Diffusion

Example: Gaseous
Diffusion through
Thin Metal Foils

Fick’s 1st & 2nd Laws

Sievert’s Law
 Fick’s
/
PHP2H2 0 PH/ 2 Laws PH///2

Steady C H//  k PH//2

State
Fick’s CH
Sievert’s Law
Laws

C H/ C H/ C H/ X C H/  k PH//2

Sievert’s Law
CH
Steady
State
0 X
 Diffusion

Equilibrate in Gaseous
Hydrogen Atmosphere at
P & then Equilibrate at P
/
H2
//
H2
 1-D Transient Mass Transfer
Fick’s
///
P
Laws Boundary
Conditions PH/// 2
H2

C H// C H// Sievert’s Law

Fixed
CH Symmetry Composition
at the at the
Centerline Surface
Initial
Condition
Sievert’s Law
C H/ C H/
X
 Fick’s First Law
1 M B   B 
Mass Flux W Bx    DB  
A t   x 
 kg B
2

1 kg B m  m 3

B = solute 
m2 s s  m 
 

1 nB  C B 
Molar Flux jBx    DB  
A t   x 
 moles B
2

1 moles B m  m 3


m2 s s  m 
 
 Fick’s First Law
1 M B  C B 
Mass Flux W Bx     DB  
A t   x 
B = solute
 kg B 
1 kg B kg solution m2  kg solution 

m 2
s 3
m solution s  m 

 
1 n B  X B 
Molar Flux jBx   CDB  
A t   x 
 moles B 
1 moles B moles solution m2  mole of solution 
2
 3  
m s m solution s  m 
 
 Fick’s Second Law
Rate of Solute Balance
Rate of Solute In – Rate of Solute Out = Rate of Solute Accumulation
 C 
 x Ax x   J x Ax  J x  x Ax  x
  t x
 C   C   C 
 A  x    AD    AD
 t  x  x  x  x  x  x
A  f ( x) Ax  Ax  x   f (C )  x   x  x
 C   C   C 
C (%B)

x      D   D
 t  x  x  x  x  x  x

 C   C    C    C   
 C  x     D   
  D   D  x  
Ax x   t  x  x  x   x  x x  x   
  t x
J x Ax J x  x Ax  x

  C    C   C   2C
x   D  D  f (C )  D 2
 t  x  x   t  x
x x+x x
 Fick’s Second LawD  f (C )
 C    C   C   2C
1-D    Dx
 t   x 

x 

  t
D 2
 x

 C   C 
    Dx    D x
2
General 
 t 

 t 

 C    C    C    C   C    2C  2C  2C 
    Dx    D y    Dz     D 2  2  2 
  t  x  x  y  y  z  z   t   x y z 

Cylindrical
  C   1   C  1   1 C    C    C   1   C  1  2 C  2 C 
     rD    D    D      D r  2  2 
 t   r  r  r  r   z 
2
 t
   r  r  r  r   r   z  z  

Spherical  C   1   2 C 
    2 r D  
1   sin C 
 D 
1   1

C  
D  
 t   r  r  r  r sin   r   r sin   r sin   

 C   1   2 C  1   C  1  2C 
   D 2  r  2  sin   2 2 
2 
 t   r r  r  r sin      r sin   
Diffusion Mechanisms
Interstitial
 Diffusion Mechanisms
Vacancy---Self Diffusion

Vacancy

Vacancy
Atom
Diffusion Mechanisms
Vacancy---Intrinsic

V V
V V V
V V
V V
V V
 Error Function
2
erf  N  
N

 u2
e du
 0

2
erf  0   0
u
e erf  0.5   0.52
erf  1  0.84
erf  2   0.99
erf     1

-u 0 N +u erf   N    erf  N 
 Error Function
2
erf  N  
N

 u2
e du
 0

erf  0   0
1.5

1 erf  0.5   0.52

erf  1  0.84
erf  2   0.99
)
2

0.5
exp(-u

erf     1
0
-3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
erf   N    erf  N 
u
 Semi-infinite Solid 1-D
C
PDE   DC 
t
CS x
1-D D  f C 
C  2C
D 2
t x
Ci  C S
Initial C  x ,0  C i C
2
Boundaries
C  0, t   C S
C  , t   C i
Solution
C  CS  x  Ci
 erf  
Ci  C S  2 Dt 
x0 x x
Diffusion distance Diffusion time Mass Transfer Fourier Number
2
x Dt
x  Dt t FoD 
D L2
 Diffusion Couple:
Binary Alloy, Single Phase
CB
C A  CB 
C
2 Grube Analysis
CA
x   x x0 x x
C  CS  x  C
 erf   C  2C
C A  Cs  2 Dt    DC  D  f C  D 2
t t x
C A  CB C  x ,0  C A  C A  C B  C  , t   C A
x0 CS  CC xx,0,0 CCAB
C  0, t     C  , t   C A
2  2  C   , t   C B
C A  CB C A  CB
C
2  x  x0 C
2  x 
 erf    erf  
CA  CB  2 Dt  C A  CB  2 Dt 
CB  x0 CA 
2 2
Matano
Analysis
~
D  f C 

D A  DB
 Fick’s Second Law Fick’s Second Law
C   ~ C   C 1   ~ C   C   ~ C 
 D     D    D 
t X   X  2 t  t      2     

X  X   1 
Define
C B single variable   3   
C
  t  C t C  2 2 t 2t X t X
  0 A B

   C B 2
 C 
C  C C  1 C  ~ 1 C    ~ 1 C0  1   ~ C 
C  C   C   D    D  C A   D 
    C
t  t 2t  X  X t   X  t     t   X t  A  
x   x x0 x x

C  ~ C  ~ C
C
~ C ~ 1 C ~ 1 C X
1 C
  dC   d  D   D  D 0 D 
C BC
dC D
C 
CB
t
dC
2 C B C B
    C B  2 2 t
 X
~ 1 C
D  CA

XdC
time = constant
2t
C CB XdC  0
CB
X
 ~ 1 C
D  CA

XdC
time = constant
2t
C CB XdC  0
CB
X

CB

Matano
C Initial Interface
Interface
CA
x   x x0 x x

CB
Matano
C ~ 1 C
Interface
C D
C 
CB
XdC
2t
X CA
x
x   x x0 x x