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Second-Order Elliptic Partial Differential Equations > Poisson Equation

3.2. Poisson Equation ∆w + Φ(x) = 0

The two-dimensional Poisson equation has the following form:
∂2w ∂2w
+ + Φ(x, y) = 0 in the Cartesian coordinate system,
∂x2 ∂y 2
µ ¶
1 ∂ ∂w 1 ∂2w
r + 2 + Φ(r, ϕ) = 0 in the polar coordinate system.
r ∂r ∂r r ∂ϕ2

3.2-1. Domain: –∞ < x < ∞, –∞ < y < ∞.

Solution: Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
w(x, y) = Φ(ξ, η) ln p dξ dη.
2π −∞ −∞ (x − ξ)2 + (y − η)2

3.2-2. Domain: –∞ < x < ∞, 0 ≤ y < ∞. First boundary value problem.

A half-plane is considered. A boundary condition is prescribed:
w = f (x) at y = 0.
Solution:
Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞
p
1 yf (ξ) dξ 1 (x − ξ)2 + (y + η)2
w(x, y) = + Φ(ξ, η) ln p dξ dη.
π −∞ (x − ξ)2 + y 2 2π 0 −∞ (x − ξ)2 + (y − η)2

3.2-3. Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞, 0 ≤ y < ∞. First boundary value problem for the Poisson equation.
A quadrant of the plane is considered. Boundary conditions are prescribed:
w = f1 (y) at x = 0, w = f2 (x) at y = 0.
Solution:
Z ∞ Z ∞
4 f1(η)η dη 4 f2(ξ)ξ dξ
w(x, y) = xy 2 + (y − η)2][x2 + (y + η)2]
+ xy
π 0 [x π [(x − ξ)2 + y 2][(x + ξ)2 + y 2]
Z ∞Z ∞ p p 0
1 (x − ξ)2 + (y + η)2 (x + ξ)2 + (y − η)2
+ Φ(ξ, η) ln p p dξ dη.
2π 0 0 (x − ξ)2 + (y − η)2 (x + ξ)2 + (y + η)2

3.2-4. Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b. First boundary value problem for the Poisson equation.
A rectangle is considered. Boundary conditions are prescribed:
w = f1 (y) at x = 0, w = f2 (y) at x = a,
w = f3 (x) at y = 0, w = f4 (x) at y = b.
Solution:
Z aZ b
w(x, y) = Φ(ξ, η)G(x, y, ξ, η) dη dξ
0 0
Z b · ¸ · Z ¸b
∂ ∂
+ f1 (η) G(x, y, ξ, η) f2 (η) dη −
G(x, y, ξ, η) dη
0 ∂ξ ξ=0 0 ∂ξ ξ=a
Z a · ¸ Z a · ¸
∂ ∂
+ f3 (ξ) G(x, y, ξ, η) dξ − f4 (ξ) G(x, y, ξ, η) dξ.
0 ∂η η=0 0 ∂η η=b

1
2 POISSON EQUATION

Two forms of representation of the Green’s function:

∞ ∞
2 X sin(pn x) sin(pn ξ) 2 X sin(qm y) sin(qm η)
G(x, y, ξ, η) = Hn (y, η) = Qm (x, ξ),
a pn sinh(pn b) b qm sinh(qm a)
n=1 m=1

where ½
πn sinh(pn η) sinh[pn (b − y)] for b ≥ y > η ≥ 0,
pn = , Hn (y, η) =
a sinh(pn y) sinh[pn (b − η)] for b ≥ η > y ≥ 0,
½
πm sinh(qm ξ) sinh[qm (a − x)] for a ≥ x > ξ ≥ 0,
qm = , Qm (x, ξ) =
b sinh(qm x) sinh[qm (a − ξ)] for a ≥ ξ > x ≥ 0.

3.2-5. Domain: 0 ≤ r ≤ R. First boundary value problem for the Poisson equation.
A circle is considered. A boundary condition is prescribed:
w = f (ϕ) at r = R.
Solution in the polar coordinates:
Z 2π Z 2πZ R
1 R2 − r 2
w(r, ϕ) = f (η) 2 dη + Φ(ξ, η)G(r, ϕ, ξ, η)ξ dξ dη,
2π 0 r − 2Rr cos(ϕ − η) + R2 0 0

where
1 r2 ξ 2 − 2R2 rξ cos(ϕ − η) + R4
G(r, ϕ, ξ, η) = ln 2 2 .
4π R [r − 2rξ cos(ϕ − η) + ξ 2 ]

References
Babich, V. M., Kapilevich, M. B., Mikhlin, S. G., et al., Linear Equations of Mathematical Physics [in Russian], Nauka,
Moscow, 1964.
Butkovskiy, A. G., Green’s Functions and Transfer Functions Handbook, Halstead Press–John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1982.
Polyanin, A. D., Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists , Chapman & Hall/CRC,
2002.

Poisson Equation

Copyright °
c 2004 Andrei D. Polyanin http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/solutions/lpde/lpde302.pdf