yas? e=1 x Fig. 1.8 Fig. 1.9 [T1] Individual test problems 1.1. Find and graph the domain on the x,y-plane of the following functions, LLL, In(x— y)arceas(x? + y?) 11.2, yx ? In. 113, 2=V4—P =$ ine—y) 1d, zearsin 22" 2x L15.2=fe— Wy +i. 1.1.7. z=arecos- i 1.1.6, z=aresin—*_ ay 1AL8, 2= [98 +4y* =36 | 36—4x? —9y? = THA Inxty—D In(sin.xsin y) I53 114g 1 16-x? —y? Bea 1146, 2=in2 72 Heat yy 11.9. 2 =In9—x? —y*)m(x? —1), LLU. 2=Insinx+ Incos y. 1.1.12, 1.1.13. 2aresin In —x). Ls. 2=yy—dox + In(4—y2) xy = oon =>. 117, 2=49-x? ~ y? areoos y 11.18. 2 = /4—[yIn sin xx. ayy? Bay = 11419, zearesin= 22" _ fox, 1120, 2= 0b) a. aresin x oy 1.1.21, z=arccos. get aesinine. 1. x7) 4 1.1.23, 2=In((x+y)In(y-x)). 1.1.24. 11.25, 2= eSme-2 -y) 1.1.26, 2=In(l—xy)In(x + y). 2 ety? yy. =CinG? +97)". 1.1.27, z= clg xx +arceos 1.1.28, 2 = In(x(1-. 1.1.29, 2=((x? + y? -1Y(x+y))!? 1.1.30. Topic 2. Partial derivatives and differentials of a function of several variables ‘The partial and total changes and the partial derivatives of a function of two variables. The differential of a function of several variables. Applications of the differentials. The partial derivatives and the differentials of a function of more than two variables. |, [2, section 1, § 1.2], [3, ch . 6, § 2], [4, section 6, § 16), (6, section 6, ch. 6.1}, [7, section 8, §§5—12], [9, § 44]. 7.1] Main concepts 2.1, The partial and total changes of a function of several variables Letz = ffx, y) by a function and M(x, y)e D by a point on the region D. ‘The problem is to estimate the difference between x + Ax, y + Ay) and fx, y), the lengths of the vertical segments shown in fig. 1.2. (For convenience, éssume that both function values are positive.) Denote the difference by Af or Az and is called the total change: = fix + Ax, y + Ay) —A%)). If only the x coordinate changes from x to x+ Av and y is constant the \lifference off, namely x, changes and is denoted by A,for A.z: [Anz = f(x Ax, y= f(y). Likewise, if only the y coordinate changes: A,2= Sy + dy) Fy) 15The total change Az is a function of two variables x and y, A,z is function of one variable x; A,z is a function of one variable y . Therefore, Act A+ A,z. ‘To find 2%, treaty asa constant and differentiate f with respect tox in 2.2. Partial derivatives si Let fbe a function of x and y. The graph of z = lx, y) is a surface. Consider Point Go yu) in the ay plane. The graph of z = fy) for (.-») neat (ro 70) na 0k like the surface in fig 1.11. Let (xo yy flrs jp)) be a poiat on ake oat sireelly above (xs, yn). The plane P through (xo) perpendicular to the » a ‘meets the surface in a curve? . the usual wa To find %, treat x as a constant and differentiate f with respect to in the usual way i i functions of The notions and notations of partial derivatives cary over to snore than two variables. If w= f(xy,xz5---s%) » there are mr first order partial 7 au 2= fx, 0) \erivatives: —, ——, 2. x," Oy Ay Grohe) To find ©, treat x (ih) asa constant and differentiate f with respect tox xy “wow partial derivatives of the composite function = FR Xge%m) >» Where x; =3;(tyt,.. 1,2,...m use the ‘ong ls Be Be By BB a Or, Ca Yo Axa Ye) To find the slope of the tangent line to this curve in the plane P at the point Go. Yo Axo 30)), consider, as of function of one variable in [1]. This slope is called the partial derivative off with respect tox at (x,y) and is denoted.” au or Fookies», & or Ltn ems mis, Sf (%+4%,y0)—F (80,90) (2) as Likewise Fora function z= f(u,v), where u=n(x) and v=v(x), there is only one et = tim B22 = ji £00020 +4)— Fo, %0) pvrtial derivative with respect to x and is called the total derivative: YF ao ay aay | eee Ew idx __ Qu de] Whether function 1(,2,--.%.) i8 given in the intermediate form: 's the partial derivative of f with respect to y at (xa). A quantity may depend on more than two variables. For instence, the ojuite of a box dependens on three variables: the length s, width m nad heigth V= snh, FOX y.0s ms MEL %D9 0 Fm)) =O, Noemi 92 17 16formula: (1.3) Letz = lx, ») have continuous partial derivatives = 2, for all points within some disk with center at the point (x,y). Then Ae, which is the change fix + Ax, y+ Ay) fe, y), can be writen A= 2h Ax+ 2) Ay +e, Ar+e Ay, a4 where & and € approach 0 as Ax and Ay approach 0, (Both e, and & functions of the four variables x, y, At and Ay.) “ 2.3. The differential ‘When Ax and Ay are small, the quantities €, Ax and e; Ay, being the products, of small quantities, are usually negligible when compared with z, Av and 2’ Ay: (if 2 Av and 2, Ay are not 0). For this reason, 24 Ax + 2’ Ay is often a good estimate of Az when Ax and Ay are small. The similarity with the case of a function of one variable suggests the following definition, Ifzis @ function of two variables, and x, y, Ar and Ay are numbers, then the function of the four variables x, y, Av and Ay, given by Z, Ac + 2 Ay, is called the differential of z atx, y, Ax and Ay. Itis denoted dz or df: Thus (LS) se jg Pugh the differential dis a function of the four variables x, y, Ax and Ay, itis usually applied only when Ax and Ay are small, 18 In the case of a function of one variable the differential dy represents the ‘change in y along a tangent line to the graph of the function, In the case of a function of two variables it tums out that the differential dz represents the ‘change in z along a “tangent plane” to the graph of a function. By the formula (1.4): Ar = de +e Ax te, Ay. Hence oo Vorany+ay)= fart LEP ae VEM sy] 6 ay Let w= f(,%2,-..5%,) i8 a function of m variables. The differesitial is given by au ou ou dam SO dy #1 dea tt iy The chain rules. The theorem in Sec. 2.2 is the basis for the chain rules for \lifferentiating composite functions of more than one variable. Theorem | of this section concems the case in which z is a function of x and y, and x and y are ‘unetions of one variable. Theorem 2 concems the case in which z is a function of and y, and x and y are, in turn, functions of two variables. ame] Cian rule. Let z = fs, y) have continuous partial CRS) csivatvs and. 2, and kd x =) and y = 9) be \lfferentiable functions of ¢, Then z is a differentiable function of rand Chain rule. Let z = ffx, y) have continuous partial [Treorem 2 | derivatives 2 and 2’ and let x = x(u, v) and y = h(a, v) be differentiable functions of ¢ and u. Then z is indirectly a function of ¢and 1, and, eee | BOD Qu” Bx Ou” ay Bu The differential of z= f(x,y), where thought of as2.4, Higher partials and differentials fz f(x 9), then not only is z a function of x andy, but also 2, and 2” are each functions of x and y. Hence we may differentiate 24 and 2’ to obtain second-order partial derivative of =. Symbolically, 2, means (2/)., 25, means (2*),, Je. 2f, means (<1), They are also denoted for & and so on. I Note that to find 2%, , and = first differentiate z with respect to x. ay For most functions met in practice the two “mixed partials” =7, and 24, are equal. In view of the importance of this remark it is stated as a theorem. Mixed partial. If 2 = derivatives 24, 2, 2%, (s, )) has continuous partial and 2", then For a function 2 W= SH y%2505%_) exist m? second-order partial 2, derivatives: ea 2) ikaLQoam. ‘We can extend our ce ee second-order partial derivatives. For example, 2%, (or <2 = ) isa third-order partial derivative of z, It is the az partial derivative of 2%, (or 3). ‘Second-order differential its of a function z= f(x, y) at point M(x, y) is called the differential ofthe first-order differential dz, thus If x and y are independent variables, itis given by Say. (1.8) ay Differential of order n dz of a function 2= f(x,y) at point M(x,y) is called the differential of the order ( - 1) differential d""'2,, thus la"z = (a2) a9) If x and y are independent variables(1.9), itis given by ata, where Cy = ‘Symbolically, T2 Typical problems 1. Let z be given by the formula z= x? +.xy-2y. Compute Az,, Az, and Az at point M(0;1) when Ax=2, Ay: Solution, To compute 2(0;1) 2(051) = variables, we parsOeded, yrayelel=0y ate tbe y+ 2y)=12:0)=4, 2(x+Ax,y)=2(2;1)=4, 2(x,y+Ay)=2(0;0)=0., * +0-1-2- Then A2(0;1)=4-(-2)=6, A,2=4-(-2)=6, Ayz=0-(-2)=2. 2. Find the partial derivatives for the given funetions z. a) z=x5y?+2y8—x-4; 6) w=xsingyz)+(x4y? +2°)*; Sget ») z=x?; Duaxighte 26) = singe) +5(e4y? +2), au By 7 200802): Z + 10y x+y? +27)*, y au 2, 2 Sha xeos(y2):y+1527(e4y? 42°F; a , ee itr ages * "cos? soma? ] eee Peo hd fl c0s*(y/x) x cos(y/x)" au = Ber 2 n= 22-2), 3. Find the paral derivatives forthe given intermediate function: xt +y?2? ta2=0. Solution. By the formula (1.3) we have Hence Qetye Dy tay’ Wy tay” 4. Find the partial derivatives forthe given function 2 S(e+2y,x7y). ‘Solution. This function is composite: z= v) =, ve, By formulas (1.2) find: ee eae zx ,%, a au av ii oF 2 Oy a 22 5. Find the partial derivatives for the given function z=(Qx+y)’. ‘Solution. Using logarithmic differentiation, we have (nzy, = n2x+y))\5 y Inz=~in@x+y); y | Likewise find = ay fl », Lae 1 2,2 125-5 +2. (ney, = inQat ys 5=—T *In@2x+ y) eal az_ x oF: y ze [ In(2x-+ y)+ =): 6. Find the total differentials for the given functions. a) ys; 6) w=xaresiny +2". Solution. a) de = (¢*y Jude + (ey? )dy = e* det Be y7dy; x bu au au me, a , Meas, 6) “=aresiny, cas 2 dy + 42dz 7. Use the differential to estimate (0,92)° (1,04)? . Solution. By a formula (1.6) for the function f(x,y) =2°y?. When x+Ar=0,92, y+dy y Hence —f(,1)=1, ‘Av =0,92-1=-0,08, Ay=1,04=1=0,04, To find the partial derivatives for wy: Lagry?, 4G 5, Fors function f(xy) at point (0): So=3x4y*, oo of, ay 2BHence (0,92)° (1.04)? = 143(-0,08) +2-0,04= 0,84, 8. Use the differential to estimate sin? 51°cos5°, Solution, Let's consider a function 2 = sin? xcos y . We have to compute lin 3) 0” 36 sin 2xcos 2 dz(m/ 4,0) ay =-sin? xsin. Phas =0, (Gs2)-4 1402 a14 Bi 06, eel goed 60°36) 2° 30° 36-2 °30 9. Find the second-order partial derivatives for the given functions, 2 a) z=2x4y? +sin2y-~; zeyx?-y?, y y ‘Solution. Since 2 a) Zag _22, % x bay! 420082942, wehave ox yy ? 2 fgey 22 a(t 2) 2[ory +2 cos 2y+ y 2axty 2 and y eu au 10 Fad te pat dies 2 at Se wt ux +2? +.xc0s ysinz Solution. We have , u Fu soy? 2M age Baa eyPecapsne, BEaiat, Ptaate au ee att <4 2S (4x! + y? +05 ysinz)= 3y? sin ysinz, aay 3, ots ahigy?=iinyaes|enys cepa, ary? oy Hz ang BE Bava Bt 2 and 2 of an intermediate function x? + y’ UM. Find SF and 5 Solution. Since az a Beh 2e & A in oz 22S = ryt 2a Be "eye 5 we have 25Thus, du =6xyde* + 2xdz* + 6x*dxdy+ +4zdude . , 14, Find d?z at point M(-2; 0;1), if 2(x,y) is x+y? +2427 ‘Solution. To find the second-order partial derivatives: 88 a OE a, 14327; ez _ a ata] oxdy Oy Faxty?t+z+2; ae 12. Find the second-order differential for a function z= (3x—2y)* at poi MG; 4). Solution, To find the second-order partial derivatives for a given function a point M: oe 6 4@Gx~2y)) 3 2Gx—2y), & AGx—2y) (2) 8x23); "Gap 8 62 By 0288 -2y)?) = 363x—2y)? 3 = 1083x—2y)?; x 22.) ae ee ay 14327 1432? (14327)? | 1432? (+327) (-8Gx-2y)') = 24(3x—2y)?(—2) = 48(3x—2y)?; Ge, a 2 r #2 1 } OR a OI By (264-299?) = 3632-29)? (2) axdy ay 14327) +327)? +327)? _— : At point M(—2;0;1) we have =108(3x—2y) a , 2 PHM) 9 PaO) 9 B00 1. pre 2d ye Thus (1.8) is reduced to ae 32" aad 2 @?2(M) = 108d? —14ddedy + 48d? . 13, Find d?v, if w=x3y4x27, : T2] _—_ Self-tests and class assignments Solution. For a function u =f(x,y,2), where x, y and z are th independent variables. Let’s show that 1. Let z be given by the formula z=x?y. Compute Az,, Az, and Az at point 2, 2° a (0:1) when a) Ax=1, Ay=2; 6)Ax=0,1, Ay=0,5.Ar=2, Ay=-1 du Thats Lay? f +L ae a ES 2, Letz be given by the formula 2= x? + y? ~3ay . Compute Az, Az, and Az ay 2 point is changing from M(I;1) to M,(1,2;0,9) +22L dede+ 29S yar, Oxdz Oyaz In Problems 3—13, find the partial derivatives Zan for the given We find the ced a peal ein om 2 lunetions 2(x,). OF bp o sagt yi ns Ee 3. zaxty tax —2y6 +3, 4, z=sin(2r+3y)—2y. 26 aRemnnig 2 para”, yes 7. 22° arcsin y. ae * yey ay 10. 2=(22 +?) 9 =x z= f(x? -y?). Wax serty2) 13, ef te? ne? 14, x? 4 y? 422 222, In Problems 15—17, verify that a function z(x,y) is due to equality, a yy oe a» In Problems 15—17, use the differential to estimate the given expressions. 16 nia? nts, ay 16. z= f(x? +”), 17. 47.84)? +61)? 18, In(1 + (1,07)? — (0,95)°) 19. (,05)>**, 20. tg10°sin8S°. 21, weg In Problems 23—26, Find the differential dz of the given functions. 2. 2=x+arcig~. 2B. xty+z=inz a In Problems 24—25, find the second-order differential for the give functions 2(x, y). 24, 2=(x+2y)* +sin@x-y). 25, In Problems 26—27, find the second-order differential for the giv functions u(x, y,2). 26. wax +y? +224 -2y24+3H(x—-y)', 21 u=in(x? +y? +22), 28 2? Answers 1a) Ayz=1,Ay2=0, A2=3;6) Ayz=0,01,A,2=0, Ar = 0,015 Ly Dates LAERO01, de =O1.3. ably te, yew lays. 8 z= 0, 25-0 6.2 = 2a? — y?), ==sinx-2°°*In2-aresin y, eos Handley). Tx *¥nx+1+ y/x) 2) =P nx, 10.2% = 26x? +9?) n(x +92) 42a? +»? x55), 2h = SP AVES In? + 7) 2 iyo? +y?)? SA Q2—Sy). IL X= fOw)2x, 2, =-2yf"Ow), ne we. xy RG Gin Baffle me warty vealy 13.25 e@-0' 17, 9878, 18, 0,29. 19. 1,18. 20. 0,175 110,86, (x? + y? = yee + xd] 23, —fde+ dy] M. Zhe = 20(x+2y)? -9sin(Bx—y), zfy =80(x + 2y)? —sin(Bx—y), * o 1, =40(x+2y)? + 3sinGx—y). 28. 2h=y(y— Da? ay in? y, ete yt 26. wr, =6x+60(x-y)?, ~60(x-y), w= 42°, uf, =-2. wo ny+ yx?inx, (x Dy +x nx hy =2460(e—y)?, uf, = 12x27, uf T2 Individual the test problems 2.1. Find the partial derivatives 2 = and differentials dz for the given ix (umetions 2x, y). 2A, a) 2= 3x6 42325 Ax 4595 2.4.2, a) z==x* +3xy -5x° +2; b)z= 213, a) 22-3 H2xy8 Sy? 41; BD b)z=xylog, x igln(x? —y*) resin 2*/” 2921.8. a) 21.6, a)z=2x4 —y° ~3xy4 +4y42; 21.7. a)z P-2y" 4x8 yt 7x1; 21.8. a) z= x7 y* -2x4y® 42x-6; 21.9. a)z=—31y? +37 y—3y +3; 2.1.10. a)z = Sr°y? —x+y6 +10; 2A. a) 2 =7x4y? -3y! 43x—4; 24114, a)2= 2x" y4 43x? —y4-1; 24.15. a) 24.16.8)2 = 4x79? —255 —y410; ty! 45x°—3y 2; 2LA7.a)z=—x"y$ +203 449 +7; 24.18, a)2 =3x'y9 47x39 —y 2-5; 2.1.19. a)z=5x°y? -2x? +y4 44; 241.20,0)2=-x'y? ~22JV +4x—2; 2421, a)2=43'y* + 7x -y5 6; 2.1.22, a)2=—x'y° +6x' Jy 44x; 21.23, a)2 = xy? —x? 44y7 2.24, a)z=-2x?y' ~ xy? +4y; 30 b) z=(aresina)? b) z=2y" Insin(x—2y) b)z=sin} xcos(x+3y) b)2=(y+x)arcig yay. byz=3** In(x? + y). b)z=arcetg Iny Inx b) z =arecos- wy be=e” G?-y) bza4?* act be » byz=(€* cosy tee)? in (x? +ay—y?) 20s *(x? ~y). by z= DEF sila») ben 2Be, xiny byz- ns xin(y? +1) grat Gry zine 2y) a+ 2x) byz=x(sin x”. b)z=(x+ y*)fredy. bya BxctBy ty pen teetewy vey » Inx-y) Inge? +?) InIn(wetg y) Buty? 45x24 42; 2.1.25. a) 2.1.26. a)z bz b)z=ysin? x-cos? y . byz=yte? x+etg? y. 2A.27.a)z 21.28. a) z 2.1.29.) 2.1.30.) byz=sin(in2x+3y)). avy’ +4? +4y-6; b)z=Incos(4x—3y) 2.2, Find the differential dz for the given functions z(x, y) at point M. 221. x+2y+2+e =0, M(s-L0). 22.2. x?-y+z2+Inz=0, MQ;1;1) 2.23, sin(x+ y)+sin(y-z)=1, M(O; #/2; 0/2). 224, sin(e+ yt2)+2=1, M(R/4 1/450) 225. e +e!? =2, M(0;0;0). 2.2.6.2xy+ ye+2)=0, MLL) 22. aye+e? =x, M(L2;0) 228 x-y-2=1g2, M(2;2,0). 22.9. =z, M(0;1;1). 22.40. Inz-+nx=y-1, MQ;1;1). 22A1.xy2=Inz, M151) 2212. x+4y—z=e7, M(-31;0). 2.2.13. sin z+cos(x—y+2)=1, M(n/2;n/2;0). 22.14. Ve +Yy +Vz=42, MB). 2215, tgxtigy+igz=2cosz, M(n/4, 0/450) 2246, x°-y? =z? 4az44x+5=0, M(-210) 22.17. x7 +y? -2? +32+4y-4=0, M(;1;2). 2.2.18, 2x? - y? +22? + ay4az-3=0, MUL 21) 22.19, 4y? —2? + 4xymxz+42-10=0, M(5-2;1). 2.2.20, x? —2y? 42? 4a2—4y-13=0, MG:152) 3122.21. y? +2? +x-32=0, M(Ij 151) 2.2.22. y? +2? —xy-2(y+x)=0, M(5 21). 2.2.23, 2x4 + y* +24)—3xy2=0, M(L/2;1/2;1/2). 2.2.24, sin? x-+sin? y-+sin? 2—1=0, M(n/4;0; 0/4). 2.2.28. e +e” +e* =3e™, M(0;0;0). 2.2.26, e*™* +05"? +6 3-0, M(0;0;8/2). 2.2.27, x” +y +2" -12=0, MG; 2; 1). 22.28 Oty 423 +2y2- » MQ;41). 2.2.29, Vx+ Jy +z +a2-8=0, MCs 4). 2.2.30. 25 +27 +25 +1=2°*, M(O;1;2). 2.3. Use the differential to estimate the given expressions. 23.1. (097)4(0,95)?. 2.3.2. (0,94)? (0,98). 23.3. YG)? +3,9)? . 2.3.4. Y(1,94)° + (4,06)? +3. 23.5. sin 5°cos 80° 2.3.6. sin 6°tg 48°. 23.7. \sin8°+ 4c0s5°. 2.3.8. 6,85" +@1 . 2.3.9. (4,75)? +(11,8)' 1,08 23.10. arcig 2S, 1,04 23.11, 1g42°tg50°, 23.13. 294° -.2=1. 2.3.15, Vsin 85° + 3cos6° . 2.3.17. sin 6° cos8°, 11 0,96 ° 23.21, (2,9)? + (2,05)? +3 . 2.3.23. (1,86)? + (0,94)?)?. 2.3.28. (104) -(0,96)-"9, 2.3.12. sin 27° cos 4°, 23.14. [6.97 +4847 2.3.16, e5 .(3,05)?, 2.3.18, e°' -sin 85°, 2.3.20, arctg(0,97- 1,08). 2.3.22. 4{(2,9)' — 3,86)? +15 2,3.24.4)(2,05)* — (3,04)? +1. 2.3.26, ctg 40° ctg 47° 2.3.28. 4f(4,92)? + (2,94)? -2 . 23.19, arctg 23.27. ctg4l°-+etg51°, 32 Topic 3. Applications of partial derivatives Yangent plane and normal to a surface. Directional derivatives and the yvadient, Relative extrema of the functions of two variables. Extrema on a polygon, (Literate: ch, 6, $31, [4 section 6, § 201 [6, ch. 61, [7 section 8, §§14—I8}, [9, §§45—46]. T3 Main concepts 3.1. Tangent plane and normal to a surface Consider a surface that is a level surface of a function w = F(x, y, z). Let aF(Mo); ox Mul, Yo, 20) be a point on this surface where the vector VF = a ot) 73 ari) E #0. The tangent plane to the surface at the point Mp ay it plane through Mp that is perpendicular to the vector VF evaluated at Mp. The tangent plane at ike point My isthe plane that best approximates the slave near Mp, {t consists of all the tangent lines at Moto curves in the surface ‘hs passthrough the point ‘straight line is perpendicular to a surface at the point Myon this surface if ‘nc straight line Is perpendicular to the tangent plane atthe point Mo, is called re ‘uovmal line and the following table lists I-1 and 1.2 have the equations of a ‘ungent plane and a normal line. Table list 1.1 Trae. “The equations ofa tangent plane FM WFO FU, F(y42) 20 UO og) FOO yy (0) 2.) =0 We. Wen lid Te ony Td Yo) Table Tt 72 uae “The equations of a normal line a eee AGAE!. F(My) OF (Mo) OF (Mo) ax ay a fey) 5 gman 92 33