SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
1. Primary test (physical aspects)

Sl no: Experiment Observation Inference

a. State Liquids/solids -----

b. Color In case of Liquids
Colorless May be alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, simple ethers,etc
Orange color is observed May be nitro compounds

In case of Solids
Pink color Phenols

Chocolate/violet Napthols

Yellow Iodoform, nitro compound

Brown Aromatic amines

Colorless Carbohydrates, carboxylic

acids,esters,etc

c. Odour Fruity odour Esters

Fishy odour Amines

Pleasant smell Aromatic compound

Pungent smell Lower aliphatic acids

Phenolic Phenols,napthols,etc

Oil of bitter almonds Benzoldehyde and nitro

compounds

Aromatic odour Aromatic hydrocarbons

 1. IGNITION TEST

Small amount of the Smoky or sooty Aromatic

d. solid/liquid in a spatula and flame is observed compound.
ignited
Non-luminous/non Aliphatic
smoky flame compound.
Charring with burnt Carbohydrates and
sugar smell its salts.

3. Solubility

H2O ETHER 10%NaHCO3 10%NaOH 10%HCl Conc.H₂SO INFERENCE

₄

- + + + - - May be acids

Weak acids (like

- + - + - + phenols)
Neutral
- + - - - + (carbonyls ,amides)

Carbohydrates
+ - + + + +
Basic compounds
- + - - + + (like amines)

- + - - - - Hydrocarbons

Elemental analysis:

C,H,O are consider as the basic elements of organic compounds .other than these three
elements, the elements that are most commonly present in organic compounds are
N,S,X(CL,Br,I).The presence of these elements is detected by lassaign’s test .
Preparation for sodium fusion extract:

Heating procedure for liquids:

Gently heat a small piece of freshly cut and dried sodium metal in an ignition tube in the
beginning and then to red hot .Remove the red hot ignition tube from there flame and
add one drop of the liquid.

Repeat the heating process again until tube becomes red hot, remove and add another
drop of the liquid same procedure will be repeated with the solids.

[Note: there is no need to add compound again in case of solid]

Take 3-4 ml of distilled water in a mortar and immerse the red hot tube into water, grind
the ignition tube to pieces with the pestle, filter .divide the filtrate into 3-parts and
perform the following tests
 Experiment Observation Inference
1. LASSAIGN’S TEST:-
TEST FOR NITROGEN
To apportion of sodium fusion Prussian Nitrogen is
extract add 2drops of freshly blue/bluish/green present
prepared FeSo₄ sol boil, cold and ppt/color IS observed.
acidify with dil.H₂So₄ with shacking
until the solution is clear now add a No characteristic color Nitrogen absent
few drops of FeCl3. change

2. TEST FOR SULPHUR

a. To the second portion of the sodium Violet/purple color Sulphur present
fusion add 2-3 drops of freshly
prepared Sodium No purple color Sulphur absent
Nitropruside [Na[Fe(CN)₅NO].2H₂0].
(Or)
b. Acidify the small portion of extract Black ppt is observed Sulphur present
with acetic acid and lead acetate
solution

3.
TEST FOR HALOGENS(Cl,Br,I):
To a small portion of extract ,add White ppt soluble in Chlorine present
dil.HNO₃and then 2-3drops NH4OH
of(AgNO₃) Yellow ppt soluble in Bromine present
Silver nitrate solution NH4OH
Yellow ppt insoluble in Iodine present
NH4OH
No ppt/ Halogens(F,Cl,Br,I)
Are absent

5. TEST FOR UNSTURATION

 Experiment Observation Inference

a. Action of bromine in CCl₄:

To one ml of Br₂ in CCl₄ ,add a Decolourization of Unsaturation
drop of the liquid or small amount bromine without present
of the solid evolution of HBr
(evolution detected by
introduction of NH₃
rod ,gives white fumes)
No reaction Unsaturation
absent

BAYER’S test:
b. Action of dil.alkalione KMno₄:
Add one drop of the liquid or Decolourization of Unsaturated
small amount of the solid to 1 ml KMnO₄ white brown ppt compound
of dil. alkaline KMnO₄ (bayers
reagent)
 Experiment Observation Inference
Action of Bromine water:
To one ml of Bromine water add Decolorization Unsaturated
a drop of liquid /solid without evolution of compound
HBr
No de colorization saturated
compound

DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP

6. PRIMARY TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUP:

Experiment Observation Inference

1. TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID
(-COOH GROUP):
Action of NaHCO3:-
A. Add 1 ml of 10%NaHCO3 to the Soluble with Carboxylic acid
little amount of the compound effervescence of CO₂
and compound is
regenerated by the
addition of the dil HCL
observed.

b. Litmus test:
Dissolve the little of compound Blue litmus turns to May be
in alcohol and moisten the blue red Carboxylic acid
litmus paper group

2. Test for PHENOLIC –OH:

Neutral FeCl₃ test:
Dissolve the little of compound Violet/blue/pink/green Compound may
in alcohol and add one or two color which dis be phenol
drops of neutral Fecl₃ appears on
acidification with
dil.hcl
 Experiment Observation Inference
a. Liebermann’s nitraso reaction:
Dissolve little amount of the A deep green to blue Phenolic group
compound in alcohol .add solution solution
crystals of NaNO₂(sodium formed which turns
nitrite) heat for one minute red on pouring in
,cool and add few drops of water
conc. H₂so₄

4. TEST FOR CARBONYL

COMPOUNDS (R-CO-R):
Borsch’s Reagent:
Add 2 ml of the Borsch’s(2-4 Orange red ppt is Aldehydes
DNP) reagent and few drops of observed /ketones
conc. HCL to the little of the present
compound ,boil the mixture
for 5 min.and cool

5. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES:

Molisch’s test:
Dissolve small amount of Violet ring is observed carbohydrates
compound in few ml of present
water ;add 2 drops of alcoholic No Violet ring carbohydrates are
beta napthol solution in and absent
add conc. H₂SO₄ along the
sides/walls of the test tube.
NOTE: if the element nitrogen is absent it is not necessary to carry out these following
reactions (test for amines, amides, nitro compounds)

6. TEST FOR NITRO GROUP(R-NO₂):

Milliken and Barker’s reaction :
A little of the substance is A bright silver mirror Presence of nitro
dissolved in alcohol .A few drops (OR) black ppt is group
of calcium chloride (CaCl2) observed
solution and a pinch of zinc dust
are added. Boiled for 5 min
cooled and filtered into a test
 tube containing Tollens reagent

Experiment Observation Inference

7. TEST FOR AMINES(R-NH₂):

Carbylamines test:
Boil 2 ml of chloroform with Foul smelling of
alcoholic KOH and given organic carbylamine is Amines are
compound. (aliphatic& aromatic observed. present
i.e., amines give this reaction)
No characteristic
smeel is observed. Amines are absent

8. TEST FOR AMIDES(R-CO-NH₂):

Action of 10%NaOH:
A little of the substances is Ammonia gas is May be amide is
heated with sodium hydroxide evolved present
solution

a. Action of soda lime:

Little of the substances is heated Ammonia is evolved Presence of amide
with excess of dry soda lime in a
dry test tube

b. Nitrous acid test:

To the given compound add 2ml Brisk effervesces due Amide present
of HCL followed by 2 ml of 2% to liberation of N₂
aqueous NaNO₂ and shake gas
 CONFIRMATION TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS .
Experiment Observation Inference
1. -COOH GROUP :-
a. Esterification:
Dissolve the little amount of the Fruity odour
compound in /(banana/apple Carboxylic acid is
alcohol(ethanol/methanol)and smell is observed) confirmed
few drops of conc. H₂SO₄ along
with heating

b. Phenolphthalein test:
Dissolve 0.2g of the compound Pink color is Carboxylic acid is
in alcohol add 1-2 drops of observed confirmed
phenolphthalein and very dilute
NaOH solution drop wise

c. Ferric chloride test:

Dissolve few grams of the Violet color is Salicylic acid
compound in alcohol and add observed
few drops of Fecl₃ solution or Yellow precipitate is Cinnamic acid,anisic
Neutralize little amount of the observed acid
compound with ammonia in a reddish brown
test tube .boil the excess of precipitate. Aliphatic carboxylic
ammonia .cool and add few Buff precipitate. acid
drops of Fecl₃ solution.
Aromatic carboxylic
acid
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. PHENOLIC–OH GROUP
a. Phthalien test:
A small amount of given Red color is observed phenols
compound add phthalic
anhydride &a drop of conc. Fluorescent green color Resorcinol
H₂SO₄ and heat the contents for is observed
a minute .cool and make it Deep violet color is Hydro quinone
alkaline with dil NaOH pour the observed
contents into water green Alpha- napthol
Faint green Beta –naphthol

3. HYDROCARBONS:/NITRO
GROUP:
NITRATION REACTION:
Take 4 ml of conc. H₂SO₄ and Yellow solid Hydro carbons
conc. HNO₃ each in a test tube present
cool in ice water , and few gms
of compound to the acid
mixture. Mix the contents by
swirling and heat the mixture
on water bath till gives yellow
solid with ice

4. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS:
a. Schiff’s test:
Add 2 ml of Schiff’s reagent to Pink/ magenta color is Aldehydes present
little amount of the compound observed
and heat for 2 min No pink/magenta color is Ketones present
observed

b. Fehling’s test :
Add 2 ml of the reagent (1ml Red ppt is Aldehydes/reducing
of each A+B)to the compound observed(CU₂O) sugars present
and heat mixture on a open
flame Red ppt is not observed Ketones are
present
 c. TOLLEN’S TEST:
Add 2 ml of the tollens reagent Silver mirror or grey ppt is Aldehydes/reducing
to little amount of the observed sugars present
compound and heat the No Silver mirror or grey Ketones are
mixture on a water bath for 5 ppt is observed present
min

Preparation of TOLLENS REAGENT:: to the 2 ml of AgNO₃ add 1-2 drops of NaOH solution
when turbidity appears, now add NH₄OH drop wise until turbidity of AgOH disappears.

5. CARBOHYDRATES
a. Barfoed’s reagent test:
To little quantity of the Yellow or orange red ppt Glucose/fructose
compound in a test tube add 2 is observed present
ml of freshly prepared Red ppt after long heating Sucrose/insulin
barfoed’s reagent shake and
heat for 2or3 min allow to
stand

b. Identification of glucose and fructose:

Test for glucose: Salmon pink or rose Glucose present
To the aqueous solution of original pink color is
solution in a test tube and small observed
amount of solid lead acetate and 5
ml of dil.NH₄OH.boil the mixture
for a minute

Test for Fructose: Deep wine red color Fructose present

To the aqueous original solution followed by a ppt
,add an equal amount of resorcinol which dissolves in
keep the test tube in boiling water alcohol gives wine
for 2min red color solution

6 TEST FOR AMINES:

a. Diazotization and coupling (for amines)
Dissolve the compound in dil.HCL Bright orange red Aromatic primary
 cool in ice to 5˚c,add 10%NaNO₂ color/ ppt is amine
drop wise in slight excess and add observed
10%alkaline beta naphthol solution

7. TEST FOR AMIDES:

Hydroxylamine hydro chloride test:
To few of compound in alcohol Blue red color Aliphatic amide
add the reagent Hydroxylamine present
,HYDROCHLORIDE BOIL FOR 5 MIN

BI URATE TEST(or)DI AMIDE TEST:

A little of the substance is gently A violet color is Presence of
heated in a dry test tube until it produced diamide like urea.
melts and then solidifies. The
residue is dissolved in a little water
add a dil .solution of cuso₄
followed by NaOH solution drop by
drop

REPORT:

The nature of the given compound is _

The functional group present in the compound is _

Melting point of the given compound_

Finally the compound name_