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G Cortical Bone
G ense and compact
G
ns the length of the long bones, forming a
hollow cylinder
G
rabeclar bone
G as a light, honeycomb strctre
G
rabeclae are arranged in the directions of tension
and compression
G ccrs in the heads of the long bones
G lso makes p most of the bone in the vertebrae
steons

G ÷rincipal organizing featre of compact bone

G aversian canal ± place for the nerve blood
and lymphatic vessels
G Lamellae ± collagen deposition pattern
G Lacnae ± holes for osteocytes
G Canalicli ± place of commnication between
osteocytes
Bone cells

G steocytes - derived
from osteoprogenitor
cells
G steoblasts
G steoclasts
steocytes

G
rapped osteoblasts
G n lacnae
G Keep bone matrix in good condition and
can release calcim ions from bone
matrix when calcim demands increase
G steocytic osteolysis
steoblasts

G ake collagen
G ctivate ncleation of hydroxyapatite
crystallization onto the collagen matrix,
forming new bone
G s they become enveloped by the
collagenos matrix they prodce, they
transform into osteocytes
G timlate osteoclast resorptive activity
steoclasts

G
esorbe bone matrix from sites where it
is deteriorating or not needed
G igest bone matrix components
G Focal decalcification and extracelllar
digestion by acid hydrolases and ptake
of digested material
G isappear after resorption
G ssist with mineral homeostasis
Chemistry of the bone

G atrix
G ineral
atrix - osteoid

G Collagen type  and 

G Layers of varios orientations (add to the
strength of the matrix)
G ther proteins 10% of the bone protein
G irect formation of fibers
G nhance mineralization
G ÷rovide signals for remodeling
ineral

G calcim phosphate/carbonate
compond resembling the mineral
hydroxyapatite Ca10(÷)6()2
G ydroxyapatite crystals
G mperfect
G Contain g, a, K
ineralization of the bone

G Calcificationoccrs by extracelllar

deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals
G
rapping of calcim and phosphate ions in
concentrations that wold initiate deposition
of calcim phosphate in the solid phase,
followed by its conversion to crystalline
hydroxyapatite
G echanisms exist to both initiate and
inhibit calcification
Bone remodeling process

G ÷roceeds in cycles ±
first resorption than
bone formation
G
he calcim content
of bone trns over
with a half-life of 1-5
years
Bone remodeling process
Coordination of
esorption and
Formation
G ÷hase 
G ignal from osteoblasts
G timlation of osteoblastic precrsor cells to
become osteoclasts
G ÷rocess takes 10 days
Coordination of
esorption and
Formation
G ÷hase 
G steoclast resorb bone creating cavity
G acrophages clean p
G ÷hase 
G ew bone laid down by osteoblasts
G
akes 3 months
÷athways of differentiation of
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
ormonal nflence

G itamin
G ÷arathyroid ormone
G Calcitonin
G strogen
G ndrogen
 itamin

G steoblast have receptors for (1,25-()2- )

G ncreases activity of both osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
G ncreases osteocytic osteolysis (remodeling)
G ncreases mineralization throgh increased
intestinal calcim absorption
G Feedback action of (1,25-()2- ) represses
gene for ÷
 synthesis
÷arathyroid ormone
G ccelerates removal of calcim from bone to increase
Ca levels in blood
G ÷
 receptors present on both osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
G steoblasts respond to ÷
 by
G Change of shape and cytoskeletal arrangement
G nhibition of collagen synthesis
G timlation of L-6, macrophage colony-stimlating factor
secretion
G Chronic stimlation of the ÷
 cases hypocalcemia
and leads to resorptive effects of ÷
 on bone
Calcitonin

GC cells of thyroid gland secrete calcitonin

G traight chain peptide - 32 aa
G ynthesized from a large preprohormone
G
ise in plasma calcim is major stimls
of calcitonin secretion
G ÷lasma concentration is 10-20 pg/ml and
half life is 5 min
ctions of Calcitonin

G steoclasts are target cells for calcitonin

G ajor effect of clacitonin is rapid fall of
plasma calcim concentration cased by
inhibition of bone resorption
G agnitde of decrease is proportional to
the baseline rate of bone trnover
ther systemic hormones

G strogens
G ncrease bone remodeling
G ndrogens
G ncrease bone formation
ther systemic hormones

G rowth hormone
G ncreases bone remodeling
G lcocorticoids
G nhibit bone formation
G
hyroid hormones
G ncrease bone resorption
G ncrease bone formation
Local reglators of bone remodeling

G Cytokines
G L-6
G L-1

G ÷rostaglandins
G rowth factors
G F-
G
F-ȕ
steoporosis

disease characterized by:

G low bone mass
G microarchitectral deterioration of the bone
tisse
Leading to:
G enhanced bone fragility
G increase in fractre risk
 gidelines for determining
osteoporosis
G ormal: ot less than 1  below the avg. for
yong adlts
G steopenia: -1 to -2.5  below the mean
G steoporosis: ore than 2.5  below the
yong adlt average
G 70% of women over 80 with no estrogen
replacement therapy qalify
G evere osteoporosis
G ore than 2.5  below with fractres
steoporosis - epidemiology

G isorder of postmenopasal women of

northern ropean descent
G ncrease in the incidence related to
decreasing physical activity
G ver 27 million or 1of 3 women are
affected with osteoporosis
G ver 5 million or 1of 5 men are affected
with osteoporosis
Bone ass
tatistics
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steoporosis

G echanisms casing osteoporosis

G mbalance between rate of resorption and
formation
G Failre to complete 3 stages of remodeling

G
ypes of osteoporosis
G
ype 
G
ype 

G econdary
steoporosis - types

G ÷ostmenopasal osteoporosis (type )

G Cased by lack of estrogen
G Cases ÷
 to overstimlate osteoclasts

G xcessive loss of trabeclar bone

G ge-associated osteoporosis (type )

G Bone loss de to increased bone trnover
G alabsorption

G ineral and vitamin deficiency

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