Principles of Anatomy and

Physiology in Sport -
Skeletal system.
 The Skeletal System.
• The Skeletal System serves many important functions;

-Provides the shape and form of our bodies

-Supports

-Protects

-Allows bodily movement

-Produces blood for our bodies

-Stores minerals
 Types of Bone.
The bones of the body fall into four general categories:

• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones.

• Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. (ex. humerus,
tibia, femur, ulna etc.)

• Short bones are short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles.

• Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of
muscles (ex. ribs, cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle).

• Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories.
They have varied shapes, sizes, and surfaces features and include the bones of
the vertebrae and a few in the skull.
 Major Bones.
The ten major bones in the human body are:

• The cranium (skull),

• Mandible (lower jaw),
• Vertebral column (spine),
• Sternum (breast bone),
• Ribs,
• Pelvic girdle (pelvis),
• Femurs,
• Patella (knee cap),
• Fibulae (upper part of lower arm)
• Phalanges (fingers and toes).
 The Appendicular Skeleton.
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the
human body.
• The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions:

• 1) Pectoral Girdles
• 2) Arm and Forearm
• 3) Hands
• 4) Pelvis
• 5) Thigh and leg
• 6) Feet
 The Axial skeleton.
• The Axial Skeleton consists of 80 bones in the human body. It's main purposes are to
protect your vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, and to provide an
efficient structure to perform a variety of work.
• It is composed of five parts;

• hyoid bone of the throat,

• rib cage,

• vertebral column.
• human skull,

• Ossicles (Ear)
• The Shoulder Girdle

• The Pelvic Girdle

 Joints.

• A joint is the location at which two or more

bones make contact/meet. They are
constructed to allow movement and provide
mechanical support, there are three structural
classifications of joints…
 Fibrous joint.
These joints are also called fixed or immoveable
joints, because they do not move.

The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by

fibrous joints.
 Cartilaginous joint.
• Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage, and allow
more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the
highly mobile synovial joint. The bones can move a little bit but the
ligaments stop them from moving too far.
• Such as in the spine
Bone

Cartilage

Ligament
 Synovial joint.

• A Synovial joint, is the most common and

most movable type of joint in the body of a
mammal.

• Cavities between bones in synovial joints

are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid
helps lubricate and protect the bones.

There are 6 types of synovial joints;

• Hinge

The elbow is a hinge joint; it can open and

close like a door. Biologists use the word "extend"
to mean straighten the joint and the word "flex"
to mean bend the joint.

A sporting example would be a bicep curl

Where the elbow joint performs the flex,
extend movement described as above.
• Saddle.

A saddle joint allows movement back

and forth and up and down, but does not
allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.

• A sporting example would be the ‘W’

Position in netball, formed to help receive a pass.
• Ball and Socket.
A ball and socket joint allows for movement
in almost any direction,
they are found in the hips and shoulders.

A sporting example would be

The butterfly stroke in swimming where
The ball and socket joint in the shoulder
Allows the swimmer to fully rotate the
arm to be able to perform that stroke.
Ellipsoid.
Ellipsoid joints are similar to a ball
and socket joint.
They allow the same type of movement
to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid joint.

• A sporting example would be a

Shot in a netball game, where the
Wrist bends backwards and springs up
In order to perform the shot.
Pivot.
• Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis. The neck and forearms
have pivot joints.
The joint between your atlas and axis in your neck allow your head
rotate.

A sporting example would be in fencing

when an athlete turns the forearm
when Pushing forward for an attack.
• Gliding.

In a gliding joint bones slide past each other.

They allow a tiny bit of movement in all directions.
An example would be the tarsal in the ankle.

The movement that occurs

in a gliding joint Can be used in
mainly any sporting activity.
Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology in Sport -
Muscular system.
 Muscular system.
Muscles provide strength,
balance, posture,
movement and
heat for the body to keep
warm.
Every sport has one thing
in common and that is that
they all share movement of
the human muscle. There is
more than 600 muscles in
your body, these muscles
allow you to do everything
from writing and speaking,
running and jumping, to
breathing and even
digesting your lunch.
 Types of Muscle.
There are three different types of muscles in the body:

Smooth Muscles

• Produces movement, maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates

heat

• Arranged in layers with the fibres in each layer running in a different

direction. This makes the muscle contract in all directions.

• You can't control this type of muscle. Your brain and body tell these
muscles what to do without you even thinking about it.

• Found in the stomach, intestines, and urinary

bladder.
 Cardiac Muscle.
• Contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary).

• Exists only in your heart.

• Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works
automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest.
 Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal muscle — voluntary muscles.
Together, work with your bones to give your body power and strength.
In most cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It
stretches all the way across a joint and then attaches again to another
bone.

• Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons.

• Skeletal muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allow

them to do many types of jobs. Some of your biggest and most
powerful muscles are in your back.
 What Muscles are made up of.
• Long muscle fibres, that do the work of contracting and relaxing.
• Nerves, which carry messages to and from the brain.
• Blood vessels, which carry energy to your muscles and waste away.

A muscle is made of a bundle of muscle fibres. Within the muscle fibre

are thousands of parallel structures called myofibrils. The myofibrils
contain two types of filaments (action and myosin) that cause the
contractions of the muscle. These interlocking filaments can shorten
by grabbing on to each other and pulling together; this is a muscle
contraction.
 Contractions.
• There are four different types of contractions;

Concentric
A concentric contraction is a type of muscle
contraction in which the muscles shorten while
generating force.

Isometric
Contraction length of muscle does not change and
the joint angle doesn’t alter. It is easy to undertake
but fatigues quickly. It can cause fast increases in
blood pressure as energy to muscles is unable to
generate quick enough therefore blood flow is
reduced.
 Contractions.
Eccentric
It will occur when the muscle returns to the normal
length. The muscles are working against gravity. Easier to
perform but leads to muscular fatigue. Significant factor
in the stimulus that promotes a gain in muscle strength
and size.

Isokinetic
This is the contraction that shortens at a constant speed.
For this contraction you would need specialist equipment.
 Muscle fibres.
• Muscle fibres types can be broken down into two
main types:
- Slow twitch (Type I) muscle fibres
- Fast twitch (Type II) muscle fibres

These Fast twitch fibres can be further categorized into

• Type IIa Fibres.
• Type IIb Fibres.
 Slow Twitch (Type I)

• The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen to

generate more fuel (ATP) for continuous, extended muscle
contractions over a long time. They fire more slowly than
fast twitch fibres and can go for a long time before they
fatigue.

• A Sporting example of where this type of muscle fibre

would be extremely beneficial would be in marathons, An
athlete such as Paula Radcliffe would use and hold a lot of
this muscle type in order to be able to achieve the level of
success she does.
 Fast Twitch (Type II).

• Because fast twitch fibres use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel, they
are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than
slow muscles. However, they fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibres
generally produce the same amount of force per contraction as slow
muscles, but they get their name because they are able to fire more
rapidly.

• Having Fast Twitch muscle fibres Is Useful for Sprinters,

Usain Bolt uses and holds a lot of these
Fast Twitch fibres successfully when
running the 100 and 200m in athletics.
1. Type IIa Fibres - These fast twitch muscle fibres are
also known as intermediate fast twitch fibres. They
can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
almost equally to create energy.

2. Type IIb Fibres -These fast twitch fibres use

anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the
"classic" fast twitch muscle fibres that excel at
producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. This
muscle fibre has the highest rate of contraction of all
the muscle fibre types, but it also has a much faster
rate of fatigue.
 What is the composition of fibre type of different
groups
of people?

Type of person Percent fast-twitch Percent slow-twitch

Olympic Sprinter 80% 20%

Couch Potato 60% 40%
Weekend Warrior 50% 50%
Olympic Marathoner 15% 85%
 Upper body Muscles.
Latissimus
Dorsi.

Pectorals Major. Rhomboids.

 Upper Body Muscles.

Trapeziums. Biceps.
Deltoids.
 Upper body muscles.

Triceps. Forearm Muscles.

Core body muscles.
Lower body muscles.
Olivia McCarthy
12PDL.