CHAPTER: 1.

1.BATTERY.
1.1What is a battery?

A battery is a device, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries
may be used once and discarded, or recharged as in standby power applications. Miniature
cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches. Larger batteries
provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

Batteries are classified into two main categories:

 Primary batteries: primary batteries transform chemical energy to electrical energy.

When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to
the battery by electrical means.
 Secondary batteries: secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their
chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their
original composition.

In a secondary battery, the anode is the positive terminal, which receives current from an
external generator. The current through a recharging battery is opposite to the direction of
current during discharge; In other words, the electrode which was the cathode during battery
discharge becomes the anode while the battery is recharging.

Paper battery is a secondary battery.

1.1.1.1.1.1.

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1.2 What is a paper battery?

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper
battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components
that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide
both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper
batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and
hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any
loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them
multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 3.5 volts of
electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes
that are each approximately one millionth of a centimeter thick. The carbon is what gives the
batteries their black color.

These tiny filaments act like the electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting
electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution. Ionic liquids
contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme
environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 150
degrees Celsius.

In order to understand the working of paper battery terms like Nano composite paper are
explained in the following chapters to come.

It is followed by explanation of the preparation of the Nano composite paper and the
preparation of paper batteries.

Finally the working of paper battery is explained with suitable figures concluding with its
comparison with the Lithium-ion batteries.

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1.3 What is Nano Technology?

Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an

atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100
nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices
within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional
device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from
developing new materials with dimensions on the Nano scale to investigating whether we can
directly control matter on the atomic scale.

Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range
of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter .

1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers.

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 CHAPTER: 2.

2. NANO COMPOSITE PAPER.

2.1What is a Nano composite paper?

It is a hybrid energy storage device that combines characteristics of batteries and super
capacitors. It takes the high energy storage capacity of the battery and the high energy density
of the super capacitor which producing bursts of extreme power.

Fig 2.1 Nano paper.

Fig 2.2 Nano scale image of Nano paper.

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 CHAPTER: 3.

3. PREPARATION OF NANO COMPOSITE PAPER.

This paper is created by first dissolving the cellulose in the ionic liquid and then infiltrating
the cellulose paper with aligned carbon nanotubes which form the uniform film. Then it is
solidified on dry ice, after this it is soaked in ethanol to remove the ionic liquid and dried in a
vacuum, to give Nano composite paper.

Uniform films of vertically aligned multiwalled nanotubes are grown on silicon substrates .
Unmodified plant cellulose dissolved in room temperature ionic liquid is penetrated into the
multiwalled Nano tubes to form a uniform film of cellulose, embedding the multiwalled Nano
tubes. After solidification on dry ice, this Nano composite is immersed in ethanol to partially
or completely extract excess room temperature ionic liquid, and dried in vacuum to remove
residual ethanol. The resulting Nano composite paper, which forms the basic building unit in
our devices, is removed from the substrate for use.

Fig 3.1 Figure showing preparation of Nano composite paper.

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 CHAPTER: 4.

4. PREPARATION OF PAPER BATTERY.

The paper, which is made by penetrating cellulose into carbon nanotubes grown on a silicon
substrate, is impregnated with the electrolyte, thus combining the cathode and the separator
(the cellulose) in a single unit.

A thin film of lithium is deposited on one side of the paper and adding aluminum current
collectors completes the battery configuration.

The paper battery is made of several layers. On the top layer is a material called lithium
cobalt oxide. This material is made of sheets of cobalt oxide, with lithium atoms in between
these sheets. The middle layer is made of cellulose, or paper, soaked in electrolyte
(electrolyte is basically like salt water). The bottom layer is made of carbon nanotubes, which
are very small carbon fibers.

Fig 4.1Paper Battery.

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 CHAPTER: 5.

5. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE BATTERY.

5.1 Working of paper battery during charging.

In a paper battery carbon Nano tubes act as anode and lithium metal as cathode.

The battery needs to be charged by plugging it into a voltage just like cellphone, mp3 player,
or laptop batteries.

Fig 5.1 Reaction in a paper battery during charging.

This voltage causes the lithium to come out from the sheets of cobalt oxide. They travel
through the cellulose and electrolyte layer, and arrive at the carbon nanotube layer.

Fig 5.2 Lithium atom leaves sheet of cobalt oxide.

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The lithium atoms travel through the cellulose and electrolyte layer and reach the carbon
Nano tubes.

Fig 5.3 Movement of lithium atoms through cellulose and electrolyte.

The electrons travel through the aluminum current collectors and reach the carbon Nano-
tubes.

Fig 5.4 Movement of electrons through current collector.

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Here the lithium atoms sit on the carbon nanotube. When this charging is complete, the
battery is ready to power electrical devices like cellphone, mp3 player, or laptop batteries.

Fig 5.5 Lithium atoms get deposited on Nano tubes.

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5.2Working of paper battery during discharging.

When the charging is complete, the battery is ready to power an electrical device.

When the battery discharges lithium atoms deposited on the carbon nanotubes come out of
the carbon nanotubes.

Fig 5.6 Lithium atom leaves carbon nanotubes.

They travel through the Cellulose and electrolyte layer and are again penetrated into the
sheets of cobalt oxide.

Fig 5.7 Movement of lithium atoms through cellulose and electrolyte.

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This movement of lithium atoms through the cellulose and electrolyte layer develops the
electrical voltage that powers the electrical devices.

Fig 5.8 Movement of electrons through current collector.

Finally lithium atoms are penetrated into the sheet of cobalt oxide.

Fig 5.9 Lithium atoms settle in cobalt oxide sheet.

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 CHAPTER: 6.

6. COMPARISON OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES AND

PAPER BATTERIES.

Table 6.1: Comparison between lithium-ion and paper batteries.

Lithium- ion batteries Paper batteries

Energy/weight : 100-160 Watt- Energy/weight : 30–47 Watt-

hour/kilogram hour/kilogram

Charge/discharge efficiency :80-90% Charge/discharge efficiency : 98.5%

Time durability : (24-36) months Time durability-12 months

Cycle durability- 1200 cycles Cyclic durability-500cycles

Nominal cell voltage : 3.6 / 3.7 V Nominal cell voltage : 3.5/4.3 V

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 CHAPTER: 7.

7. APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERIES.

1. The paper battery can be used in Laptop.

2. As they are small in size they can be used in Mobile.

3. The paper battery does not contain any toxic chemicals and hence can be used in
Pacemakers.

4. Being light weight paper batteries can be used in Model Aircrafts (small remote controlled
planes).

5. Paper batteries can be used in Cameras.

The further applications of paper batteries are as follows:

6. Automobiles.

7. Computer.

8. Remote Control.

9. I-pods.

10. Spacecraft.

11. Satellite.

12. MP3 player.

13. Cosmetics.

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 CHAPTER: 8.

8. ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERIES.

The paper battery made has dimensions of 5X5 centimeter, and weight of 10 grams.

The power levels of the paper batteries and super capacitors are similar to those which are
commercially available. So we are able to reach similar values to other technologies, but with
advantages like greater flexibility and being lightweight.

The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes embedded
within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive for portable
electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys (such as model aircraft), while their ability to use
electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.

Along with its ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to
100 below zero, the device is completely integrated and can be printed like paper.

The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means there’s nothing in the batteries to
freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy storage devices to withstand
extreme temperatures. It gives the battery the ability to function in temperatures up to 300
degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero.

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 CHAPTER: 9.

9. SCOPE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER

BATTERIES.

At present the paper batteries are not manufactured on a large scale. The scientists are
working to develop a simple and low cost process for manufacturing of paper batteries on
large scale. The ambition is to produce the paper battery using a newspaper-type roller
printer.

It has a poor processibility, being that they it is particularly insolvable of infusible. Nanotubes
are still relatively expensive to fabricate.

Currently they are making devices a few inches in size. In order to be commercially viable,
they would like to be able to make them newspaper size; a size which, taken all together
would be powerful enough to power a car.

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 CHAPTER: 10.

10. REFERENCES.
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/december7/nanotubes-ink-paper-
120709.html

http://www.pnas.org/content/104/34/13574.full.pdf+html,August21,2007.

http://www.pnas.org/content/106/51/21490.full.pdf+html,December22,2009.

http://www.cogito.org/Interviews/InterviewsDetail.aspx?ContentID=17615

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 CHAPTER: 11.

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

I am Glad to express my sentiments of gratitude to all who rendered their valuable help for
the successful completion of the seminar on PAPER BATTERY.

I am Thankful to my guide Mr S.M.Joshi sir for their guidance and encouragement in

completing this seminar.

And, Lastly I am thankful to ALMIGHTY GOD who gives me courage and confidence in
every difficult situation.

T.E. Mech. (B),

Roll No. 0.

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