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Relay

Relay

Relay
Figure 11. Star connected bank, two limbs per phase
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Relay

Relay

Relay
Figure 12. Star connected bank, two limbs per phase, alternative
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R
Y Relay
B

Figure 10. Split star connected bank

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Relay

Figure 8. Star connected bank

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Relay

Figure 9. Delta connected bank

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XC
RL XL
I
>
I

>
Vs
Vr’ Load Vr

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of a transmission line with

a series capacitor at the receiving end
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IXL IRL

Vs

Voltage rise
= Vc sin 

Vr
 IXC =Vc
Vr’
I Figure 2. Vector diagram
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Distance
Load point

With capacitor

Voltage drop

Without capacitor

Figure 3. Effect of series capacitor on line voltage drop

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RL XL
IL
>
Ir

>
Vs XC
Load Vr

Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of a transmission line with

a shunt capacitor at the receiving end
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IcXL
Vs
IcRL

Vr IrXL
IrRL
IL
IC
Ir
Voltage drop due to load current

Figure 5. Vector diagram

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Capacitor
voltage rise

voltage Distance Load point

Resultant
voltage drop

Voltage drop
due to load current

Figure 6. Effect of shunt capacitor on line voltage drop

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• REACTIVE POWER EQUIPMENTS

 SERIES CAPACITORS

 SHUNT CAPACITORS

 SHUNT CONNECTED REACTORS

 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
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• TYPE OF CAPACITORS

 TANK TYPE

 UNIT TYPE

• TYPE OF CONNECTIONS

 SERIES CONNECTED

 SHUNT CONNECTED
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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

• FOR SERIES CAPACITORS

 UNBALANCE PROTETION

 SPARK GAP PROTECTION

 SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION ON THE LINE

REACTANCE WITH SERIES CAPACITORS

 INCREASED LINE CARRYING CAPACITY

 IMPROVED LOAD SHARING IF TWO OR MORE

PARALLEL FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED

 IMPROVED VOLTAGE REGULATION AT THE POINT

OF INSTALLATION
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EFFECTS OF REDUCING THE PHASE ANGLE OF V

&I WITH SHUNT CAPACITORS
 REDUCED LINE CURRENT LOSSES DUE TO THE
REACTIVE POWER
 REDUCED TRANSMISSION LINE CURRENT, TO A
VALUE LESS THAN THE LOAD CURRENT
 IMPROVED POWER FACTOR OF THE TRANSMITTED
POWER
 REDUCED VOLTAGE DROP UNIFORMLY ALONG THE
LINE, A CONTRAST TO THE STEP IN VOLTAGE ACROSS
THE TERMINALS OF THE SERIES CAPACITOR
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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

• FOR SHUNT CAPACITORS

 UNBALANCE PROTETION
 STAR CONNECTED BANK
 DELTA CONNECTED BANK
 SPLIT STAR CONNECTED BANK
 STAR CONNECTED BANK TWO LIMBS PER PHASE

 THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION

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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

• FOR SHUNT CAPACITORS

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

 HV CONNECTIONS PROTECTION
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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

 REGULATION USING SERIES CAPACITOR DEPENDS ON
REACTIVE POWER OF THE LOAD. STABILITY IS
IMPROVED WHEN THE TOTAL LINE REACTANCE IS HIGH
 REGULATION DUE TO SHUNT CAPACITOR DEPENDS ON
THE REACTANCE OF THE SYSTEM. INCREASE IN
VOLTAGE IS ACHIEVED ONLY IF THE REACTANCE IS
SUBSTANTIAL
 FOR CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION
IN A SYSTEM, SERIES CAPACITOR INSTALLATION IS
RECOMMENDED
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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

 VOLTAGE REGULATION WILL BE IN DELAYED STEPS
FOR SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS DUE TO NUMBER OF
SECTIONS IN SERVICE
 REACTIVE POWER FROM SERIES CAPACITOR IS
DEPENDENT ON THE LINE CURRENT
 LINE VOLTAGE DETERMINES THE COMPENSATION FOR
SHUNT CAPACITORS
 SHUNT CAPACITOR CAN BE CONNECTED TO LV SIDE OF
A TRANSFORMER