J. Heo et al.
: Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction
Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism
for Standby Power Reduction
Joon Heo, Student Member, Choong Seon Hong, Member, IEEE, Seok Bong Kang and Sang Soo Jeon
Abstract — In other to save energy, several countries
recently made laws related to standby power consumption. To
success this exertion, we should consider not only power
reduction of consumer electronics itself but also efficient
automatic control in networked home environment. In this
paper, we present a design approach and implementation
result of control mechanism for standby power reduction.
Proposed mechanism has the Host-Agent based structure and
uses the IEEE 802.15.4 based ZigBee protocol for
communication and security between Host and Agents. We
verified reliability of proposed mechanism and reduction
effect of standby power; also, we applied implemented device
to scenario which is similar to user living pattern.
Experimental results demonstrate that in the proposed
mechanism, standby power consumption of Agent which is
connected to consumer electronics can be reduced by
203mW.1
Index Terms — Standby Power Reduction, Networked Home,
Control Mechanism, ZigBee, Home Automation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Standby electricity is the energy consumed by appliances
when they are not performing their main functions or when
they are switched off. As more and more appliances are being
used in households and offices, their energy consumption
during standby periods represent a significant share of the
total energy used. Household appliances and office
equipments such as televisions (TVs), video recorders, audio
players, telephone answering and facsimile machines,
computers, printers and copiers contribute to this standby loss
which is relatively low, with typical loss per appliance ranging
from less than 1W to as much as 25W. According to the IEA
(International Energy Agency), on an average, 10% of a total
household (OECD) power consumption is being wasted in the
form of standby power. Moreover, due to the special
characteristics of home network devices such as set top box,
xDSL modem, home gateway, PC and TV can all be
connected to the external communication system in standby
mode; an increase of standby power consumption is expected.
Joon Heo is a Ph.D candidate at the Department of Computer Engineering,
Kyung Hee University, South Korea. (e-mail: heojoon@khu.ac.kr)
Dr. Choong Seon Hong is a professor at the Department of Computer
Engineering, Kyung Hee University, South Korea. (e-mail:
cshong@khu.ac.kr). Dr. CS Hong is corresponding author.
Seok Bong Kang is a CEO at the I’ware Inc., Ltd, South Korea. (e-mail:
sbyhkang@naver.com)
Sang Soo Jeon is a Senior Engineer at the VITZRO SYS Co., Ltd, South
Korea. (e-mail: paul@vitzrosys.com)
Manuscript received January 15, 2008 0098 3063/08/$20.00 © 2008 IEEE
179
It is apparent that the future market will be dominated by
electric/electronic devices with network functions, rather than
those devices without network functions. The number of
products with standby power consumption is growing rapidly
in both quantity and diversity [1][5]. The increasing power
consumption makes the environment worse by increasing
global carbon dioxide, which is the cause of the greenhouse
effect [6]. And a lot of efforts were made to reduce power
consumption in the field of hardware, software, and chips
[4][7][12].
A home automation system is a collection of networked
home appliances. During recent years, a lot of research has
been done in this area, and a lot of papers have been published
[9][10][11][14][15]. In this paper, a proposed standby power
control system consists of a Host and networked Agents. The
Host is the brain of this system; various types of Agent which
is attached consumer electronics connected to this system
communicate between each other through the Host.
ZigBee is a new low rate wireless network standard
designed for automation and control network. The standard is
aiming to be a low-cost, low-power solution for systems
consisting of unsupervised groups of devices in houses,
factories and offices. Expected applications for the ZigBee are
building automation, security systems, remote control, remote
meter reading and computer peripherals. The ZigBee standard
utilizes IEEE 802.15.4 standard as radio layer [2][3].
In this paper, we propose a standby power control
mechanism in networked home. Proposed mechanism uses the
IEEE 802.15.4 based ZigBee communication protocol
between Host and Agents for sensing information and standby
power control command transmission. Agent acquires the
local information such as lighting, power consumption and
user motion detection using the various embedded sensors and
sends this sensing value to the Host; then, Host compares this
sensed value with defined control algorithm and sends the
standby power control command to the Agent. This paper is
organized as follows. Section 2 explains about related works
such as the type of standby power, increment of standby
power in recent home environment and low power wireless
protocol. Section 3 describes the proposed communication and
security modules of control system; this section also explains
design approaches of Host and Agent. Implementation results
and prototype device are presented in section 4. Section 5
analyzes the preliminary results according to scenarios.
Finally, we have given some concluding remarks and future
works.
180 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

II. RELATED WORKS hardware for end devices should be light-weight in order to
achieve lower power consumption. The coordinator and
A. Type of Standby Power and Consumption Increment routing devices should not be battery powered, as these are
As shown in Table 1, Standby power of many devices can designated for transmitting, receiving and as well as the whole
further be classified into no-load mode, off mode, passive network functionality.
standby mode, active standby mode, and sleep mode. With the The data transfer mechanism depends on the topology.
current level of technology, 1W objective can be achieved at Security and data integrity are key benefits of the ZigBee
no-load mode, off mode, and passive standby mode [16]. technology. The ZigBee architecture recognizes two types of
devices RFD (Reduced Function Device) and FFD (Full
TABLE Ⅰ Function Devices). Only the FFD defines the full ZigBee
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF STANDBY POWER functionality and can become a network coordinator. The
Category Description
Power
Products RFD has limited resources and does not allow some advanced
Status functions (e.g. routing) as it is a low cost end device solution.
State of the power External power
supply when no power is supply(DC/AC Each ZigBee network has a designed FFD that is a network
No Load -
being provided to the power supply, phone coordinator. The coordinator acts as the administrator and
rest of the appliances battery charger) takes care of organization of the network. Typical coordinator
The appliances is TV, VCR, audio,
Off switched off and has no Put-Off DVD player, PC,
has a neighbor table of devices found in the neighborhood.
capacity monitor, printer This leads to extended demands on the coordinator device, as
Passive
The appliances is off, but TV, VCR, audio, it needs more memory and processing power [2][3].
can be powered up Put-Off DVD player, Setop
Standby
remotely box
The appliances is on, but III. PROPOSED MECHANISM
Active Setop box, home
is not providing a Put-Off In this paper, we propose Host-Agent based structure to
Standby network system
primary function
Mode entered after a PC, monitor, printer,
control standby power of consumer electronics effectively;
Sleep Put-On Host and Agent are the two main components. Host manages
period inactivity facsimile, scanner
the entire system and generates standby power control
A new form of standby power called ‘Active Standby’ is command. While the Agent steer actuator according to control
becoming a reality that we have to face. The emergence of command received from the Host. Possible options of agent
active standby power started with the introduction of set top position includes
boxes. It is a power mode where the consumer switches off z Internal: It can be embedded with the consumer
the power (the consumer thinks the power is switched off electronics
completely) but the internal circuit still consumes standby z External: As socket outlet form (e.g. wall type,
power to wait for external cord/cordless signals. According to movement type, button type)
previous research [8], in 2020 the increased electricity The former option is better from device integration point of
consumption resulting from networking amounts to around view. However, we have followed latter approach as the
30% of the present-day consumption in private households in socket outlet form devices could easily be installed by the
Switzerland. Approximately 1/4 of this is attributable to users in the real home environment.
power consumed in standby and off mode. In 1999, IEA has The essential goals of proposed mechanism are stated
proposed to reduce the standby power of all electronic below:
products below 1W, the so called ‘1-watt Plan’. Several z Home automation based control

countries such as US government (2001), Australian z Standby power of Consumer Electronics ≤ 250mW

government (2002) and Korea government (2004) already z Sensor embedded devices and operation

announced a national strategy to achieve the 1W standby z Low power actuator, Device compatibility

power target. z High reliability of control system

Both Host and Agent have several built in sensors,

B. Low-Power Wireless Protocol
The IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard was developed
specifically for remote monitoring and control. The standard
defines transmission and reception on the physical radio
channel (PHY), and the channel access, PAN (personal area
network) maintenance, and reliable data transport (MAC).
ZigBee defines the topology management, MAC management,
routing, discovery protocol, security management and
includes the 802.15.4 portions. ZigBee is battery operated and
designed for the applications that need to transmit small
amount of data. As a result the architecture of protocols and
therefore these devices can acquire the specific sensing
information such as user motion, illumination and temperature
in home environment. Host receives the sensed information
from the Agent and generates standby power control
command using the embedded standby power control
algorithms and threshold value. After control command
reception, Agent isolates or connects the standby power of
consumer electronics. In the following subsection, we explain
ZigBee ready communication module, detailed function
design of Host and Agent.
J. Heo et al.: Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction 181

A. Host-Agent based Architecture

The proposed mechanism uses IEEE 802.15.4[2] based
ZigBee communication protocol for sensing information and
control command transmission between Host and Agents.
Therefore, we have optimized and applied network and
security functions in the implemented devices according to
ZigBee specification [3]. Figure 1 shows the concept of
proposed control network. The proposed control mechanism
has been organized in accordance with tree topology.

Fig. 2. Diagram of Host Components

C. Function Design of Agent

Proposed Agent can be connected to consumer electronics
as socket outlet form. To accomplish the tasks of the Agent,
we have defined several modules such as power, actuator,
sensing and MCU. Requirements and responsibilities of each
of the modules are described in Table 3.
Fig. 1. Host-Agent based Standby Power Control TABLE Ⅲ
REQUIREMENT OF AGENT
B. Function Design of Host Module Requirement
The Host has two major tasks: One is to communicate with - system voltage supply (12V, 3.3V)
Power
- general wall socket size
Agents using the ZigBee technology. The other is to Module
- power consumption less than 0.08Watt
determine control commands (standby power isolation or Current - small size
connection) using the sensing information from the Agents. Sensing - maintenance of linear type
Module - strength till reliable range
To accomplish these tasks we have defined several modules
Actuator - strength till reliable range
for the Host e.g. MCU module, sensor module etc. Module - chattering countermeasure
Requirements and responsibilities of MCU module and sensor - user motion detection
Sensor
module are described in Table 2. - environment condition sensing
Module
- reliability of sensing operation
- low power consumption, sufficient memory
TABLE Ⅱ MCU
- interface with ZigBee module
Module
REQUIREMENT OF HOST - measurement and control ports
Module Requirement
- low power consumption Figure 3 shows the block diagram of Agent and relation of
MCU - role of Coordinator (interface with ZigBee module) each module. Each module has been designed for minimized
Module - standby power control algorithm,
- sufficient memory power consumption and effectively control of standby power
- user motion detection of consumer electronics using the control command.
Sensor
- environment condition sensing
Module
- reliability of sensing operation

Detailed diagram of Host component is shown in Figure 2.

In this figure, function key and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
serves as user interface to input the threshold value regarding
sensed information and the control scenario of standby power.
Therefore, user-defined threshold values can be
initialized/adjusted using the function key and LCD.
However, we prefer to implement remote controller type user
interface in future for user convenience.
Fig. 3. Diagram of Agent Components

Modules of the Agent component are described below:

a) Power module
z Transformer-less type has the disadvantage of surge

and EFT (Electric Fast Transient) signal in power line,

182 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

but this type consumes much less current than (Low Power Mode [13]) status; to apply LPM, two
transformer type in initial no-load power consumption. interrupt methods to wake up LPM mode were used.
z Transformer type has the advantages of EMC One is the external interrupt from communication
(Electronic Magnetic Compatibility) and energy module especially CC2420, the other is the timer
efficiency, but this type consumes much more initial interrupt from embedded Auxiliary Clock (ACLK).
current and costs higher than transformer-less type. Figure 4 shows a flow chart of mode conversion by
z Finally after considering about EMC safety, our agent timer interrupt. Mode conversion by communication
was developed as transformer type. also follows same procedure.
b) Communication module z LPM: Within short duration of time after
z Agent get the transferred data (Rx, Tx) from the communicating with Host (receiving the mode
ZigBee IC (CC2420) as serial communication using the conversion command from Host and sending sensor
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) serial port and measurement data), the Agent converts Active mode
external interrupt input port of MCU(MSP430) which into LPM mode for relatively longer period.
is connected to out port of CC2420. Start
z This module was realized wireless communication
antenna as PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design and Active Mode No
uses patch antenna.
No
z To raise reliability of wireless communication, this ACLK>=
Timeout?
module was added as a filter circuit between ZigBee IC LPM command
(Integrated Circuit) and PCB antenna to prevent noise from Host with duration
time?
sensing.
Agent converts LPM into
c) Power observation module Yes Active mode
z This module can keep the linearity of current increase

and decrease to flow OP-AMP (Operational Amplifier) Agent stops the standby power
measurement and sensing
throughout CT (Current Transformer). Agent starts the standby
z Detailed measurements are organized using the full power measurement and
sensing
wave circuit or amplification circuit according to Agent establishes the
SR (Special Register)
demands.
d) Sensor module End
z Light and PIR (Passive Infra Red) sensors are used to
Agent converts Active mode
into LPM
detect motion of user.
z Additionally IR (Infra Red) sensors are used to Fig. 4. Flowchart of Mode Conversion and Timer Interrupt
recognize remote control for controlling the electric
device. Figure 5 shows the layout of the proposed Agent to apply
z Light sensor acquires regional illumination.
components as described in Figure 3 to the socket outlet form
z Other sensor such as temperature and humidity can be
Agent. The size of designed Agent is suitable to wall socket
added in the Agent according to demands. standard; also for safety, ZCT (Zero-Phase Current
e) Actuator module Transformer) was applied to agent for measuring isolation of
z Actuator module was designed to focus on the electric leakage in electric application.
durability about a rated current (AC250V/15A)
z The advantage of relay is the guarantee over rated

current of durability and simple control method.

z As the dual port controlling, Agent can completely

cutoff the standby power by Triac which can measure

of big capacity.
f) CPU module
z Agent has the flexible IO-port (Input/Output port) to

control easily.
z Agent has the basic memory (1M byte RAM and 56k

byte program memory) inside and extension memory

(1M byte). Fig. 5. Layout of the Proposed Agent Prototype
z This module was used MSP430 (16bit MCU) to apply

ZigBee protocol as communication technology. IV. IMPLEMENTATION

z This module is used to realize the low current In this section, we present implemented devices (Host and
consumption using the 3.3V running and Active/LPM Agents) according to each designed module and their
J. Heo et al.: Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction 183

characteristics. Optimized ZigBee module for proposed

system has been implemented in the devices. The
implemented devices can be applied to real home environment
easily without modifying the consumer electronics.
A. Communication and Security Module
As we mentioned before, the proposed architecture of this
paper uses IEEE 802.15.4 based ZigBee communication
protocol. Therefore, we have implemented and optimized
network and security functions at prototype devices according
to ZigBee specification [3]. The proposed control architecture
has been organized based on tree topology. Requirement
functions such as routing, address allocation,
encryption/decryption and message authentication have been
tested. Implemented security module supports ZigBee security Fig. 7. The Hardware Prototype of the Agent
specification such as CCM* algorithm, MAC/NWK layer
security, key establishment, message encryption/decryption Main characteristics of implemented Agent are like below:
and message integrity [5]. ⓐ Standby power consumption: 203mW
B. Host Implementation - Fly-Black Power constitution
- Unity Power: 3V, 500mA
The size of implemented Host is 90mm in diameter and it
- Low power MCU and ZigBee modules
can be installed on the ceiling. Basically, it consists of power
module, RF/MCU module, PIR sensor, light sensor and USB ⓑ Sensor application
connector. To accomplish user defined configuration, we can - Light sensor, PIR sensor
add equipments related to user input such as function key and ⓒ Leakage current detection Module
LCD display. Figure 6 shows the real shape and main module.
- Passive leakage interception switch
- Minimum detection current: 5mA
ⓓ General wall socket size

Agent has been implemented as three types (socket type

outlet, movement type outlet and button type switch). Figure 8
shows the appearance of wall socket type outlet and
movement type outlet. Each type can be used according to
user demands.

Fig. 6. Appearance of Implemented Host

Main characteristic of implemented Host are like below:

ⓐ Standby power control application
- Availability of operation ≥ 87%
- Communication rate: 250kbps Fig. 8. Appearance of Implemented Agent
- Communication distance: 30m
- Response speed: 0.5 second V. PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
ⓑ Sensor application Measurement of standby consumption has been performed
- Embedded light sensor, PIR sensor using two methods. One is to measure power consumption
ⓒ 32bit ARM Core in TCC 63 Microprocessor when Agent is in Active or in LPM mode. The other is to
measure standby power according to scenarios which is
- CC2420 based ZigBee Communication IC
related to user living patterns. The results of first method are
C. Agent Implementation shown in Table 4 and Figure 9.
Figure 7 shows the hardware prototype of Agent. The size
of implemented Agent is 46mm in width and 86mm in height.
Basically, it consists of power module, RF/MCU module, PIR
sensor, light sensor and power actuator.
184 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 1, FEBRUARY 2008

TABLE Ⅳ is more than 4W. Similar standby power consumption value

POWER CONSUMPTION OF AGENT ACCORDING TO MODE has been estimated at every Agent.
Section Voltage Active Mode LPM TABLE Ⅴ
RF 3.0 V 30 mW ≒ 0 mW TEST SCENARIOS ACCORDING TO SENSING INFORMATION
MPU 3.0 V 60 mW ≒ 0 mW Scenario Sensing Information Controlled Agent
1 Indoor lighting value Agent 1 (socket type outlet)
Current Sensor 3.0 V ≒ 0 mW ≒ 0 mW 2 Cooperation with Agents Agent 3 and 4 (movement type)
Light Sensor 3.0 V ≒ 0 mW ≒ 0 mW 3 PIR sensing value Agent 5 (button type switch)
4 PIR and CT value Agent 2 (socket type outlet)
Actuator 3.0 V ≒ 0 mW ≒ 0 mW
Power Supply 3.0 V 110 mW < 80mW
Total Consumption 3.0 V 203mW < 80 mW

Fig. 10. Standby Power Control Testbed using the Prototype Device

Fig. 9. Comparison of Power Consumption between Active and LPM
Power consumption of Agent to convert into LPM mode is
nearly 0W because this action is performed according to
command from Host. Basically, power supply is the SMPS
(Switch Mode Power Supplies) mode. When voltage was
descent from 220V to 3.3V, there is power loss which is less
than 80mW. In Figure 9, mode of Agent was changed by LPM
command from the Host, timer interrupt and external interrupt
from the communication module.
To prove the necessity and the efficiency of the proposed
control mechanism, we have made an experiment on standby
power control according to scenarios using the implemented
prototype devices. Table 5 explains the test scenarios
according to sensing information and Figure 10 shows the real
testbed environment. For example, when user turn off the
computer and go out the room according to scenario 4, CT
sensor of Agent 2 acquires the current power value (less than
5W) and PIR sensor of Agent 3 detects the user motion (no
user in the room). After receiving these sensing values from
Agent 2 and Agent 3, Host compares these values with control
algorithm and sends the standby power isolation command to
the Agent 2. The distance between Host on the ceiling and
Agents is about 6m. Used Agents of this test include CT
(Current Transformer) sensor, ZCT (Zero-Phase Current
Transformer) sensor and PhotoDiode (Light) sensor; and
optionally these agents can include PIR (Passive InfraRed)
sensors. During these tests, the average power consumption at
the Host is less than 2W. As a result, the Agent 2 consumes
203mW when it is in Active state, and, 80mW in LPM state;
when we do not use proposed reduction mechanism, the
standby consumption of monitor which is connected Agent 2
VI. CONCLUSION
As consumer electronics in home are networked, the total
consumption of standby power will greatly increase. The
power reduction technology of device itself has limitation.
Therefore networked home automation system for standby
power reduction should be developed. In this paper, we
proposed a Host-Agent based standby power control
mechanism. The main role of the Host is to manage entire
control system and to generate control command. Agent sends
the sensing information to the Host and controls standby
power. According to proposed scheme, we implemented two
kinds of hardware components, a Host and several Agents.
Experimental results demonstrate that in the proposed
mechanism, standby power consumption of consumer
electronics can be reduced. As the future work, we will
analyze the mechanism according to various scenarios in
home network and enhance the correctness of the proposed
system according to user living scenarios. We are currently
developing remote controller to apply in our proposed
mechanism for a better user interface.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Heo, CS. Hong, SB. Kang, SS. Jeon, “Standby Power Control
Architecture in Context-Aware Home Networks,” Lecture Note in
Computer Science, vol. 4773, pp. 515-518, OCTOBER 2007.
[2] IEEE Std. 802.15.4 Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specification for Low-Rate Wireless Personal
Area Networks, MAY 2003.
[3] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification Version 1.0, DECEMBER 2004.
from http://www.zigbee.org
[4] Calboun B.H., Chandrakasan A.P., “Standby Power Reduction Using
Scaling and Canary Flip-Flop Structures,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State
Circuits, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1504-1511, SEPTEMBER 2004.
[5] J. Heo, CS. Hong, SB. Kang, SS. Jeon, “Wireless Home Network
Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction,” Proceedings of
WINSYS 2007, pp. 70-75, JULY 2007.
[6] Mcgarry L., “The Standby Power Challenge,” Proceedings of IEEE
AGEC 2004, pp. 56-62, JANUARY 2004.
J. Heo et al.: Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction
[7] Watanabe K., Ise M., Onoye T., Niwamoto H., Keshi I., “An Energy-
efficient Architecture of Wireless Home Network Based on MAC
Broadcast and Transmission Power Control,” Proceedings of IEEE ICCE
2007, pp. 1-2, JANUARY 2007.
[8] Aebischer B. and A. Huser, “Networking in private households. Impacts
on electricity consumption,” Report for the Swiss Federal Office of
Energy, NOVEMBER 2000.
[9] Zhaohui Ye, Yindong Ji and Shiyuan Yang, “Home Automation
Network Supporting Pulg-and-Play,” IEEE Transaction on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp.173-179, FEBRUARY 2004.
[10] Kyung Chang Lee and Hong Hee Lee, “Network-based Fire-Detection
System via Controller Area Network for Smart Home Automation,”
IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp.1093-
1100, NOVEMBER 2004.
[11] Soo Hwan Choi, Byung Kug Kim, Jinwoo Park, Chul Hee Kang and
Doo Seop Eom, “An Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network for
Security System using Bluetooth,” IEEE Transaction on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp.236-244, FEBRUARY 2004.
[12] Jinsoo Han, Intark Han and Kwang Roh Park, “Service-Oriented Power
Management for an Integrated Multi-Function Home Server,” IEEE
Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp.204-208,
FEBRUARY 2007.
[13] Andreas Dannenberg, “HDQ Prototol Implementation with MSP430,”
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Application Report, SLAA196, FEBRUARY
2004.
[14] Jung Won Kang, Soon Heung Jung, Jae Gon Kim and Jin Woo Hong,
“Development of QoS-Aware Ubiquitous Context Access (UCA)
Testbed,” IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 1,
pp.197-203, FEBRUARY 2007.
[15] Xie Li and Wenjun Zhang, “The Design and Implementation of Home
Network System Using OSGi Compliant Middleware,” IEEE
Transaction on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp.528-534, MAY
2004.
[16] YR. Kim, “KOREA 1W Policy,” Standby Power Conference, Nov. 2006.
185
Joon Heo received the B.S. and M.S. degree in
Department of Computer Engineering from Kyung Hee
University, South Korea, in 2002 and 2004. Since 2004,
he was working toward his Ph.D degree and currently he
is a Ph.D candidate in Department of Computer
Engineering at Kyung Hee University. He is a student
member of IEEE, KISS, KIPS and KICS. His research
interests are wireless sensor network, network security
and power line communication.
Choong Seon Hong received his B.S. and M.S. degrees
in electronics engineering from Kyung Hee University,
Seoul, Korea, in 1983, 1985, respectively. In 1988 he
joined KT, where he worked on Broadband Networks as
a member of the technical staff. From Sept. 1993, he
joined Keio University, Japan. He received the Ph.D.
degree at Keio University in March 1997. He had worked
for the Telecommunications Network Lab, KT as a senior member of technical
staff and as a director of the networking research team until August 1999.
Since September 1999, he has worked as a professor of the School of
Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University. His research interests
include Ad hoc Networks, Network Security and Network Management. He
is a Member of IEEE, IEICE, IPSJ, KISS, KIPS, and KICS.
Seok Bong Kang received the B.S and M.S degrees in
dept of electronic engineering form Kyung Hee
University, Seoul Korea, in1983 and 1988, respectively.
In 1985 he joined Samsung Electronics, where he worked
on network appliances for twenty years as a R&D project
leader and manager. He established IWARE. Co., Ltd in
2004. The major items of this company are sensor
network and SoC applications. His company is carrying out several
governments funded R&D projects. The research and development for the
reduction of power consumption of appliances that is funded by KEMCO is
one of those R&D projects.
Sang Soo Jeon received B.Sc. in dept. of control and
instrumentation engineering from Kwangwoon
university, Seoul, Korea, in 1998. He joined KIST (Korea
Institute of Science and Technology) in 1998, His work
in KIST was to design a basic-system which can control
motor by processing data acquired and sensed by means
of encoders, sensors and so on. Since 2000, he has been
developed intelligent power system at the VITZRO SYS Co., Ltd