OPTICAL

FIBER
COMMUNICATON
 WHAT ARE
OPTICAL FIBERS?

 An optical fiber is a
glass or plastic
fiber which allow
light to be guided from
one end to the other with
Optical fiber cables minimal losses.
STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
FIBER
Optical fiber has mainly
four parts:

CORE

CLADDING

BUFFER

JACKET
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
Single Mode Step-index Fiber

Multimode Step-index Fiber

Multimode Graded-index Fiber

SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBER

Light travels in only one path (mode).

Structure

• Core – 8μm diameter

• Cladding – 125 μm diameter
• Buffer – 250μm diameter
• Jacket – 400 μm diameter

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MULTIMODE STEP-INDEX FIBER

Works on the principle of total internal reflection.

Light travels in more than one zigzag paths.

Structure

• Core – 50-100 μm diameter

• Cladding – 125-140 μm diameter

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MULTIMODE GRADED-INDEX FIBER

Core shows a gradual gradation of refractive index from

center towards cladding.

Light in the core travels helically.

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 BASIC ANALOG FIBER COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

OPTICAL OPTICAL OPTICAL DEMODULAT

SOURCE MODULATOR DETECTOR OR

I/P O/P
ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL

TRANSMITTER OPTICAL RECEIVER

FIBER
LINK
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

 Can carry much more information

 Much higher data rates

 Much longer distances than co-axial cables

 Immune to electromagnetic noise

 Light in weight

 Unaffected by atmospheric agents

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

 Expensive

 Need to convert electrical signal into optical signal

when transmitting and convert it back to electrical
signal when receiving.

 Maintenance and repair more difficult and expensive.

 DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
 First generation used GaAs based LEDs and laser
diodes [emission wavelength 0.8μm]

Second generation used GaAsP hetero-junction diodes

[emission wavelength 1.3μm]

 Third generation wavelength increased to 1.55μm

 Fourth generation used erbium doped optical amplifiers

[bit rate is increased using Wavelength Division
Multiplexing]

 Future generation is proposed to be soliton based

communication.
 WHAT ARE SOLITONS?

 Solitons are narrow lase

-14
pulses of pulse width 10 .

 Soliton type propagation is

achieved by using non- linear
property of silicon fiber when
intensity of light pulse is more
than 15mW
 Advantages of soliton

 Pulses are transmitted without change in shape.

 Increases bit rate i.e. transmission capacity.

 Reduces losses and dispersion effects.

Applications….
 COMMUNICATION :

TELECOMMUNICATION

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)

CABLE TV

CCTV

LONG HAUL TRUNKS

METROPOLITIAN TRUNKS

RURAL EXCHANGE TRUNKS

OTHER APPLICATIONS…
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
 In ophthalmology , to correct defects in vision.
 In cardiology, for removal of heart blocks.
 Endoscopy.
 X-ray imaging.

MILITARY APPLICATIONS
 Fiber-guided missiles.
 Under water communication
THANK YOU