Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions Reciprocal Identities

Right triangle definitions, where 0 < < / 2. 1 1 1

opp. hyp. tan x = sin x = csc x =
sin θ = csc θ = cot x csc x sin x
hyp. opp. 1 1 1
cot x = cos x = sec x =
adj. hyp. tan x sec x cos x
cos θ = sec θ =
hyp. adj. Tangent and Cotangent Identities
opp. adj. sin x cos x
tan θ = cot θ = tan x = cot x =
adj. opp. cos x sin x
Hyperbolic Functions
Circular Function Definitions, where is any angle e x − e−x e x + e−x sinh x
sinh x = cosh x = tanh x =
y r 2 2 cosh x
sin θ = csc θ =
r y 1 2 1 2
csc hx = = x −x
sec hx = = x
x r sinh x e − e cosh x e + e − x
cos θ = sec θ = 1 cosh x
r x coth x = =
y x tanh x sinh x
tan θ = cot θ = Sum and Difference Formulas
x y
sin (u ± v ) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v
Units Circle cos(u v ) = cos u cos v sin u sin v
tan u ± tan v
tan (u ± v ) =
1 tan u tan v
Double-Angle Formulas
2 tan u
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u tan 2u =
1 − tan 2 u
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 u
Power Reducing Formulas
1 − 2 cos u 1 1 − cos 2u
sin 2 u = = (1 − cos 2u ) tan 2 u =
2 2 1 + cos 2u
1 + 2 cos u 1
cos 2 u = = (1 + cos 2u )
2 2
1 − cos 2 x sin 2 x
tan x = =
sin 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
Sum-to-Product Formulas
u+v u−v
sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos
2 2
u+v u −v
sin u − sin v = 2 cos sin
2 2
u+v u−v
cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos
2 2
2 1 3 1 u+v u−v
= = 0.707 = 0.866 = 0.500 cos u − cos v = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Reduction Formulas
Common Reference Triangles sin (− x ) = − sin x cos(− x ) = − cos x sec(− x ) = − sec x
csc(− x ) = − csc x tan (− x ) = − tan x cot (− x ) = − cot x

Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x
Fractions Product to Sum Formulas
a c ad + bc a 1
+ = sin u sin v = [cos(u − v ) − cos(u + v )]
b d bd b = a ⋅ d = ad −a a a 2
=− =
a c ac c b c bc b b −b 1
⋅ = cos u cos v = [cos(u − v ) + cos(u + v )]
b d bd d 2
(a / b ) + (c / d ) = (a / b ) + (c / d ) ⋅ bdfh = (ad + bc ) fh 1
sin u cos v = [sin (u + v ) + sin (u − v )]
(e / f ) + (g / h ) (e / f ) + (g / h ) bdfh (eh + fg )bd 2
Exponents 1
cos u sin v = [sin (u + v ) − sin (u − v )]
An A m = An+m
m
( ) n
A m = A mn Am / n = n Am 2
Cofunction Identities
A
n
= A m −n ( AB )n = A n B n A1 / 2 = A π π
A sin − x = cos x cos − x = sin x
1 A
n
An A0 = 1 ( A ≠ 0) 2 2
−m
A = m = n
A B B π π
csc − x = sec x tan − x = cot x
Logarithms 2 2
log = common logarithm (logarithm to the base 10) = log10 π π
ln = natural logarithm (logarithm to the base e) = log e sec − x = csc x cot − x = tan x
2 2
e = 2.71828182846
π π
10 B = A eB = A e ln A = A log 10 = 1 sin x − = − cos x cos x + = − sin x
2 2
log A = B ln A = B 10 log A = A ln e = 1
π x 1 + cos x
ln e A = A log 10 A = A log 1 = ln 1 = 0 A = Bx cos x − = sin x cos =±
2 2 2
log AB = log A = log B 1
π
log = − log A log A x 1 − cos x
A A x= sin x + = cos x sin =±
log = log A = log B log B 2 2 2
B log A n = n log A
x 1 − cos x
ln A = (ln 10)(log A) = 2.30258509 log A tan =
2 sin x
log A = (log e )(ln A) = 0.43429448 ln A
Quadradic Equation and Quadradic Formula
Law of Sines Law of Cosines ax 2 + bx + c = 0 − b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
a b c ( a ≠ 0) 2a
= = c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
sin A sin B sin C Temperature Conversion Formulas
0° F = 459.67° R 0°C = 273.15° K
1 1 1 5
Area =
2
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
2 2
°C = (° F − 32) = 5 ° R − 273.15 = ° K − 273.15
9 9
9 9
A + B + C = 180° ° F = °C + 32 = ° K − 459.67 = ° R − 459.67
5 5
5 5
° K = (° F − 32 ) + 273.15 = ° R = °C + 273.15
9 9
9 9
° R = (°C + 273.15) = ° K = ° F + 459.67
5 5
Distance Between Points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 ) is,
Similar Triangles
d (P , Q ) = (x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 + y 2 )2
y 2 − y1
a ' b' c ' Slope of Line Between Points m=
= = x 2 − x1
a b c
Distance Between any Point P( x1 , y1 ) and any
line Ax + Bx + C = 0 is,
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
A2 + B 2
Factoring Formulas Degree Conversions
x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y ) x 3 ± y 3 = ( x ± y ) x 2 ( xy + y 2 ) π = 3.14159265359
π
(x ± y )2 = x 2 ± 2 xy + y 2 (x ± y )3 = x 3 ± 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 ± y 3 2π radians = 360 degrees radians = 90 degrees
2
The Greek Alphabet
180
Alpha Α α Iota Ι ι Rho Ρ ρ 1 radian = degrees = 57.2957795131º
π
Beta Β β Kappa Κ κ Sigma Σ σ
π
Gamma Γ γ Lambda Λ λ Tau Τ τ 1 degree = radians = 0.01745329252º
180
Delta ∆ δ Mu Μ µ Upsilon Υ υ π
To get radians from degrees, multiply the degrees by
Epsilon Ε ε Nu Ν ν Phi Φ φ 180
Zeta Ζ ζ Xi Ξ ξ Chi Χ χ 180
To get degrees from radians, multiply the radians by
Eta Η η Omicron Ο ο Psi Ψ ψ π
Interpolation Equation
Theta Θ θ Pi Π π Omega Ω ϖ (b is unknown)
Binomial Theorem a b? c b−a c−b a ( f − e ) + c(e − d )
For any positive integer n, = b? =
d e f e−d f −e (f − d)
(a + b )n = a n + na n−1b + n(n − 1) a n−2 b 2 Example:
1⋅ 2 2 ? 6 ?− 2 6−?
n(n − 1)(n − 2 ) n−3 3 =
+ a b + ... + nab n −1 + b n 9 14 21 14 − 9 21 − 14
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
(a + b )1 = a + b 2(21 − 14 ) + 6(14 − 9 )
?= = 3.667
(a + b ) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2 (21 − 9)
For instance, GPS Coordinates
(a + b )3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3 1 Degree = 1° = 60’ = 3600” = 60 miles = 316800 feet
(a + b )4 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4 1 Minute = 1’ = 60” = 1 mile = 5280 feet
1 Second = 1” = 88 feet
Difference of Like Integers Powers, n > 1
(
a n − b n = (a − b ) a n −1 + a n − 2 b + a n −3b 2 + ... + ab n − 2 + b n −1 )
Convert Degrees Minutes Seconds to Decimal Degrees
a − b = (a − b )(a + b )
2 2
DDD° MM’ SS.sssssss” DDD.ddddddd°
For instance, 3 3
(
a − b = (a − b ) a + ab + b2 2
) (i.e. 109° 40’ 04.04832” 109.6677912°)
SS .sssssss
(
a 4 − b 4 = (a − b ) a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b 3 ) MM +
60
Series Formulas DDD.ddddddd ° = DDD +
60
x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
sin x = x − + − + ... cos x = 1 − + − + ... Convert Degrees Minutes Seconds to Degrees Decimal
3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6! Minutes
x 3
x 5
x 7
x 2
x 4
x 6 DDD° MM’ SS.sssssss” DDD° MM.mmmmmmm’
sinh x = x + + + + ... cosh x = 1 + + + + ... (i.e. 109.6677912° 109° 40.0647200’)
3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
x 2
x 3
x 4 SS .sssssss
ex = 1+ x + + + + ... DDD° MM .mmmmmmm' = DDD + MM +
2! 3! 4! 60
Convert Decimal Degrees to Degrees Minutes Decimal
x3 x5 x7
−1
tan x = x − + − + ..., (− 1 ≤ x ≤ 1) Seconds
3 5 7 DDD.ddddddd° DDD° MM’ SS.sssssss”
1
= 1 + x + x + x + x + ..., (− 1 < x < 1)
2 3 4 DDD° = DDD.ddddddd − DDD
1− x MM .mmmmmmm' = (DDD.ddddddd − DDD ) ⋅ 60
x2 x3 x4
ln (1 + x ) = x − + − + ..., (− 1 < x ≤ 1) MM ' = (DDD.ddddddd − DDD ) ⋅ 60 − 0.mmmmmmm
2 3 4
Simple Interest Compound Interest SS .sssssss" = ((DDD.ddddddd − DDD ) ⋅ 60 − MM ) ⋅ 60
nt Convert Decimal Degrees to Degrees Decimal Minutes
r
I = Pr t A = P 1+ DDD.ddddddd° DDD° MMM.mmmmmmm’
n DDD° = DDD.ddddddd − DDD
I = Interest, P = Principle, r = Rate, t = Time of Investment MM .mmmmmmm' = (DDD.ddddddd − DDD )
A = Money Accrued, n = Number of Periods in Time
Triangle Circular Ring
h = a sin θ
1 ( p = average radius, w
Area = bh = width of ring)
2
Law of Cosines (
Area = π R 2 − r 2 )
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos θ = 2πpw

Right Triangle Sector of a Circle

( θ in Radians)
2
D
θ
Pythagorean Theorem θr 2 2
Area = =
c2 = a2 + b2 2 2

θD 2 rs
= =
8 2
Equilateral Triangle θD
s = rθ =
3s 2
h= Sector of a Circular Ring
2
( p = average
3s 2 sh
Area = = radius, w = width of
4 2 ring, θ in Radians)
2h Area = θpw
s=
3
Parallelogram Ellipse
Area = πab
Area = bh
a2 + b2
Circumference ≈ 2π
2
Trapezoid 3
Ellipsoid Volume = πabc
4
h
Area = (a + b ) Right Circular Cone
2

Circle πr 2 h
D = 2r Volume =
3
1 D Lateral Surface Area =
r= D=
2 2
D
2
πD 2 πr r 2 + h 2 = πrs
Area = πr = π
2
=
2 4 Any Cone or Pyramid
Circumference = πD = 2πr

(A = Area of Base)
Sphere
Ah
Volume =
3
4
Volume = πr 3
3
Surface Area = 4πr 2
Right Circular Cylinder Frustum of Right Circular Cone

Volume = πr 2 h π (r 2 + rR + R 2 )h
Volume =
3
Lateral Surface Area = 2πrh Lateral Surface Area =

πs(R + r )

Wedge Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases

(A = area of upper
face, V = bh
B = area of base)
b = area
A = B sec θ of base

Prefixes for Powers of Ten

Power Scientific Actual Number Abbrev. Name
10 −24 1E-24 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1 y yocto
10 − 21 1E-21 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1 z zepto
10 −18 1E-18 0.000,000,000,000,000,001 a atto
10 −15 1E-15 0.000,000,000,000,001 f femto
10 −12 1E-12 0.000,000,000,001 p pico
10 −9 1E-9 0.000,000,001 n nano
10 −6 1E-6 0.000,001 µ micro
10 −3 1E-3 0.001 m milli
10 − 2 1E-2 0.01 c centi
10 −1 1E-1 0.1 d deci
10 0 1E0 1 --- ---
1
10 1E1 10 D deka
2
10 1E2 100 h or H hecto
3
10 1E3 1,000 k or K kilo
6
10 1E6 1,000,000 M mega
9
10 1E9 1,000,000,000 G giga
12
10 1E12 1,000,000,000,000 T tera
15
10 1E15 1,000,000,000,000,000 P peta
18
10 1E18 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 E exa
10 21 1E21 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Z zeta
24
10 1E24 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Y yotta
Some Fundamental Constants
**Numbers in parenthesis represent how many total decimal places it is carried out to be nearly exact.

Atomic Mass Unit u 1.660 540 2(10) x 10 −27 kg

931.494 32(28) MeV/ c 2
Avogadro’s Number NA 6.022 136 7(36) x 10 23 (mol ) −1
Average Earth-Moon Distance 3.84 x 10 8 m
1.259 842 519 690 x 10 9 ft
Average Earth-Sun Distance 1.496 x 1011 m
4.908 136 482 940 x 1011 ft
Average Radius of the Earth 6.37 x 10 6 m
2.089 895 013 120 x 10 7 ft
e
Bohr Magneton µB = 9.274 015 4(31) x 10 −24 J/T
2 me
2
Bohr Radius a0 = 0.529 177 249(24) x 10 −10 m
me e 2 k e
R
Boltzmann’s Constant kB = 1.380 658(12) x 10 −23 J/K
NA
7.270 063 x 10 −27 Btu/Rº
h
Compton Wavelength λC = 2.426 310 58(22) x 10 −12 m
me c
Density of Air (20ºC and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/ m 3
0.074 913 600 lbm/ ft 3
Density of Water (20ºC and 1 atm) 1.00 x 10 3 kg/ m 3
62.428 lbm/ ft 3
Deuteron Mass md 3.343 586 0(20) x 10 −27 kg
2.013 533 214(24) u
h
Dirac’s Constant = 1.054 572 66(63) x 10 −34 J·s
2π
2.77 505 62 x 10 −41 Btu·hr
Electron Mass me 9.109 389 7(54) x 10 −31 kg
5.485 799 03(13) x 10 −4 u
0.510 999 06(15) MeV/ c 2
Electron-Volt eV 1.602 177 33(49) x 10 −19 J
Elementary Charge e 1.602 177 33(49) x 10 −19 C
Faraday’s Constant F 964785.309 C/gmol
Gas Constant R 8.314 510(70) J/K·mol
10.731 640 psia/ ft 3
Gravitational Constant G 6.672 59(85) x 10 −11 N· m 2 / kg 2
3.322 80 x 10 −11 lbf· ft 2 / lb 2
Gravity g 9.806 650 m/ s 2
(Free-Fall Acceleration) 32.174 ft/ s 2
me e 4 k e2 e 2 k e
Hydrogen Ground State E0 = = 18.605 98(40) eV
2 2 2a 0
Josephson Frequency- 2e / h 4.835 976 7(14) x 1014 Hz/V
voltage Ratio
 h
Magnetic Flux Quantum Φ0 = 2.067 834 61(61) x 10 −15 Wb
2e
Mass of the Earth 5.98 x 10 24 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.36 x 10 22 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 x 10 30 kg
Neutron Mass mn 1.674 928 6(10) x 10 −27 kg
1.008 664 904(14) u
939.565 63(28) MeV/ c 2
e
Nuclear Magneton µn = 5.050 786 6(17) x 10 −27 J/T
2m p
Permeability of Free Space µ0 4 π x 10 −7 N/ A 2 (exact)
1
Permittivity of Free Space ε0 = 8.854 187 817 x 10 −27 C 2 /N· m 2 (exact)
µ0c 2
Photon Wavelength λ0 1239.8425 nm

12398.425 A
Photon Frequency f0 2.417 988 3 x 1014 Hz
Planck’s Constant h 6.626 075(40) x 10 −34 J·s
1.744 529 9 x 10 −40 Btu·hr
Proton Mass mp 1.672 623(10) x 10 −27 kg
1.007 276 470(12) u
938.272 3(28) MeV/ c 2
h
Quantized Hall Resistance 25812.805 6(12) Ω
e2
Rydberg Constant RH 1.097 373 153 4(13) x 10 7 m −1
Speed of Light in Vacuum c 2.997 924 58 x 10 8 m/s (exact)
9.835 710 56 x 10 8 ft/s
Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1.013 x 10 5 pa
14.692 322 832 psi
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant σ 5.670 510 x 10 8 W/ m 2 ⋅ K 4
1.712 340 x 10 −9 Btu/h· ft 2 ·º R 4
Wein’s Constant c3 0.002 897 756 m·K
5215.961 µ · ºR

CONVERSIONS

LENGTH
m = Meter cm = Centimeter mm = Millimeter yd = Yard ft = Feet (foot)
in = Inch Mpc = Megaparsec pc = Parsec lyr = Light Year au = Astronomical Unit
km = Kilometer mi = Mile (International) nmi = Nautical Mile miUS = US Statute Mile chain = Chain
rd = Rod fath = Fathom ftUS = US Survey Foot mil = Mil µ = Micron
A = Angstrom fermi = Fermi

1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 1.0936133 yd = 3.28084 ft = 39.37008 in = 0.001 km = 0.00062137 mi = 0.19884 rd = 0.4568056 fath = 3.280833 ftUS
= 1000,000 µ = 10,000,000,000 A = 1,000,000,000,000,000 fermi
1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm = 0.328084 ft = 0.393700787 in = 0.00001 km = 0.000006214 mi = 0.0004971 chain = 0.0019884 rd = 393.700787 mil
= 10,000 µ = 100,000,000 A = 10,000,000,000,000 fermi
1 mm = 0.001 m = 0.1 cm = 0.00328084 ft = 0.03937008 in = 0.000001 km = 0.00000062137 mi = 0.00004971 chain = 0.00019884 rd = 39.3700787 mil
= 1000 µ = 1,000,000 A = 1,000,000,000,000 fermi
1 yd = 0.9144 m = 91.44 cm = 914.4 mm = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.0009144 km = 0.000568182 mi = 0.181818 rd = 0.5 fath = 2.999994 ftUS = 36,000 mil
= 914400 µ = 9,144,000,000 A = 914,400,000,000,000 fermi
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm = 304.3 mm = 0.3333 yd = 12 in =0.0003048 km = 0.0001893939 mi = 0.060606 fd = 0.16667 fath = 0.999998 ftUS
= 12,000 mil = 304,800 µ = 3,048,000,000 A = 304,800,000,000,000 fermi
1 in = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm = 0.02778 yd = 0.083333 ft = 0.0000254 km = 0.00001578383 mi = 0.0050505 rd = 0.01389 fath = 1000 mil
= 25,400 µ = 254,000,000 A = 25,400,000,000,000 fermi
1 Mpc = 1,000,000 pc = 3,261,634.07982 lyr = 206,264,806,247 au = 3.086E19 km = 1.9174E19 mi
1 pc = 0.000001 Mpc = 3.26163497 lyr = 206,264.806247 au = 3.086E13 km = 1.9174E13 mi
1 lyr = 9.46053E15 m = 1.034616E16 yd = 3.10385E16 ft = 0.306594785168 pc = 63,239.713959 au = 9.46053E12 km = 5.8785E12 mi
1 au = 149,597,900,000 m = 290,806,758,530 ft = 0.00000485 pc = 149,597,900 km = 92,955,825.4791 mi
1 km = 1000 m = 100,000 cm = 1,000,000 mm = 1093.61329834 yd = 3280.83989502 ft = 39,370.0787402 in = 3.24078E-14 pc = 1.057E-13 lyr
= 6.6846E-9 au = 0.62137119224 mi = 0.539956803458 nmi = 0.621369949498 miUS = 49.7095959596 chain = 198.838383 rd = 546.80556 fath
= 3280.83333 ftUS
1 mi = 1609.344 m = 160,934.4 cm = 1,609,344 mm = 1760 yd = 5280 ft = 63,360 in = 5.21553E-14 pc = 1.70111E-13 lyr = 1.07578E-8 au
= 1.609344 km = 0.868976241901 nmi = 0.999998 miUS = 79.99984 chain = 319.99936 rd = 879 99824 fath = 5279.98944 ftUS
1 nmi = 1852 m = 2025.37182852 yd = 6076.11548556 ft = 1.852 km = 1.15077944802 nmi = 1.15077714646 miUS = 92.0621717168 chain
= 368.248686867 rd = 1012.68388888 fath = 6076.10333328 ftUS
1 miUS = 1609.34721869 m = 1760.00352 yd = 5280.01056 ft = 1.60935 km = 1.000002 mi = 79.99999 chain = 319.99999 rd = 879.99999 fath
1 chain = 20.1168402337 m = 2011.68402337 cm = 20,116.8402337 mm = 22.000044 yd = 66.000132 ft = 792.001584 in = 0.02011684 km
= 0.0125 mi = 4 rd = 11 fath = 66 ftUS = 792,001.584003 mil
1 rd = 5.02921 m = 502.921 cm = 5029.21 mm = 5.500011 yd = 16.500033 ft = 198.000396 in = 0.00502921 km = 0.003125 mi = 0.25 chain
= 2.75 fath = 16.5 ftUS = 198000.396 mil
1 fath = 1.8288 m = 2.000004 yd = 6.000012 ft = 0.0018288 km = 0.00136366 mi = 0.090909 chain = 0.363636 rd = 6 ftUS = 72,000.144 mil
1 ftUS = 0.3048 m = 0.333334 yd = 1.000002 ft = 12.000024 in = 0.0003048 km = 0.000189394 mi = 0.0151515 chain = 0.060606 rd = 12,000.024 mil
1 mil = 0.0000254 m = 0.00254 cm = 0.0254 mm = 0.00008333 ft = 0.001 in = 24.5 µ = 254,000 A = 25,400,000,000 fermi
1µ = 0.000001 m = 0.0001 cm = 0.001 mm = 0.00000328084 ft = 0.00003937 in = 0.03937 mil = 10,000 A = 1,000,000,000 fermi
1A = 0.0000000001 m = 0.00000001 cm = 0.0000001 mm = 3.937E-9 in = 0.000003937 mil = 0.0001 µ = 100,000 fermi
1 fermi = 1E-15 m = 1E-13 cm = 1E-12 mm = 3.937E-14 in = 3.937E-11 mil = 0.000000001 µ = 0.00001 A

AREA
m² = Meters Squared cm² = Centimeters Squared B = Barn yd² = Yard squared
ft² = Feet squared in² = Inches Squared km² = Kilometers Squared Ha = Hectar
A = Are mi² = Miles squared Acre = Acre miUS² = US Statute Miles Squared

1 m² = 10,000 cm² = 1.19599 yd² = 10.7639 ft² = 1550.0031 in² = 3.86102E-7 mi² = 2.471044E-4 Acre = 1E28 B
1 cm² = 0.155 in² = 1.0764E-3 ft²
1 yd² = 0.83613 m² = 9 ft² = 1296 in²
1 ft² = 0.11111 yd² = 144 in² = 929.0304 cm² = 0.092903 m²
1 in² = 6.4516 cm² = 6.9444E-3 ft² = 0.00064516 m²
1 km² = 100 Ha = 10,000 A = 247.1044 Acre = 0.386102 mi²
1 Ha = 0.01 km² = 100 A = 2.471044 Acre = 3.86102E-3 mi²
1A = 2.471044E-4 Acre = 0.01 Ha = 0.0001 km² = 3.86102E-5 mi² = 1E30 B
1 mi² = 2.589988 km² = 639.99744 Acre = 0.999996 miUS² = 3,097,600 yd² = 27,878,400 ft² = 2,589,933.11034 m² = 258.998811 Ha
1 miUS² = 1.000004 mi²
1 Acre = 4046.8726 m² = 4840.01936 yd² = 43,560.17424 ft² = 2.5625E-3 mi² = 4.046873E-3 km² = 0.4046873 Ha = 40.46873 A
1B = 1E-28 m²

VOLUME
m³ = Meters Cubed st = Stere cm³ = Centimeters Cubed yd³ = Yards Cubed \ft³ = Feet Cubed
in³ = Inches Cubed L = Liter galUK = Gallon (UK) galC = Gallon (Canadian) gal = Gallon (US)
pt = Pint ml = Milliliter cu = Cup (US) oz = Fluid Ounce (US) ozUK = Fluid Ounce (UK)
tbsp = Tablespoon tsp = Teaspoon bbl = Barrel bu = Bushel pk = Peck
fbm = Board Foot qt = Quart

1 m³ = 1 st = 1,000,000 cm³ = 1.30795 yd³ = 35.314667 ft³ = 61023.7440946 in³ = 1000 L = 1,000,000 ml = 264.172 gal = 1056.68821 qt = 2113.37642 pt
= 4226.7528377 cu = 33,814.0227 oz = 6.28981 bbl = 28.3775934 bu = 113.510374 pk
1 st = 1 m³ (same as above)
1 cm³ = 0.000001 m³ = 0.000035315 ft³ = 0.061024 in³ = 1000 m³ = 0.000264172 gal = 0.0010567 qt = 0.0021134 pt = 1 ml = 0.004226753 cu
= 0.033814 oz = 0.067628 tbsp = 0.202884 tsp
1 yd³ = 0.76455486 m³ = 764,554.857984 cm³ = 27 ft³ = 46,656 in³ = 764.55486 L = 201.974026 gal = 807.8961 qt = 1615.79221 pt = 3231.584416 cu
= 25,852.67532 oz = 4.808905 bbl = 21.696227 bu = 86.784907 pk
1 ft³ = 0.02832 m³ = 28,316.8466 cm³ = 0.037037 yd³ = 1728 in³ = 28.31685 L = 7.48052 gal = 576/77 gal = 29.92208 qt = 59.844156 pt = 119.68831 cu
= 957.50649 oz = 0.1781076 bbl = 0.803564 bu = 3.214256 pk = 12 fbm
1 in³ = 16.387064 cm³ = 0.000578704 ft³ = 0.016387 L = 0.004329 gal = 0.017316 qt = 0.034632 pt = 16.387064 ml = 0.069264 cu = 0.5541125 oz
= 1.108225 tbsp = 3.32467 tsp
1L = 0.001 m³ = 1000 cm³ = 61.023744 in³ = 0.264172 gal = 1.0566882 qt = 2.113376 pt = 1000 ml = 4.226753 cu = 33.814 oz = 67.628 tbsp
= 202.88414 tsp
1 gal UK = 1.00000044 gal C = 1.2009505 gal
1 gal C = 0.99999956 gal UK = 1.2009499 gal
1 gal = 0.83267381 gal UK = 0.8326742 gal C = 0.003785 m³ = 3,785.411784 cm³ = 0.13368055 ft³ = 231 in³ = 3.7854 L = 4 qt = 8 pt = 16 cu = 128 oz
= 256 tbsp = 768 tsp = 3,785.411784 ml = 0.0238952 bbl = 0.1074209 bu = 0.4296835 pk
1 qt = 0.25 gal = 2 pt = 4 cu = 32 oz = 64 tbsp = 192 tsp = 0.00946353 m³ = 946.352946 cm³ = 57.75 in³ = 0.946352946 L = 946.352946 cm³
= 0.02685522 bu = 0.107451 pk
1 pt = 0.125 gal = 0.5 qt = 2 cu = 16 oz = 32 tbsp = 96 tsp = 473.176473 cm³ = 28.875 in³ = 0.473176 L = 473.176473 ml = 0.0134276 bu = 0.05371 pk
1 ml = 1 cm³ (see 1 cm³ above)
1 cu = 8 oz = 16 tbsp = 48 tsp = 0.25 qt = 0.5 pt = 0.0625 gal = 236.5882365 cm³ = 236.5882365 ml = 14.4375 in³ = 0.23658824 L
1 oz = 1.0408423 ozUK = 2 tbsp = 6 tsp = 29.57353 ml = 29.57353 cm³ = 0.029574 L = 0.0078125 gal = 0.03125 qt = 0.0625 pt = 1.8046875 in³
1 ozUK = 0.96076036 oz
1 tbsp = 3 tsp = 0.5 oz = 0.0625 cu = 14.7867648 ml = 14.7867648 cm³ = 0.0147868 L = 0.00390625 gal = 0.015625 qt = 0.03125 pt = 0.90234375 in³
1 tsp = 0.333333 tbsp = 0.1666667 oz = 0.020833334 cu = 4.9289216 ml = 4.9289216 cm³ = 0.00492892 L = 0.00130208 gal = 0.0104167 pt = 0.3008 in³
1 bbl = 4.51168 bu = 18.0467072 pk = 67.375 fbm = 0.1589873 m³ = 5.61458334 ft³ = 0.20794753 yd³ = 42 gal = 158.987295 L = 168 qt = 336 pt
= 672 cu = 5376 oz = 10,752 tbsp = 32,256 tsp
1 bu = 0.221647 bbl = 4 pk = 14.93347 fbm = 0.03523907 m³ = 1.244456 ft³ = 0.046091 yd³ = 9.309177 gal = 35.23907 L = 37.23671 qt = 74.4734196 pt
1 pk = 0.25 bu = 0.05541177 bbl = 3.733368 fbm = 0.0088977 m³ = 0.311114 ft³ = 0.0115227 yd³ = 2.3272944 gal = 8.8097675 L = 9.3091774 qt
1 fbm = 0.2678546 pk = 0.066964 bu = 0.0148423 bbl = 0.00235074 m³ = 0.083334 ft³ = 0.00308642 yd³ = 0.6233766 gal = 2.35974 L = 2.4935065 qt

TIME
yr = Year day = Day hr = Hour min = Minute s = Second

1 yr = 365.242198781 day = 8765.81277074 hr = 525,948.766244 min = 31,556,925.9746 s

1 yr = 365 day = 8760 hr = 525,600 min = 31,536,000 s
1 day = 24 hr = 1400 min = 86,400 s
1 hr = 60 min = 3600 s

VELOCITY ( SPEED )
m/s = Meters per Second ft/s = Feet per Second kph = Kilometers per Hour cm/s = Centimeters per Second
mph = Miles per Hour c = Speed of Light mi/m = Miles per Minute knot = Nautical Miles per Hour

1 m/s = 100 cm/s = 3.28084 ft/s = 3.6 kph =2.23693629 mph = 1.9438445 knot
1 cm/s = 0.01 m/s = 3.28084E-2 ft/s = 0.036 kph = 2.23693629E-2 mph = 1.9438445E-2 knot
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s = 30.48 m/s = 1.09728 kph = .68181818 mph = .5924838 knot
1 kph = .277778 m/s = 27.77778 cm/s = .9113444 ft/s = 0.62137119 mph = 0.5399568 knot
1 mph = 0.44704 m/s = 44.704 cm/s = 1.466667 ft/s = 22/15 ft/s = 1.609344 kph = 0.86897624 knot
1 knot = 0.51444 m/s = 51.4444 cm/s = 1.68781 ft/s = 1.852 kph = 1.14077945 mph
1c = 299,792,458 m/s = 983,571,056.43 ft/s = 1,079,252,848.8 kph = 670,616,629.384 mph = 582,749,918.358 knot
1 mi/m = 26.8224 m/s = 60 mph = 88 ft/s = 52.1386 knot

ACCELERATION
m/s² = Meters per Second Squared ft/s² = Feet per Second Squared cm/s² = Centimeters per Second Squared

1 m/s² = 3.280835 ft/s² = 100 cm/s²

1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² = 30.48 cm/s²
1 cm/s² = 0.01 m/s²
9.80665 m/s² = 32.174 ft/s²

MASS
kg = Kilogram g = Gram lb = lbm = Pound (mass) oz = Ounce slug = Slug
lbt = Troy Pound ton = Short Ton tonUK = Long Ton UK T = Metric Ton ozt = Troy Ounce
ct = Carat grain = Grain U = Unified Atomic Mass

1kg = 1000 g = 2.20462 lb = 35.2739 oz = 0.06852 slug = 0.001 T = 5000 ct = 6.02E26 U

1g = 0.001 kg = 0.03527 oz = 0.000001 T = 5 ct = 15.4324 grain
1 lb = 0.45359 kg = 435.592 g = 16 oz = 0.03108 slug = 1.21528 lbt = 0.0005 ton = 0.0004536 T = 14.5833 ozt = 7000 grain = 2.73E26 U
1 oz = 0.02835 kg = 28.3495 g = 0.91145 ozt = 141.747 ct = 437.50 grain
= 1 lb ⋅ s
2
1 slug = 14.5939 kg = 32.174 lb = 514.785 oz = 469.205 ozt
ft
1 lbt = 373.242 g = 0.82286 lb = 13.1657 oz = 12 ozt = 5760 grain
1 ton = 907.185 kg = 2000 lb = 32000 oz = 14,000,000 grain
1 tonUK = 1016.05 kg = 2240 lb = 35,840 oz = 1.12 ton = 1.01605 T = 6.02E29 U
1T = 1000 kg = 2204.62 lb = 1.10231 ton = 5,000,000 ct
1 ozt = 31.1035 g = 1.09714 oz = 155.517 ct = 480 grain
1 ct = 0.2 g = 0.0004409 lb = 0.00705 oz = 0.0000002 T = 3.06865 grain
1 grain = 0.06479 g = 0.02286 oz = 0.32399 ct
1U = 1.6E-27 kg = 3.66E-27 lb = 1.6E-30 T = 931.5 MeV
c2
FORCE
N = Newton dyn = Dyne lbf = Pound (force) gf = Gram (force) kip = kiloPound (force)
pdl = Poundal

1N = 1 kg ⋅ m = 1E5 dyn = 0.2248 lbf = 101.97162 gf = 7.233 pdl

s2
1 dyn = 1E-5 N = 2.2481E-6 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448222 N = 444822.161526 dyn = 9.001 kip
1 gf = 0.00980665 N
1 kip = 1000 lbf
1 pdl = 0.138254954 N

ENERGY, WORK, HEAT

J = Joule erg = Erg Kcal = Cal = kilo-Calorie cal = Calorie Btu = British Thermal Unit
ft·lb = Foot – Pound therm = Therm (EEC) MeV = Mega electron Volt eV = electron Volt kWh = kiloWatt hour

= 1 N·m = 1 W·s = 1 kg ⋅ m = 10,000,000 erg = 0.0002388 Kcal = 0.238846 cal = 0.00094782 Btu = 0.737562 ft·lb = 9.47813E-9 therm
2
1J
s2
= 6.2415E18 eV = 2. 777777778E-7 kWh
1 erg = 0.0000001 J = 624150.636307 MeV = 624,150,636,307 eV
1 Kcal = 4186.8 J = 41,868,000,000 erg = 1000 cal = 3.968321 Btu = 3088.0252066 ft·lb = 0.00003968 therm
1 cal = 4.1868 J = 41,868,000 erg = 0.0.001 Kcal = 0.00396832 Btu = 3.0880252 ft·lb = 3.9683E-8 therm
1 Btu = 1055.05585 J = 0.251996 Kcal = 251.99576 cal = 778.16926 ft·lb = 0.000010002 therm = 0.000293071 kWh
1 ft·lb = 1.35582 J = 0.00032383 Kcal = 0.32383155 cal = 0.00128507 Btu = 3.766161E-7 kWh
1 therm = 105,506,000 J = 1.05506E15 erg = 25,199.67517 Kcal = 25,199,675.1696 cal = 100,000.393096 Btu = 77,817,232.1218 ft·lb = 29.300111111 kWh
1 MeV = 0.000001602177 erg = 1,000,000 eV
1 eV = 1.602177eeE-19 J = 1.60217733E-12 erg = 0.000001 MeV
1 kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ = 2,655,220 ft·lb
1 MMBtu = 1 dekatherm

POWER
W = Watt Hp = horsepower J= Joule kW = kiloWatt btu/hr = British Thermal Units per Hour

N ⋅ m = 0.738 ft ⋅ lb btu erg

1W =1 J =1 = 3.41297 = 1.3410221E-3 hp = 10,000,000
s s s hr s
ft ⋅ lb ft ⋅ lb btu
1 hp =745.69987 W = 550 = 33,000 = 2545.05076 = 0.746 kW
s min hr
btu ft ⋅ lb
1 kW = 1000 W = 1.3410221 hp = 3412.96928 = 737.562
hr s
1
btu = 0.293 W
hr

PRESSURE
pa = Pascal atm = Atmosphere bar = Bar torr = Torr psi = Pound per Square Inch
inHg = Inches of Mercury inH20 = Inches of Water mmHg = Millimeters of Mercury psf = Pound per Square Foot

1 pa = 1 N = 9.86923E-6 atm = 0.00001 bar = 0.000145 psi = 0.00750062 torr = 0.00750062 mmHg = 0.0002953 inHg = 0.00401865 inH20
m2
1 atm = 101,325 pa = 1.01325 bar = 14.6959487755 psi = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 29.92126 inHg = 407.189359 inH20
1 bar = 100,000 pa = 0.9869233 atm = 14.503774 psi = 750.061683 torr = 750.061683 mmHg = 29.5299875 inHg = 401.864652 inH20
1 psi = 6894.757293 pa = 0.068046 atm = 0.0689476 bar = 51.714933 torr = 51.714933 mmHg = 2.036021 inHg = 27.7075924 inH20 = 144 psf
1 torr = 1 mmHg (same as below)
1 mmHg = 133.32237 pa = 0.001315789 atm = 0.00133322 bar = 0.0193368 psi = 0.03937 inHg = 0.5357755 inH20
1 inHg = 3386.38816 pa = 0.033421053 atm = 0.03386388 bar = 0.491154077 psi = 25.4 torr – 25.4 mmHg = 13.608697 inH20
1 inH20 = 248.84 pa = 0.00245586 atm = 0.0024884 bar = 0.0360912 psi = 1.8664535 torr = 1.8664535 mmHg = 0.073482421 inHg
1 Mpa =1 N
mm 2
1 kpa = 1 kN
m2
1 dyn = 0.1 pa
cm 2

TEMPERATURE
ºC = degrees Celsius ºF = degrees Fahrenheit ºK = degrees Kelvin ºR = degrees Rankine
5
ºC = (°F − 32) = 5 °R − 273.15 = °K − 273.15
9 9
9 9
ºF = °C + 32 = ° K − 459.67 = ° R − 459.67
5 5
5
ºK = (° F − 32) + 273.15 = 5 ° R = °C + 273.15
9 9
9 9
ºR = (°C + 273.15) = ° K = °F + 459.67
5 5
0° F = 459.67° R 0°C = 273.15° K
ELECTRICITY
V = Volt A = Ampere C = Coulomb = Ohm F = Farad
W = Watt Fdy = Faraday H = Henry mho = Mho S = Siemen
T = Tesla Wb = Weber

= 1 kg ⋅ m = 1 A ⋅ Ω
2
1V
A ⋅ s2
1A =1 V
Ω
1C = 0.0000103641 Fdy = 1 A ⋅ s
= 1 kg ⋅ m = 1 V
2
1
A2 ⋅ s 3 A
= 1 A ⋅s
2 4
1F
kg ⋅ m 2
= 1 kg ⋅ m = 1 J = 1 N ⋅ m
2
1W
s3 s s
1 Fdy = 96,487 C = 96,487 A ⋅ s
= 1 kg ⋅ m
2
1H
A2 ⋅ s 2
= 1 S = 1 A ⋅s
2 3
1 mho
kg ⋅ m 2
= 1 mho = 1 A ⋅ s
2 3
1S
kg ⋅ m 2
1T =1 kg
A ⋅ s2
= 1 kg ⋅ m
2
1 Wb
A ⋅ s2

ANGLES
° = Degree rad = Radian grad = Grade arcmin = Minute of Arc arcs = Second of Arc

1° = 0.0174533 rad = 1.11111111 grad = 60 arcmin = 3600 arcs

1 rad = 57.29578 ° = 63.661977 grad = 3437.74677078 acrmin = 206,264.806247 arcs
1 arcmin = 1/60 ° = 1/3437.74677078 rad = 1/54 grad = 60 arcs
1 arcs = 1/3600 ° = 0.00000484814 rad = 1/3240 grad
1 sr =1 m 2 ⋅ m −2

LIGHT
fc = Foot Candle flam = Foot Lambert lx = Lux ph = Phot sb = Stilb
lm = Lumen cd = Candela lam = Lambert

1 fc = 10.763891 lx = 0.0010764 ph = 10.7639104167 cd ⋅ sr

m2
1 flam = 0.000342626 sb = 0.0010764 lam = 3.4262591 cd
m2
1 lx = 0.9290304 fc = 0.0001 ph = 1 cd ⋅ sr
m2
1 ph = 929.0304 fc = 10,000 lx = 1000 cd ⋅ sr
m2
1 sb = 2918.6350796 flam = 3.1415926 lam = 10,000 cd
m2
1 lm = 1 cd·sr
1 cd = 1 candle power
1 lam = 929.0304 flam = 0.3183099 sb = 3183.09886184 cd
m2
RADIATION
Gy = Gray rad = Rad rem = Rem Sv = Sievert Bq = Becquerel
Ci = Curie R = Roentgen

2
1 Gy = 100 rad = 100 rem = 1 Sv = 1 m
2
s
1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 1 rem = 0.01 Sv
1 rem = 0.01 Gy = 1 rad = 0.01 Sv
2
1 Sv = 1 Gy = 100 rad = 100 rem = 1 m
2
s
1
1 Bq = 2.7027E-11 Ci = 1
s
1 Ci = 37,000,000,000 Bq
1R = 0.000258 A ⋅ s
kg

VISCOSITY
P = Poise St = Stokes

1P = 1 kg
m⋅s
2
1 St = 0.0001 m
s

FREQUENCY
hz = Hertz cpm = Cycles per Minute cps = Cycles per Second rev = Revolution rpm = Revolution per Minute

1 hz = 1 cps = 60 rpm
1 rpm = 1 cpm =
1 hz
60
1 rev = 360 deg
1000 rpm = 1000 hz
60
1 rev = 2π rad
min 60 s

Derivatives
Remember: u ' =
du
dx
= du , a = constant
d
dx
[sin u ] = (cos u )u ' d
dx
[ ]
csc −1 u =
− u'
( u > 1)
u u2 −1
d d
(ax ) = a [cos u ] = −(sin u )u ' d
[ ]
cot −1 u =
− u'
dx dx
dx 1+ u2
d
dx
[au ] = au ' d
dx
( )
[tan u ] = sec 2 u u ' d
(sinh u ) = (cosh u )u '
dx
d d
[a ] = 0 [sec u ] = (sec u tan u )u ' d
(cosh u ) = (sinh u )u '
dx dx
dx
d d
[x ] = 1 [csc u ] = −(csc u cot u )u ' d
(log u ) = log e u '
dx dx
dx u
dv dv du
=
d
(
[cot u ] = − csc 2 u u ' )
dx du dx dx
d
[ln u ] = u '
dx u
du
=
1 d
[ ]
sin −1 u =
u'
(− 1 < u < 1)
dx dx / du dx 1− u2
d u
dx
( )
a = a u (ln a )u '
d
[uv] = uv'+vu ' (Chain Rule) d
[ ]
cos −1 u =
− u'
(− 1 < u < 1)
dx dx 1− u2
d
[u ± v] = u '±v' d
[ ]
tan −1 u =
u'
dx
dx 1+ u2
d u vu '−uv'
dx v
=
v2
d
dx
[ ]
sec −1 u =
u'
( u > 1)
u u 2 −1
Integrals
Remember: x is a variable, u is a variable,
v is a variable, a = constant, b = constant, x n
(ln ax ) dx =
m (ln ax )
m +1
+C
dx
=−
1
+C
C = constant, k = constant, f(x) = function m +1 (a + bx ) 4
3b(a + bx )
3

n = integer, fraction, and/or number (m ≠ 1) xdx 1

= 2 [bx − a ln (a + bx )] + C
m = integer, fraction, and/or number
e ax a + bx b
adx = ax + C xe ax dx = (ax − 1) + C xdx 1 a
a2 = + ln (a + bx ) + C
dx = x + C 1 n n −1 ax (a + bx ) 2
b a + bx
2

x n e ax dx = x n e ax − x e dx + C dx 1
kf ( x )dx = k f ( x ) + C a a =− +C,
e ax (a + bx )n (n − 1)(b)(a + bx )n −1
x n +1
xe ax dx = 2 (ax − 1) + C
x n dx = +C (n ≠ −1) a (n ≠ 1)
n +1 2
x nb ax a + bx dx = (a + bx )3 +C
dx x1− n x nb ax dx = −
= + C (n ≠ 1) a ln b 3b
xn 1− n n a 2 − x 2 dx =
dx x n −1bxdx + C (b > 0) (b ≠ 1)
= ln x + C a ln b
x 1 x
dx x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 +C
(ln x )dx = x ln x − x + C 1+ x2
= tan −1 x + C 2 a

(ln ax )dx = x ln ax − x + C dx 1
= tan −1 + C
a
1
x a 2 − x 2 dx = − a 2 − x 2
3
(
3/ 2
+C )
a +x
2 2
a x
f (x )dx = − f ( x )dx + C
b a
dx 1 a+x x 2 ± a 2 dx =
a b
= ln +C
c

a
f ( x )dx =
a
b
f ( x )dx +
b
c
f ( x )dx a 2 − x 2 2a a − x
(
a2 − x2 > 0 )
1
2
[ (
x x 2 ± a 2 ± a 2 ln x + x 2 ± a 2 + C ) ]
e dx = e + C
x x
dx
=
1
ln
x−a
+C
1
x x 2 ± a 2 dx = x 2 ± a 2
3
(
3/ 2
+C )
e ax x −a
2 2
2a x + a
e ax dx = +C
a (
x2 − a2 > 0 ) dx x
= sin −1 + C =
(du + dv ) = du + dv xdx 1
(
= ± ln a 2 ± x 2 + C ) a2 − x2 a
a ±x x
( )
2 2
2a
udv = uv − vdu (Integration by Parts) − cos −1
+ C a2 − x2 > 0
dx 1 x+a a
= − ln +C
a u dx =
au
+C x( x + a ) a x dx a
= sin −1 + C =
ln a
(a + bx ) dx = (a + bx )
n +1
+ C (n ≠ −1)
a +x
2 2 x
( )
n
1 a bx b(n + 1)
a dx =
bx
+ C (a > 0 ) (a ≠ 1) ln x + a 2 + x 2 + C
b ln a dx 1
=− +C dx x
dx = cosh −1 + C =
= ln ln ax + C (a + bx )2 b(a + bx ) x −a
2 2 a
x ln ax
dx 1
dx 1 == +C ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C
= ln (a + bx ) + C (a + bx )3 2b(a + bx )
2
a + bx b
dx
x ±a
2 2
(
= ln x + x 2 ± a 2 + C ) dx
a2 + b2 x2
= a2 − x2
x 2
x
dx = − sin −1 −
a
xdx 1 bx b2 x2 a2 − x2
= a2 − x2 + C ln + 1+ 2 + C +C
a −x
2 2
b a a x
xdx
= x2 ± a2 + C a 2 − b 2 x 2 dx =
a2 + x2
x2
(
dx = ln x + a 2 + x 2 − )
x ±a
2 2

x a2 bx a2 + x2
dx 1 x a +b x +
2 2 2
sin −1 +C +C
= sec −1 + C 2 2b a x
x x −a2 2 a a dx 1 bx
dx = sin −1 +C dx x2 − a2
= sec −1 x + C a2 − b2 x2 b a = +C
x2 x2 − a2 a2x
x x −12
dx x 1
= − ln a + be cx + C ( )
a + be cx
a ac
 d (− x ) dx x dx
= csc −1 x + C = +C =
x x2 −1 (x 2
+a
a2 x2 + a2 )
2 3/ 2
x2 a2 − x2
dx 1 bx xdx 1 1 a + a2 + x2
= tan −1 (x in rads) =− +C − ln +C
a −b x
2 2 2
ab a (
x2 + a2
3 / 2
x2 + a2 ) a x
(a > 0, b > 0)
dx 1 bx x 2 x 2 ± a 2 dx =
x
4
3
x2 ± a2 ± ( ) xdx
=
= tanh −1 +C =
2ax − x 2
a −b x
( )
2 2 2
ab a a 2
a 4

1 a + bx x x2 ± a2 − ln x + x 2 ± a 2 + C x−a
ln + C (x in rads) 8 8 a sin −1 − 2ax − x 2 + C
2ab a − bx a
xdx a + 2bx x 2 a 2 − x 2 dx = −
x
4
3
a2 − x2 + ( ) x(a + bx ) dx =
n
=− 2
(a + bx )3
2b (a + bx )
2
a 2
x (a + bx )n+1 a + bx a
xdx a + 3bx x a 2 − x 2 + a sin −1 + C (a >0) − +C ,
=− 2 8 a b 2
n + 2 n +1
(a + bx ) 4
6b (a + bx )
3
x a + bx dx = (n ≠ −1,−2)
( )
2
x dx 1 n+ 2

a + bx 2b
= 3⋅ − 2(2a − 3bx ) (a + bx )
3

+C ( )n
a + bx dx =
2 a + bx
+C ,
[
(a + bx )(− 3a + bx ) + 2a 2 ln(a + bx ) + C ] 15b 2 b n+2
(n ≠ −2)
x dx2 x 2 a + bx dx =
= a + bx
(a + bx )2 (
2 8a 2 − 12abx + 15b 2 x 2 ) (a + bx ) 3

+C x
dx =
1 bx(2a + bx ) 105b 3
− 2a ln (a + bx ) +C 2 a + bx + a
dx
+C
a + bx xdx 1
( )
3
b x a + bx
= ln bx 2 + a + C
x 2 dx a + bx 2
2b
= dx 2 a + bx
(a + bx )3 x 2 dx x a x ab = tan −1 +C
= − tan −1 +C x a + bx −a −a
1 a (3a + 4bx ) a + bx 2
b b ab ?
+ ln (a + bx ) + C
b 3 2(a + bx )2 dx 1 a + bx − a
dx = ln +C
x dx2
a + 3abx + 3b x
2 2 2 = x a + bx a a + bx + a
=− +C a + bx + cx 2

(a + bx )4 3b 3 (a + bx )
3
1 b
x ln a + bx + cx 2 + x c + +C a + bx
a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx = a2 + b2 x2 + c 2 c dx =
2 x2
1 − 2cx − b
a2 bx b2 x2 = + C (c > 0 )
sin −1 a + bx b dx
ln + 1+ 2 + C −c b 2 − 4ac − + +C
2b a a x 2 x a + bx
dx x a a3 x−a
dx = − 2 ln a + bx + C x 2ax − x 2 dx = sin −1 +
= x(a + bx ) b b 2 a
a + bx
( )
2
x

−
a + bx b
+
dx
+C
( x 2 − a 2 dx = ) n x x2 − a2
n +1
− (x + a )(2 x − 3a ) 2ax − x 2
+C
ax 2a x a + bx 6
(x )
2
na n−2
dx
=
2
− a2 dx + C (n ≠ −1) 2ax − x 2
dx =
n +1
(
a2 + x2
2
) dx
x
= x−a
x
(
1 x
+ 3 tan −1 + C
) (x 2
−a 2
)
n
2ax − x 2 + a sin −1
a
+C
2a a + x
( )
2 2 2
2a a
dx x x − a2 2
dx 2ax − x 2
+C
(
a − x2
2 2
=
) (2 − n )a 2 ( x2 − a2 )n−2
x2
dx =

x 1 dx (n ≠ 2) −2
2a − x
− sin −1
x−a
+C
+ 2 +C
2a a − x
2 2
( 2 2
)
2a a − x 2
(
x x −a 2 2
) dx = (
n x2 − a2 )n+2

+C
x a

n+2
x 2 a 2 + x 2 dx =
8
(
x 2
a + 2x2 ) a2 + x2 x2 − a2
dx =
dx
=−
1 2a − x
+C
x x 2ax − x 2 a x
a4
8
(
− ln x + a 2 + x 2 + C ) x − a − a sec
2 2 a
+C −1 (sin x )du = − cos x + C
x
a2 + x2 (cos x )du = sin x + C
dx = x2 − a2
x dx = (tan x )dx = − ln cos x + C
x2
a 2 + x 2 − a ln
a + a2 + x2
+C x2 − a2 (csc x )dx = − ln csc x + cot x + C
x ln x + x 2 − a 2 − +C
x (sec x )dx = ln sec x + tan x + C
x2 x2
= dx = (cot x )dx = ln sin x + C
a +x
2 2 x2 − a2
(sin ax )dx = − 1 cos ax + C
( x a2 + x2
) a2 x 2
2
a ln x + x 2 − a 2 + x − a2 + C a
ln x + a 2 + x 2 + +C 2 2
2 2 sin ax
dx (cos ax )dx = +C
dx a2 + x2 = a
=− +C x x2 − a2
x2 a2 + x2 a2x
1 x 1 a (tan ax )dx = − 1 ln(cos ax ) + C =
a4 x sec −1 + C = cos −1 + C a
x 2 a 2 − x 2 dx = sin −1 = a a a x 1
8 a ln (sec ax ) + C
dx x−a a
1
8
(
x a2 − x2 a2 − 2x2 + C ) 2ax − x 2
= sin −1
a
+C
(csc ax )dx = 1 ln(csc ax − cot ax ) + C =
dx a
a2 − x2 = 1 ax
dx = 2ax − x 2 tan +C
x a 2
a + a2 − x2 x−a a2 x−a
2ax − x +
2
sin −1 +C
a 2 − x 2 − ln
x
+C 2 2 a (sec ax )dx = 1 ln(sec ax + tan ax ) + C =
a
x 2
a −x 2 2
( 2ax − x 2
) dx = (x − a )(
n 2ax − x 2 )
n
1
tan
ax π
+ +C
dx = − +C n +1 a 2 4
a −x
2 2 a2x
x − a dx =
2 2 +
na 2
n +1
( 2ax − x ) dx + C
2
n− 2
(cot ax )dx = 1 ln(sin ax ) + C
a
(x − a )( 2ax − x ) +
2−a
x 2 a2
x − a 2 + ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C dx 2
( ) x
sin 2 x dx = −
sin 2 x
+C

(
2 2
)
sec x dx = tan x + C
2 ( 2ax − x ) 2
n
(n − 2)a 2

( )
2
cos 2 x dx = +
4
x sin 2 x
+C
(n − 3) dx 2 4
(csc 2
x )dx = − cot x + C (n − 2)a 2 ( 2ax − x ) 2
n−2
+C
( )
tan 2 x dx = tan x − x + C
(cot 2
x )dx = − ln sin x + C (cos −1
)
ax dx = cos(a + b )x
sin ax(cos bx )dx = − −
(sin 2
ax )dx = −
x sin 2ax
+C 1 2(a + b )
x cos −1 ax − 1− a2 x2 + C
2 4a cos(a − b )x
a (
+ C a2 ≠ b2 )
(cos 2
)
x sin 2ax
ax dx =
+ +C (tan −1
)
ax dx = 2(a − b )
2 4a sin (a − b )x
sin ax(sin bx )dx = −
( 1
)
tan 2 ax dx = (tan ax ) − x + C
1
(
x tan −1 ax − ln 1 + a 2 x 2 + C
2
) 2(a − b )
−
a
sin (a + b )x
( 1
)
csc 2 ax dx = − cot ax + C x(sin ax )dx =
sin ax x cos ax
− +C 2(a + b )
(
+ C a2 ≠ b2 )
a a2 a
(x in rads) sin (a − b )x
cos ax(cos bx )dx =
( 1
)
sec 2 ax dx = tan ax + C cos ax x sin ax 2(a − b )
+
a x(cos ax )dx = + +C
a2 sin (a + b )x
a
(x in rads) 2(a + b )
(
+ C a2 ≠ b2 )
 (cot ) 1 x 2 (sin ax )dx = sin n+1 ax
ax dx = − cot ax − x + C = sin n ax(cos ax )dx =
2
+C
a
2x a2 x2 + 2 (n + 1)a
1 sin ax − cos ax + C (n ≠ −1)
− ln sin ax + C a2 a3
a
x 2 (cos ax )dx = cos n +1 ax
( )
sin n ax dx = −
n −1
(
sin ax cos ax
+
) cos n ax(sin ax )dx = −
(n + 1)a
+C
na 2x a2 x2 − 2
n −1
cos ax + sin ax + C (n ≠ −1)
(
sin n− 2 ax dx + C ) a2 a3
csc n ax
n x n (sin ax )dx = csc n ax(cot ax )dx = − +C
cos n −1 ax sin ax na
(cos n ax dx =) na
+
−
xn
cos ax +
n n −1
x (cos ax )dx + C (n ≠ 0 )
a a sec n ax
n −1 sec ax(tan ax )dx =
x n (cos ax )dx = +C
n
cos n − 2 ax + C
n na
(tan ax dx = ) x2 n n −1 (n ≠ 0 )
x (sin ax )dx + C
n
sin ax −
tan n−1 ax
a a ( )
sin n ax cos m ax dx =

a (n − 1)
− (tan ax )dx + C (n ≠ 1)
n−2
( )
x n sin −1 ax dx = (
sin n −1 ax cos m+1 ax)
− +
(csc ax )cot ax + a (m + n )
n +1 n +1
n−2 x a x dx
(csc n
ax )dx = n +1
sin −1 ax −
n +1
+C
n −1
a (n − 1) 1− a x ( )
2 2
sin n− 2 ax cos m ax dx + C
n−2 (n ≠ −1) m+n
(csc ax )dx + C (n ≠ 1)
n−2
x n +1 (n ≠ −m )
n −1
(sec ax )tan ax +
n−2
( )
x n cos −1 ax dx =
n +1
cos −1 ax + ( )
sin n ax cos m ax dx =
(sec n
ax )dx =
a (n − 1) a x n +1 dx
+ C (n ≠ −1) (
sin n +1 ax cos m−1 ax)+
n−2
(sec n−2
)
ax dx + C (n ≠ 1) n +1 1− a2x2 a(m + n )
n −1 m +1
n −1 ( )
x n tan −1 ax dx =
x n −1
tan −1 ax − ( )
sin n ax cos m − 2 ax dx + C
(cot ax dx = −
n
)cot ax
a (n − 1)
− n +1
n +1
m+n
(m ≠ −n )
a x dx
+ C (n ≠ −1)
(cot n−2
)
ax dx + C (n ≠ 1) n +1 1− a2 x2 e ax (sin bx )dx =
(sin −1
)
ax dx = csc x(cot x )dx = − csc x + C e ax
(a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
1 sec x(tan x )dx = sec x + C a 2 + b2
x sin −1 ax + 1− a2 x2 + C
a cos 2ax e ax (cos bx )dx =
dx 1 sin ax(cos ax )dx = − +C
= − cot ax + C 4a e ax
2
sin ax a (a cos bx − b sin bx ) + C
dx 1 (cosh ax )dx = 1 sinh ax + C a 2 + b2
= tan ax + C a
x(sinh ax )dx =
2
cos ax a 1
dx 1 π ax
(tanh ax )dx = ln(cosh ax ) + C
= tan + +C a a 1
1 − sin ax a 4 2 cosh ax − 2 sinh ax + C
(x in rads)
(csc hax )dx = 1 ln tanh ax + C x a
a 2
x(cosh ax )dx =
dx 1 π ax
1 + sin ax
= − tan
a
−
4 2
+C (sec hax )dx = 1 sin −1 (tanh ax ) + C a 1
a sinh ax − 2 cosh ax + C
(x in rads) 1 x a
dx 1 ax (coth ax )dx = ln sinh ax + C x (sinh ax )dx =
n
= − cot + C a
1 − cos ax a 2
dx 1 ax ( )
sinh 2 ax dx =
sinh 2ax x
4a
− +C
2
xn
cosh ax −
n n −1
x (cosh ax )dx + C
= tan + C a a
1 + cos ax a 2
( )
cosh 2 ax dx =
sinh 2ax x
4a
+ +C
2
x n (cosh ax )dx =
xn n n −1
( ) 1
tanh 2 ax dx = x − tanh ax + C sinh ax − x (sinh ax )dx + C
a a a
 dx
b + c sin ax
= (csc h ax )dx = − 1a coth ax + C
2
sec h n ax(tanh ax )dx = −
sec h n ax
+C
na
−2 b−c π ax (sec h ax )dx = 1a tanh ax + C
2 (n ≠ 0)
tan −1 tan −
a b2 − c2 b+c 4 2 csc h n ax
csc h n ax(coth ax )dx = − +C
+C (b 2
> c2 ) (coth 2
) 1
ax dx = x −coth ax + C na
a (n ≠ 0)
dx
=
(
sinh n ax dx =) (
sinh n −1 ax cos ax
−
) e ax (sinh bx )dx =
b + c sin ax
na
−1 c + b sin ax + c 2 − b 2 cos ax e − bx
a c −b
2 2
ln
b + c sin ax
n −1
( )
sinh n− 2 ax dx + C (n ≠ 0 )
e ax e bx
2 a+b a−b
− +C (a 2
≠ b2 )
n
+C (c 2
> b2 ) e ax (cosh bx )dx =
dx (cosh n
)
ax dx =
(cosh n −1
)
ax sin ax
+
= e − bx
b + c cos ax na e ax e bx
+
2 a +b a −b
+C (a 2
≠ b2 )
n −1
2
tan −1
b−c
tan
ax
+C n
(
cosh n − 2 ax dx + C ) (n ≠ 0)
b+c 2
a b2 − c2
( )
tanh n ax dx = + C
(b 2
> c2 )
tanh n−1 ax
dx
= (n − 1)a
+ (tanh n−2
)
ax dx + C
b + c cos ax
1 c + b cos ax + c 2 − b 2 sin ax
(n ≠ 1)
ln +C n−2
a c2 − b2 b + c cos ax
(csc h ax )dx = − csc h (n ax
n coth ax
− 1)a
+
(b 2
<c 2
)
n−2
(sinh x )dx = (cosh x ) + C
n −1
(csc h n−2
)
ax dx + C (n ≠ 1)
(cosh x )dx = (sinh x ) + C sec h n − 2 ax tanh ax
(
sec h ax dx =
n
) (n − 1)a
+
(tanh x )dx = ln(cosh x ) + C
n−2
(csc hx )dx = ln tanh x +C n −1
(sec h n − 2 ax )dx + C (n ≠ 1)
2
coth n −1 ax
(sec hx )dx = sin −1 (tanh x ) + C (
coth n ax dx =) (n − 1)a
+
(coth x )dx = ln sinh x + C (coth n−2
)
ax dx + C (n ≠ 1)
(sinh ax )dx = 1 cosh ax + C
a