in O.M.er' to ,C'a,t~' h'~~'lirg~' (ep:h~~ir,~I .. t!!!'atP~iil;!nO e~e~ (m' :identi_._r.y, wi:fh

o.nfr:S :fa-mi1y)

~~k1.iQ~ (w~I,~1

'IJIkunde' '~ascensiO:Il) 1Uz'~i.iQ~ O~fipt~~ .. t~~n6') ez. diliJR'IJa ~n, diot: (I say

~~t ~~ i5' t .. (;~: ,~n h.o:me)

a,D:iiz dielilik.O' O:)e'GUlse it is ,~a.!rly') .~go ,~tl.~,'~thiIn'king

ill. "" • "1'-" ,. 'Lii 'I","n;~ H~ TP.'~,\UU. ~".

.. iL ..... ~ _ ... d' ~ I· '.'Il. t ..... ~ . . -~ ~'Il.'1i

~I'oi,~ •• _el!lnl!!;; ~~In..g'nt'n;

liikus1e (~.r'SIQ'1Iii w'ho $M!S)I

ikii~w ('Vcis&tw;. ~ who looks) plmen, '(pe!rd~tlon~l

i!kUiiml~fll (~ightl'

1~1<iii "':I1a..,,--ri; AI ~., i.-.riU'o i:n"'""i-i <f>n~, ~~_- _ ___"'~L"'.Y}"" .. ,..'1.0!\.,.,.....,,~,~!I-_I .... ,.,.\i'

.;iI_,' ....... e- ac .. II'I' (·,.' ... ~'L-~n i..~ ,~.a; .. i).'

U'iIIIV"~,. _ ~~ "n~ !II.-I'II.i!"JI".~~ .

, . ,

dam, ,~~~Q (by the' time' 'be ,c:a_me~

ri';":Ii" . ..!I-'''"'n t",,"~'L, '~h-"""-" 'h- ';C, ~:)

I.V'III_.1.l UI~-.III_.!Ir.~ __ I \[!I:"rlll~(;j!l ~IJ.: .. ~" ~ [~~r,.._,- -.r.l.

d!l~ (~, ,they ~y) dIland'o '~'iiline,r' d!i!rit!ne:r) ~'IiI;~'~",g, (tim.~' {O:r hiin~'I'I,)1 b .. zikaJ]o!ile ("a~te~' lun~~)

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.. tiiilic::(I, ,.,ta'~

,~4o'..i, d1Dl

-~~II' ::.~~~I~

",taw,

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, ... ~eaQ '''itzeb,

'..fUn

'..-u ,~Iu

'5ufJi~ '·a,go

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~ _.,

~

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...:tim -iQ

MNttlf,~g

;ji'n..IIst: 'I'!i:lllrtidnle)

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,~-.Xilmplc ~t.a<I~~~J ekaRitli~o (:camoo)

- •. _~~-L-:"'-·n 'iIII~' I'~,-:-' ',"", , ........... ,.,j' .... ;a.'~ ~~_1YlHII I '!;ilii~""IlIi ... ,...,IiI!.'"""",J

.iln~ {~Pmm~~td!g(} a,ezurtahl-(~O deny} mate {be;~Dg')

i.k1li!ilh:.rrcn l~in, ,omer I~.G' :see'~l

;·~-"""t-- -- ,- -. , - --.,-. -,..!I':,....., {~' '-,.- u -, :,~, I~. eal'il:'en em'.lft "'nr:1. "I, ,galVe h

~'O him becartlse k-e !5!tud.igd,~1 gizD:m ORa j_b!':lj~" (i/o ,o:rdier: ~Q 'be ~ t;.~ m~~J

uri, 'b1iJ1: il:mA'n8:e d;lliui~ ikaillfle mu: i19~JQ.~ l{.l wiill gi,v,~' y<;.u, a, 'P~ if' you ,!;"!ire !ili, ,g~d s:tUld,en-t')

,'a'tnli J'e<a:tin~")

I-~ --~ \ --~~ --~ -Q.~'

hiiltzen, '(,d.y.i~l

]--,- ..... !~''F ~k-trt' ... - !n~'j, , !Ui~ihl!;!!, ... _Iili ~n~.y.~I!L"!

pldu ('l~ .Inse~l

b:ilzltZll (act' of :I~ring, ]ife'), ~!I"', t~: 'uf' 1Jv"lff!g;; ,gl'6eci.Dg) saltaire <seJ~Rr)'

a;ii!t~:e< '~(j)n~i.Qt1,~,

ew~~Ii, '~IQ;n Q'Q"m~n:8r)

~

...el~ -er (':III,~ni~, d.~.r)l :(i,etlan,

<!1~tio.n of d:le' 'V.e',!:tl,) III iOJldm' ,t<l!! bec~I~~'

",g,emll:

'V~trM:1! ;actiQn

~J:;tigt1" 00

'W, .. in orde.r ~'C';' dei!l~m:iti.Q.n,

"'{iog: l[gen:lnd" :pre:reoJl: 'iUirn~ -lii!!'~'

,r""- -- -~p.- ~~

'lQ", :in oN:gr ~o'

a-ction,

5ail~m, '~:5EUi.~,

.... .,' .. ·i-.~iI· ,~i"" i';"·~"'!':"".'l v.~~.& '!i!li~ ~!L.r",",lU1!·~"-.,j.

urrezl\llu (~o ~Id)

,bnmp1~

'!.-I'" - -,-:-- -;. j"ea:rl~-F'i;

=~~eniil~,Q \~ e~}'

smbp'[~mDre)

- . ":1"" - - '1 -- -'li

!&U'J--:.p' '~;_eSi5,

:nol!"hLt: (somewh.e',e) :n~ii'b-,~ii*: ~~m.e.tim.e) :bemendti!k ~lr.tnl1l1 ~,ere).' ;go~~~ {too' ~at['-JI)} ,e3,g~....c~ (d~llr;, ,every'd!lY) 'bilkn (p:-aeeJullily) ,g'tl~liik (p~~ly)

,mlhik. <in ,group,s, 'cd 'HlOO),

:hOJ~,

wu (rn:u('Il)

aWl., pgriodki~.y

m:anner

map~1i. ~~t.g in ,groups of

dcrini8j: :$o:m.JiM{M!i:"Iii5~ h:liY'w,! mi:'ii.Q~r:

I. ,1,.-1 r

Ill,pr.,.re5iSg,rvg, ,a~~J

"'{ins: '{gwund)

:matrrun@ i'~, 'Waty'

~,._::b_ lih~"'D' ;<:Il""'n"""'~'

1J_.!IL~l!lil~_~ ~"~~-~'v.'!I!!I ~~~ ~ ~v.= ~~~I~

,elek_Dl (:I~;aruk&ng')

'"Uki ($l~~n ed,edd (_beiiu~~f~lly')' pmlftikin;t (hitt6rlyi)

;ifI;irU..Il...,."" ~',~ .. ~ '~'''f''''~ l!:!I,oo .illfi;_ .. ,,,!!'~ ~j)l1

betii~~ (WI'" a~'war~f-'!J~, :(m,~V(![)

bH~cJ., '~im, ,:a~,6:t~ -~ "Wc~Ued m ateri al

nM!il"'lfU!i tr~, 'W&I~' fot

Mit:

~.ill - • -

,I ~tlmiMi1rt8'

dism:b1:iIifm.., ~D, groups, of dbm:~ti~

oii\DIi,

~ •• ~

"tinn.~, 'w:'!th, :nJum~~ :si:rlli!lIe'

,ap~~tel.Y

1('U_sed w, giive lemp]l~s:is),

''""~tiu, (~epI'ly .. :a1~t ~11)W} ,orduiI ... lxe (ilt: thiill!t: 'very' ~meinf~~ :u,'IIiHi ~t:trui8 o:n.e' and ~ Qthm IQ:~) ,:uldiz ,heldu, cd II, ,(be Ii'tas'i!:lo:me

o:nh ................ ~,~k)

'''' c.;..L~1NK: .<.

~ .~" ., d' f;"~~ .. '!I, '_L'. : qJlW \ma~ifNJ:; !5to:ne5)!1

't!~'k!I, ,~'t~ly)

'8a~u.~ "lSi ~ l!1!~I~~g,~ v~lY ric'h in :sui.f-jX)~, bu,t not in pm,£fut'@$,,, In $~m \\Jf' !OQ:t

''''~ir''ii)j,1I'' :~n ~,,,,,.,:.I"f'IL-,'ii:~"'""fionA""i'I'" 'l""iii'ri)"'''iIi'''')et,~,", 'iI!I(,...~I"."" '1..,;]10:<", tI..~_~"I'" 'I..~iO"""'0:!" .. '!i;l'!iiet' 'P"ljldoe.lc,~'Qi<' ~r';O'iL~ IJC!IJ_"L~O Q_ •. J 1~1.!lrU~ l~!I..!U.!!I.!'!~_:Q_~.!ll l _g_"L~o.rll-!l:~C'-~'iI! ~_,!I.-!II!!iiiiiii llll.QD. '~~ I. L~tIJJIJU ~ ~-.J~I!'-l " .. IJ "'_1~I~I'_1i:JI It :'U'-:I_lIil.

,ot~e..t" Ilangu;a'i~ nke IL~~ (:tksl-.; ,t~~~,ri!'l-)' I~U' Gf1eel O'el1e .. ) i~, orde:.:' m Si~"j,V-e ~S' ia! mooem, ]ii!~Pa:8~'" In ,additinrn 'w t~e 'p~,fij;it'es WIiIJ ~abje 1,2 w'e can ,add, 'l~.e S~~QTt lIst;

'1;-~llo.tiJ!, , ... ~~ :~'" 'n~~"'''''"'' 'b'liO[i\" :~'" ,t-lll..~ ,ejj--~t, r!i""i..if.a' ,,,",,~' ~'i"I'fnn.lilJn~ w .... rdc""~'¥~.j. lll!l!V,' ~!i]I' ,~.";~I~IJ_~I"!iiiiii~ . ,l!l!!!!!l!l! ~-~ '_~'I-'!W ll~~ .. ,~ , r-~-Il ~_~I Vtll ~!I!'!I!II!,r' _.~-_: ~U '_ -~'~' __:____:~~

gg,~ (wild)'t !lUll. (i~'Ul" ,ggn,'" 1(,l\aS;t) .. '~~ '(~JlI!ward) .. 'b.nle1!l,~ (lQw~r pa.1't:)", l"a1DU,;e 1(llnw,ar-d :paHll~ be,gii~. (pe.Ha~mIImg: to d1~e eye)~ hhc", .. be,. (,lowte:r) .. :ber.Dj,~, .mil!~")-l bet .. ~'neriar.lnlin!i,'t: m th~, @~'@,~~ ibillhg .. , [ine:rlaJininii;lo' ~'Q. ~'h,e!' :h.-e--an'~ bUN-

,,~--~- .. : . .J. _ .. " ~ "ilf· 1.iiU ~-~~-.:J.! ~-.. ~~ ~ ~J' ~1lt. ~ ~~-.~-~ ,_~ ~- ~··~----a ~ ~ =w-." =-~ .. ~~ ~:I'" _. ~ _.

(~rtajnl~g 1-0' the :h~d)'. .. hfm\~~, e.~ (v,ilil.,e\" rou~OCy)~ erilii, .. ' (ih~'Ilf .. ,c'@'(1!dt@rh Se:_bii-~,

ilUIIl' t_~>E'L~,_) g-n~- (/(- ~ ""jl~~ -- -~- - - -, - ~ - - -~ - - -'Ii; L_=- -oi'b_ ,(-~ I~, -, - - - - ~I-',j,-'ii; 11-;)..,- ~~

:1:)""'1"" \~~~~~,'V~I.!' ,rlZ''''' ~[~!!!,!I!'y~ pWJ~~IIJ!SFiW~", ~np'lit";~'x!!~nQ:l!'~ 'Oll.'E~lUtll'", ,L~.n~~,.

11.__ t~' ','ij; -..:I l - ill.. ~ - ~ 0 ~ ilion ,t ~ - ,- "~Im; 'I f'i; t: l: i m'"

W'~- ~~_~ItS,1.:" .. n '0m.' ~VIC,@"'" SUjpStliU~ite.'~I" O~. ~perta:'ln!lng W t~I~el! WO-~,.P.'" ~JiLrr,· I~~~ ~L~~'"

'" ;Ii. ",'i..,_ ''iI''''I,7) 11;_, t _~,',. ;I;,~ ,'Il.., b ''''OJ; 'L -- ~ co, ...iII]" .,..iii;

~,g ~ ... ~, ~' -,~:¥ .. ', 'q .. ~""~, uPZJ'" ~~~,'~!!!fi!ilinl: ~Y.Y '~~~ ~~-as;~!~, ,l)e~" ,Zl"~ [{w~n~~riI!,~.,

MMl1J7.I,~

:OOIil,t" ~iilice~ 'b.el~Ie' ,FO:I"W',\iIi~,

liii'iJtl.q,iii.iity~ lfa~,· .. p,OO"

' ... - .... 'k'· ~2ir ~_.r-~'II.i~1

pm,g~5!'

iUinrl~r" I{HAi'~f~' !!!Iub". m!IT~~

..

:ii~IZ!inall. ~:~~d~)'

.. ill:dns.ltul (tn, :mo,ve ~omr'Rrd) iIlib;Q.H.H, [~~o.i'e,. ~i'i. aJi:'i~,iU: times) iltze'kalIde' ~ti(,k ,s.i'(lh:-)

;ab.-o l~po~:h!rlQr:~

!ilbaritiir (ro:~r~

~m, (Iii) ~t,P'Ui:'ili!!')1

~iIft. ....... -"- {""'" C' ~ ~ ... -'(...C'j; !III~.i!l.'Qi !I;,[~"" gel IW'C"'4

iI.~b (badk,w~rd!) aRet;lpeD (delay) atzeni (:fol!'eign ~DtI.~t.ryj .a.~b1dte (_frotl~: :~.ft)

""ij~:liil~L~'_'n-' [I['" \iIi- '". -liI!"Ul' ;("",--11!.,1II'" "'1L"",~I_~iII!''''''i; _-!llllli_II_iIIf!lll,' _I!WIJII-~ __ I ~[I_ '~·'.I~ IJ~-L~iIIJ~~1f! ~c"'ll-

.afi~ no py,~: LQ ~~:U:lf)' &ul'!NUli (1m ,~'D.'I'et:e~I) i&1Uif~'.ib, ,(t'onv!ltt'dl' au_ianlZe:an t.~~" ~tGW' lon)-

,., ... ~'i:..i,..;il_ I'Al~"~~I"'p.""~n~' '1:'ri'Fin~','i; "'!W.o~IIlll!I"i.liI~ l~ .... ~~~, " .~.}~"- , JIi'all1 r.".'~~'~~'

'UJ!i:l~d,e (~.~dernde'" oo,~gm)

,u:pUmJ" {~N:eri'or), ,

. ~~. ~" ' Copynghted m atenal

'~'''' ,II,J II·~\.""

b .. ·

bait:blln~ _.~.bft.,

da-.

:f.a!!SE' :if sinc,e'

'wil(':t ~'Ote5~:

:mpe.tiHol1 .. ,hitiMnslifiea,ti:O'JlII

'!OO.ll!t:rialiry:. ~i!:':k, dis!""", :".Qn-,~ 'U!ii1!'-~ ~n-

,~iujind.atn~ p:ro.:Iclmlliily ~!)iJi1 ,g,ppG:50]tiun .. ,~I'Ui'- j

,iIII,pi!ncgit~ tlOl~i:\:;tl![F ..

wilJd," 'not d)Q:~.E!~ti~~Jt~(tr. ~'l11;ml1ti,v,i!l~ed ,i!i,wil!cw,~rd!

'i!i:';I!;~si,,,,'€:'

wild, ~od,g

gxn\mp~'e'

upl:m-ot'" 1['lQ; iUn~letr,lmi:'u1i') ""iii~iiian ,~u;lif''&'''r\

~'~~~' 'I.~.~I~~'!IiI~:!

D.:p,ifllri:l!n~ [[:fiaJ.SiC-J)y) 'bii:Z:itu (iiI' you (;Ql'I1te) b.it, dh',1j (s:.t1~ ,the]" ;[IN')' 'b!l!R~W! [~:~~CiJ'(f~taLtf!! ~t)

b~ .. ............,.,i! ... , ['l,·s ........... -jilh~· ,,,,,,,,~ 'i.."~v;"" .. - !II.:~ iIo~~;!L:.I.1I;I1I!L: (I· ~!I;.t'I_!"-.IJ IL-U_ " :11=1 ."-1, UW;t ~LI

;,;a.,;l~.:;iI').

~'II!WYr _ -~L-"!P.i11i:.

'~~~~ (~~~~:rt~) 'be~n{mdo) '~en;j!I!Q, [[:a-P~n)

'bjiHt!'z;~n:i:d.zillil, '[ist!!a:t!Rd :mama~e.') 'bir:f~j"~,m (~~, ~!OO1!n a~ain,~,

-;l ~ !

.i-~·~....i~'1 t;~i"'iC'\i'1O"f"~''O;O~tl'~i'''''~' ~.~'1'1"10 ,;;I,~[ !III~-J.,'!IiI! .. iJw.~_.,._"'}u~III·!r-I!iiIWIL "'~l!ll!li 1._IU~I!l}!u~

.... ~~c' ... ~ ltj,JIiin 'dif;;'~ : ~ nt·) y,espe~ !.iI!C___-, 11;. =~~~~.~c' .

·,;i~H' f""", "" ..... ~l.... ,0,.. ',:i .. ~.' ..... IUI') U~~~.l \1LU1 ULlJllrUV.,jI ~:UI[Y~-~!Ii;_ •. UI;J"

JI_' .. Dml..,·.·....-. :;!'~ ... .r'1irJiDi"r~i'· ...... e~ lioi')· g ... Gl'!li.o-~~ ~.IWl ~llLll!l~:r"11f" .....,.l~ 1~!~I!!II!. ~;T .

1ie!1~]!lin (.ii;..'1:1!:Yect~'!.!''e wOd;;,]1

"'~ '" ....;;... [',i". ,Po. il:!'L,ji, ",':;0 ...,'L. ".",I'JI:.. ..... II",

~_j_ J~u ~ ~~l 1~1_~lllj!lJ '~~~I'~ ~"'~~_u~I~.;j.1

el:~.,a~d!!I [(d)i!.)Yibl, iiU'$U'me~,O

",'"''',Z''''i!I'''':n t~'·'nk· n ... ·\l· ... ~[ ~ ... '!Ii::. '.'01'" _ \111.1=. __ • ~UI-!f.1I! •• ,!I~

ezjii!likiJQ [('UlP.edJYlc~Jed) eZ!itirleztw, (,an:rctiimlalt~'][

ezezkill (iC'itega,i'~vei~y) liWiindli.piitl; (l1l!i~:u:i'm.Q.ti~IL'~bl~)

!IIi" .. i' ....... ,. .... iIi"'.1 ~',~".[ 'w ... ~f .. ""'n , Ii ... wIHruib2;'.'!.!'liIiiC'h~[ ~ .... I;II."~I~lLIll.J-~;!Mi '!t!lr'!l.ll .. ~il~Ii~=-_", ~Ii.-.r. •• l!:i _ ~ _ •• ~.:JI~-I-

la~ggb (~'\i\~f,fi:~w1ng~' iDmtmb(z, [[douhl,e ,c'Riiil!1ll)

kofl,tI'~n, (,~o COfrt!lra,d!ic~:DI

ib''''f'OIfil- ajCl ~n ~''''J.' [I'''' ....... ~;o',;'IJ ~ ~ ~t" .. Fiit ~[

ftU-.II~'_ I~-!lMlli_ _ftV'., ~~lU..,!!l~!lJ[!io!!!~IJ U~.!'!~l~' ~

kotl!U'.ajwun, (~O f~~ht a;ga~n8t)

ianabi!!R: {'wild ~ast} laDamaixl.i! [['llnS:k~llfuJ t;e'~cher:l ]iiU'R~O ({lxoosSi'lo!~)

1oimle8i (e'~~'{~s~~}

1.an-:aihia,tiU! (~;t;(!, :m~i'~!\!i): :fl!IX:k~, ~Q

dJJ€~fJjfeolt ~t5tYiHl!5[)[ ~U~~ (w~ld ~'O:~~)

'·k ~L" rd 'h'jll..!li'Ii

!iliillll .. 'u'moe (1l"!ili5-'~iI' , .. , C~h'Y~'

~iJ~i.~~l~ (id.Qla~,rou~)

Copy rig hted m ateri al

BASQ .. ·· ··.U·E, 'VERBS,

. l l. _ ~I . l • . [ •..

V:trh FOtm5:

In Basq,u~' th~m ~~~ ~hr~ vl~tb :f:Q'nns~. $'Yn'tttr~tk'", J~ri,~ras.tic~, and v~lb 'pbl',a~s",

'1, •. ·,[lhe· s.yrdh:elic 0:1:' si.mpl\e Wll!Ii1I! h:uJiclrl·es :in Oll@' 'W\@{OO, t!:it@ person". nJ!l,unbe.i( •. 'ten~'J' mood", arnd d)~f~e~-J:1!l: [oo_ple_1~]l't~L, U~.~ik:e' 'Qo'tlt~t ~rangt~~g'S'I' ·iE~gl.b1h. among. dl~em., 'Basque' does :~o-t. need, ·prep05~ti(;n5. ·tOt :i.ndic-artfl: t'l1£Se mn:tplemei:l!ts, :in. :w~ti:O~ ito "th@!· 'v'@rb tQ~8!, 'h~s~, th~ se:nt~~oo ,1"'1 'OO~iI;,l: tg; YO;'1!.~t~ C'a!~ l~' ex'«'Si~d. in .. a :Soinile 'wtom" IN,b)r.m)u,. in. w'hic~:'

:il. = ~!jJI~.j~t p.w~\'<ll,~TI_ :tw~t pe~~~ ~!~, ,(I)

,ii - Pre5e',DJt ·te.D5e ma:~kJ!it'· Giin this ~imrp!e. ~DdfC!1~ivg·}, ·tll»' = :$~l!!m ()!t "t'hi!' ,~, ~r:rl On iOO'r.ru:!!'],

,ti, - ·the, ilidit~ It_t· :precede5 ~lifte ind~~t o'bj~: :ZU. == :indl~: [o:~~t [~'~ :y~)

S:y~ifibetic v:e.rbs[ ,a;r,-.E' 'ele,gattrrllt: b,d so:ntetlMe'S1 ·dfiIfii~U: to use, 'Th~r'~ u~d ·to l~' :fnany ao'[@' synthetk 'v:ems, ·tbad~ 'thID"~ ,a~!:'e .~~', Th:rc~gh disus~ ~h~@ fQ<l'Jl1So :MY1!' been, drisappe~nilS!' ·especlJal~y fr-£J~ ·Ha;squ.e, ronrvel'sa.tiun", AmOI.lg ·tln,a5e 'U~. :ooos:t. [@',tl:e~ .now~d!iiJ":ys a'OO' ~'h~. ~~tr~~sU~v'e-s eto:m, (to oo.m-el_, .jOg 00 G,Q), :i_b~lii [(to wa~k", to be}, [and. [egtlu.,(tp :S'lay", 'lo be,)!, and. dlte t~arrru~Hhltes e;uki (to :1:lJa.vle)~

[r'kuri ·('t···,hrin C). !:Ii. ·;Il.,it-· ·(~;:l ~1~.- , .. "'.:) •. ~ ~ .. ,. .-: .•.. : ;I".j .. ,[ ·c·:-,·.'·:'\. ,··c ··.,.11 [ .. : c· :b.r5;I·l· [~~ ·:1 ',.).

. . .. .. _>O _,",~._.g .. ~ • iII.."". O .. .!Ii~ ~r,UIW .. ~ eil'-aB\ilo", ef;OilD, ~.!II0 CiUf;Y !: .•. amY! li!fit.·,IJ .. ~["""'" use- r: ,.

S,n.[theti~J' ·(!iil i~gpl@' Vt!I\b:Sl ('~~ .. ~·Iso be '~d .iLl'!!! 'pe'ljf:h..1';!uil~e: fQ~,. ·Th.'O'Str ith~ :s:ynltlleti:c .form :ni :1't~tOl' [(.1: oom~'} [can. alSOI a(p~at a~, nri. elOrbe:n nab\!' u.,~, 'nedn'hir,asHc .fm;'tn 'w""t~ 'the' :5aM:e< ·m~a'il':rt~):-. OI'i'I~' ·t~e 'i;'i~sent ,and nast: tei:'ilS-es· of.

!IT··~·~l~·~~·~=··-·=·' ~ .. l~~~ .~lll._j .. _1.,." '"- I, '_IJ"J" __ I.~l_ "o~ ",ll_,,}'"_ ~",." I" __ 1.,"_ l,rr-"-- . "'" ,,-"" , .. "

the' syn.n1t~ti~ ;t;O'rnl·ol the :f;iI!im2' vreros[ n~ted. ~'oov,e ~re ooJl1'manly 'used,"

"'l. ~.£io ii"IP~iFiij.,~,,,,,..::..... .-. .... ;t'\il"fLTnnfi ........ 0;4 .t:."i'ii1IIi ~"" ~-mC"·nflc .... A ~:i! .lu,O"C ,""'··I ... .".",Dri· .. ·;:,. ~'i-...c.

~iP. [~, ~ll'-Lr r'·!uIIII,lIIr,~I~-l.II,M'..:JI!l.L'!i...""lJ! ~,.. !II.;;~-.II)1,.y.~''''oL!l-'''_'~' ,ll!l;J!l ,I "j ........ 1 ~~, 0 , ',F ........ ~u' ~ill, l,~-r. :_:' b. ~~HIJiL~.L""~" IU;l~

:mab~. v@m ~nd "l~~ ~u.xjil~~tlY v'e.trb~ .iP'er:l;p;htasiis; is ~sed,,~,a;s iii .ge.ner,al rule,. ttl- sup,ly '~bo:se' ·tenses, Jac'kjj~@; :in. 'l~~ .~ynlth~tic: oorwju;ga.'li,Q:fi!!~. S:Ln~' n·n;~ m.a~iO'rl.ty· of ·t~~~u:~ ~n ·only be fol'Moo. :per:Wph~:sli{'-aI!l.y~ :irl: is :nereShty t,o know ,tiht :mlau. :b,t Qf:' a.u.xilIlia~ verbs v~r.y ~r~ilt Tile 'lWt(;1 ai!J.[ixilliatles 'Used, most ft-eque:Il-twy' rare i.zilin ('to be) a~d. ubn. ~ro ha.v~'~, Iqn. ~~ '~d ·wUh. i~ua~silt~v,e ,\!,ter'bs ,!lInd] 'ukain 'w~th, tiransiti.'!Ijj@· 'v'@m,s,

'BaS-qjlJJl! ~!!d()e-.s USe of ,dJif~lieJ:l!t: aJU:~Jiiila:ries :f;Qi:r I$QMe' :mQiOd!s o~'h,C1!!!r.' ~Mn :iri\dli.~-aJti.v~'. for' exaMple'", 'eg'i~ [(to do., to, m_~ke) h;· u~d ~rn Fn~.yan ·w.i,l~ tr,a:fJ1si,ti,'ij,e 'v@ms !in ilt'he' S'1JlI~iUnctive' a/md 'inlin~r8'liV\e moods iEdun ........ 11. t..c'll(afn;" a d edim

_._. __ ... ' =~'-~'" .. , ... ,l. .. r-' ..... I.C. :.- •• ~_i~~",," ~~~. \Cop~CigheaTh'aterial

'Tcll.:.I'1:" '!li,.;i.~I' ~~ ~I '" jto.~''''''I' ~'.&."""II!!' ~ l' ll~[' [~-t-ili~u~ l~:H_~:IIII~U~~~

(wn,) iI:1!ft!; al'SO used in some teRses,~ such as 't~e presernl' ~;uj1)ju;ncli've !1nd 'iPoteliilitiial.

if" ad ..... ~."~o·.·, .... "1 !Ii;,-;""" t-·,'I...r;,..,;: , .... ""d.' , ........ ~l ...... :Si,i 't-"..,...,I .... · ":'"'~I'''.,\'''.·.:' '''''''''" d'c: '1"n'''I't'''L''''·''':''I''t--I'~.". o:i; a~":"'- [;llita·1t"IlJ' ... 1.' '-." .,Cii"b' .'."" n""'[C!i1I. -"'.iII;

.ll oIiiIt _ ,Uj,IU, .!.I.iIJ lli.--U ll1Jli> !i-:IiiiI,."~ ~aJ. . _~.!R_"l~_I]IiJIJ~_ .,¥"!§iii @~~t. _. 1_ •. I"_jI~'~_lll"_~ I. _ I'!I('L~' _ !w_~_ilJlJ_ --",7 '!I('L~'IIJ' ~ UcI~,!I.-!IIt' ... ·

~tain;3 a, :fu_tfbiEil oomplicartiiion, ft1lf ~b~, JiD~g~iS:h IS:PEla~Er, D~s :lis "t'!f'Ie e,Fga~i,ve

m-·r:llf~1!.,D~ il!h-''''''' cn,toif'i;';'- 11~, ,'-''''''.'';''''d,-I ·[ho-.c' ": i:'u~J"":;~ .,...'i 'tlli"''''r,"",;:,'l'tir1'~':' ~-r{e:--f~';:' '~"'i'" ,....,...""'m-.-.-p-·<ia,

. ,IUJ'J,l.fi.-~~'o!!' [IF, ~ ~: .... IIJI.J..A ~ !l.'_1I"'.,",L~. l""3' ~ _.~ ~"'-l~~ ~~ •. _1II.!R_ .. III,~', _IJ-!lf'~ -7.' ·iJ.ii:lI!lll £"' ..... ':1. ~·~Mo_ ~ ',I ,.,l~,

oom:paN' ~g, l;l1ir;a (y'O~ ~~~, 'wU'h ,Zo'g'k, ,~'brd dJUZq, (y'OiU ha'V€ 'bocn;llgh,'O @nd :Ke:pa dg'a, (,P,eter ~) w~ii. ~,pd, ~ ~hi, {,f,etef' h.aJ5 d<)mEl' ~t)~ T.hE' ,..Jk .of ziik, ,and :Ke.,~ :i~ tihe 'ef;~~tfuve ~a:fker'. :mn, f!TIte 'Perlp'hra~tiC' "@!TI]], w'e' mllii~,1t :k:ncrw ~he :I:la,t~re' '1)£ Ute' mari;n 'v~rb [(ua[[iiS~lii,ve O'J :i'fi'tmtll!s:i,ti,ve) ~.11IJ Qrder to ,c'h;oo:se' 't1i1e pmpe,r ,ilti'miary vletb ,and t{J' USe the er~iiI,tiV\e marr,ke:r' [c-.onectly.,

:~ R"iiffi'i'"'il''!ll''_ 'IlL'''';';; 'I... .... 'lilf~, 'Ii!i':~'L- ii1'!i~'I7~i~"';"" '~l"'" '''''t'I'j''[~i I"V)<"~~I ,='" ,,,,~i'fL. ,iii"1<-¥ml"',·A. ~,,:-b, ':,

.;l!'. ,!£'I~[.iIIJJJi,,;!',!' _ ""' ,I,ld,'!!!'"" y~~, I} 1r".~[i[[~~1i:!! ~~ g, !l-_I;'~ _., U ~,J !iI!'~';:;~"'[~ UI, _ '!;;,~ LI' ,1i ...... ,.11 _ , !i:!, ,H, .......... ,.,

~h--ase ts a ~1l'''b:ina!tiliG:n o:f w'o-ms, tb.at 'Make. '!J'p.' 't!he ~lU!i'v,a'leJ:iI!t o;f a s~m'nle' 'VI!!n:..

lr"" .~~ -~ .. 1_ .. _I ... _l~. _ •.•. ~~·." .. l •. l .. '<] - ~. tl._ .. _I _ .• =~~~- .... ~ I' ~.-~_ -.~ .. ~ - . __ ..• ~- .•. ~ ···~!!l,r[OI. ~ .•• _ ~

A "'!,!!'elt'b phrase ios !nO'l,maiUy compesed o~ two wmds:l, ~~~h~!r,a, ,~(ltu.J]" ,~nd! :a ve:rbt as, ~~, bib egiin (to talk Ut~;ra'ny, to :mak~' wo:rd~'t or' ,an ,adj~(:H.v~' and. a v~rbl ,a~ ~~, e,pm :m.m (b)" 'be' t'hirn~l" Thoes€: ¥i€J\b :p:hrr,iI;sgs are tiS'1llli1.Uy ildiiu_a.'l:i£ in, Basq,ue' ~n.d il!!Fe ,- Ol~ ~.ene~:I~t,.~ created m~ ~he' s~e-akErc

... ,.. .I]j, D "y." .Y " !r' T.

:Pi.. ~"" .,,,',,.;' ''''f' ~ ii'..,;. ~.!'.""-- 1. ~~~i~II~;~r~ ~,J [~n~' ~·I~

,[, ·,'1 II!; '1:_ ·.c ',1; '.'-." " ': . ','1' . ~ ~I'.' , .. , - "I~'·'" .' - ~I_ 't-~, :- [~.' . '.' -' ~-, .. , ';~'!I.!!: ~, 'I; "'d, I ~" ,,'~'. . ,:':~.'[.:." ''II. -c-:'I...~.,n igQS'C),I!J.tII@" as areaY!,Y ,melmi",10\neu"iW!Oer~ are ,,,,ral:lSh . ._ e alA ~~,,,-l:'an!sI'''-I," _ ~r~,

:M'a~y 'V~~b~ ~'ha.t ~~ in.b·,~:rt~dUv:@ tn Da~,~@ ~~ l~~siti'~~ ~~ ~~gWi'Sih i!1ind, 'vic,-e

I ..,:Jjd"~ th D,~, :r~ ~~. ''''~'-'h l ·f d ", u ''',,:

've:rsa, _'fi!! au~~~o,fi~ '~~,~~ same ,~sq,~e 'Vt\l'~,~ C!l:~ri!! 1!Oi¢ wb! 'iIl',a.11liSlj;..1V'~ ana ~Fi!!i~~an__s~i~,vi!'J

d!epfilnding on jib ~~~l~!1;'~ !1~dJ :nlu__s,t h' ,aa:'Omlpa~ioo 'by d'",~ ~Pf;wpri)a'te ,auxilltia ry" Nat.e, I1he diff:e~~ in mu::an~l"iIl~;:in ~'he' ~n1ilo'Mn8 ~m.,l~$' ,for' m'il (to dlle,; to kW)I;;

no dia., ~H~ ts dead..)l (.i~tra~si;t~",e':i :H'~~ d)u~ '~He has 'kll~,;,) [lr-a.~i;1jjj,rvel

1. I'm &$qu,e~, :in't~ca:'rl!!!~i,'li.v~' 'v~ib'S, ('v~~hs ~'h~~ do ~O't 'l.ak~ ,a, dimct: [~bjed) ,i11'W\a,~ U5e the ,a,tLXiiJliarry izrlliD, (til be),

~n.osu., bbl, :ii'llIib., ,[1 IDi,v~ lin, 'DonQstl..ll.("5an, ~hasd6n.J .,]1

,2. :In, ,c~nltt,a.s,~i' tr.-aJ"sitiv€ vt:r.lOS! (verbs, tih~l: la'~ a, ,d!~~~l" o'bJl~t:)1 iIJlS~ th,a, !l!~xiUaxy Uchm, (t.e, bav:e'~ raJlltd 't'he:i:r sub~:~ts ~lways, ,end ~n kf U1l;!e act1'o!ll, (e~,'livle) miiiif,k.e;r'.

N'i,'k '·'T-,d: -l-~_ .(~, k,-"",,- --,~ - ) ~_~_, ,lam . !!I.IJ'" .. 1, uii!I _ Ie! e-a,!>,.;·n" ..

AI s 0", :rna:n.y relex~'Ve :alil;d! :~oor!r(Jit"'1iL vefl'bS are iFo:r,ID'i;!ld. 'w.H~, t!raJ~s~l~ve Ye'rbs,,, ''1'0'

, ~'" - -I... - 'I!. • aL" l "k • f"' a-.. 'l. '....... I!' d- d . h ril-.

~!n~_!l:C!!i,'~e< h,~a,t ,a, veTii.ii is rel~ex~ve '~hie' ,itctlUrr. '0 tWI~e V,e:f.J.' ~gwns ,iiI:nc en;- '5 mit:: t~,ie

mm.@ @nti'h,,~ in iBQ'~u;e - ~be 'W\@rd! bu.Na! [~!he-ad~ :\5 'used 'w'th tbe [~-.o:rreS''ii''!lcrl1d'''''iO''

~ -~" __ ~ "!!l~lJ·l =~ ~"W~-~"_"" ._I." "_ .. _ " ·_I I!. .-_f._,J ~_. - .. 1 . .t ... _11 .r., , . .:1 "~ .•• 'I,._l.I~CiI

ad;\1¥4iV',~': r-j~'l': ,i,,,,,fi':~I_ jk.--;--: [~ce-:-,-,-:, ·[,t-.-c c' ,-, •. -',-. '1'1; '~"I --, ''''1·:- 'It,·-- e- ···t-",)·· ,- " -, [~"" = 'I,'

----l.""'.,_,L-~" ~y_f;e ,~y.!'", 1"I'fe ,YUUf _,Lam" .51n,g",~,,,,~ P'C\I'e ,oUts", ,1iL'e:f~ .1, s,~ Z'u.n!! Ij,Y'O'Uir'

[1'5m~'.,'~f'I;, 'Doun ,t'ou'r1ii_ zu"'n t'?'ro~~lr. ilil'p'I.]~'_ ['1110" i'--~~"n ('ti'f;:OI\").·," t-·'I...IO'I"" ,f,;y- ........ ~n·o: ,t-i'f~ ~Uijl~''''~'

!!l ~! [~I" eI- ~- - \ - _=.I_,IfF. - --~-- !\_.).' 'Ii;!-~ .. [U .. " t 1_ .. J,' ~lll ~;lfIII_~!IIii!. _ 1 ... _~ll~ ~.I,.II! ._llllM!~ Vc.ll.~II!t._ '.l'- .. ~ll!'!iiiiii; _.~, _ .... !l' ~J

le,fiIJ,ts, o:f'the' iEngUsh :myseJf, i"1'~~:ffle~1~' hi:rtl$.fj!lf~ lu::,rf!.eJfl QJ~~~J'~$~, i!}~d 'lhem~t:~.,

.Ali* bf.ff!! biifiiiil hiJ~ ,d~ .. (F;ath.~ ~~ :kililed :him~Df';, Ut~.r~I.y~ F'r~jt~r: IM~' kiUed, :hiis l~a.d.,,),

:Re~p~ooty is, ~ndlk~~dJ 'by l~~ 'W:ord, ,';~brf' ,~r. elpr: (ea~h ctb,ex).,

Haiii~k el.gi'!!i' jl!J' dgiW,. ~ (;hLM~.n, hav~ ~lt: [ea-c~, Qthe,,~)'

,M~'~

'i'n, Darsq~e dille a'CMl:;n, 'Ool t'ho€, '~rb :lS ~ssed 1try' difMrenrt 'moMs, :most 0'1 wbicim, [~st: :l'n Enp'Li ... !Imi ,id:ii""''I'io~'IO!''h'' w;o;, ~ ... '.i..,;i"i"io,"IfIi'i'1 t''cr"''',i., ['00~' ;1;' ............. , ,"~: !l'O.j';"!'fI,. iE.o!'io<f -'- ... , ... t-· .... I'1l" ... ,;,;;-,

- -- - - - --- - --~ ~~_g~'O!I __ -,,,--[l.JIO.!',,,,,O'., ~- .. ""',lY'u~in, _HIi.,~r., "",\[Ul~",.,~ !;II-'" !<!II!;tt.Co:pyrig "'tM"[m~i::iterial

·wll@n. d'i~s~si~g @.tin-ll:_re'~lijtY~, u~ ~ j~d!i~lti,v~' mood, in. ~jJ~:r~t'~e 'p8ist~ PNs~~t Or' :~ltu'E\e lOOn~e: :1: 'W,ji[S rnc'h OfiUje'. He' ~s,;a, :na:rdssisti~ ari1r~m.a~", They' wiD

;""'i'i';ri v,n ....... _;fiij~ ... '~"1"n ~.IIII.;.I;.I, .. ;" Oi.IiI~ 1 .. ~r--;~l'_LU~-.,r.

'Wbe~, 'We' o:rde'J:' :~~;OO~~ to d>o' s~Jn~th~~g W~' ,a;r[@ 'u8IiIng: ~h,~ ig~r'-a'tii~@ m,OQd,. M~J1!j w'e djswS'i$! :no-n~~'ti,ty' W~ ~se tlh.e s~d"j~ncti.v~ :m.ood, and. 'tim~n 'we use' m~, ,oo-ndiltioi1loal H1I;oOO ,to desmbe tlirte possibUIi,ti,es 'that m~gih,l' aDse :f'mm, lh:alt [~~_--c-' - --'~I :-,',.." ... ~ :--~';I" -I'" ~' w,-: ~'I..~: ~"'. of' ~$d n -t!llll~iIlln_'_;iVj'- : ,- .:; -: ,~i:'li -tad·.' ,f:

UIlfieaiili Sl)UMI,uOflli. ,_, ,iIi,_ ~ efe [~I,P: ili'l-.lng iCC ,;;JI~ _"lL, !I;,S,~~~ .. ~~~,~'I;.,y_ e ~ = JSo J!_, 0:_

indiclit~v,e ~s:) J '~cn]jd, 'G'l<kr you ~h,~d~ (oo~d~ti(>na.~ ~~'ld' :i.ns'~ead, ,of in,dimtiliv@ wr$~)I, S~'bj~_ndi.v'@':is also used in. d~U!~, ~~p~-s~: a, 'w,isb ,OJ d~,:s'~:~ l wi8h Y'~' we~ here (:Su.b-jutiLeli~~ ~te' in.s'tead cf' Indim,tivlfl' ,tife)l.

'T'L._ ... -"""'i"io . ..iI!"", :"",,~.,.:t-· ~i'i"" 'B~;i.UiI)"''"'' a~, '~'"'''~:'~I_, '~'~ ...... ,n;!I"''''''' tii" .... ~, :,~"",,~, ... :i:)',';:;''''': ~;":'ril t~]ii··d; ra' :-I~i"'Ii"', ~ II;l"1i:i~ ":.II~U_i:I! "!&i'~.. ~_~ I ~~-J]J~!IIr.' __ 'il! ·~l~.I_W~ In,,,,, ~ ~·7.'~ll l~_u.: 'Iir_IJI.'iG!!I_ll~-C~zai ~_Ill~ . :ITL~ lUilJ_.,_l!lrlr'"

cV1!m ,!M'e mUJ~(~, :ID»riE!! ~x"ttt_n,:s;j,'!I,i!~, and ,c'~rtatnl.y m->o~ Qbvious Ulan. th,~s~ th,a,t ~Uir

• ~ ,','1;0. ~ 'I[;' ~ "",1'" ~' .... ~ ~ ~ --''''' m 'Ol.e: ,E:il1li.~I!i5iU 'VIera.

'I 'Ci'~ th' t AI , t !l'L.=tll,,· Ai'" f ,_.:I '..... ~. ~~ ~ ,In. ~!5qju;e ",J~' pres@_n~: aLiI1ihi.ll! :p-as~: 'e'Jilise5' I~W~~I! L~g_~ca:,jV~ a__A~ Sl1~l}iIl.l!ll,'"'ld,ve., O.li

'th~' a'uxiIDiary """tbs are u~d! tQ W:nR ,!1;1ll ,otlte:r ~[JI~ ,~f ~rifh:r.a$tjc~ or' OO~' '~ul~.dl' 'vew,s. [~W1he~ w~, :spe'aik, 1t~Te of :pa~,~, ,w:~, :m.e,an th..e' :im,pemea pa~t:. ~, 'pag.e ,a53,:for' :lTI.Q:l!ie, )I.I'n. ad)dl~linill, 'm dTItfl' c-han,ge' [[)f t~ tn tlTIte alU'idillial'y' 'vereb,s., the' ,fo-~ of the' :ma~rr!! v;erb a_~:KI' 'v,;t_riJ~S tr[~ ,ttL~, l:o t@nse, P,'O'l ,HilistaJ_nC~lt 'th:e f'Ui~u_re' k~se: bJ f;~nn~d b:y' adding ~, ;~u'ff,j]i( ~:kn' 'lQ 'the i~6n~liv-e", :I'f.' m~, infi:m:liv'-~ '~md:!!i, In, n~ the sil,~fn~·~ ="",0 ;"5 '~~'sed Sometimes W'e' also find ,-m'iIIl af.ler' 't~e mlillsonan~ t-, [e .,. .~

_.!I'l . J.. .:wI _1lX ~ . I g_ - . .-J ,r.... _ I 1- -, . r . .• -- _. , - •. -, a-- - - .. -."l • - •••• 1-. ,-, !. ~ .[!Ct.-,f.'

'ii.lj~11_ '-'.,_-; .. ~ ,t~y- ":': -~,~, c-<;fU~ d '." \ ~'C"' 'Ii"·: '-'I" _""'I.., .. - .. -I ,..;1);,- ~........,i" ,: I; I· i"ii- aJ-' ~' -;~...,." , '[..,;1)'( -I t~Iii-·.·.' I; I~ ,.' .Hiil~ ,Uif"~ \ ' ,au: Will . , ..Ul!,,'l iii]], .ilille (il;O\nlli[~ Yit.ail~!I,S~' S~C!l!I~ ~.S !l..4V\)1UrYitVli.,l!lle ,!!ili.illUIii(,

'~L ~~iL""·,.!I- ~. 'w- ~.'L·-I~ - - - .\ ,1_!!!IilUliI!N'~}U.p_, ~,~_.e !5~_;iL ~;J

,IlL .... , du;t;, (rn I~~I, e~t.')

Tb ~prts~ a hiabiltuarn ,action:in ,~~e. :p:E\~njt 'l~ ,lrm 'hsq,tni:1, add '~~ ,,,ten ~I 1tL .... , ~,~~ ,.,.1.' 't-i~"" ,,,,,,:"";'i~l' ,:,~",,~,'it-:

[!&II [~,I,l,!&; iil!1~I!O::CIOiIOl' !IS", , in~ ,U~_iRiIi£ili, 'VJE;['LiJ<.

'l!1al:l~m ~!I!n nm (.~ oo:m.e ,even.!" d!av 1;

El.D" . - _ .. ~ -_ , .. - _." .... _ .. ~ .. __ 1.,/; ----.JIll

Other' t@rru- aJfI;"O;I! 'f~r .... ;:>41 l'n ,~ i<"il' .... ~I,~iIf ~,;:o,:n' .. ;:I!!Ii" 'bu ............... lbi,NII'">i7 ,iC ........... c. .".;( ~,'L,;"'!, l'Il'i" ... t.·ift

'_' __ ~._-_ ~-_-_~~ ~~.~~ '_V~.!=!JI!!-'!ir'u. ~~ ~ ~_,,!!!i:.'L"@~J ~.!Io!~.~_"J!lr"P.!I!' ~1' ~Y.LIIII~~_. ~~'!I~, "'~L"~ll~Wi ~, !\iJJ~ !II'!III!!!~_JI1!ll

v~'llb 'w,ilt~, eiU~et' th~ ',~~nlt o::r' pa;st' ,t~~se of ,a'll aI1!.ilxi1~ry' v-e;r.'t>.

P:e~ili5i

'Th~n a~ :six, ~r'S(ms, :in !E~gliai~, :r[~pNse:nr~oo 'by' ~V~~, :~ubj~ :pronQl:t'~SJ (ll"

we'; yOU;: li.e'f she, j~, fhey):

,~"I""oii' ne'li"<l~'" t""'n,~.'.~l"'f~ and n'i.'.i't""I~)" ~:., """"'I' ,Il~,,,~, .r.'"-~'~~" "'~ 'iO,"iLIIl!I, "" , U ~\I ... ~"," J" I~, .... ""

:!iemM 'i'i#itmn '('~hii~. ,lla, ,"3 .',.., ,;m .. r- ~I'I)' ':-. ,-, 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~~ ,r"~'~-~~ . ,5_"guL_ir ~~iIJ~ F-,I!~foi1" ,yo-,u

'ib-ird iPf'--J:'50llIi (sin.Blwiillr iO.md :phllira~): he, she, U~: tth-ey

1'.h~~' a~ s!l'< per,S'Ons ~~ hSlq,~@ ,liS 'We:U~, :repit@se::n'lea, by' ~ven, siu,bjed 'pmnc,1l.tDS,_ :Boiwevet; t~e :i\eplie.serr.itaIDO'..o :Is ',d)tlfu~mt-~

'.' I

fii[;~t ~flIl (s:ing,y1br ,iillnd lp'lu.:r,al~':; m; PI

:seco'litd, ,~rsom, (-sdln,gular .aJnd, !Fl']~f~)~ .111. ,iI\l; ,~ue'k,

lh!iIn;I ~~p;n [~c!;:~Ja~'~~~-d ~pl)~r:j)~); ber. (m"hur.); hilh:k

The ~l1I;d 'person :singuitJil" :fm,m :hi is cal!l@dJ a !famiiliaJl" ;(OU'h. Tbat b:;" it is 'uHd, :in S~U,ila!th)tlS, of.farifiiIDiarmit¥1' ~5'udh a8, a~oTIg ,m@fil:dJs" Hj:Jw~'@r;. '!this, ]?@TSQ:P:m lla~u~ :p.r~~ts, a ,tU'ilii,qu;~ problem ,fOr: ~e :~h;ilde~~: O'f ~, h~}I!.u;~ 'verb f.gr~, .aillth(J~gh :n;c~ns, halv@ ne ge.nde,~':m :B'asqu~'" tlTIte u~, '0:1 the '~i1)~~~J~~t~~"~teri al

:MmiJi\ar :f'o:r,M :hi, :Rq,~lres a, ge'il<kr ma_rbr Q~ its aClOOmpsl'D,)"iin:g; ¥erb :fio.rm" '[h,ltS,. :U ens :is gmkilililg 'wIDth a male fri'e:nd. the ,a;tocin~ry verb 'W~U e~d in :t., and, if H~e :partn,er lin oon,versartiiotl ~s a w;ouutirn it 'wiU !€":n_il in II"

,HU, 'esm, [d,uk., (Y'01jJ [~,:m~.Sii,';'" :farm,.:~, h,a,ve' :m..ad~ ~t.:) 'Dlk ,e,sin, [(bin., (Y~ !~l fi!J1n",:1 h!1,Vie' ~J!ide ~t)

~e fa_mmaiF :(O'lm, :hi, :~ d~~iP~arin:g lin, :ta.e, ,ilre'a$ o:f 'l~~ Da!aq,~~ C(ltI1,lltr.y", tb fi]~ ~"\I'(lkL, zP i$, '~:$ed as, si.n;SujlJar~, ,ev,eJ:l t~ou8h it: 'w,as o:rigjnan~' a plurai, fo:nn.,

't." (" [~' - f' '~~)

" 'I '. -.: I·' :' I' [ • - ~,- - I I .

,1,Y:o.U 1,51~g" ,11m" ,'.'

:Zii. (YQiIJ! [~:8ing" polfuk'][) :zu.ek ()roo [plL:m

S~l>j~t: pmllU)UDS, in Basque' e,l<i:s,t :~n ~o fUHims1, oae '(Wserl. 'w~tb :in'l!rarm5~liivie 'w" :Bimd ,the otlher ,~tUh ,t~-arI1ll5(i,ti,v.e verbs, 'DependiJ.1,8 o:i1II "lhe MJru.'lie o:f the 'vern""

cio'i.~ ~'{b,j,·"-t":' '-P"~.oj'io~I~iiiffi''''' ,~.,,..;(ry" " r ' i"''': sh .... ~"'ii[",

IUl'e' .:II'I!:I_ E!I.." ~,U'.M,"'"'~~'I.:II ''If'"'' !I'I,~ 0\ ,,!V'_,I,I~.

" '_' ..

Uscd'm~h: i"_;":s:i~~~:

U\5f.J' wittJ!: ,t,M,n~ i;,~ 't!il',rlt\s:

nl, nik 1

,hi hik, ¥,O'll Vam_)

l,wril" '~e:ra ~kj' ffi4k h;e,.; 51~,. ~t

• tplk W~

,zu, :rulj:;; }"OU 1~5i •• ]1

~ue:k, ~e"i!;, y,u~ 1~;pl.)1

ha1'e'k,. Cfilr;aik, haf!t'~ 'liualic Ui!t@o~'

./it: ',,, ... iI;,.~":lIIv -, .... 'h, _,iC; Ji,'L_~ "";"" r.iiP! ..... ,;-,;; ..... , ""''"'n 'L~ 'W...tu..~n "'Ih'"""",,, ...:Iil'~o:io .. d< .... ,'t"" 'w'" , '~'Ijj!"" ,JIi"",p, .",.".A""",(lir ";-, ~!Ii)~gl_.).'." ~~~~.~ YI' "I\~ ,~~, r..r~,~~~~~ ~_,~ ~ ,_-_:~~j~~~=_ 1!U,-=--.;~~' u~ _~~I}~"~~ll!ll_' '~ :iQJ.:~j U:.1 ".~~IIIl.il_i_IJ:.;~

om, the. run~:gn, ilt ~~,~ :m ~l!a.,tio:n t'O, ,t'h.~ 'v~J\b (~ubjedj' direct ,o:bje.ctj 0,11' ind.irec"~ oliecf)l. ThtliS .. , ,fur' lexam,ple"", :0.' 1~'W;~.o) lcaD, harve th,e~ f:nrms:::

'nBi,iI"i5ii'b"i!tlt:c-H"il7ra- :'l~v." v "ib' 1"~~I,;fIl·1 "~,"'~'~['w'''', '" ,,_' \_ '" _ J - -,' 0= ~iO'!..~.='l5)",~, Ie "' e_., :ilili~ !IilI!I,!fe ... ~, (h'''~~')1 "',, 1;1.0

:n.or~l!::, I~[suhjed of 'ira:mslti'll.!{l' v,e,i'b~, who

'nan il'ilifid~"""""" ..,,' ... ·.'e" .... ~\ ~.-. w'Il' ' ..... riI!> &.,;,r 'w"''''''m"

,_~ __ ,_ \_~,~_~~\r.~ ~~~. I!.~\! I~V ~ ~ [ U-.:I_iIII!I!J.! 11u-.:,. e-e- Ijl:N.I ~ll

ln, ~, wa-,. we' ~lUIYe direct: ~~d ~fl!;d)~rled :~etio\ns, in. Bat8iq,~e 'w,i't~ '0',[ w:i,'th·Cttl;t: ,arm wm:d)~1'Kt [o:bject. '""at ~S1' the :Ba~ue' ve:JJb ,c'trua:n.gtes in :(nnTI, to reflec~ ~u;bj~ct ,ilIltdJ ,C(bjed i:n,mtmarool!i,:m v,a'naUJs [oomblii1l;ati.o~s", There :i:$, iii! ,0.' [(subject: ,O'f :itttt-atn~~liiive' 'v@m) jLnrloclio(il~ a :OOf=:nor-k (d)iI~ ol)j;e.d,,-,s,uiDject' o:f tt.-a~5~tiiV,e 'V,e:rb) inflection,. !lJ :iPiOi:·ttOri, {s~'bject: o.f :i'D,tr,a'Ds,lJtive' 'V,e["~i!n,direct: db_j:ed) ~in:n,edi.o;--':l;, ana, a :nof-flI,o.d,= :0 0l"1c, (~~ Qbj;oot"':ILI\d'iNi;;~: Objied·S1U~ibjKt: (Xf !ltans1tlve ~er'b) i;D'fkdiOlTl)", Th~' ,c,~'b]~n!1!ii~nn5 aife eX,pGufided !ilJpon be1ow",

1. Subj:ed: ,of' :intta'n~!'ti\1'e' ~fb (who., "01') i~ ~~ed", !na'h,~f,~lly;i' 'with :~nt:rans~~\iI'e'

vet\b5 [(both ~'Y:nlt~etk a~nd !1U!ximku:y).,

ni ,ftiill-i'. ':Lc.' : "" '\

__ ",_,Q_, 'I;p rome",;!,

n ,::: s~b;jed: :P'F;(m.'Q'iliii:'ii~, :tlif,!!:i~: pt;!ijt:~QP, :!!;i~P.g- (I,), Ii, ';::::; p!re5Eilftt temse ma:r:k:el.'

tor.' ;:: stem, '0:£ MQm, [~t(ii ,~m-e)

N'j [" .... ""," J' !"",. ,,, ;i'jt' h-" ",-", ,'" . )"

_ ,,~ e".~m, n:a:u. '1;,1 , ,iilift oom,{I'",.

nl IiiiI: S1i~I'k~, 'n~"'~I'i'" ,£,~t:, 'i'Mli~;<''''''' , .. ~, ..... i:I', ('~~l ;Ij""",~ ,~'i- !Il;-; ....... , ("'0- f""-:~'~l -!lrlJU1~'~).' ,~IJ!liJ.'iII"~-II..I.iI,I!I' ,1,.1111011;1." ,1i~~'~J~·~, I!;I~:~~- · .. 'A'I ~~~,~~I, V'-.IJ, ~I: )I,;c~ 1~J!

,2., :D,~ ()bi~ ('whClm~ :nor}-=-=SuJDjed: of tR'n~i,ti,ve' 'Y\~rb ('w,h!J1 :nQlJ':kJ-, 'NOll' :~$ the :per50f.'I, wn.o, ,~i~es fh:e ac~.o:n oj th~ v.e'tb" N'or,k, is 'the :person, wino 'pe.r,fnr'ms t'tlwe amo:~",

Copy rig hted m ateri al

I I I

'N"k' I"'l~"~ ".m·t in~ :'.~." ; I \j] .. ,t. ,~lile ~lIIl" 'I,. ,~e yQ~".}

:z ;:::; :,,:u.

t == ~ I

Zuk :~~ .,;~g~'. (Y:~u. .Itr~ m(!.)

I :n, :EI !O1!:l:

:r.':1I.I. := yOU! I(:s:i~li,g:..~

De. dited ob.~;e.d is, ,art: ~h,e' 'he,S~K[1i!i'll:g and tlu~' s~bffied ~t$' aJ: the ,md,.

3 .. Subj:Kt o~ ilidl'~!I1lsIUV\~ Jef,tb ~·wbo' .. nor) hldj~t: O'bjKt I~ro whom,. ·nO',d.~, T'h~ dj~t :~_J1!jI~tio:rt1l!!! fil) !1~d 't~) ('~~ indud!~e ,a·no~n..e!r' ~~Iffl'Ie:Ii1I!t: (~~d~~oct: ~bjecO." ·addling::m t~~~ wa.y :indi~t, :il'dL~cHI)J'U;i\" II11J .fact~ this, ~mi;l])ectiO:I:11J :n.'o~:ngri i'$ u$@d. ,(m]y W1lfu :in.tr,iilnsUi.v:e' 've~, (a~di.ar:y 0:1" :~y._lu~mcl"

E!lo.m. :n:aln~u" U have rome '~:O' YOU.,,)I N~t~-k~ •. ~ ·C()Ime ~Q yQu.,.~,

:n, .:::i stibjed: ~r.O:D.O'tlill. (~)

,iii. :=: !poo~t" ~S!iH~nii~r _ 'hiU' ~ !5t~m, qf emm, (~o 00ll['!ie)

kiI. == an :[nf~ ~h.a)t: preced!eS 'ithte.: ~DdilirelEt: obJ~t :r;g. ;::::;; ind~~t·gbje~ (~g ;r~)

4L Di~t: 'Obi;gt~ (wffilo-m.., !:nQr~ or w:~atf :zel')--Im1I;dJ~rif:ct Obj~ct: I~~n Wh..'O.I' :nori~S;llbje&t; o.f '·tmnrSllti,ve· v~b (wbo.~. no.llk~]. Th~s ~s ,arn ·1ii'ii;dlil1~a: .wn.locU:On, 'llliliit

,"''''',n, ""'. ',_'"1'", ~'!Ili'.'"" 'iI!..~ .. ~ ~]~~:- . ..iIi,' - ,."n r ':it'1... 'lff""," ...... ,;.-;.,,~,.II.L .. ".""~"'.'l:-.'" l:~ji.' .-.: 1'"';~I':~ii'MIJ" "" .. -- .... ''''.''iit~'''''''jt.-·'''''-'''''''.-~·:''''J:-·'-.... Q~I.!IO ",-!,i!OllWcl U!!;:, u~, ,!!,¥',I)~~U ._iI;'!IIII_I.~,al)!j._I.'!!'f~'!;"~" 'I;.~'!;,IIO"'clWI.Q • .1 VII, ...,;., .I,I~ '11!!.;ul!. . ~

I

'Bi Ubum. reman fizki·Q.t. (~. h4rv-e gj,Vle.n .him. two ·book.15L).

• ~ ._ ...... ...:;n: ........ ~ .... c£ ...... Li:" .. ~i:'i -"i~ ........... .-.!"ki:""",,,~ ~~-b .. '.~' ,il"~ ~,'_ ~;~qr-~~lll'" ~~-~~~c~.'.j1 [~.~.'~~I~,I~~~~L ,,-}~-AI.!

:i! J!'III ,an i]i!!fix. ·thait:[p~ede.s ~~.e i~-d!iir~: I@:'bjet:l 2ikii. '= :plu)~al ob~t· {'hOV<)I)

g = :iMi~: Ii,?:~~e(:t (tQ. him g;r W' hef') ,t :=: SitllJ'bjocit: ,Pl'I~"L!Ji~ ,[I) e

'Bi lib-UN. ,~~m~l'it. I~.[ caflY ~g ~lks..:~1 ,d. == :ret'i.pi~rd mt~,tioM .. d.~t: ob'Jielct· l[iboorik), ,~. I>;:;: p~t· ·teLilS-e' :~.rkeT:

r,liD'Ui, == :s~em of ~n, IU'O 1!l:1II.tr,ry', .~ki. ;::::; ·pl.~.J:~_ill 6b~: '~'hvQ)1

I: 1iii<i subiect: n{~o:l'1cr~n (I)

e- :lJ"L I . ,

ll!i1i Oll;ese' l:ast: €-Jitamr~e,s, 'W~' :ha.~e 1DCtU6@d. :t1i..-e'W. le~~m~lii!t'S, in. ~he' .form. (~.f' plJ~r~'~ o'~'ed ;mafike~·" 'which arr-fl' ex"pl~inoo below,

P"iU;r!!iJ'~

Hasq.tie v1er"bs :In:a.V1e a ev·eraru. plura~. :ma!rh!rS.~: ,so:m.e ·a'P~~!r' ·ars :inIl)(~s... some as

~\dli~s", I

1. ~t is 3!.~ ~~f~x tihaJt: ~s tu~J:~ used w~~;h t(a;r.t5~tl've vel;"b,s, In. dt-e pr~n!iIt inmca.tiv~ In. ,d)~rOO·~obj~(~ ~~~~j~s vld~. ~ plurel ('bjioct.

I

~I bill·.·· ---:;- _" .Ai- -I, .(~ ..... ~v _ 1;;-",,-] ~ '17\t ~, - ~: I ~. ~j?.c ~ 'b- - - -~' 'd' \'j; -liI~ - -~, efQH YJU;I~ .. 1 .1,liiIi ~ e iIO!!Ul.:I(gli~ . i!JliI,e ,Q~IiI; O,~ .• OOIili .•. f

B1J. ogi emsl dJitu~·"' {I b.vC!, ibQugbt: tw-o h,;lr!!ii~ ()I-$ b~ad,)

2, .. Zkii is an :in1b.:, ~~~ is -Ui~d. fr;equ;;:nd.y in ,a.U d-iraiL:eclV5; e'xmplt :Bi5(;'il!yarm", It: ~s em~lloyl@d. Q~l~' in d!i;fe(~ lol;~jiee~.~mdlire(:lt ('-lijoct i~~ectio:rJIi~ ·a:nd indka:te-s a FJ~tam

d'i~ obj'e.'Ot, ' . I" .

. I

N'iJlt ~ 'b.!l:t· em'flrJ dll.0t· •. {I b,v·e· gtV'em h~m. o-oe· ~ppl:e,~) N'ilk bi -SU' C'mil~'dliIkiol. ,(I !In:aive .gI.ve]) hilm 'tw"o' a:ppl1\e.s\,)

Copy rig hted m ateri al

d ~ ~- ~ "" ,t ~ f. 'di ~, dJ' ~ ~t ~. ~ ~ I ' "'I ~ ') , iII!i :r;egFl'eJ:l,: w. iiIi-''_:OJ1!(;,,_rI_!r.~': .':J~ 'l;,iilippe·.

~, ';::::;< !l_cfi mffil~ ~IDtaJ ~~te~, 'lhe' i~dj~t ~b.i~~~ ziki: B 'p~;ura~ oojec;~ (il"wo)

Q' El fundfured Cibjecrt: Uo ~jiml" ~o he.r~1 ~: i:! ~5ittbied lp:roD.oUl1l1i, (1JI

ThI[!3, .h~fbi: :!!5' ,also '~~, ~'O :indica:~~ a plur,al s~'bl;m ot ~(l1Jt~r~M~ti'¥e v,e.rbs",

'Berol! etom. ,~~iit·" I{He ~a'$ o~i!!!' 'tu ~,)

'H~ ... iii'"'! ,"'!t"'~-;-ii .. ,· .. ,j'-;kj'iIo . [~h·"'Ii.!' '~'-j'''''''' ,~m: "'" ~'or'1;. 'm"" ~

'_' •• _IIII:l !Ii:l. D.£U ~IZ __ I!II. ~,lIl, .. ~~ l~~-.-!!U- .... ~ _ li-'!l.ll~~ l"'l~~-'S+I

'Ebie 't)~t le~i dot, ([ h~~ bo~ght Qn~ ho.use,) 'Elhi~ 'bl. ,ems:i dOd •• (~. bla¥e !bougbt: '~I!) ~:lGU5e!'!i,+)

I--!II ,= ... ' .... '" .,,-r.i7' ...... ", 01, ,,,,,'if~:i'ril~;:' '~9'1 ,..ill "~.h~ .,;";'" ~'1:-~ .... 'hii~· '~~"'''o:1A'''' p'U".!ri"'! ~, w~ r;.~~,I~~1. !II. ~W1'I.Ii1,.,~~_r~ w.u. U. '!I'f!I'!., .ti~!l1 lurl~ U~I'E-'!ul. ~~II~I!l~~ b.~~-I!rI"-

Iii =: ~fI!klwrug 'vQrw-e~ between the' 'oon~li1.ant5, d, ,aiDd,~ :li A' pl~if,~'I, lu~~t'

Th1? ,1~r.ailiiEe:r' :z:; IDS :n{):t aitwa,:rs. u!Sed S.t the end oJ ~he 'v'e~b" SO'm~ti~~'t as, h1lJ ~h~· .: ~ ~~ iI" :::" ~ ~-~ ~ i,., -~, ~~ :'j~' ,"~, .~o-.';:;~~ ,;!io,';:;: ,;!io'" ~~lfio;.,' _, Po-ro~\~j.i'~"'iC!' ~[ii Is also ~sed as a :5iuf£ix.

:pai::h IL~n~54il: n1:1Pazan" ih, ,I'il! U...,.;;'!;,II. !I'I_~ !I'U,~ [i~llili,~""_ (~""'\U;'~'!W'~.~!"iT!Ol' [",,,, ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ _ _ _ "~ _

i?JIU:r-a~ilze.F iOf.' s,}.'nt'li1t~t1iC 'I,!l'e.~\t e.g, ~ dailm (b.@' 1~~~lU~S~,.. I~UI~ d;i~; ('lIm:ey ;CUJm1I;~)", Z. can. ~l:so, ·be· ~500, as, ,lIim :i:nfi:x. (in. Gltdjp1ll7ioQan) ~rn l'ne 'ver:tJ eukJi, [(~D :h:av,e) whe,~ U~.~r'e :is, ,aJ :Fl'I;I'ra~, 'Q'bj~!et~ ~".g., da!ll..Zk~t; (1 :h.a,V1Ei' them)],

·4., 'I is u,~d as, an btfix. and. 'p~u.l'lalilzes the' :pronoull ,11!1J (you) as well as tiit~· ~e,(b;:; ~tdk I(you [s~l:lI\g;. active n~ zu!!~k {Y\)U [p~; aJdi'V,en,

rk.ws:ii u1iJliUit., {I iIm-a,Vtl' ,sl!ii:if:iljl, Y'i[!i~i i~siiljlgl"])

'[_k~5ij ~]w;et., (1 ~~,ve' :~~~jt ,~ m':pl,n

~'''' Teo ;SUm.etim.e$ ,a.ppe~rn .as lill seeend 'plu.'i'al~iH" :f~([ ,the subjjiect zuek ~n in,'lmn'!'lti,V\e' 'vtaI:'bs,~ le',;g;.,; Etom ,HJb!albWof,d!Ill;:,:e., (¥~U [p~"1 CQM~ b~ tn~·".) A.'t ath~:r ~"' "'~ ~ 'I 'I - f -'!:it '~' _ k clJ 'h " 'k 'wi't~. 't][m,e~· ,~t~ ,ilippears, ,itS ~ P'Uilta, e .eM'ent ':l~tr t se ~'1JiI~'Je(;t8, zu,e ~ a!1i1I1~~ ,_~arl~~~

'lit.arl1lis~tiiV,e verbs·:m 'barth d'i:recit :aJ.nd :~ndiretlt; inflectiuns, ,0<1:' the :p.a~,t t'el'1l!i&e'.

Ekilrlzen, ~,ni.WJi'li., f'til)Ui ~:pl..J bfQl;I~ht: lit: lo mll!., ). 'Elk'!lb' ~d......_· ;i\'1II'L L JIl..~- ,_ , .,. ,_,_~:!!L,_en c:il ~g;lI!~. ~ ~ c~!i!:y I!ii1J,1~-S~i),1 n Ito' IiP._.e',,~]

,!'WlfiXl!~

WhiUe dfii~55~n.8 :indire~t: in.iectbl1ns we ,enmul1IJteire\d tihe· f;Qml nod", w!hid~ :i!$, ~J.w~)'~, 'Y;5ed ,~$, ,~n, 'it~d:imc~ ,Q(bjeGt:" A~S;o,~ 'w'e sa.id 't'truat 'tb~"' a~' n-o p~'po~i'li'@ns, ~in, Baisq.iWle a.nd r.hate: tlte 'Qo:m,l~_e.n'ls of diiirec:t armed] :i:ndj~!d: IQ'bjed~, a'PJ"~@!![' :in'S'i.d~· 'th~ ~~)fllt~a'f1' verb. :N:fiw' it' 15 time [() !5'itudy 'tlTIte ~[1IJf~x.es gqu:lva~en.'t 'lO' :ROri :In !lihe'

dtiffJ'd" 'I' d - ~ Co, ~I ~-

•. ~, ~'_~I~~Ii!!f: . :'~~~~ec!ts, ,an .~~ Ul 'tWr~1 !lin-I",ectlo;D'S:~

,g"":"1ri; (~lntralft5!ijtive v.e.,b"

'mal.' ~:_r)~nood~nork. [['lra.~iitiirve' yern)

Ali, '0'£ 'lh~~' ~fiI!jiLxe8, ,a-_r,e' l~ca;t.ed. w1itlnI fiIJ. 't~e v,erb :form, ,€U:lhJwlng ~.h,e, r:oofl' or :st:em., Thoe mf'~s· fo~ tlite ";iI!l~pll.l!~n", U'!ni~i~~, ot" B~~y~n djai~ct.s, a~ prov~d@dJ In. ,tabl~' '1.3.

Copy rig hted m ateri al

G:1, U d'ill~i'B! "tf.d;a,

.. :kI'n

.,-.g

~

=ZiU.

B,d'mt'K~' -el6 .1<1~ . -kQI

~"'1Ii

-g, ..

~bue ~

N"" .. ,i~1io..'ii;.·" ..:i; ·'N~-'i·,

~ ~~ ~ ~~'r-~"!I! n; •.... o,u.""

G~. U' d~inl'M:i;s ~;dll,

·~:k!n

hlk. cman .!I·illk '''R

('Upy! l:fatlWl.,,·! haee Itl'j,v.en Iil~mll

-~ ~ ~ ~

bft!k. em.n, ,d,~ .-jk!g

()_he .'S, .~~]1JJ 0':;)

P~~VQ.I'~'

I'~ ~.u~ thew '51 ne 'p~v@ ~()~ a~ :gu~h, '~~S'e of ~~, ~m_jJ~~f1!,W 01 Ut~, 'I'n(lo-,B,uwpean, ~alngiW!a~@$ SOOile ~~~~~~ ~~ ~f~~dJ. to ai5, pa~~.v~ 'v-Qboo' :~ten~$\I' bUll; 1m, :~.~irty they are :iM •• U: •

..... _..ii. _ ·iii · ... iii~ .. ,a: _ _, . ...:ti,. t s: .oiL., ". i"--"" iI:..~. . ~~'~'I"",,,!Ii i; .A_H'!I.!I.Dnl. uull, ._n, '!IlI~iIi" ·,.iIC!I;_fl!iIUilO:A.Y ~'~ ~e.inJ !f;;1_~~~Yi,·t

.Zd! .. i~.~·d .... ('if.b.e' t~ ~.~ 'b~.m.~d,~)

'~"""'''' ir_..J.I'~;I!I'~"" j';~"'I_ ~i ,~-I1~Ij.lllj ~o~~~Hilii' i'1!S-L'l ~,~ Hl .... ili/.'

Copy rig hted m ateri al

nm ~#&jtd,

'P__Qri ind'fr~'Ob~

;!IP

:Rill 'tar'

[tit'd.
:kl1ft
[g;
1 I
" , ;8'1
1 :~~,
dijj
I ,zue ,til!
',', ,
.... 'e'
, Co}"

..

I, ~.:

,~,

Pas" a~:t:JI ,1:ud;~h~'[(.f' was)

'nus, :i~s '$~ :~nn.d ba~~ 'le-n~' OO:Hl w:hich Ute' ot'llitef' 'tenses, are de:n:ved (see 'mbtte mS)I, These; ,il.R' oo~ju-PLiQnl ,0£ the 'v'~fb b:an; I(~ 'k'h This, '~~n~' is, lt~d,:m Ba8q[U~ ,fat' act1i01is, 'l~a'l: a~ ~nf-irus'tli;~, Slj_ultaneDUS~, r.epea,tfiicL, cr haibiJm.ai~", De I(s.bnple} pa.st is, fu~ed 'with ,iz~ :i:n oo:mbiina,oon 'wUh, the impe!:',fed indica:tiiV'~ ,ot' ,th@ :sa~@ v,@tb't "an."

Ni,~ i~!Jll niiJ'lben. (1:'W,a;~,:kjlng~) Th~ dhaJra~t~ristk ~~:d(i~ of th.~ ~m'~r.,f@'Cl :i16, ~h€' fin~" :n,

:itQr ;5Ui&,}ft'l'

:poli

i~ir~'{ ~~-1'

,niLn h~lI ,z~,

,lin

•

'}:::

"

',',

[

t

I

,

I

,

'itd. k1:'~, .0 ,p, ZU, ,ziii.it ~

:0,

Pmml' PoEentiP' {f Cj:j~~'

l1u;~; :po<1enitiaii 'm~, exp,~s ~ physical ,~tnd ,n\oQ!r~[d p()SSibitityi ,a prohaibil)", :~t.y,. In hsq,~e,., ~be' ~d@Q '00' 'poteinJtiaU)ty is u...Su...a'lIly oo~,veyed, ~b[\~ti8h dlle use cf' a, 'o~~lu1!:d (or' pe-rip:nras;tit) ,W-rm.

Nl [etcud ~___ieke. u: ~~ ,oom@'''')

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,~

'N' iii ~ .... ---..ii i""";oo.!!.i;-'i!.,~, ,~-'; ",,;oo.n :","","1"""", .11; '~ )111. ~-~~!lIH!! ~~r. 'l:1l~. ~_.~~~n,J.I~'"1

'~in ve~ '*' i!i!~VjlMry ,~,

Ni a: "'te~it, iidorrli if lCU:not mme, '\

, __ ,._ _' ~_ .~. __ _' _ ... II \, ' .. l, _ . _" .. _ I .. ,'

N' ,. ~ _ _J. ,-:"',,,,11 --,-'._, t~'_~---.- .'C----- .. )

, _I, 'I!;Uillm, ,iilinllY, nilillJ1h \!!! cilin 'W m1!,'e! e c

Nt 'Hlin narll; ~pi. (rn. (a~ ICQ~,:) ne,pli.ve -ti-- ,ilwdliaJT.v,eirb +- :m a in. ''Ioreirb

N:tk, a::1ln, Id~t Uas~., (I '!i~'ljjiUlOt' iIe.atn,) I(dui: .fl\'Mitlli, u·~ itmi.D$itiv'j):')

In 'u,@' :no1" :fQ<11l1;!' dll~ :fGJlu!~""',hl{8; ,elemen!ts ailPp6:a;r:

iIUII~, hal' u~, etc'. == ~he prefIXeS, of ,the' :pRse~t

!k~' ~ Hlg 1?Ot.gft~i~ ~f~~, w~~ wm, (.~~ t~ :kii, it1, tng' ~nd~~ Iq.t"Ht~ (mM-,un)~ :N!IIi.teJ:c 1~1 cain. ibe~Nwzub (;I: '('arm rbe, lm :y~

:z I!III UiUl'; iF!_l1x h1li ~e p:1!,u1iJl '~fiSl (W1!I" :~, W-f~:: pifUlk1f,; ~;_ke

h := p:liIti'mrn :$'Ii.dfb;, iliL$ed, w, dii;!l!iii!n,guis'h. behveen :YGU ,~sm,g.~ ,,,nd :~ (~l.)~

milt - - ~'~~Y!oll_ -"0"_'1 74i;j~""""_i!!UI~'-'-:; j _ -,'~_'1 ~- -~~ 'i)' .... -----'" ~'-B! . .,~' - -~ - -- ll,yg~\I" iP' - • .,

For U~e' nor...:na[iJ, :fo:nn~ ~be' :stmd!ttre' of ,the presen.t' pooterrwtilal 't,ense :ill il]n~fied, .sq,~, ~~ a~, shown in. m'ble [6",

"..Bri

i~'!T«-l' ~I«-l'

Id

1

1

1

1

' ,

':

".

i; kI-:li, 0,

,8,u,

i!1i ~ue e

lk~

~,

Preseii'd' S\r.tl"'-Jlii:!1£i'i,M

PU~~.!::!~~:~t,8~:~:=~~~:~~s:;:~a;I:;!n~~~:;~;!~be:;

n"",-,"'L, "R .... d'-~'l 'l'''I~'L,-;i' ',~' 'm·"';'!IlI',I.' 'l'-,~ '\\, __ 'W-,:,:,':"".'·' ,""_i'io_'i1o ,;ro ....... , iI<,-:iIl,.·'-';liI',-; t-'''',t;'f'., -.:",.".,.._~.,.'",,~'-II ":'S: ,~~::-r..,~ .. ..:Ii' .• ' '~'~'-"~~.'" t'.~I··-;o;,

,",,,,U1! ~ Ul! .I~_I,~" !I. ,_ '--""',.1' 1i.I!!::}'_ _ _ '!;;; 1I,.IPLU ,i:)'!;;;o;. ,U_oR'!:, . nl'iJ!< ~ .. ,'I.IJUIi.Ii.1 u.-,,",,~,I,V~, ,lili:UU,I, . lill ....

mltnlin5iti¥@: ,aiU!.ry' t;dinll whose: :rroo:t is, :i, or. ,en, 'Ge~Etra]~lt :i.t does :rrtVi1 stand ailione' 'btl'i: :~s ICGn,JWJga~dJ, 'w,i)t1h. $~' i~~mtlilv'@ :~ or' 'w.~t'h, ,gth~r irI,~Niti,ve V\:e .. bs~: ~"Ullg, lLldin I~that 1 :may be).,

kril1aly~tng 't~e d.1f.~er-en,t' 'e'JemertfS ift ~he' :om' :fiOHim, 'W-Ie :fbitd:

:nil", h. ,H", ,dc. == ,the' p~~e~ [Qt' 1ihe p~D)t. 't-efi5ie :i, := :~, :stem gf the' a!U_l(iilli~~ 'e4ii:n, OG-'tJe~

'I: i!III' d ,of ~li1e 'root >Cih.all'i;~, ~:o- i: ""~ ,iIlI. iIlt\d I" <I!".'II;U.I.9_1 I~lhillli' we n"liIII'!lJ." he)· dittuen ~"l'hillli'

_ _ __ •• J _LIo II .... __ .. _.'~~'"'"' ... I~!IIJL'1II. I , a, ~~ ... 'I...'- _ ... ,. ';J' ... ~.,jI! •.... _ '- I. _I

they m~y ~')I

'te' IiI"l :wtuir,e' :ind'iC'a~Dr

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:0, '11'1 ~ d~[~acb!rii5:tk' of 'h subjumdi,'¥e' (as w~l!I as Uite 'paS't); rn1id~ ,~UHe~ 'etc.

Often :i!rrtJ Siu:'biMdmiili,tfi' ellil~se5, exp~siJJlg ,a!~, of \!',o]tt'w:n (dHires., :p,ml1t!ihi!ti.o:ll'S., o;r.i!,e:.-s)

,i'I-~' I '~"~'~f ~ ',~'~'~ c,~, ~'---:-'d'- t,'''_'~ '~'.--4, l....-n.:i1 .. , ,ii'!"I _:11_1 I~,t~;h,,,,,tlli., ,.".'L~""'" ~.:, ,=- ,.....,. ... ~·~,.;,,.,t,:~~,<i ~;fti,'l;j!, ~n ~ilite ~,IJtiS' n ~LSeIi,~T;5 aD.~ .jl~ ~~,I!,~ ""~ ,~,","" J.IiIIi 1(,., .. ~. ~~,IJI'"""I;I, ..... H !Uoi.'.,.~I"",.,., ... "'~''''' !:"~ "~...," ~ ~"" "~, ~

,farm, oJ.a 'V~'~ :5'Y!£fi[l(~

.AiM.: leI!:!lO ,!lIy '~~, H~.a [(mil liMn d:adU,....

(The ~~t'h~' ~$' ~d, 'tlla!t: hiis ;SOI:1, :shouM, R' :~.)[

F~t ,~, ,~.~liivg tottn" tthfi' parrtifd,e, [9, :is ~1:W~y'Sl 'uHd ,~U1!;d ap~a'rs in. fmntt o:f the' ~~~~ w:htieh precede5' ~h.e' 'wnf~liIIiiliive @f tb~ ga'in, v'@Tib",

n, d:~tdlll.li Ok:e'niilli :~ Ohat: he' may :Jl'@'t ~'bad)

'Th:C~,··,"".'.·, .... ·t~·iif'"I~;["'iIooi,'c'ror- ...... , ' [""~ i',)h;<]!' ,. ii."' ,;r'!Ii,''';,' 1+"-,:,::" ",!""','""'I' "'=,--:" ','II1~" IU",,'T'io,~,,'_~I'.~_,-I',n., ,A,',~,II 'EbiCi,,'~iU~@ ~s

... .". il) .... ....,,.,,!.u,'!L; "",.II, li_ "",", :no,r.-.no:m ,Ior,m ...."J: IlI;ru", l ... u"",", , .u .. '!W1!.!!i ~ ~""'''ili ~~'5 ~~

p:~O-vlded, :h~ 'ia'b]e 11'7.

nil. hI, dri,

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~e$e\ii:d .lm:ptmf,iw

LOte· i~,peI'aJti'!l,1,@' ~mood ~xp:l';esseSi ,~U1~ om~'r ror. a, :P:rlll)!ti1i'iJ.JJHon.. The' :imlPe~,ajl~'v~ is,

, .... <I'Io~ ... I'I~lJ!",,' ........,.... ... -" ," ·.tul ;;;Q!.:i~~ "'-", :'~it'i'li. !Io,~'b"'" ~(""Il;iiit;"<, ~(i-h,::.,,~ """'.~ t"'I-I"o<:I; 'M" ""I"n,', ~",.:"!'''.'Il..,~_, '''!I.'U ... ,~~).-id!JiliO!'' !!;,""".'~J!!I!Io'I!C!"")I:,'!;:;U. """ II ... 1.11 I!p_" I!iO ~.,li~,~"I •. ~"'_~f ~ 1!W ..... 1II ,J,I~,,", ~~ ~~_ ~ ,,,,·~,I!.IUI,

[~ .......... "''Ii 11." .!I'. ;tr ..... c' ~ L~' ~ " €~'~~ Ji\ ~,.,....,!I;.D,;I' !I"illig~" 'I; .....v.m.e'~ 'yotl-4 c:am, l!

:F~,~na.yj, e~~·cla.n:y' ¥t1!i oo.~\i''e~a:llo~jI' U1iie :in,fimlti,v>@' ~s 'StlM'titut:ed ~Ol"~ ~he' :impet-a~.ve ..

'E:Cmml~ (C'o:m,er: :LU'etr,al~(y:; ~·o (lo:m.e'),

,N~~r' :~ki"g an, !J!~lJSis" 'O',M' should b~]? In mi.l'ri,-d; ,th!1!~':

11. -t~e impeEa:HiV1!El' is· d)e-.ri.v~d. i'liom tihe :in't~,ail1IsiJ1i.ve' i1!U!::d~i.ary 'verb edlbil,.

'2;, ~be' initila;1 'leiltel'S, [~'nrID.l(r·~lfiL'-s'il~'ihte(;t:~ ,ate' t'h:@se '0:1.' the' :rr!i[eseritit: 'i'ndicart~v~'~

l.~ _l.I l_, I Ir.l.r ... ,. ~t"" ., .. r .. U_ .. U~'!I'J .. ~' __ I .. _ll ..... t, ._,r. r'll .. !!l~ l==._ .... ~. __ .1!'"

'e:~p,~ :(Ol' 'tI1Iie th-frd ~rsoni 'WhE'M we t~nd ~!b,e' p;ref~x 'b~ .. -wbkh Is chat!:',ii1iCterl'Siti,c ,00000Y' cf' th~ i~per,a!tive:"

,3 •. in. the' i~rera!ti,V:t!' ,th@I"@ are o~Jy f.i.ve' :pe'~s~ hi .. 'h1U!ral, ~;g,_1 z;u"ok~, [and! !l!'t.al~k.

,4. 1r~@ 'J!'tll:rali:z:r- ',;- ~h·'··,"--;~, '", ,:,-, ~[~-:-,:' " r~;~I--::~ ... -ic:-,:, ,~;~'~;[' ;-::, ,~:,il.j;,-.,o;oI' ri" ~";--::. ,', ',' C,'[

. '~"~ "'~ p~ ~~~' ~~_eJ:,S iI1r-E! "" ,.use W'E' .nai'li/le !iii .. r;e.!M.!!Y ,s:eeliili., 11\., ,Z;_I!>I:~ ,al:'h,J)1 "e. ,I---;It~ ,IS ia_t'r!!

anaJl,,5i.s o:f,~ vte.rb wnn in. th.~, IUKayan. d~~~, '

Ona, i~_:g z"'kjdu'~ ,(1J;g1 ,good. ,fur: 'me,)

Copy rig hted m ateri al

,~, := ~tlb.iect prnOO"Ulo, [(~~)

... := n....-.....; ... ~' [,,--.,"'!, '-'-~~r

1.-, rIiE~'.).~' 1.Ir_.!I~ ~

IU, !I!;' ~~,l~ ~1 ~e[l:'rh~:~~:~~l ' •. ;::::; :indl~: ".Ied (~or me'~. 'W me:)

,Ii, :::::: hlking'~~

~, := plc!i.m'~ ,of' ~ sllhjet1: ,I:a,

The 5~.re of the :ncn-:ooH :fOi,i'U, tlJ the :p.i"e£e.iiWt im~-aJti\!'e' ~:n, U:~llled, 'lasq.ue ;is. 'pwY'idted in, Iajole· US,.

~iI'iii.;,." ~'~' T~""'~""""'~' ,ii';':""i~ .... ,oi!M,Ii.i!i" :J!<~"'i"""'~~"'~' ~""rm'

.[It.lfh,:,. .iIl,OII] ,W r~· ,F'l~r.., , "IN!.r~" ~oli'''''!ir''~lr- 1~"1!'cIiP.~· ""l!Ir.P.~~' Ji"'1UI.' _. _

:IWI' ,slrbjer;,t

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I: !kin, o ,S.d, :lUi z'U.'e e

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SJlll,~itiiQ~~ 0.,." ,Hy~l~~',i~f; '(ill~~~'l;,'Ufji"lJ[

De :fi'r:at: ,p~bleM we' harv·e MJth tlil.is b,'!Jns~ is, th~~ of ~~jn!cd~gy, Thoe ~'u;~s.itin~aJ, is ~sed in ~'i\~r" cpJa,~s :m ·Basqu:e. :hl. :~'Ili~h;!' f,li.Eil' ~'i1:b;junctt~e :i:~

i"~"'C"'~ ,jiilf" ",,~.~.o/,;. :'"'1ii'lo,c,c ... ..,,~:,: ""'I!i 'i!i:o-,..,-I!! ........ , (:.~I~ J ~"0\6""")". '," 'f,~ t." 1"'~"""""~i'I'I"~ .~~~_~'I!io ,i,o-r- £ .... d' ["TO. '!I;Ic~U, ,I~[I it'l '!;,JJc'PI,Uci!!"!ir."" ,~~ •. PIllli.lO~ •• c.c_ .1.1 ,_·'!iO~ll!;i'. ,Il~, iI:<:!I ~,U,~,'!ir~)lc'lO~"'~lY!' ,!;.t'll~,UI!loo""c ill, ''!oil' cU_I,~ c gel,!!;

~'¥I;'iA'l't",,1i.. ~~c",'I,-~"Jo.'i'io ,i;<1i;[ .. i; ........_;<;,',~;S 'lii<h"" ~~h· I ... .,..,;"", ..... f: ~'I....", i<".Ii"rr..H('ij"'~""'ii'[i',..,'1 DI,",~,"'i,",,1 '~"~""'":I" ,m..,~LI, 'iIi~IJI~",I!i:!I:iJ:'U.l!''',~, ,1IlI1R!!;. '!;,!v'~!10''''' ~" ~! .,I!;;; lIO.n" , .. ~!I.'!IY);:]!OJ! """" [~cll.'!;r. "''''J~'!I' .. ~i:J(I''!l.I}U,IJ['lAc' ,~~,!!.III!!;; ........ ~ P.

I'~, ,th~ SU!J?P06iLlo~. 'l@n~'~ l~' amdn ~ p~~kd as :mereliy a :I?@ss~bi~ ,adt-on", lijjbj~ 'to B. oomdlirtinn. UtaJt nmy Or' :m:a.y :nt),t; be :'OOis~lll\e',. :h:.. II1'mailyZlimg ,tihl$ rense 'we: find ~in, ,rom_on, el'eMen,t6~

'1,,,, Ba·, i~ ,~ :p~rlJ<: mm~on, W' [a!lru '~rso:l!!i~ :m, t'hiLs ~:nS@., n i~ al,w,aI,lYs, j;oi~~ to t'he a~~. $Qnt~,tim~ iJt ~ pN~ed, 'by' the' word hdd~, 'whiW~'h, ,add~, nQ spe.ciic m~a!mnmli,g b) ~'he' ,OGtldi6tma'l 'ba,-,~. ~Unitiil~g !lJRlf k) a.nl1o!i!llnd~g t'lrn:e eendJirtio~liIl; ,~g [OIU! :izg baJQig 'bH_IM {lit you :lmiad bee.~ ,g-oodh

"i! ~ ... '[I .... ~~ .... ~ 't·i1b ... 'inro:J:Vl'i'iiijn_;fj;lii~_I';:, [~'n"- 'i.[ '!:iii' ,,,,,,J..,, 1i. ["'f"iC;='~~"",,jv' '~''''''''''''i'~I~:c;.,. ~, ~ir. ,I, Ill~ -~'[~~"',13!1 u.1J . iilEi IF ' ". ',~~lJl.,~:II.II~J~'1!;I1 \' _ c{' ,H!!f. &I~ !IiI:i;l_'-'IIII '1II.J,"I~ W~.~IILU,,' ,l,jull-llIJIJlJliiiloi. [tV

'Us, ~J«."iljnf for i"]L.~ I :t""f ii"I..~. i""I...,~rd rn.iIli~-'~ ' ...... 11[~:i-.;: l·~' ' ... ....., w ......... )."; ~ ... ~ii"';E ... ,("~[~ ~'I...~ ''I/Iili\;]i.c''''''\",

"" _ ,j c " __ r c - _ - IY~ ~ ""- ,~_~,~ IY;~ = lr'-~'~""'''O~'. !PW_IJ_ \ilc~' ,n~ ~ c ,,""",'I!W ~ '!V4IIciJc JI,!!'!! .}_I '~_U;-7 "" ~"'l'

31. The' itOO~ u of:i.Pn {,to be)_, :i!i! "!i~r-gr~, w~u" lit,

'nal' c,ubi~/;'

nod

lLq6~:~t ,uhj.'~t

Inn htlln, ,Z;i,

lin zin dn Ii

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IJ;I, zu

Copy ng tired m ateri al

The' ~5tru.dur:e of' the. ~u,ppositiO:l\Ial tense in, Unified, Basque in th~ no:t-'.-n~ri f:(mll, is, 'provided] m, ,table ,]". The 'plU'adii,gn"is, in, ~'bles 34 il'll!~ugh 40 o:n pa~, a6,]' to ,;173,

'!I!1I'iQ _.~,.....;nlall:!' ..",iii' ·t'~;D; ~~£!ill:!' ;n;~' .''''~: ~1'j!Io"'!I;;n;C',~~u.:li' '!Ii1·,· .. ~I'i~1i"V 1!PIii_ll,l,,; !!Ir~AiIiII::"'JI~Ij§-~ w.1 . _Ill'war.; 111:"!J1~_~~ vII. ·~_I~ 1I_~.)~11IIRJI'~_"""~IY.·,. IMJ!I.U\.I.U_IIiIII. J".

T~1;i\S.ifJ,vg V~: u'ltaD ~,eziIitDl (to' hi1!~el

T.- ... it"I·iCi'iiojio~., •. ", 'p.:.'""'"".b' .... '~ .. iO".l>.·rI".,;; ... t ·~·n ,,,"""'i~i~n ~.':'h:'"''',-;· Ai.·-,·' ... ,'iil!'je .... :.,. ..... I'; .. ·r'" ",".-." •.• ,,..1:..,', 't-·I"'t·.,. "',""-b" .J'''''--- .-. :-"fO"io.-iIi ,II, 1I;":IiII,'.~I!LiIi·'If 0;;; .,..,~.. iii' ,., _:r.\M';;;!iII"",,.,~' OR __ ., ~"",,"_il.-"V. "'-_ ",o!;lII'!j, V,.H.~._.'~_"""~!iII "~', ,!I-_II~iL'I.'!iP Jil!o!WI •. ~:'!;," iA",~.Y,

afieas an ~bj'«i OOmil?:t~m,~nt~, whkb 'ean, ~ ~iith~r' la, nou~ 'OT ai, pmnQ~n.

'The' veJ.\o 'uUn, ('lQ M,ve') is, used ,as ,iii, v,erb i.n, ilf5eLf ,i1!i1I;d ,aiI5O ,as an. aliiX..iiI:iarry :fGl oiiber tmns:lti:ve v,~'bs" It: ailways ~x.ltu'@~s th'@' id~, of pl~~~io~,. I~ is, so:me~~e& 'UiRd as, :ilts «'Win, 'a1~yjliary ~b-",

=U'JI.,-n .,:Ilgili', l~ ~M;-I:I!O!'l'" i'!;--~ '-I~:['-I"" 1m .. 'v ~w"'.:~·l, 'Ii

1IiiiII .• u ..• lI:~ !!tl ,Iii .. ",,.. !lim.'!OiIi "\ ,.10, -, ,/! io·-~-""""""." ... /

~, :s~em of ~ ils the '~.gl:1:et tiL, 'O,f, me' traills~tiiYe vem' paf~d~,"~M; (,tables ,"' iIiIid 4J,J,) tftalt' ~ ;(Jill, 'pas.e. ra'73;1' i'hose :fm ~Fcr.t ,iI;'t'i'ld :pa5<t' w,djmlli,~l'e' (ta'bles, 40"

4'lII, ,AL, -1-,~4i )Ii~ ,-f.,.~1 -.-",i;. sub .J;'---;o: ..... io):f--':~ ':-t""'-b,~I~~, !ill~, :""iiti"-:iIi ~-';I)I ,'""'i'.dj ,...:Il .... ~.,,~:...:1 ~:i<oi"ioil"l", ii~'~~,..;=, ,Ii" ~1l' :an-'"!, .;~. f iI!.liLU. pail'''','''u UIlI~"','iIi'!l.",,", ",.IA. ~ ":I".J iAOIOI • .I.iI, ~Ji,~ IA_.,.... u.:"",,.H.''I,i'~, I:.,u ..... ~ ·Wol!.IIJtl.

De fg~s":ti;v,e '\i"e1\'b ez;a..D (·Ot" 'manl;; ~s aJl~, 'u"sed, as ,an a~)ti1i.\a'rv' w'hieh. bibs, ,the'

, , .. .. I... . I"., . . .. ,. . -. ~. ',"~ ,_ .. ==1' ~.. .-.... .~.,.~. " . -, ..... - -·~.lJ -, = - ~~. ..-. ... . .....

p:1Ja~' of ubn, :ns ,~t'em appeaJr,!I3i ,as 'H;.,~, e~ and, g,. l(l'ro,m ~ are' d~ri.v~d, ,tih~,

iIi--.:.jO'Ii"'~i!p:~:r.Co, ~,!".co. ... ,,!--, DaI-,fI'::'ltnTiiiC: ,~"",,,,,, ,t,"l'-.:. 'n~;:D-n·t' no-"an' f"::''''~ 'ti"l'-"'"' n~;:Drrit' iCi'i;h!;iil;i;n"-'+:~~..:. r:irn.-:l U!llil~,.~.IU:"-~ '¥.'~.I,IU! r-1J1D.-\!.U'V ... iI:Il ,ll~.I, . llFI~ r·1.II,1E~1II,., . r.....,·lE, .. ll.lllllc,. ."~-~ ~'~:IE~- .. ,It. '1:J .... 1r.I,,.!IrII_~, • .'a.J-u, .... ~-~ l:ilU,JldJI,

iiJl..d,'~i ~_,;o;;~cr.A C'-'l':""b" ·1",,- ,iiL, ,AI1i' ,A"I,"IO, '4'~"'TIo.-:iI ,i:mii.,

!tIlI,l-"G , ,r."-~ ... uai;.I,v.:~· _'.'Ut -.l~J ~~ .:~~ ~\!I .-:0,. ,,7,p.' 8£!I.~ ~.,p.

Th~ 'S'u'bJ;~ of' ,theH' tra'[I;&itive' !1t1f)('llia.t'\l' '\i'erbs, I:'a'~ and ,~rl nlU~~s,t a~wa!llJs

"r. ,.. J ... I. "...- ,,- '-- .""" ..... I -'.'07 .. -' .... "" ----'.,,-- L.~ "-'--.1 ~~ .. - .. -- , .. ".,,,.

'Cilirry' the' el'$arlij'i.ile su'lbc: ,-k; (,·ak m.r' :singular: :s-u'bl~ ,atnd -i!k ror p'lULr.,a:ls,), :f..~ib.tre' w, 'UR tb~ 'ef;ga-"v~' ,.k, i~ ai v·~1Y ,KrlQU;~ 'l',am~~l;tka'~ ~n:o:f,' and v~' OO~Qn, ,~m,~n:g no~~attiiv·e ~ak~.t$ who are' 'lu~fa.iJliar wl!th U~e rtaltu'le (-tij"a-ns~tirve 01

~i:ji'~-=-i";i"':'~~ ,~ ..... ~ ~'I;~ .. ~~10.., '~'" .~.~~-f"" :"'i-.I~-:I,,"!'1i"~ i<'1.- ...... ,.'I·~ ·n.,...~' .il!l~"",~ .'!i:'."", ~:uiva~grnJ!:

u,.,u. .... ~,I!a']-'i!I, ·~, 'IlJI,1, , .. ne ""',..11"1.1'., ,iI,!I:I .... ,nOlO.IO!Io·~·,U""_""'''I~ i:niIillU,~"I.'i, !iI!;'U,IJ!Wl~, ".iU~}!::: !!,U!I;!!I!j, 'U!!!,,"" '-"]J=' . __ ~ ..

of ~be EfiD':l,isn 'p:rX:ulo,un l' 'M~~ '~,al~' h~ Wr.tt"l 'in 'Ba~ue' "nil- mk~1 d!e:~A~jI'!;a on

••• _l.J. l -"D.--' ,1.1 ... ] ... __ .1 ".~_ ~.--.l,l _l •• "l._l.ll_'~l. ~~~._I., ~.~~'I.' ~--~~.J. ~~~,~~'~'lI!g' ~ .

whe,th~ lhe acc'OmpaJ..nyiin,g: 'v@m is, :iil:litn~siitiiv'e or kansii.Ye'",

Nii, ,elom, :nriiiz. (~ h:a,v>e oame,,,)' Ntik ~im, diit. (~, }Ui,'I!',i! Mm,fW, ji:.,)

~"'.'~- iCiClif"oili"-".". .... e- ""'~.:.f'''·m,'~ :::.~t::, ....... ::ii;~ .. """, ;niil..:r--:'il;S-':'c 1i .. i!jlI'I\-'i. 'tiF-i'''''''']',,""'iif,Ali; .. ~'L."" '1-"'" ~_~_'!Ii:i' ~~I.il~OIO."," .... I'~""'·, " ... iIi,lU',U;I, ... "'.I,Y·!Ig ir-.~·I~, ... ,..-,,," ''''''iIIIU,~, .~, ..... ,~;:,. }!I-_.,...-~ V ... ·,.,II.I''''',_~

S!;Ib.je-« '*' ,~, ,+ Verb ~, 'Dl~t ~,i~ CN'tkJ ~ 'dut dlm:dk., (l d~t: h"ve a~y' mgney~)

H .' ,II: :r, ."iII"· j-". ,{'J' L_ ... ,~,

F~~; ,~n!'!i~~~~ '~;I ~~

'W"', ~jili" ,0' .. iL._~~,-",~;,;; ,' ..... 'j.: .... b··'~ ~ ,j.lh···"';it" f~'" t'~;,;; '~i"'ii'.";t-~i!l;.!',;,;; .. ~,·",,jI(ll;""lf;"'llf 'r~.a, , .... --;Jlo:>;r ''''f~

•• 0;;; '!oo'!A!"I. . .~I;"~ ,leu, _I. ,l~' ""U , _oR, It'U'., .lill,,"" '1,1'11_.11._ ... 1,,,1<. I!W """;""'.-;'!;_~ ""'-~ Je ._.'!O;' u.t'Y,-~~= !.IP,t

pxefil!ll@:i and iU'tt,_xft ohaJ'l!~:g:~s., iIJ':nlib' ~ i~trI!1U1S~tliv~' :izlln (~~, 'be),~ iie' (n\dler' :mr'

'Io'i..e· "___",_"":~ii," - • - ~ -, - .. ' O-ih,:j:.-...-... +" ,C'!.' IN - -jIo IU!Ii ; 'uJail!liil"I!UiV,e :15, ibIIJ~L' .' '~,Wic'\;;l' . ,o:;>y,"'Jec~:.

:~'n 'lite :p:~~~t i~di~!ti,~,," -t~e f(!t'll~w~~g rules .a;p:ply~

1. The' ,t~.~id, pelt50ns sing,~.d!ar and pluiriail teib' Ute lWter' d .alS 8, diltoot obj;~'

.. I!..- '" ...... 110 . .la:OilO.._,_

!flJbl!I!',~I",!, "'IUI""" ,~'.I!"~~'.,

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:Mailtf!' ~u~ (H~' :Io~ m~'",)

3. De :pb.1-ralEin.g in.fix, ,fur' 't~e direc~ objmt is, ill: cU'hI:t.

M'd~ d!t;~t. (,I: ,I,o;~ .~~,,,)I 4. De letter 'I.:)! :is, tilE' stem [of ubn,.

;.~:_, T-"'~ ~1""iIi'O:li"fi", ",,-, ,"""""i' "",~~ ,""~, :"" :~ .. .,;Il , .... ~J- ...... ~\oin'I"'ii ... ~~IiE."i' ''''~n, ...:.Ii ,"'1 ... .,._··: i .. ;I:~_.-:~ ..... [:I; i.JI ~ I ll;l~ l~~'I'riirillj ~ 4II1L1C iQI_"l~ ~~U iQI_.:JI! iQ ~~-Vr_ll!IrU VlU', . ~"~l ,r,r.'l fW_"A_lI_ . iIJ !AI".u. illiilJlo ~ IIJC!U I:iiI

(ihara,'Ct~ris:tk Qf ,Z;UU!:k [~yau [iP1.]);: ui~f.~u,.

:M.U-e ~taut.J;I,. (We love Y'OUJ aJl,,}

6 -, Thee thr'r-d ~rsoo 5"'",,,,tda~ bas, ne :sl1:ffFx t.o, ~~dlkaile' the S!~ -b"ec,t m jili)e~~it·

• , .. I __ II! _. r~' - " 1.'0. if , , .. , - .. 1_ ,- -. . _J " ,.u, J " "'Im-.D!.

M~ ~',~,,~ ,...i"'·1 (,",'L.;i'~ il";'I" 0,",", h-i"'~~""r, )"

... _~ !III~II.i. .I. JXJ. W!J'! !L;a. ,~lWII.ll!L'o ,01 •

I' -

,

'1'~iI:-~''''' '""J:ji '1i'i.li.~ ;Dr--,~ ,i'n'~;!;"-"'i;F-i' .. ~, J u-' :-:,L,-",:_, N-' ,:~ :i!;.~:",~, ;I:';(N_[

liIJ,~~!*= l~~~ , ... ~"" Il"""l·~~!fll!-~' [iI!f\I!U.-~;~'!I'~~· '. ~ iIIi4Ml.R~'· ... P: -J"l!,W!~. [1ITl!i!'!~!I!tfl!,

IliClir'k, ,5-JjPi~~

1

~d ,kin,

,.~,

,gQ, ZUI [ji!!.'t' k:

['

........ ~ --~ ,- - -. '-"i:"'" --..:L.., ,. -, ad ".---. -"-, -- - -,- -:. ,.;I,', - ,.- .... -., ,1'1:,.,- "i'-r-. ,.-.--- .. ·-·f: "T .... ~, ,·.--,t--~ '-f~,"l" ,--.

J. J,lgre :a.1Je SEI( vei[li!' para ' I,~S' mJTeSJPOn~lng, ~'() Ui!ie" [~I11i.Se':50 (li , ilLUe .ID. FafI11:Sl. lIVe:

V')!'i''b, H~:, :ifi deaUn;s; w,ith uansliti,v~' 'v~r.b-:s, ,w~, Ind, o~mel,vje£ ,O(bli~d, to 'inchJ,~de 'tw@hr-e' '~.tad~o-ms, ~-tabltes[ 4\1=52)-, '00 ,Qo<ver: 'lih.e. SaIme' -tellses, in ,CJ:rd,eor to,

=_ _._ -e ~ .•.• ~.;..~ .• ,r,r."~_l_. __ ~D'_._.J._. ~ ._ j, .•••..... ,._ .. _':_l.r.·. ll.·. l_l.l .. tl _. l'l r ••

aCl:'outl!i; l~r ith.~' d1Iff@'niln~_8 ,t~~t~ ~r wh~n, onJy a d~~t' [olV~d: ~~ :inv;OJlved ('t~.~

'- ...... ---·n'~'il.' ""o('ioiii""",~'i'~~iii"~1 a~ n-~'d:- ,:,w'i.- 'i..-:-·t'l.. ,iI~ [~;;-"""i'i' ::.n-~A ';;ifI;A~~t, ;:..J" a~ "._, :iIi:iit'" .. ,.,...'·i~ilcO<-ti1

,II!~"" , _ VA,I!!, 'io!U""iiI!IU;!I.II""";'L"-'''''-} .. , ,_ , _' _ ,1;l~lI,', ,LI'U", 1;11 ,y:u,~~[~; ... , g .... ,.u~ .. ,"""',_, LI' '!Lii!Uli, "''','!Li ,~.,'!!"'V;I'If't:'iU!

[[th~, nor'-ttO:ri,"runk ron8it~.mQIlI)'.

:PDf ,an ,e.j(jimple';I' l\opk, i1~ the par,ailJigrn (,tab1@: 4-7) on pa,p' a80t 'w~h;:'h s!ho:w~

~ ~ - - -

,timf!! nre8~l1!t: 'indi."""'" ioO,'Ili', .... ,"1i-'~' [ii"~~, '~I.,.' .. "~ .. """" -:,-.;~b·, l-ji.,r~f'" '''i"'l'1 rb .... , ,.....,._.0:;.--" ~"'~:k' ~~"'''''''''''''''

_~_~ !r~~-'!';;;,,~~ =~_'!;;!!Ii",-,-_,,"" """I, [!j..I,~ ,,,,,,,, .• ,!!',,,,lJ!j._I,'!!'-'!;;; V";;',., __ Uft .••.• ~'I[~ i!j..",,,"" ,~""".,-,~."",!IiI, .!I_~ \'II.Io_b;~'!;;,

'~ -'.-:Ii.!i 'Ifu: iii... 'Ii. • 'l!I1...·'b~1 211 • ;u., iii ,It'

o~ect:=lnwrect tO~~t"~Ujiij~t;~ ,~on~:trueho~,. ,~,~ _c ~~ :_:_:~, gt'\\"~s, anQt~~~r' @:~rmf"~ ,(),,,'

th~s ;C!On .... r.'.' ... r'.ii..._ .... w"'iil-h" ';0;. -~- ,.....--=~,..__... ~--""'~,ii'- ... --oc --- iil-'i.,,- -- '''-;0;' ,-~----~,-·AI,~.JI."--- ,t -1..111 '''1'

aa ['_ ~ :~ ~-~:_!O!I;~-~-";; ~!I,,,,,-,,,~ '_~,ih, .. , !R .j~,OilO:1!W ,r:r",;",,"iJ!'!1;;- II:JI,rlEaiilV,UliOW,n U;li!Ii~, ,I~ ,pnJl!'lu.eu, In ,-II1!u: ' "Ii,'.,

:nll!kl"(~~ iUm!;' [object

l'I.G'n

i\t;t.rM\t~~, [~f«~'

nO'Jlk ~~'(,rit/~f:'

If. 'kin,

tlld, kJ'n

,81.1 ,I:U, ,iZ;~ e'

a,u, zu ~ge' 'M:

" opy ng hted m ateri al

~ UbUr:g,Ii!im!\P, ~'Ql'., (I ~V@' ;W~o,him ll:l~~ ~.~ dili, :::5 d~:,o:~;ect:I~)

z'ki, - F.d)llU:'~~ Q'bje(lt ftb~')1

>g! ~ :~~ot: 'o~: {lQ hii)m)

,t, I::::; sll'bj~: p:r:o:rU:nlll; (QI

J:'mpe1jed I~:&t) ,1",dtmUw' ,a had)

As. :!ft\~n.tio:ned, ,aJtn)¥ill'~ UUs, 'ptll'lit Wn$e ~$ mEl' :~nd 'basioc kn$.~ fm~ wlti(ih olh.em !life de~ved., 'The pas,t' 'tense' of tlniis 'tT.~IliSitiv1e a)~xiI~rY' 'yeW presents tis 'w,H'h, an ~nllls~!ll sihlai~io;[,," c1lte ,t]jrs~ and second. persOctlSI t:O~low tlle' c-lasslcal :"~p..:nm-l ,tQ:nnu18J {t!1Jble- 22,) .. whi~e ~~, 't~~rd ~F$g.~, .WllI~w 'th~ grk .. ~u)1' :paU:em, (till1l1e' ,23,).

"f'.n;ii:!~ "'VI 'T:L..., Ji~' ~~;I', t," ",cJ':;F"if;t: '~~'~'~I{ I"lri',.o~"" 'ia;.'r~ ~"~'.;'Ik ~"r.. it':n,","" ~ J:'l1Il!II\g ... ,,',," " if~ ,~,m\r"""" J!.., ..... ,ilinM~ ,n.iI€ 0"", '!I:.iIAjiIUj. ,;['IIIo ..... ," .... a,rll, r!VIr;m

:n.m:1'

~ difrn' wj«-l'

Dmk $~«f;

i :n, '} lind
2: :&,
1 :8 I
1 ~ illt
2:' ;1:
, iLl!

da kin

•

:n,

W,h.U!e examiIf1Iii'flS' labile, 22 we can mu"e, 't~e :fo:l~,w.hll\e; 'db~a,1i().m5:,

11 ~lil 'II., 0' '- ~"n~,,;I ., ,!;oTd t~:""d -"loi!"li~~'i~ .. ,'!i;'II~t"·;o!, ;-;.'" iIt:l'~;jc ,~iii'i;Jii ~~~~,A ~~'~T.<'i"'"~ AI'''"" ~ .. ~." .iI r. ~'~j~ [1J~i!' ali!' Ai· IMJ:,!I.t [~ IR£~' .. I,; l .... · ~.,_UIV!Rl!IiW·",,,.·~ IUlJ. ,l~~-~~J !IiiI~:IY, ~-unu, :pe';I~au,n '~~!\,=

ob·l~ preneuns,

._"_ ~, _~'I!.i!I~,~y~.J~~

, "

.,.' "{Il,. ,·ill,. ~ . ~.;. '· ... ~A, ('iii .... ' I~. ''''. "C'j; ;iLiU., ,1i1l!;1I_lIili inilIM!lUZ;UiD., '~ reu :!iBW LPi1U!.),

,2. ,Ind, ,i1in:d ,ip,t a~' lj,nking 1~tikr.s" .3. 'U' ~s 'lihe :s~em, ,O'f 'a'it. {m be)",

4. 'J',Iil~ e ltha,t ,~ooe~, 't~e ~'~ffix :n i~, anQthef' n~Jdng .l~U@:r~ jioin~~g th~, :ste;m tUI the' 5·'i!::ifm,:: :l'iiiilld~.

:5. ,:z;'te is ill second objEd .. p,~ut,a1Jjzeit;;. ''i.\!..:trui.m djr;tln;~ih.es ,yQ'iiI: ~d'i; :fwm ,:y~u.

M'ililile' zh1hu:tl\8Un,. (W~ ,IO',~ }i''Qu,'I1!iiIID-)

I;¢., :~.'Ib· ~J. ;o:Ii;""t: p::K"O'H~£!I,~I~·n· ,c!', I;"!""'~~ ,'li;~ t~'''''~ ilIo,'i'ri'.oiIi,;, '·~ri!'liiifiiii'-"""jftij'Ii, !\;I!~ ~-B ..... !!i?1!r. I: "I '!i.I.',.1!lrv· ..... _:a! ~""'''_IIII''~' Hl~l .li\- .... · ~1J1.,U_11 [I&.IJ,II.!.H ..... ~II).-= •• _'J

'7'., N :Iis Ute past kns@ :m~~br. fb~' ,~n pex~~s.,

Table 23 ;shoW's ,tib, 'Ll'MguJarf' thinJ, pt'r~ns, lQ:f' th,e :nork-,no.r wm~km;:li'!tJ,~,,,

nw:i(; sillijer;t.

Raf'

~r. .• ~ ....

'rAiJe.c~;

I

,

, '~, I
:Et ' ' :0,

Copy rig hIed m ateri al

We: nUl(f make: 'lillie: :f(JUo.,w,~,G o:b~a'ti:o:~s 'whU~ ~tud!.ring fh~i 'taliJe~ :Iik~~ ,diN.r;t,n, ~" MIW ~,,")

~ - S"Ul'bjea 'p;ro:DDun (~bey}

it =: ,iw-ai,,~~f'W~"d!~:~~ u I~ ~~m Qf'Ult.n (WI [be~

zte c:= 8eCUJJtd. "lurailizer ,1m ,~irecl: ,objerl: I~'t'hen"l n, :g ~: temse mar.kei'

oOl'k,

M'jed' _.

[- • "_.,J

~. . .... ,.

It kJ::Q

~
hi!
~
,
I
p,
U: U
ZIi:
d ,
I p

zu 1(h):ZUii:' Wi

Whiile ~iIlDlml'l!i,g the' p~~t' :poren,ti.ail in, ~aibl]e 24 we' Ma,y' :ntakE d\le JiQ'n\t),wling ,o:bserva;ti:Ofils~, W~~DUit: :revi@w,Iit\_g: lii!;~ 'v~m.~ ~'~M@nt8 !1ih',~dy d:ISOIlIS~'" 'we art len 'w,U'~::: '!p d~t ihori,. Itl ('am, d)o thall.)1

(~~ :;;:; $~,I~ Ran (it-OR')'

b :=J inn)!; ,dmr.a.cteri.stic' of the :poteD~j

m, ,iiI mQ:~' ~omiPl~ eXb-pl~' we m~, ,exatmi'l'i.e' idle, p~U!l\aiI:::

:Hil dilzilibk-" ~? 'ca~ kfull, th~,:)

iii! =: dn~ ~,IK;t

it - :pll"Ulr.a!I :miDr,k;er. ,for dH'ect ol,-jecJt: (tt..e.ml ,N, := :sh}m!Of ~Q, I~t~ 'be'),

b ';i:: . ..-:t...... ~ ,; -. ~' ~'L "~- ~[

_~=: ill!!' :1~__!_,,_it!;,~Ii~.Jj1iiaensh.c o.,"blif: :pole:mtl:O~

'fe' E stlbject m::u·:k.eir I(they}

Copy rig hted m ateri al

MJ.

[a'i·mt [tibj.td

[noM sii'lijecf

d;l, :k1n.

IYI
hal
de
'}
ga, '1',
a
..... '
~ I,',
d ,.," :grui - ;IiU,

:zu.e' ,ttl,

:i<t

,~~,' i"~fRre

We s:lirtaU begin, !@~~ di:sc~ssio:n at 't~e pi'e~,t iMpe;r,iI,ti,V'e' by dJh'[~(":ti'n,g: 'n~;~ ftl:ad~r W ,tabl~ 26.

'T' ,,"'P, '1' ~ "".b ,iI'1i~v [&, It . .-,;1; ... - -f" 'fC" ..... "'- ,;11'- ,.- - :. '1;..1' - - li;.'!' - -'r.. iI':' ,-- --, ,1:[a~.~ _~Q,!, ~ N~ '~-"!i~e,Pl',; ,!mpe,l!"ti[i:I'D'f, ,~" ~n !. '~n}'!, ,n!Or-,~:~~r.1i. rOtr,m

ftl'dl

it:

~Jb:. ~ p,

:n.orlir;;, ,S'wbf~[~'

,;lU ,Z"te ,ie'

Tbese l~Wfd~per.soo, lMpe.t-aUv'e' ro~~ a~ 'v~ry diffl.Ol1lt 'b) 'tr,B;nrslare' ~l1I!to BngH:sib", 'We' Qinnot ;girve direct: ,cQ_m.aiflcls, ,to ttldt-d, pe~0i'i5, :irn E'il;S'lisb, We must

---., ..... ,_ .',--:-4:"~~,--:; -;',,-,:,----..;:1:--, :--,- -~l,. :'1--' ~"!H.'-I[--fl!':;~: 'i,.r'--:n ~~, h ... '1=!"",· ,"iL~I: h@~' do it ,~I! and. so lI,~SILl!".n, u..!! In.uh:~;, OGmmau.us 5U,,-u, aiS , _aJve ,uh,u lli.H: , .,.~''!W,' ~,,"", IL __ ~ ~, ~ , _,j , , ~,

'o.n, I-~ Qfdef:' bJ tt~_lI~~tte ,a, Bi!;l'sqy;~ '1C..g~·Hna.!nd l!n,t-o, English w'@' :mitlst m<rw' 'lihe main, ve~b.,

A~!ru'ly.~,L!ng 'th~ di_fl@ixenlt mm,p:h,~m~,~ :fr'om l~~t: to :rigbt: we :.e tiha!t

1. in dt~, iUni, iPe:r,~IiII, f~e ,re~x b i1!pp~a.rn a.nd. iiis csharfiadedsti,c of ,th~' i.~raJlift~ ~ ["9atf:~ Wbia__,_;; ,bitqk;' .

:2. U agailn, ,a:p~rn as, Oi~' iP~ll!r,aThzing mar:ker' e~ the di~t; obje(~; 'bit~te~;

,1), thee s,tem oJ eo II, (han) a,ppea;(:s In aJII. :petsons in th@' form, ~, Q~ e_: be;ZA1, ii!%a:z,u~:

,4-, U'i~' s~I~I~.Ii};e5 s.e,-",,--"':;-o.' ,--,~, s--ilMeet: H\Ia-::k~ co:me ~.flei" -line :S'le:m. l!!iIi: btiJlza.t~·

.Jo '-,' ,~._]~'" ""~~o!i,~,'U'''''J'I'"' .,_1', ,,' ,','_",', ,~'" ~ __ , '"~ __ ~~~~ ~~~~ .. ~~~

~tnd

·5" oft~n U~@ 'P'~'~~~: ~!1Fulb-j~nctJ,ve' at~d the m_njundion ,I~, ·~U\@: u'~' lro repJa-r-*l'

'tne ,tlmm, pemGil, o:f 'tlhe :im'~ta,ti,v~;;: 'es:ln de'~t~l:' (Have hini, do it·t opy rig hted m ateri al

Pi:lS'l.s~bj~!JC;"i~ (if .1 iwd)

lln nl!~is 'l€~ .. a8i in, th~, ~n;tpedect# we' ,are' ,oonfr-.o~!red, w.~t'n, thE' lRe,8,iidarrlty

&'L,_,t, "" ........ , ''::_''I' '-I'~'d'~I- ~.c; ~- ... ...,;I ,- __ .. '''C' ..... ",,:f ,'fll~W ifth, ," nrk~ - Ii, ;i.;o;,iIi..."I·· ,"io/'i; W1i..:II~ g:~. ~:~ UC!i, ,iiI!J]] secoUy,,~ ,.'(lio,uv... __'__, .. e gM-: __ O~~~ pa!i!j.!-:en\ "see lQI)!i,A Je "'''' J .... ulu:

the Uurd :persoo, (:&1ng, ,a:ru~t 1''1,) :f'GUb-w; U~e gr:k:,,~' l'a!t~~m f~' table 28)"

1'wbk ,::it7" 'n.e Past s.uJJJ'U:ndJ"ve' of U* .... ,N:o~N.o,;k. .F~,.m

rI.or:k, $'u~/«t

'iN!

..mel, nind,

u

,tld IJm,

~i: ,zillllt ,;zinj:

p ZiU ~~' 'te

:r!or

objui'

{

.

,

]

II,

'~it

So:nle ,elem.en,f;5 'of this teiRse a.te' cleDI~ed .&o:m '~'ne ,eoniliitio:n.al, t.e~ (:liiuik.e", 1"-*", ,~tc',.}." whj('~ W~ 'w,in .~q,t ~mh\'*! here" R£ading f,a!oles, f;oom !:eft: t-o, nstd: we :m.a.y o'bser\\NEi! f~a.t

11... d'El! 'n:l'@ifIX: ba 'i~, ith;q" ... ..orujli~n .. ,'1 ~ni<"'" mlt!~:i"'~iiI' oii ...... "C,,..., ·i ... , '~-;i:':

. . .... ~ .Ii.'~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~~!:;!I .. ~ ..... ...,¥~ .. ~~ .. ~¥~ _~ ,!-:~~ _'<!II!O;: =_~,~iIO .liv,1' 'lJ;;Q II~ ,r"' _,.H~=,1il1

2' ,lilt-a ~7~~!Ri. 'lIZ' '''' .":--...,,. ';in~': -.:II'~"'!' iI1l...;; ,..,.II=:"':'o/'~ [~'J,.,ri~i ,<>("',"",1 ~0>'U·.".""'~' ·t~"f-"'!! ,..,.,""r<' .... ...:I,~~~"" .. ,a.11

,Il !l.JJ]~ ~-L"E_~':p' ,II~". a" ... ", ~lL-1r,;". ,1l.Io!L-ULl LIJ!l_~ Ill] ..... '] Ua.~ ... i~ ~.~~t~1; ~,~l~~ ~,y. y.·r!!!· JIl"-~ ~~~'I!!g~i~_~~~,

:ma:r~h;

3, •. WIl. t'~e nm:k~:nDr 'piil:lrem :io:: i'he third, 'peliSOH iI~ 'l'h@' ,charad.~ril;,tie ~~U.~!r :1';:

'[J.in uko 'N~'U., (I'f h@ had, ,a l~t: cf' money,)~ 4,. rnd, ,iilii:1d :m.t .a,re used, ,a$ ~: l~,~~~~;

s '-, ,- . i\-'b·, :;j;;;.,,-, '. " ',it ,--jL" . -, I~~ 1..."",),;. '~IAI ;;.:J. U ,IS, ~ "e :!iil/s.m, at u,il'liiIID ~'i.U IIJ.'£:Ii" any

6 .. zte' i~ a. ~nd iQ'bj'~·p~UiraIRr',

~'yJd~~~k 'Verh

".,.,.~~s ::m=~!~,~~_~,~~c~~~~'t~~iJ~~t'~~~,~ :~.sque'~~ '~~' ~~ 'iI:~~:;,:It;g~t!n~r,~

,pRJl1XeS,!" !Sur€iix'es~ _p.lurabe.r,:;it t~nse: ~r,;k~T.S\!o ,mood, mllf,ikers,., and. lndl~ linl~

'~n~"D~, Ule s~~ ,of' 'the' v~it{b,

Na.tar'kUliom. '(I am.:··~ -m~ ;, ~. ~. -, .. ' ': [, - '1· '1~' , .. .. ..... :~ ..... ~ .. ~~-~ns d) you p,,, 1

n [!!II 1::1[,i~~t··, ,~jl ~'I~TI;

~ ~~~ I._~I ''1.1 '1.J

;Ii == :pre9'l!D!t :i.ndli~ti'V"e :~__&..g!:,

h;u' :=: S~. of th~' \'~eib' dam, I(ta ,rome)

'k," """" ';';1111, 'l-''"1',t:::".. '~'I,.·-,t·. '"~~~~ .. ,,,: t·.'h~, "'i' '~i';"' . ..il~~t· ",'b,"~, l.""'l~" ~jli!ll :1 III11I_A, IIJla. r.,L~~!L..'~. __ ~ ,.~!\UIA~L. II;.I!~~.~!II,

ZU = md~:I~~~'(~'yggJ'

t!' :;::::;. 'IiI~I,,,,,,,.~\,;~. (' .. ~')'.' - 17·.J~·l~_Wl~l . if _"'_.'

Copy rig hted m ateri al

1:litrG;~i:Uw SY,'-1thdJ'c '~trbs: 1. IP'~,~nt "Fetili~'

'W~, are' 'twS~: as, 'ex~'fn.ple$ of :marny' ,O'tliter V~T\bs th@, f'ollo~~_~g fnu~: eklnl (to mnie')l~' :iwtn [(to ,gal, :ibii1i, (to wa .• ,)l,!' and [eson. ('~Ol sta.y~, b" '~'~l. 'ft@ dirtfe~:nlt eL~mefflits, ,aJfe a~.~ad,y klil;@IW~. to us eX1C->e,t :for ,tlin;eo st~$ ,!:;)f' t~e,~' 've$s: lOr (etorri)", N, (~om) .. tdll~:~JbiU) .. and go (e,g0:n).. C'o:mJbinlng dr1U,~\S.e ne:-w [eIem.en.ts 'wifh lli(Jse. raiILr-ead.y diswssed, W:f' th:e presen,t teni.Se~ we G3;n cre3:~e ,1:1 dia;gr.-arm ~ot 'lffile pli~n,t t-e<ns@' ,0;£ 'th.@se :Fo.lar verbs I(.Re t'a;b1!e 29),;,

Tidde[ ,2:9[", 'nife ,P'e&eftft j;'"M~' of th_e Sl.l1'!~t,"~'·i(' Ve.rb$ £'k'frn'., lQ.~n'", ,lb~!ti" aJld f8~n

p~t!iljf. i~'i~$~'

plu:~1 ;5~~~t:

,pl:~faf ,(if" zu,e:k

n, 'tor'
h Qt'
d O'a,
H aJ 01!"
:ii; bil I
~ 0]" z;
I:,
d, go' klie ;W~~le"e_)(iI!min~'iiiIO"' ta'b:le '29 'we m~:I'U note that

•• __ r. J. I. __ "_ ,"L~CI.' _~. -. l_ •. __ .• I ~·.~I;"- •• ~ ..••.. ~ .-._1.

h ~ y_5ed :i_~, Ba~~ ,the i~t: letter Qt b~ {Y'QY, tam.} ile = 'nh~!ral of zu.ek in 8.~ diaL\ei:ts. ,~,)Iia'n't Biscai",an

.r.'" l~' til

e ;:::; fh~' B~-a"-!',Blg, .F:i.tiI,1!rj,v,a;li!fi't 'Qf ~

• w·. ~~" .~J'= ~~_w· • W~·~~~ •• = woo

.pt~u~· !lqdlitatiw'

p11td~M'Ve; ,ftjfix

Jr.l'd:irL'lf:i Q~j«-f:'

:n. tDf.'
b. tJ~'
,d. 0\111,
:8 .1J [o:.r :I:d
,~ 'b!i~
,z' '0'1.' II
d :gQ[ ". 'UdM; ~:m oQJ ,S;u ,;iI!;~,

1"

, e

,ZlIe ;e

Copy rig hted m ateri al

:Z, 'p,a~'l 'I~~se

Th:~ pa~,t 'le:n~ 'ba!~k~U'f f~mow$ 'l~~ ~m~' ~~rncturfle as llhe :p1:'e5enit 'Ile:nse'

,s:: .... """"'ij'lf ,t"",,", ""...., ..... 0, ;:;'iTiI,;o;;~lil d,:~]"p;ai'Lio~n'~i": rnJ~lu':iloE~ (An".:;; ,Ii'l;.., ,,,,,I, "'~iI'!i;-~}[Iiiiir·l~J 111!l.ll\l. ~I:.J!I,-~ '~.~.J".H_~IJ· ~ _~~L!Lii["~ ,A..'-~~. 1:-- [~!H~' ~,.~~, .... !\~~_II,"

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f:~, ill!m:t'(JIfI,g 'the t~l1!i:1I!siti,vle :$,y,nrt!hetiI~ 'verbs, we 'talk,e a~, ,exa-pl~s:, euId;!' edluJd [(!W[ ba\".e, 'liD 'Fii'ilA:S~I\" [~ka~l (,~~ bEi~p'~" [9amal1, er.un lB[~ (,~~[ 9C-:~: k), talr'~ ,~(:d

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er,.'biliU: ~m 'us:e,~, 'Their roMS ~re~ ub" bf .. ~m!lj' ,a:nd ~:albil.

~~ obj~~ aiP~ar a~ dt~ beginn:l~g and, 5UJ~'oct~ tilt the ~ru~t

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I~i.ubl:) :ia, lI$.t~ ,as 't~e d'imc~ ~dJ~;e-d 'preliUx:. HOWgVef~ ,t'he rest of ~ht- :per.80fi!iS! h~CY~, tb-'''"c 11'6,~I'a;1 OOfFi!'Sn('I",~i'in'i:r 't"!tr,@fb(lj~,S: :n., h 'ill, z., @tC'..,

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'The' toUa::W':i.ng verb pa:f:a~~~s l[ta'bTes, ,M ~hr-o.li1gh (7) am :~nt':eI:1td)oo to pr'Ojv:id~' U~~ stj~d'@rllt ,@~ 'Ebsqj~J'@' w'j,tn, ~ q'uock ,~l~~n~ ~~ ror :fi;lliding: t'lifte apprilplriiliH1: ~rm ,O'i.l'he niu:.~s,t ,often used. Basque 'verbs\< the ,auxllbry v~rbs" and,~

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I(yuu atre). 'l'fi,e' :rElmainiitig ,oo.lu;nj-n;s, p~O'vl,dle. ~S wlth tihe ~o:rm pf th~ verb '~:O 'Il~ ,~Ii!! a no[ali\~rl ,~~rr~@'X!t~ wher,E!' l~e 'v;er'b *15 iliitSOO m OO['[lfL'~nd:'orn '~:':''lih ar~,~' ~i~~d"~~-::,ct ,.:;'J~ -:-~

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