BULGARIA LITHUANIA

SREDNO OBSHTOOBRAZOVATELNO JONAVOS RAJONO ŽEIMIŲ VIDURINĖ

UCHILISHTE “OTEC PAISII” MOKYKLA

POLAND ROMANIA
II LICEUM OGÓLNOKSZTAŁCĄCE IM. SCOALA CU CLASELE I-VIII NR.1 ROMAN

SLOVENIA TURKEY
AVNI ZAVOD OSNOVNA ŠOLA ÖZEL EDİRNE BEYKENT LİSESİ
MARJANA NEMCA, RADEČE

HERBAL
HERBALPLANTS
PLANTS
 CONTENTS
Bruknė (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
Achiella Clypeolata L. ................ 1
Achillea Millefolium .................... 2
Acorus Calamus ........................ 3
Agropyrum repens ..................... 4
Allium Ursinum L. ....................... 5
Anthemis Nobilis ........................ 6
Arnica Montana .......................... 7
Betonica Officinalis L. ................ 8
Birch ........................................... 9
Calendula Officinalis .................. 10
Chenopodium Bonus-henricus ... 11
Cotinus ....................................... 12
Crataegus Monogyna ................ 13
Equisetum Arvense .................... 14
Galium Verum L. ........................ 15
Hawthom (Crataegus) ................ 16
Hippophae Rhamnoides ............ 17
Humulus Lupulus ....................... 18
Hypericum Perforatum ............... 19
Ilex aquifolium ............................ 20
Juniperus oxycedrus .................. 21 Photo : GIEDRIUS LEONAVICIUS
Matricaria Chamomilla ............... 22 11 th Class
Mentha ....................................... 23 Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Nigella sativa .............................. 24
Origanum Vulgare L. .................. 25 Description: Usage:
Lingonberry is a small evergreen Lingonberries help propel urine, soothes,
Pansy Violets ............................. 26 shrub that bears edible fruit. It is have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic
Petroselinum Ativum .................. 27 seldom cultivated, but the fruits are effects. Leaves are used to heal urinary
Plantago Lanceolata .................. 28 commonly collected in the wild. stones, bladder inflammation, urinary
Plantago Major ........................... 29 Scrubs are 10-40 cm. in height, they incontinence, the treatment of rheumatism
Portulaca Oleracaea .................. 30 prefer some shade and acidic soil. and arthritis. Dried fruits are used to heal
Primula Veris .............................. 31 Lingoberry has little pendulous diarrhea, urinary stones and deficiency
Rosa Canina .............................. 32 blossoms. Berries are small, red, disease. Lingonberries contain plentiful
Rosmarinus officinalis ................ 33 juicy and of scorching taste. organic acids, vitamin C, provitamin A (as
Rubus idaeus ............................. 34 Picking time: beta carotene), B vitamins (B1, B2, B3),
Sanbucus Nigra L. ..................... 35 They are extremely hardy, tolerating and the elements potassium, calcium,
−40 °C or lower, but grow poorly magnesium, and phosphorus.
Sedum Aizoon ............................ 36 Lingonberries are used in herbal
Symphytum Officinale ................ 37 where summers are hot. The leaves
are harvested in the fourth year of medicine.
Tanacetum Vulgare .................... 38 cultivation in September - October or
Thymus ...................................... 39 in spring, April - May; berries
Tilia Cordata ............................... 40 collected in August. Berries are dried
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ... 41 in an oven at 50 -60 ° C degrees.
Tussilago Farfora ....................... 42 Dried berries and leaves are
Urtica Dioica L. ........................... 43 recollected and put into cotton bags
Vaccinium Mirtyllus ..................... 44 or wooden boxes in dry ventilated
Vaccinium Vitis-idaea ................. 45 area.

45
 Afinul (Vaccinium Mirtyllus) Жълт равнец (Achillea Clypeolata L.)

Photo : OLTEANU BIANCA

8 th A Class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania

Description: anthocyanin pigments, which have been

Bilberry is a species in the Ericaceae
family bearing edible fruit. They are
found in very acidic, nutrient-poor
soils throughout the temperate and
regions of the world. The bilberry's
fruit pulp is red or purple. The red
juice is used by European dentists to
show children how to brush their
teeth. Fruits are mostly collected
from wild plants.
Usage:
Bilberry consumption may inhibit or
reverse eye disorders. As a deep
blue fruit, bilberries contain levels of
linked to lowered risk for several
diseases, such as those of the heart and
cardiovascular system, eyes and
Achillea Clypeolata L.is a perennial gathered into a top, tight, complex shield-
cancer.In folk medicine, bilberry leaves
herbal plant. Its stems reach 30 50 like racemes.. Its blossom period is May
were used to treat gastrointestinal
cm. September.
ailments, applied topically, or made into
Description: The foils are situated The usable parts of the plant are the stem
infusions. They are also used as a tonic to
in succession, covered with dense and the blossoms.
prevent some infections and skin
diseases. hairs and are oblong.. Its middle Usage: The herb is used in cases of
stem foils are pinnate in the haemorrhoids, haemorrhage, stomach
Picking time: beginning and 3-5 mm wide, and oval deseases, kidneys inflammation, gums
The leaves together with the branches are
in the base. The blossoms are oval. inflammation and others.
harvested on sunny days,from May until
3-4 mm long and 2-3 mm wide
September and the fruit when they are
fully ripe from July to September.

44 1
 Coada şoricelului (Achillea millefolium)
Description:
Common yarrow is an erect
herbaceous perennial plant that
produces one to several stems.The
leaves are 520 cm long almost
feathery, and arranged spirally on the
stems. The inflorescence contains
ray and disk flowers which are white
to pink.Yarrow grows up to 3500m
above sea level. The plant commonly
flowers from May through June. It is
frequently found in the mildly soil of
grasslands and open forests.
2 43
Photo: ARITON SONIA
8 th A class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania
Usage:
The herb is an astringent, tonic, stimulant
and mild aromatic.It is also a powerful
'healing herb' used topically for wounds,
cuts and abrasions, to treat inflammations
such as piles ( hemorrhoids, and also
headaches). Infusions of yarrow are said
to speed recovery from severe bruising. It
is valued for its action in colds and
influenza, and for its effect on the
circulatory, digestive, excretory, and
urinary systems. It relieves migraines and
helps eliminate toxins from the body.
Picking time:
from late summer to early autumn.
A NETTLE (Urtica Dioica L.)
Family: Urticaceae
Characteristics:
According to many experts for medical
plants a nettle is the most curative
medical plant in Slovenia. A stinging
nettle is a perennial, it is 120 cm high
and a dioecious plant (male and female
flowers are on different plants). Leaves
are egg-shaped and stalked, serrated
with a long terminal leaf tooth and
overgrown with stinging hairs. Flowers
are in paniculed inflorescences. Its
fruits are lens-shaped nuts. It flowers
from June to September.
Habitat and expansion:
It grows from the lowlands to the
subalpine belt. In Central Europe it is
common in woodlands, on rubbles,
mining sites and cultivated areas.
Efficiency and use:
The main positive feature of the nettle
is its effect in blood clotting. The herb
works diuretically, because of large
amount of potassium. It lowers blood
sugar. It relieves problems at
rheumatism, it helps with diarrhoea and
hemorrhoids. The root is the most often
used at problems with urination
because of the increased prostate.
Dried nettles are the best medicinal
food for horses. If nettles are added into
cow's food, the cows give more milk.
Roots are also used to produce creams
for horses. During blooming we gather
overhead parts or leaves only, and we
dry them. We dig underground sprouts
in early spring or summer.
Useful parts of a plant: leaves,
flowers, roots, underground sprouts
Preparations: tea, tea blends, fresh
juice, tincture, hair care preparations
 Šalpusnis (Tussilago farfara)
Photo : SARUNAS STANKEVICIUS
11 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Description:
Tussilago farfara, commonly known as
Coltsfoot, is a plant in the family
Asteraceae. Tussilago is one of the first
spring flowers. Coltsfoot is a perennial
herb that grows to a height of 4-10
inches (10-25 cm). The stem is covered
with white, downy fibers. Its leaves are
hoof-shaped, and the flowers are
yellow. Plant roots are branched, thick,
about 20-25 cm in length. The plant
blossoms before occurrence of leaves,
very much early spring, now after
thawing a snow, since March up to the
middle of May. It is made multiple
copies by seeds and rhizomes. One
plant can form 5000-17000 seeds.
Seeds are carried by a wind and,
getting on damp ground, now sprout.
Picking time:
Tussilago leaves are collected in July
and August. Rusty, blemished leaves
are not eligible. Petiole must be less
than 5 cm long. Dry in well-ventilated
drying rooms or in a heated drying
stove 30 - 35 ° C. Dried material
odorless, bitter taste.
Usage:
Tussilago syrups and teas are very
effective for relieving bronchitis attacks
and the symptoms of asthma. Dry
42
leaves of this plant can be used for
preparing teas. Teas from this plant
can help you strengthen your immunity
and relieve the symptoms of cystitis.
Tussilago tincture can be used for the
treatment of wounds and various skin
infections. Finally, Tussilago tea can be
used for improving the function of your
digestive system and stimulating
appetite.
Ajeras (Acorus Calamus)
Photo : GABRIELE KLEZYTE
11 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Description:
Also known as calamus. Sheathing
leaves are from 2 to 6 feet in height and
about 1 inch in width. The small
greenish-yellow flowers which appear
from May to July are born in a fleshy
spike about 3 inches long. The long
creeping rootstocks are thick and
fleshy, somewhat spongy, and have
numerous roots. They have an
agreeable aromatic odor and a
pungent, bitter taste which retains after
drying.
Picking time:
Roots are harvested in the autumn or
early spring. Roots treated up to the
main stem, then cut lengthwise and
crosswise. Dry in a warm, well-
ventilated room or in a heated drying
stove 30 - 35 ° C. The dry root loses
70% of its weight, but has an improved
smell and taste
Usage:
It is used internally in the treatment of
digestive complaints, bronchitis,
sinusitis etc. It is said to have
wonderfully tonic powers of stimulating
and normalizing the appetite. In small
doses it reduces stomach acidity whilst
larger doses increase stomach
secretions and it is, therefore,
recommended in the treatment of
anorexia nervosa. However, if the dose
is too large it will cause nausea and
vomiting. Calamus is also used
externally to treat skin eruptions. Also
calamus roots broth is used to wash
hair. Hair roots become stronger,
dandruff disappears, hair become
lighter. Good hygiene aromatic baths,
which improves mood and sleep.
3
 AYRIKOTU: (Agropyrum repens) ÇEMEN (BUY OTU)
(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae.

A perennial grass having long running rootstalks, by which it spreads rapidly and
pertinaciously, and so becomes a troublesome weed.
Description:
From its long creeping, pointed root-
stock, it produces in July several
round, hollow flower stems, 2 to 3
feet high, thickened at the joints,
bearing five to seven leaves and
terminated by long, denselyflowered,
two-rowed spikes of flowers,
somewhat resembling those of rye or
beardless wheat, composed of eight
or more oval spikelets on alternate
sides of the spike, each containing
four to eight florets, the awns, when
present, being not more than half the
length of the flower. The leaves are
flat, with a long, cleft sheath, and are
rough on the upper surface, having a
row of hairs on each principal vein.
The rhizome, or underground stem,
is collected in the spring and freed
from leaves and roots.
Usages:
Diuretic demulcent. Much used in
cystitis and thetreatment of catarrhal
diseases of the bladder. It palliates irrit
ation of the urinary passages and gives
relief in cases of gravel. It is also
recommended in gout and rheumatism.
Picking Time:
The leaves of the plant are picked up
between July and August.
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed). It is
frequently used in curry.
Description:
Annual growing to 0.6m by 0.4m at a
fast rate. It is in flower from June to
August, and the seeds ripen from
August to September. The flowers
are hermaphrodite (have both male
and female organs) and are
pollinated by Insects. It can fix
Nitrogen. The plant prefers light
(sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy
(clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It
cannot grow in the shade. It requires
dry or moist soil.
Usages: Fenugreek seed is
frequently used in the preparation of
pickles, curry powders, and pastes.
The young leaves and sprouts of
fenugreek are eaten as greens, and
the fresh or dried leaves are used to
flavour other dishes. Fenugreek
seeds are mixed with yogurt and
used as a conditioner for hair. In
Turkey, fenugreek gives its name,
çemen, to a hot paste used in
pastırma. In Bulgaria, fenugreek
seeds are used as one of the
ingredients in a traditional spice
mixture called sharena sol (шарена
сол). In the United States, where maple
syrup is popular but expensive, fenugreek
is widely used in lower-cost syrup
products as a maple syrup flavoring such
as Mapleine. Fenugreek seeds are a
galactagogue that is often used to
increase milk supply in lactating women.
Many lactating women who take
fenugreek in the quantities required to
increase their milk supply notice that their
skin exudes a distinct "maple syrup" odor.
Supplements of fenugreek seeds were
shown to lower serum cholesterol,
triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein in
human patients and experimental models
of hypercholesterolemia and
hypertriglyceridemia , although the
benefits of lowering serum cholesterol in
and of itself is controversial. The
antidiabetic effects of fenugreek seeds
ameliorate most metabolic symptoms
associated with type-1 and type-2
diabetes in both humans and relevant
animal models by reducing serum glucose
and improving glucose tolerance.
Picking Time:
The seeds of fenugreek are picked up
between August and September.

4 41
 Mažalapė Liepa (Tilia cordata)
Photo : RAIMONDAS KLEZYS
10 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Description:
Small-leaved Linden is a deciduous
tree growing to 20-38 m tall, with a
trunk up to 1-2 m diameter, with a
wide-spreading crown and shiny,
sharply toothed, heart-shaped
leaves, which are dark green above
and pale green underneath. The
small, highly fragrant flowers are
yellow-white. They hang from slender
stems in pendulous clusters of 4-10
on a stem. Each stem also has a
winged, narrow and pale green bract,
which helps the small, round fruits to
float away on the wind. The small-
leaved linden tree grows in moist,
clay soil.
Picking time:
Flowers of linden are harvested in
the second half of June or early July.
They should be quickly dried in the
shadow on a piece of paper towel, in
a well-ventilated area or drying room
at the temperature about 35 degrees.
Dry flowers smell mild and pleasant,
have
sweet taste. The time to pick for the
best flavor is when just a blush of
yellow shows on the skin.
40
RAMSONS (Allium Ursinum L.)
Family: Alliaceae
Usage:
Flowers from linden species were
traditionally used to soothe nerves and
treat health problems associated with
anxiety. These flowers were added to
baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a
tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion,
irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. Today,
linden is used in many cough and cold
remedies. Active ingredients in linden help
promote sweating, which is helpful in
people with fevers. Lime trees are also
valued for the flavorful honey made from
their flowers. Prolonged baths prepared Characteristics: Efficiency and use:
with the infused flowers are also good in It is a 20 to 100 cm high perennial with It effects in the same way as garlic. It
hysteria. an oblong bulb and upright triangular or influences the aggregation of the
round stem. The leaves are lanceolate, platelets (a scab is made on the
two on each plant and they smell on bleeding spot), it lowers cholesterol and
garlic. Flowers are snow-white, a cover blood pressure. It can be used also for
of inflorescence is made of 2 or 3 indigestion and protectively against
leaves. It flowers from April to June. calcification of vessels. The leaves are
Fruits are juicy heads. gathered in April, bulbs in summer and
Habitat and expansion: autumn.
It is expanded from the lowlands to the Useful parts of a plant: leaves,
subalpine belt. In oak woods it grows in bulbs
great numbers. It is also found in oak Preparations: juice from fresh
and beech tree woods, beech woods or leaves, juice from the bulbs, cuisine
unwooded communities. (spinach from leaves, ramsons sauce
5
 Rumian szlachetny (Anthemis nobilis) Мащерка (Thymus)

Anthemis nobilis, commonly known
as Roman Camomile, Chamomile,
garden camomile, ground apple, low
chamomile, English chamomile, or
whig plant, is a low perennial plant
found in dry fields and around
gardens and cultivated grounds. It
has daisy-like white flowers that is
found in Europe, North America, and
Argentina. The stem is procumbent,
the leaves alternate, bipinnate, finely
dissected, and downy to glabrous.
The solitary, terminal flowerheads,
rising 8 to twelve inches above the
ground, consist of prominent yellow
disk flowers and silver-white ray
flowers. The flowering time is June and
July, and its fragrance is sweet, crisp,
fruity and herbaceous.
Chamomile is used cosmetically, primarily
to make a rinse for blonde hair, and is
popular in aromatherapy, whose
practitioners believe it to be a calming
agent to end stress and aid in sleep.
The word chamomile comes from Greek
χαμαίμηλον (chamaimēlon), "earth-
apple"[1], from χαμαί (chamai), "on the
ground" + μήλον (mēlon), "apple", so
called because of the applelike scent of
the plant. (Note: The "ch-" spelling is used
especially in science and pharmacology.)
The family of the Thymus contains Usage: It is used as spice for meat and
about 350 kinds of aromatic perennial soups. It should be put into the dish in
herbs and small bushes from the group the beginning of its preparation so that
of the Labiates. They can reach 40 cm its essential oils could be fully
in height and are found in Europe, extracted.
North America and Asia. Apart from being used as spice, it is
Description: The stems are slim, the also used as herb
leaves are perpetually green and, with
most of the types, situated in opposite
pairs. They are oval, not-cut and small
between 4 and 20 mm long.. The
blossoms are gathered into dense
racemes with unequal cups with three-
partite upper labium and torn down
labium. The corolla is tubular, 4-10 mm
long white, pink or violet.

6 39
 Wrotycz pospolity (Tanacetum vulgare)
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a
perennial, herbaceous flowering plant
of the aster family that is native to
temperate Europe and Asia. It has
been introduced to other parts of the
world and, in some areas, has
become invasive. It is also known as
Common Tansy, Bitter Buttons, Cow
Bitter, Mugwort, or Golden Buttons.
The Mugwort used in acupuncture as
Moxa is not this plant, but Artemisia
vulgaris.
38
NAVADNI ARNIKA (Arnica Montana)
Family: Asteraceae
Charactersitics:
It blooms from June to August. It is from
15 to 60 centimetres high perennial with
a short rootstock. Obovate or narrow
ovate leaves and leaves with entire
margins are placed opposite to each
other. On the plant there are 5 tubular
flowers with 5 anthers.
Habitat and expansion:
It grows from the lowlands to the high
mountain zone (on mountain meadows,
siliceous low yield lawns, anthers, near
light forests, and also on wet, sour and
humid soil. The plant is getting fewer in
number, especially in lower areas, due
to intensive economy, and not so much
because of harvesting. In the
surroundings of Radeče one can find it
on some unfertilized meadows on a
base not made out of limestone.
(Magolnik, Kumljansko).
Efficiency and use:
We often use this plant for external
usage as massage oil (bruises, joint
dislocation, and superficial inflammation
of the veins, pain in muscles and joints,
and insect bites). It can be also used for
internal usage as a toner for heart and
blood circulation and for stomach ache,
which is well known in folk medicine,
but today it is controversial so we
strongly advise not to use it. It contains
hearts' poisons. We pick flowers, from
which we put off the distrait leaves. A
good dried drug is to be saved in the
closed containers.
Preparations: tea blends, tincture,
massage oil, homeopathic preparations
Useful parts of a plant: flowers,
sometimes also its rootstock.
Protected species (C)
7
 ZDRAVILNI ČISTEC (Betonica Officinalis L.)
Family: Lamiaceae
Characteristics:
It is a perennial, from 50 80 cm high,
with creeping, reddish rootstock. Stem
is upright and four margined. Leaves
are stalk like, apart from each other,
and elliptical avoid with sliced edge.
Habitat and expansion:
It is expend in deciduous forests from
the lowlands to the montane zone. It
blooms from June till August.
Efficiency and use:
Official medicine has almost stopped
using it, as opposed to folk medicine in
which it is still very important.
In leaves, which when fresh, smell like
Melissa and roots, which are used more
rarely there are substances which work
8 37
in a “shrinkage” way. Tea made from
fresh or dried leaves, which we pick at
the time of flowering, helps against
asthma.
For a cup of tea we take two tea
spoonfuls of drug and boil it. Tea is very
bitter; we can help ourselves out with
honey. Boiled wine is good for wounds,
which heal slowly. We either smear
wounds with preparation or we make
compresses. It is also supposed to help
against jaundice and fever.
Useful parts of a plant: flowers
and leaves
Preparations: tea, preparations for
compresses
Tǎtǎneasa (Symphytum officinale)
Photo: CIUŞTEA NAIANA
8 th A class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania
Description:
Comfrey is a perennial herb of the
family Boraginaceae with a black,
turnip-like root and large, hairy broad
leaves that bears small bell-shaped
white, cream, light purple or pink
flowers. It grows in damp, grassy
places, and is widespread on river
banks and ditches. Comfrey is a fast
growing plant, producing huge amounts
of leaf during the growing season,
hence is very nitrogen hungry.
Usage:
It has a traditional use in healing .The
herb contains allantoin, a cell proliferant
that speeds up the natural replacement
of body cells.It was used to treat a wide
variety of ailments ranging from
bronchial problems, broken bones,
sprains, arthritis, gastric and varicose
ulcers, severe burns, acne and other
skin conditions. It was reputed to have
bone and teeth building properties in
children.
Picking time:
Mature comfrey plants can be
harvested up to four or five times a
year. They are ready for cutting when
about 2 feet high and this is usually in
mid-Spring. Comfrey can continue
growing into mid-Autumn, but it is not
advisable to continue taking cuttings
after early Autumn in order to allow the
plants to build up winter reserves.
 DAMKORUĞU (Sedum Aizoon) Brzoza (Birch)

The Aizoon Stonecrop (Sedum Aizoon) is generally described as a perennial

Description
Sedum is the large stonecrop genus of
the Crassulaceae, representing about
400 species of leaf succulents, found
throughout the northern hemisphere,
varying from annual and creeping herbs
to shrubs. The plants have water-
storing leaves. The flowers usually have
five petals, seldom four or six. There Birch is the name of any surface The bark of all birches is
are typically twice as many stamens as coating of the genus Betula characteristically marked with long
petals. Deciduous succulent with (pronounced /ˈ bɛ tjʊlə/ Bé-tu-la), in the horizontal lenticels, and often separates
compact upright stems topped with flat family Betulaceae, closely related to the into thin papery plates, especially upon
clusters of star-shaped yellow-gold beech/oak family, Fagaceae. Birch the Paper Birch. It is practically
flowers in summer. Grow in sun to part species are generally small to medium- imperishable, due to the resinous oil
shade in well drained soil, moderate to size trees or shrubs, mostly of which it contains. Its decided color
low water, drought tolerant. temperate climates. The simple leaves gives the common names Red, White,
Usage may be toothed or pointed. The fruit is a Black, Silver and Yellow to different
It is used for treatments of small samara, although the wings may species.
hemmorrhoids and keratomas. be obscure in some species. They differ The buds form early and are full grown
Picking Time: from the alders (Alnus, other genus in by midsummer, all are lateral, no
The leaves are picked up between June the family) in that the female catkins are terminal bud is formed; the branch is
and September. not woody and disintegrate at maturity, prolonged by the upper lateral bud. The
falling apart to release the seeds, unlike wood of all the species is close-grained
the woody cone-like female alder with satiny texture and capable of
catkins. taking a fine polish; its fuel value is fair.

36 9
 Medetka (Calendula officinalis)
Description:
Also known as Pot Marigold or
Scotch Marigold. The leaves are
spirally arranged, 5-18 cm long,
simple, and slightly hairy. The flower
heads range from pastel yellow to
deep orange, and are 3-7 cm across,
with both ray florets and disc florets.
They have a spicy aroma and are
produced from spring to autumn.
Picking time:
Calendula is picked from June to
November. Calendula should be
picked during the hottest part of the
day when the moisture content is
lowest and the resin content is
highest. Flower heads should be
collected when they are just opening
to fully opened, petals must be pulled
of and dryed quickly in a warm place.
10
Photo : SARUNAS STANKEVICIUS
11 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
The petals dry fast. The flowers need to
be completely dried before storing or they
may mold. The flowers must be stored
where they will be protected from moisture
and light.
Usage:Calendula is usually used
externally for its antiseptic and healing
properties in treating skin infections, cuts,
punctures, scrapes, burns and chapped or
chafed skin or lips. The tea or the tincture
in water can be swished and swallowed in
order to help heal oral lesions, sore throat,
or gastric ulcer. Calendula has a good
history of external use in the treatment of
varicose veins. The fresh flowers are
masticated, reduced to a paste with water
in a blender, or rubbed directly onto
affected areas. The dried flowers are best
made into an aromatic infused oil, tea, or
tincture.
BLACK ELDER (Sanbucus Nigra L.)
Characteristics:
Black elder is up to 7 m high shrub or
tree. Leaves are 30 cm long,
elliptical, dentate and sharpened on
the top. Flowers are white,
resembling umbrellas in shape and
combined in corymbs. It flowers from
May to July.
Habitat and expansion:
It is expanded from the lowlands to
montane belt, in moist forests, forest
clearings, hedges and at rubbles. It is
usually planted near settlements and
farms.
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Efficiency and use:
Tea from elder accelerates sweating and
secretion of bronchial glands. We dry the
collected flowers quickly and carefully to
prevent them from becoming brown. We
store them in closed glass jars for one
year. Clinical studies on healthy people
have shown that accelerated sweating
does not occur among them. It is
assumed that this is the case only with
patients with fever.
Useful parts of a plant: flowers
(dried)
Preparations: tea, tea blends, elder
syrup
35
 Paprastoji avietė (Rubus idaeus)
Photo : LAURA LEVINSKAITE
11 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Description:
Raspberry is a shrub found wild and
cultivated in Lithuania. It is a perennial
plant which bears biennial stems
("canes"). In its first year, a new stem
grows vigorously to its full height of 1.5-
2.5 m, bearing large leaves with five or
seven leaflets. In its second year, the
stem does not grow taller, but produces
several side shoots, which bear smaller
leaves with three or five leaflets The
flowers are white to greenish white,
single or in small grapelike clusters.
The fruit is a red raspberry, rounded,
two centimeters long and broad,
maturing between July and September.
Picking time:
The leaves and the flowers can be
gathered in June-July, dried in cool
place and stored in bags. The fruits are
dried in thin layers in the sun or in the
34
Komosa strzałkowata
(Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
oven at 60-80 degrees in Celsius. The
fruits should be turned over every once
a while. If the drying is done correctly,
the dry-fruit should make 18-20% of the
initial material, and should not leave
Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-
scents when touched.
henricus), also called Poor-man's
Usage: Asparagus, Perennial Goosefoot,
Tea made from the leaves is astringent, Lincolnshire Spinach or Markery]is a
and in folk medicine it's often used for species of goosefoot which is native to
diarrhea (one to two cups of tea), much of central and southern Europe.
dysentery,strengthening pregnant Good King Henry has been grown as a
women, relieving morning sickness, vegetable in cottage gardens for hundreds
and to aid in childbirth. Raspberry juice of years, although this dual-purpose
boiled in sugar can be gargled to vegetable is now rarely grown and the
soothe inflamed tonsils. For bedwetting species is more often considered a weed.
issues, raspberry leaf tea helps tone
the pelvic muscles. Leaf tea good for
burns, as it helps the skin form a barrier
on the wound. PMS syndrome
reliever.Raspberry fruits were widely
used against fever.
11
 Смрадлика (Cotinus)
The herb is a perennial bush and can
reach 5 metres in height. The most
highly spread of the kind are:
Cotinus coggyria (Europe and North
America);
Cotinus obovatus (North America)
Description: The branches of the
plant have got red-like cortex and
yellow wood. The foils are oval with
plainly visible nervure. Their
underneath part is grey-greenish and
the facial part is dark green in colour.
The foils have also got a typical smell.
In autumn they redden. The raceme is
pale green, epicene (bisexual) and it
12
BİBERİYE (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant
evergreen needle-like leaves.
Description short woolly hair. Flowering, very
Forms range from upright to trailing; the common in a mature and healthy
upright forms can reach 1.5 m tall, specimen, blooms in summer in the
rarely 2 m. The leaves are evergreen, north; but can be everblooming in
24 cm long and 25 mm broad, green warm-winter climates and is variable in
above, and white below with dense color, being white, pink, purple, or blue.
Usage
The results of a study suggest that
carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may
shield the brain from free radicals,
has got five-petal cup, five-petal corolla lowering the risk of strokes and
and five stamens situated amongst the neurodegenerative diseases like
petals. The stems are covered with Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's.
longhairs. After the plant has shed its Rosemary contains a number of
blossoms, the stems cover themselves potentially biologically active
with pink, greenish or red-violet hairs. compounds, including antioxidants such
The fruit of the Cotinus is black and as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid.
naked. Other bioactive compounds include
Usage: The herb is used in cases of camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary
inflammation, sepsis and diarrhea. In leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid,
the tradition of Bulgarian popular betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and
medicine it has been used against rosmanol.
stomach acid, gastric ulcer, asthma, Picking Time: In Mediterranean
blood-spitting, kidneys desease and a countries, the leaves and the flowers
lot others. can be picked up at any time.
33
 Шипка (Rosa canina)
Description:
It is kind of a wild rose. It is a
perennial, thorny, branched frutex
with stems, reaching 1-5 m lеnght.
Rosa canina blooms I May June
and its petals are pale pink to white,
4-6 cm in dm. The fruit ripe in autumn
and are oval-shaped, red-orange, 1-2
cm, pulpish, full of plenty of hairy
seeds.
32
Usage:
Rosa canina is a unique combination of
vitamin C and the other vitamins
containing in its fruit like vitamin A, B1, B2,
PP and K. This combination stimulates the
formation of the red blood cells, increases
working capacity and defense system of
the organism. This is why it is highly
recommended with diabetis, mental and
physical over-tiring, cold and anaemia.
Обикновен глог (Crataegus monogyna )
Description:
It is a bush or a tree. It is 5 -14
metres high and is also spread in
Europe, North Africa and West Asia.
Part of its shortened branches are
transformed into thorns. Its leaves
are 2-4 cm and are peculiarly cut. Its
blossoms are white, gathered into
shield-shaped racemes. The ripe fruit
of the plant are dark red coloured
and contain large seeds, which are
sometimes called “stone”.
Usage:
It has got perfect cordial-maintaining
action. It improves the work of the cordial
arteries and the cordial muscle gets
supplied with oxygen. It increases the
power of the cordial curtailments and the
heart starts pumping up more blood. It
also has got regulating effect on the
cordial rhythm and the arterial pressure.
The medicines produced of Crataegus
monogyna are appropriate for long-
lasting treatment and can be combined
13
 Coada Calului (Equisetum Arvense)
Photo: ANDREI JUNGHIETU
8 th A Class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania
Description :
Commonly known as the Field Horsetail
or Common Horsetail, is a rather bushy
perennial with a rhizomatous stem .
These horsetails may have sterile or
fertile stems. These segments contain
one set of slender, erect branches
each. Some stems can be as tall as 2-
24 inches (560 cm). The fertile stems
tend to be half as tall as the sterile
stems and also tend to be more
succulent.
Usage :
It is rich in the minerals silicon (10%),
potassium and calcium which gives it
14
diuretic properties. It is prescribed to
care for conjunctive tissues (cartilage,
tendons and bones) and also polyps,
epistasis, and bleeding. In herbalism it
is used to treat kidney and bladder
problems, gastro-enteritis, and prostate
and urinary infections. Externally it is
used for chilblains and wounds.
Picking time :
July-August ; the drying of the herb is
made in thin layers, either in open air or
in shadowy places, in dry and airy
rooms, attics. The plant must have a
light green colour. It is odourless and it
tastes sweet.
Ciuboţica cucului (Primula veris)
Photo: LIPŞA INGRID
8 th A class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania
Description:
Cowslip is a flowering plant in the
genus Primula. The species is native
throughout most of temperate Europe
and Asia. It is a low growing
herbaceous perennial plant with a
rosette of leaves 5-15 cm long and 2-6
cm broad. The deep yellow flowers are
produced in the spring between April
and May; they are in clusters of 10-30
together. It is frequently found on open
fields, meadows, and coastal dunes
and clifftops.
Usage:
It is used medicinally as a diuretic, an
expectorant, and an antispasmodic, as
well as for the treatment of headaches,
whooping cough, tremors, and other
conditions. However it can have irritant
effects in people who are allergic to it.
They were made into wine, and also to
flavour conventional wines.In the
nineteenth century, cowslips were used
as a garland on maypoles. Cowslip is a
favourite food of wild rabbits.
Picking time:
late August, early September
31
 SEMİZ OTU (Portulaca oleraceae)
Description
Purslane, also known as Wild
Portulaca, Little Hogweed, Pusley
and Verdolaga, is a smooth textured
succulent annual in colder zones. It
grows about 6-12” tall, in full sun.
Purslane is drought resistant and
suitable for xeriscaping. They seed
easily so deadheading is a must
unless you want more volunteers
next year.
The plant prefers light (sandy) and
medium (loamy) soils and requires
well-drained soil. The plant prefers
acid, neutral and basic (alkaline)
soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It
requires moist soil.
The plant is rich in vitamin E, vitamin
C and beta carotene, and quite high
in protein. Most noteworthy of all, it is
considered a better source of
essential omega-3 fatty acids than
any other leafy plant. These are
compounds the body cannot make
itself, which are needed to
complement the omega-6 fatty acids
we get from grains and grain-fed
meat.
Usage
The plant is antibacterial,
antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic and
30
PRAVA LAKOTA (Galium Verum L.)
Family: Rubiaceae
febrifugeThe leaves are a rich source of
omega-3 fatty acids, which is thought to
be important in preventing heart attacks
and strengthening the immune system.
Seed sources such as walnuts, however,
are much richer sources. The fresh juice
is used in the treatment of strangury,
coughs, sores etc. The leaves are
poulticed and applied to burns , both they
and the plant juice are particularly
effective in the treatment of skin diseases
and insect stings . A tea made from the
leaves is used in the treatment of stomach
aches and headaches The leaf juice is
applied to earaches, it is also said to
alleviate caterpillar stings . The leaves can Characteristics: Efficiency and use:
be harvested at any time before the plant It is a perennial, which is from 10 to It works as a diuretic and promotes the
flowers, they are used fresh or dried 80 cm high, with a creeping function of the liver. It is mostly in tea
This remedy is not given to pregnant rootstock. Leaves are narrow lined, mixtures for so called blood cleaning. The
women or to patients with digestive in 6 to 12 numbered reels. Yellow impact of fresh juice at skin impurities,
problems. The seeds are tonic and flowers are united at the top of the such as lichen and eczema has been
vermifuge . They are prescribed for shoot in tawny inflorescence. Tiny tested a lot of times in folk medicine. We
dyspepsia and opacities of the cornea . flowers smell like honey and have 4 harvest herbal of intensive yellow
Picking: cone leaves. Fruits decompose in flowered kind, and we dry it quickly. It
Harvesting purslane is easy; it grows just two further smaller fruits. smells like honey and hay. It helps the
about anywhere that gets two frost-free Habitat and expansion: most as an ointment with different
months per year and loves to spread It grows on dry meadows, routes, dermatological skin problems.
around cultivated fields, back yards, and and wooded hillsides from the Useful parts of a plant: blooming
any place that has fertile, moist soil. Even lowlands to the montane zone. It herbal
so, purslane is drought-tolerant and needs bright and warm places to Preparations: tea, tea blends, baths
readily reseeds from one year to the next. grow.
15
 Głóg (Hawthorn (Crataegus))
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a large genus
of shrubs and trees in the rose family,
Rosaceae, native to temperate regions
of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe,
Asia and North America. It is the state
flower of Missouri. The name hawthorn
was originally applied to the species
native to northern Europe, especially
the Common Hawthorn C. monogyna,
and the unmodified name is often so
used in Britain and Ireland. However
the name is now also applied to the
entire genus, and also to the related
Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Close up of the flowers of Common
Hawthorn, commonly known as may or
mayblossom.
They are shrubs or small trees, mostly
growing to 5-15 m tall[5], with small
pome fruit and (usually) thorny
16
branches. The most common type of
bark is smooth grey in young
individuals, developing shallow
longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges
in older trees. The thorns are small
sharp-tipped branches that arise either
from other branches or from the trunk,
and are typically 1-3 cm long (recorded
as up to 11.5 cm in one case). The
leaves grow spirally arranged on long
shoots, and in clusters on spur shoots
on the branches or twigs. The leaves of
most species have lobed or serrate
margins and are somewhat variable in
shape. The fruit, sometimes known as a
"haw", is berry-like, but structurally a
pome containing from 1 to 5 pyrenes
that resemble the "stones" of plums,
peaches, etc. which are drupaceous
fruit in the same subfamily.
Plačialapis gyslotis (Plantago major)
Photo : LAURA LEVINSKAITE
11 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania
Description:
Plantago major L. is a perennial plant
that belongs to the Plantaginaceae
family. It can grow up to 15 cm high,
though size varies depending on the
growth habitats. The leaves grow in
rosettes, and they are ovate to elliptical
with parallel venation.
The leaves have an entire or irregularly
dentate margin.Flowers are small,
brownishgreen on long spikes. Seeds
are small with an ovate shape and a
slightly bitter taste. The seeds are
located in capsules and become sticky
in humid weather .In Lithuania there
grow 4 plantain species. All are used in
medicine.
Picking time:
Plantains are flowering from May to
September. Their leaves must be
collected in spring or summer. They
must be kept in shade inside clean
airtight at a temperature of about 40
degrees.
Usage:
Plantago major leaves are used as a
wound healing remedy for centuries
and in the treatment of a number of
diseases apart from wound healing.
These include diseases related to the
skin, respiratory organs, digestive
organs, reproduction, the circulation,
against cancer, for pain relief and
against infections. A range of biological
activities has been found from plant
extracts including wound healing
activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
antioxidant, weak antibiotic, immuno
modulating and antiulcerogenic activity.
Medicinally, plantin is documented to
affect blood sugar, usually lowering it.
Plantin is currently being marketed to
help stop smoking as it is said to cause
aversion to tobacco.
29
 OZKOLISTNI TRPOTEC (Plantago Lanceolata)
Family: Plantaginaceae
Charactersitics:
It is a perennial, up to 50 cm high,
stem mainly from five furrows, and
leaves with 3 to 5 veins. It grows
form April to October.
Habitat and expansion:
It often grows on the ways and
meadows across Slovenia from the
lowlands to the montane zone.
Efficiency and use:
Its therapeutic effect has been
around for thousands of years. And it
is still popular in a folk medicine
nowadays. It works as a substance
that narrows superficial blood veins,
thus reducing inflammations. It
improves the excretion of mucus and
a cough, and it helps with a disease
28
of the colon. Leaves can be put on smaller
wounds. Juice made out of these leaves
helps also with swelling and itchy insect
bites. Fresh juice is good for quick
metabolism. This drug has also got a
diuretic effect, because of the high
amount of potassium in it. It can be also
used in cooking as a salad with
champignons larded in brine with oil.
Individual leaves or the whole plant can
be picked up while it blossoms. After each
mowing the plant begins to grow again, so
it can be harvested from May till June.
Useful parts of a plant: especially
leaves
Preparations: tea, tea blends, syrup,
fresh juice
Cǎtina albǎ (Hippophae Rhamnoides)
Photo: LUCACI ANA-MARIA
8 th A class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania
Description:
Sea-buckthorns are shrubs in the family
Elaeagnaceae and typically occur in
dry, sandy and sunny areas such as
river banks. Common sea-buckthorn
has branches that are dense and stiff
and very thorny. The leaves are distinct
pale silvery-green.The plant produces
orange berries 69 mm in diameter, soft,
juicy and rich in oils. Sea-buckthorn
berries are edible and nutritious, though
very acidic and astringent. The fruit also
contains dense contents of vitamin E,
amino acids, dietary minerals.
Usage:
It is a herbal medicine used over
centuries to relieve cough, aid digestion,
invigorate blood circulation and alleviate
pain. Flowers may be used as a skin
softener. Fresh juice, syrup and berry or
seed oils are used for colds, fever,
exhaustion. In ophthalmology, berry
extracts have been used for eyelid
injuries and conjunctivitis. It is
applicable for cosmetic purposes, as
well as used for edible products like
syrup. Sea-buckthorn fruit can be used
to make pies, jams, lotions and liquors.
It is used as a nutritional ingredient in
baby food. Fruit drinks. Branches may
be used by florists for designing
ornaments.
Picking time:
On magnificently clear and calm
October days
17
 ŞERBETÇİ OTU (Humulus Lupulus)
Description
A perennial, dioecious, twining herb, up
to 6 m high. Aerial parts consist of
several long, angular, rough-hairy,
entwining stems bearing cordate,
palmate, three-lobed, occasionally fi ve-
to seven-lobed, scabrous, dark green,
stipulate leaves. Staminate flowers,
with fi ve bracts and fi ve stamens,
borne in axillary panicles. Pistillate
flowers pale green, each consisting of
an entire cup-like perianth and a
unilocular ovary with a single ovule, and
two long stigmas, borne on a leafy
conical catkin. Fruits are ovate to ovate-
cylindrical strobiles consisting of a
flexuous rachis bearing yellowish-green
to pale brown, ovate, membranous,
scaly bracts, each enclosing a brown
glandular achene.
Usage
Hops have a long and proven history of
herbal use, where they are employed
mainly for their soothing, sedative, tonic
and calming effect on the body and the
mind. Their strongly bitter flavour
largely accounts for their ability to
strengthen and stimulate the digestion,
increasing gastric and other secretions.
The female fruiting body is anodyne,
antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic,
febrifuge, hypnotic, nervine, sedative,
18
stomachic and tonic. Hops are widely
used as a folk remedy to treat a wide
range of complaints, including boils,
bruises, calculus, cancer, cramps,
cough, cystitis, debility, delirium,
diarrhoea, dyspepsia, fever, fits,
hysteria, inflammation, insomnia,
jaundice, nerves, neuralgia,
rheumatism, and worms
The decoction from the flower is said to
remedy swellings and hardness of the
uterus. Hop flowers are much used as
an infusion or can also be used to stuff
pillows where the weight of the head
will release the volatile oils. The fruit is
also applied externally as a poultice to
ulcers, boils, painful swellings etc
Harvesting
Hops are collected in September when
they are ripe, carefully dried by artificial
heat and packed in bags or bales. From
bloom to harvest requires about 40
days. Sometimes hops are treated with
sulfur dioxide to improve the color and
prevent change of active principle.
Hops deteriorate upon aging and
exposure to atmosphere. Drying is an
important process as moisture content
must be reduced from 80% to 6%. Kiln-
drying is practiced in some humid
areas.
MAYDONOZ (Petroselinum sativum)
Description
Parsley is a well known herb in the
kitchen. Its common names are parsley,
Petroselinum sativum
This biennial plant has a fleshy, spindle-
shaped root, and an erect, smooth,
branching stem. The radical leaves are
biternate, bright green, and on long
petioles; leaflets wedge-shaped.
Flowers white or greenish, and petals
rounded and barely emarginated.
Usage
The uses of Parsley are rather multiple
with many culinary and medicinal
benefits.
Medicinal grade material is usually
obtained from the plain-leafed rather
than the curly-leafed varieties. Parsley
is used as a diuretic, lithotriptic,
carminative, antihelminthic, stimulant,
emmenagogue (especially seeds),
expectorant, laxative, antispasmodic.
Moreover, parsley is used as an herb
and root in preparations for flushing out
the urinary tract and for preventing and
treating kidney gravel. Parsley root is
indicated for use as a mild diuretic. The
internal use of parsley herb is for
flatulent dyspepsia, dysuria, and
rheumatic conditions.
Picking :
Parsley is harvested about 6" tall and
relatively full. Cut as needed, but try not
to remove more than 1/3 of the leaves
at a time. Harvest whole stems, from
the base of the plant, to encourage
more growth.
It can be cut and dried the leaves
remaining at the end of the season or
leave the plants in the ground and try to
get more use from the plants the
following spring. Although parsley is
biennial, most people find the leaves
too bitter the second year and the
flower stalks will grow surprisingly fast.
27
 Bratek (Fiołek ogrodowy) Sunǎtoarea (Hypericum perforatum)
The Pansy (Pansy Violets)

Photo: FARCAŞ ROBERT

8 th A class
School Nr.1, Roman-Romania

The pansy or pansy violets are a large
group of hybrid plants cultivated as
garden flowers. Pansies are derived
from Viola species Viola tricolor
hybridized with other viola species,
these hybrids are referred to as Viola
wittrockiana or less commonly Viola
tricolor hortensis. The name "pansy"
also appears as part of the common
name for other Viola species that are
wildflowers in Europe. Some unrelated
species, such as the Pansy
Monkeyflower, also have "pansy" in
their name.
Description:
St. John's wort is a yellow-flowering
perennial herb indigenous to Europe,
which has been introduced to many
temperate areas of the world and
grows wild in many meadows. Its
stems are erect and can grow to 1 m
high. The leaves are yellow-green in
color, with transparent dots
throughout the tissue. Its flowers
measure up to 2.5 cm across, have
five petals, and are colored bright
yellow with conspicuous black dots.
Usage:
It is today most widely known as a herbal
treatment for depression and commonly
prescribed for mild depression, especially
in children, adolescents. Extracts are
usually in tablet or capsule form, and also
in teabags and tinctures. It is being
studied for effectiveness in the treatment
of certain somatoform disorders.A
constituent chemical, hyperforin, may be
useful for treatment of alcoholism.
Possible option against Parkinson's
disease”.
Picking time:
from late summer to early autumn

26 19
 ÇOBANPÜSKÜLÜ (Ilex aquifolium)
It is an evergreen tree.
Description
It is growing to 10-25 m tall and 40-80
cm (rarely 1 m or more) trunk diameter,
with smooth grey bark. The leaves are
5-12 cm long and 2-6 cm broad,
variable in shape. The flowers are
dioecious, white, four-lobed. The fruit is
a red drupe 6-10 mm diameter.
Usage
Holly is rarely used medicinally due to
its toxicity, but is diuretic, relieves fevers
and has a laxative action. It is
antypyretic and exudative.
Picking Time:
The leaves of the plant are picked up
biennial.
20
Риган (Origanum Vulgare L.)
Origanum Vulgare is a perennial Usage: Origanum Vulgare is mainly
plant from the family of the Labiates. grown because of the aromatics oil it
It can reach 80 cm in height. contains. It is widely applicable in the
Description: The top of the plant perfume and flavour industry. Its dried
branches out and form umbrella-like stems are used as tea substitute. The
racemes in which numerous small Origanum tea is helpful in cases of
pale pink, pink or almost white coughing and lang deseases. It is also
blossoms are piled with brown cups. used as spice.
Part of the plants are epicene and
the others only female. Insects -
mainly bees - pollinate the
blossoms. Its blossom period is
between the beginning of June and
the end of August.
25
 ÇÖREKOTU (Nigella sativa)
It is known as black cumin. Nigella sativa is an annual flowering plant.
Description:
It grows to 2030 cm (7.912 in) tall,
with finely divided, linear (but not
thread-like) leaves. The flowers are
delicate, and usually coloured pale
blue and white, with 510 petals. The
fruit is a large and inflated capsule
composed of 37 united follicles, each
containing numerous seeds. The
seed is used as a spice.
Usages:
It has been traditionally used for a
variety of conditions and treatments
related to respiratory health, stomach
and intestinal health, kidney and liver
function, circulatory and immune
system support, as analgesic,
antiinflammatory, antiallergic,
antioxidants, anticancer, antiviral and
for general well-being. Black cumin
oil contains nigellone, which protects
guinea pigs from histamine-induced
bronchial spasms (perhaps
explaining its use to relieve the
symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and
coughing).
24
The presence of an anti-tumor sterol,
beta-sitosterol, lends credence to its
traditional use to treat abscesses and
tumors of the abdomen, eyes, and liver.
Picking Time:
The seeds of the plant are picked up
between September and October.
KATRAN ARDICI: (Juniperus oxycedrus)
The plant is very variable in shape, forming a spreading shrub 2-3 m tall to a small
erect tree 10-15 m tall.
Description
It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three;
the leaves are green, 5-20 mm long and 1-2
mm broad, with a double white stomatal band
(split by a green midrib) on the inner surface.
The seed cones are berry-like, green ripening
in 18 months to orange-red with a variable
pink waxy coating; they are spherical, 7-12
mm diameter, and have three or six fused
scales in 1-2 whorls, three of the scales with a
single seed.
Usage
Cade oil is the essential oil obtained through
destructive distillation of the wood of this
shrub. It is a dark, aromatic oil with a strong
smoky smell which is used in some cosmetics
and (traditional) skin treatment drugs, as well
as incense. It is used for some other
treatments like urinary tract infection,
diabetes, hypertension, edema.
Picking Time:
The cones of the plant is picked up between
September and October.
21
 Ramunėlė ( Matricaria Chamomilla ) M ėta ( Mentha )

Photo : GABRIELE KLEZYTE Photo : RAIMONDAS KLEZYS

11 th Class 10 th Class
Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania Zeimiai secondary school, Lithuania

Description: flowers can be dried in the stove from

An old well-known home remedy that
grows freely everywhere. Chamomile is
an undemanding plant that grows in
fields and landfills, along roadsides and
field boundaries.A member of the
Compositae family, it is an annual,
growing up to 2 feet tall with branching
stems. The leaves are very fine and
linear. It has a typical composite flower,
with white ray flowers and a yellow
conical center that is hollow. The
medicinal part is the flowers.
Picking time:
May-August, on a dry season. These
flowers are harvested at the beginning
of flowering each day, then - every
second, every third day.
Harvested flowers are spread in a thin
layer. For protection from heat and
direct sunlight they are spread on the
table or in the other dry place. Also,
30 to 35 ° C degrees. Dried flowers
have a bitter taste, are aromatic and
green or yellow. Keep in dry, well
ventilated area, in paper bags.
Usage:
It has a long history of use as a gentle
sedative and for easing the discomfort
of various gastrointestinal conditions.
Also helping to allay irritability, anxiety
and sleeplessness, modern research
has shown that chamomile has anti-
inflammatory activity. It has been
clinically proven to boost the immune
system, our first line of defense against
disease bearing organisms. Regular
use of this medicinal herb builds up
your body's natural defenses and helps
ward off colds, the flu and other
infections. This flower is widely
available in tea and liquid extract forms.
Description:
Mints are aromatic, almost
exclusively perennial, herbs. The
leaves are arranged in opposite
pairs. Leaf colors range from dark
green and gray-green to purple, blue,
and sometimes pale yellow. The fruit
is a small, dry capsule containing one
to four seeds. Mints can be found in
many environments, most Mentha
grow best in wet environments and
moist soils. Mints grow from 10 to
120 cm tall and can spread over an
indeterminate sized area. Due to
their tendency to spread unchecked,
mints are considered invasive.
Picking time:
Harvesting of mint leaves can be
done at anytime. Fresh mint leaves
should be used immediately or stored
up to a couple of days in plastic bags
within a refrigerator. Optionally, mint can
be frozen in ice cube trays. Dried mint
leaves should be stored in an airtight
container placed in a cool, dark, dry area.
Usage:
Mint was originally used as a medicinal
herb to treat stomach ache and chest
pains, and it is commonly used in the form
of tea as a home remedy to help alleviate
stomach pain. During the Middle Ages,
powdered mint leaves were used to
whiten teeth. Mint tea is a strong diuretic.
Mint also aids digestion, in a way that it
breaks down the fats. In recent years, it
has been often recommended for treating
obesity. The strong, sharp flavor and scent
of mint is sometimes used as a mild
decongestant for illnesses such as the
common cold.

22 23
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Červenka, M. s sod. Rastlinski svet Evrope. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1988.
Gale-Toplak, K. Zdravilne rastline na Slovenskem. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2008.
Godet, J.D. [prevedel Milan Lovka]. Evropske rastline - zelišča in steblike. Radovljica:
Didacta, 1999.
Recepture čajnih mešanic patra Ašiča.
http://abchomeopathy.com/r.php/Plan (30.04.2010)
http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Experimental-History-Materia-
Medica/Mentha.html (01.05.2010)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:dD1A4UOQpb0J:herbali
nformation.awardspace.com/%3Fcm%3Dh%26fn%3Dhumulus_lupulus+Humulus+
lupulus+fruits+are+ovate+to+ovate-cylindrical&cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr
(13.04.2010)
http://www.about-garden.com/images_data/4808-ilex-aquifolium-1.jpg (10.05.2010)
http://www.aliejus.com/vaistiniai-augalai/paprastasis-ersketis (06.05.2010)
http://www.answers.com/topic/coltsfoot (01.05.2010)
http://www.ebitki.com/resimler/bresim/humulus_lupulus.jpg (10.05.2010)

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Nature/Cacti_- http://www.ehow.com/sedum/ (19.04.2010)

_Advanced (06.05.2010) http://www.ehow.com/rosemary/ (01.05.2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium (10.05.2010) http://www.elicriso.it/it/linguaggio_fiori/prezzemolo/Petroselinum_hortense.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha (20.04.2010) (13.04.2010)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_major (01.05.2010) http://www.e-vaistine.lt/vaistažoles/vaistiniai-augalai/placialapis-gyslotis

(30.04.2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary (22.04.2010)
http://www.e-vaistine.lt/vaistazoles/vaistiniai-augalai/aviete (06.05.2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_canina (19.04.2010)
http://www.kingtutshop.com/Egyptian-Herb/parseley.htm (11.05.2010)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_idaeus (06.05.2010)
http://www.plantcare.com/oldSite/httpdocs/images/namedImages/Parsley.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago_farfara (10.05.2010) (13.04.2010)
http://guide2herbalremedies.com/coltsfoot/ (13.04.2010) http://www.resimmotoru.com/data/media/939/coban_puskulu.jpg (19.04.2010)
http://nuestronombre.es/puntatlantis/files/juniperus-oxycedrus-macrocarpa- Http://www.the-family-doctor.com/a-modern-herbal/g/Grasses-Couch-Grass.htm
dibujado.jpg (01.05.2010) (29.04.2010)
http://portal.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant_Image.aspx?id=1189 http://www.zolininkas.lt/vaistiniai-augalai/ankstyvasis-salpusnis-tussilago-farfara-l/
(10.05.2010) (06.05.2010)
http://tryonfarm.org/share/files/images/Hops%20Humulus%20lupulus.jpg www.bg.wikipedia.org (01.05.2010)
(13.04.2010) www.bilky.hit.bg (11.05.2010)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illustration_Ilex_aquifolium0.jpg www.bioproduct (10.05.2010)
(01.05.2010)
www.elady.ro (10.05.2010)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Juniperus_oxycedrus.jpg
(06.05.2010) www.farmaciata.ro (11.05.2010)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LOQUPgcPkRUJ:en.wikip www.gradinamea.ro (19.04.2010)
edia.org/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus+juniperus+oxycedrus+it+has+needle- www.info-ghid.com (10.05.2010)
like+leaves+in&cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr (13.04.2010)
www.mayra.ro (11.05.2010)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:CHPfXRyurj8J:en.wikipedi
www.musetel.info (06.05.2010)
a.org/wiki/Nigella_sativa+the+flowers+are+delicate,+and+usually+coloured+pale+wik
ipedia&cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr (10.05.2010) www.pharmacy-bg.com (10.05.2010)
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:1gYzA5hcdMgJ:www.diet- www.remediu.ro (06.05.2010)
and-health.net/Naturopathy/Hops.html+Humulus+lupulus+hops+have+a+long+and www.salvaeco.org (10.05.2010)
+proven+history+of&cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr (01.05.2010)
www.silkweb.ro (06.05.2010)
www.zachatie.org (11.05.2010)
46 47