Fibre Yarn and Fabric

By
Babu Ram .N
MFM
NIFT-PATNA
 Fiber
 Fiber is a thin hair like
strand or fine thread
of material.
 A fiber is the smallest
visible unit of any
textile product. 
 Fiber is either spun (or
twisted) into yarn or
else directly
compressed into
fabric.
 Types of fibres
Natural fibre
Manufactured fibres
Natural fibres
Fibres obtained naturally i.e through plants and animals is natural fibres.
Example - Cotton, silk wool etc.
Manufactured fibres
Manufactured fibres are further classified into regenerated, synthetic fibres
and inorganic fibres.
Regenerated fibres
Regenerated fibers are made from natural materials by processing these
materials to form a fiber structure
Example - rayon acetate.
Synthetic fibres
Synthetic fibers are made entirely from chemicals. Synthetic fibers are usually
stronger than either natural or regenerated fibers.
Example – nylon polyester acrylic.
Classification of fibers can be done by:

Type  Natural and manufactured

●

Short staple, long staple,

Length 
●

continuous filament

Size Ultra fine, fine, regular,

●

course
 Textile fibres

Natural Man made

C ellu lo s e
Ba se(v eg et a b l e) Pro tein b a se( anima l) Mi neral

Organic In organic

Woo l
Natural polymer base Synthetic polymer base
Si lk
Asbes tos

Glass
ha ir

Metallic
 Olefin
 Olefin fiber is a synthetic
fiber made from alkenes.
 Olefin is also referred to
as
polypropylene, polyethyle
ne, or polyolefin.
 Olefin's advantages are its
strength, colourfastness
and comfort, stain,
mildew, abrasion and
sunlight resistance, and
good bulk and cover.
Carpet made by olefin fibre
Fibre properties
 Olefin fibers have great bulk and cover while having
low specific gravity.
  The fibers have low moisture absorption, but they
can wick moisture and dry quickly.
  Olefin is abrasion, stain, sunlight, and chemical
resistant. It does not dye well, but has the advantage
of being colourfast.
 Since Olefin has a low melting point, textiles can be
thermally bonded. The fibers have the lowest static
of all manufactured fibers and a medium lustre. One
of the most important properties of olefin is its
strength.
Uses
Apparel
 Sports & active wear, socks, thermal underwear, lining
fabrics.

Home Furnishing
 Olefin can be used by itself or in blends for indoor and
outdoor carpets and carpet tiles, carpet backing. The fiber can
also be used in upholstery, draperies, wall coverings,
slipcovers, and floor coverings.
 Spandex
 Spandex or Elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its
exceptional elasticity.
 It is stronger and more durable than rubber its major non-
synthetic competitor and was invented by DUPONT in 1959.
 When it was first introduced it revolutionized many areas of
the clothing industry.
 Spandex is a generic name and not derived from the chemical
name of the fiber, which most manufactured fibers are, but
derived by shifting around the letters in the word expands.
 The most famous brand name associated with spandex is
lycra,a trademark of invista.
 Other spandex trademarks include elaspan,roica,dorlastan
and linel
Fibre characteristic
 Can be stretched over 500% without breaking
 Able to be stretched repetitively and still recover
original length
 Lightweight
 Abrasion resistant
 Poor strength but stronger and more durable than
rubber
 Soft,smooth and supple
 Resistant to body oils, perspiration,lotions,and
detergents
 No static and pilling problem
 Very comfortable
 Easily dyed
Uses
 Athletic, aerobic and exercise apparel, Wetsuits
,bathing suits, Competitive swim wears.
 Netball body suits, Disco jeans, Slacks, Leggings,

Socks, Skinny jeans, Belts, Under wear, Hosiery

Compression garments such as
 Surgical hose, Support hose, Cycling shorts,

Wrestling singlet, One piece rowing suit

 Foundation garments motion capture, suits

 Shaped garments such as bra cups

 Home furnishing such as microbed, pillow

 Yarn
 Yarn is a continuous length of interlocked fibres,
suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing,
knitting, weaving, embroidery etc.
 Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand
or machine.
 All textile fibres are converted into yarn except non
woven. In Non woven's fibers are directly converted
into fabrics by chemical treatment.
Olefin Yarn
 Olefin yarn is created through a melt spun process.
 Once the polymer is made, it is melted and pumped at high
pressure into a spinneret which causes it to form long fibres
or streams of the polymer.
 The melted product is usually filtered before entering the
spinneret to prevent lumping of the polymer which could
cause clogging and disruption of the spinning process.
 These fibers can be spun into long filaments or cut up into
short fibers that can be twisted together. The resulting fibers
are then cooled or quenched.
 Stretch breaking is a process used to break the fibres by
stretching them first and then breaking them instead of
cutting them. Cutting can cause damage to the fibres.
 A process called crimping can add bulk to the yarn.
 FABRIC
Fabrics can be constructed in a variety of ways, ranging
from the matting together of fibrous materials to the
intricate interlacing of complex yarn systems. The major
classifications of fabric constructions are -
Woven Fabrics
 Weaving of fabrics consist of interlacing systems of

yarn. By varying the interlacing, a wide variety of

different fabric constructions can be made.
Knitted Fabrics.
  Fabrics can be constructed from one or more

continuous yarns by the formation of a series of

interconnected loops. Knitting tough a complex form, is
one type of looping construction, Crochet is another.
Non Woven.
Masses of fibers can be held together into a fabric by interlocking of
fibers by mechanical action or by fusing fibers together with heat,
adhesive or chemicals. Examples of a few fabrics constructed by
these means include felt, bark cloth, spun lace, spun bonded and
needle-punched fabrics and bonded webs
Knotted Fabrics. Some fabrics are created by knotting yarns together.
Lace, nets, and tatting are produce by knotting.
Braided Fabrics. Fabrics may be created by plaiting together yarns or
strips of fabrics. The components are interlaced in a diagonal
pattern over under one another to form a flat or tubular fabric of
relatively narrow width.
Films. Since films are not considered to be true textiles. They are
sometimes laminated to textiles. They are sometimes laminated to
textiles and therefore may be part of the structure of some textile
products. They are synthetic polymers extruded in the form
ofsheets rather than as fibers. In some cases, these films are
eventually made into fibrous form by a process called fibrillation or
by cutting the sheet into fibers
 Fabrics and general innovation
 The “thermo regulator” fabric line.
The new Klimeo process involves the application of a
treatment to pure or mixed wool fabrics and is ideal for
traditional woven textile markets, and is beneficial for
knitwear used in active outdoor and sports markets, as well
as other next-to-skin applications.
‡Ayurvastra
 Ayurvastra is based on the principle of touch. By coming in

contact with the cloth, the body loses toxins and the

metabolism is enhanced. The cloth that has been permeated
with special herbs and oils is believed to help cure a wide
range of ailments. It would help restore the balance in the
body and strengthen the immune system. The most effective
time to wear Ayurvastra is while sleeping or meditating.
Fabric and display
 Fur fabric display
 Thermochromic fabric display
 T-Shirt Television
Fabric and protection
‡Odour eaters
 ‡Relegating body odour to the history books is just

the tip of where fabrics are heading in the

beauty stakes. Microencapsulation technology, which
allows a whole swathe of substances including aloe
vera, vitamins or insect repellents to be added to the
fabric, is creating endless possibilities.
 Bibliography
Web reference
 www.fibre2fashion.com

 www.mytextilenotes.com

 www.wikipwedia.com

Book reference
Textiles Fibre to fabrics by BERNARD P.
CORBAN