See What You've Been Missing... .. -·.

·
I· I

Primef'ect" Prirnarq Cell Transfection Rea:g,ents

Now you can get momdi1lJt~lfm:m your prim81Fy ce~lltr!l!os,fecHorlis.
Plr1m e F'e-cr" I and ~I D rt-.!Aill ansJ,e'c.t ion Rle-a gent s fo r DINA de ~ive fyi, u and PrlmeF'i9'It:;l'" s,iRINATratn,sfectiQinReagen~~ farlsiRIMA de'~ive~y, offe.r the ,advantages Oil proven h~gh uilnsfectioln effid~ncy and low cytQto)(~kity with primt!lry ce~js. And wuth Cloneti.cs(!J a nd PQ~ etkg;® lfrrll m2l1r:y Ce'llis, IY,QU have~ he f'lillp21 ck.ag~' fow grei',M

• I-In girl trans f e:(tio 111 e:ftidenc'YI:, A.cirI'LeVE!S,taperi ina V i3lriet.y o'~cell ty pes:

r 1e'.><plFessi on

• l,orlN lc:y~o'lloxidly:. Maintain ceU density and obtein higher yi~1d 'flrolr:rll t Ira Mof,~ctiQns

• TI'an sfec tio nlnt hit'! p resene

e h iilinge 5 ar e req ujrsd

i?

air 3i bS€!'I1IC e orser urn: No m eo ia samp~e and tlPlPliy

resurs,

• EilllSY to IlJse: S~mpl\J1mi>l neiilgentwith

U!'!lles$lctlflerwise
[II C()P,yriil~lt

!'iIOi!,ed"ii! II nade!!!'! ilJ,kshe rlE!i!'!a re mO!llrksof'.he l Q:n!l:,a Gn;,up, 00ri~s a!'fiili<l!~es" .2010'1, Lanza Wa'ikilm~¥ti III@,lne. '!.I'II'WW,:h:lIl1IZi3J. CO:WI .

Lo·-n··· a·'
··· ... 11 .

The' standard by whkh imrnunoassays are measured ..

.R&D Systems Ouanrikine' ELISA Kits

Whll@:1i'E! ,':llg,E!.1; 'Blur' 11m mllli'U)3Sisay:s? More s(ien[~ sts trust .R&D'Systems 'lbr al((~,ne a nd d elpen d a bille,resu lts, do· i5;H:h QIllCint ikilnle BLiSA kliit ls fu ~Iy' via!~dat~d~ Iready to run alll1d q ual~,iity~es:ted. Fi~nesults yUill CaJllrI r tlrIUi)t~ we o·ffeir:
I

IREPRO [)UO B I U TV

RIEUABI LillY

IQua nt ik~me 'ELI SA. Kiii'tsare the InlOISltre·relre nood immunoassays a\1al~ilahi e, Req uest you r H ISA CatCllogl & R!er'eren ce Guii:de too ay @ www"litnD5,ystell1l1s.mm"QioIRequest:

SYSTEJtJS

Drop. Measure. Done. NanoVue, the easy-to-use spectrophotometer.

Ihe f1f!W N[Jf10VU efM spectrephot omet:e r" INitil its spec i(] I drop on d measure'" fecrh,J re, GOuld 1' t 1' b~ on Y eas:ier U) use' in 'g et ting a ceuro ttl ~slllt;sfolj" DN A, RNA, o Iigas" an d prO'tei ns,
j.

N,tlr'loVIIJeoCillows sensitive rneos umme ots of 'Very smatl ~<C 2 ~-m00 mph~s. S~mpi y pi pe lte on to the sample' pleriE', end in 3 seconds you'll have your resuts, NCH10Vue 0100 affects quick (lnd eelS)! d eani nq, wh ic h redu ces the r'is'kof crcss-eontnm [mltfon, Throll gil ~I'1iI'iOV{JtiCII'k~ti'J it 5Civeti me Q no meke your resso reh C to life. We cCili it Ufe Science Re-~mcgJl"ied.
{!!n5ier,

we'nt!<bri ng in 9 s.cLen(e.

WW\I'I,I'.g

8e one of Tin fi rst to e>;perh~i1ce No novus far you r~lf! ~egi ster for a trio I ot e e'1,ifes,de rlc!es.oo,m/ttiyN C! noVU e

~I

I'

'b£
'-.'11

...

imagination

(It work

N!
'CQiV,ER
The' red alll£lolir::Jroilt!rus Cfi:SptlS (Iridl mos:s). , Tlh'i~~m!ag~, taken \ifith a mgiud Pdlimll·arld-s:hoo~ Calihelral ~im fir.5lt pla~ 'for ll~the photng~Ph,y 'category' oflhe' Nati,o!,!g ~Sdern::e ffilUooatlo!'!1Sde,nc€ 2.007 Vi~iU~'~izatlorl (ha~ ~elll,g~.AA~th~'~1l11l Vi'lln9 (ilntri~ are' d~'.5:p~aytld~na :sp,e(:ifll~J~mil(!: beginllliing oill!ge 18S7 nd oi'llfriieal: M'lW.~d:~ru:ecm!llgi.or,glsde:x~s2iO07 ~ ltMge:t..4lrGl'w Q;tttnsl1m
~B27' ~S2'9

-,

Sd~'n(e OnUliU::
lhil~ Week.il'l SciMce ~ditn.~~.' (I'IQiC)e tOl!rta(~ Silence Ra.nd'om 5aD'l~res~ N'~:Sq'I!!abr:s ,AMS INews & Notes New" Products $:Ciell(,i!'!' Car'eer~

183:4
1836 1839 1841 1879 W39 1940

,EDIITORIAJ ..
'~8J3 ~JI)JrolP'~il Ynl[l!ii91ln,l;Illl~ttggm~
Df! H,u~t

NE,WS OF: THEW.EEIK

V'[!(lci liIe'·,IilJe1a:led IP,otl:OOutbrBa:kil'l Nigeria It!!i5!E!'S (clIruJE!rns

ILIE,TlER.S
Binlls lillke M'u:s:]t. ToC)·A Ges:s

J:rnl,lghff i[)~m!e .,i!irr;mwdAl5i1) :Adcl~esse'5 Gklba ~Wamilli!in:g

ra'i'leL WaU'lts U.S. Progral!l'! to Ret~iml ~ts Ru5rs~an RoO'l$.

1M3
Ui45

. Q_o!l'liorhiit tli! e ~_rI1!! f; Krupp .:~e G~.!t~lr!!ae H. ,HGf1VeY

S;'iIt!rIU:::~C:OPI U~OJ'!leringtheMagkqn J'IAa.glileith: EI~arilifl St!mWllatiol1

~~ R'"PtJitr P. lSll g

1845

IBOOKS; ETAL
mali! Irh:d5~fld(]"~l;!rope!i!fI MYthologv as Ideolog~ ,and ScieJ'!'Qe .'S• .4tvi'dSSlOn, ~j~~~~y M. wtue{
Srelililrii!)! !C.at;lstllDp~e ,[. fJeMcr(JZ; L Dtlf~~11'I, AI. fO:lltJrill~ c~mrors ElrowSililig

~846 1846
~S47'

PoILutio1F1 SI~IjW5'C~i!1ai':s 'Lil'Imlil Pro~oct

A Fiiir",:s:g,liJltil s,ta ~tfa'r I~~ AgII!'~ Elif!a
~> ~

nee upre rr RqJrJrliJy L StCl'lt ~t a L

IE.DU CATlIO IN' fORUM

iii: c. K.wiek et ~I.
PNJl1iIiIacck"lg¥ fnthe H~)gh-S:dlilcol (]~Sf11ll0ilil'

IPERS,fIE:CT~VES
Tfatkililg PolYIIil~milnt SeaJWilir·ers 13 fl:rmey •.
~I~

186'9
~8·7J

Reporl p. 1'10".

QUlilililtlll1lJi1 Weird n;e.~in the Lab

:fl.
'Xo

w: Br!)yt1~K. W r. OJafl; ..M. III: O'S"tdlfVl'lfl

Rep!IJr1 p. 1891:) ,®~

1874

NE.WS IFOCUS
A5itrl~ulti3!r COr1JlLUiIdmlif1l:H'a,w Cldd .I!>Om Wliliv~r~? ~84E1

DeE!pJ)gj!!c~iIDi'Dm,in~IfH!Tn~~e f! j. K~.lj:lI.g
?~

me'

~fJOTlp. 1921

U. $. S;aJy? No '~cp Imleilil Gl,Qb~~ fest (If Ad\!'a:[J~ .Ma:lh, Seier,,:::,!; $tude.!flt5: .A(cid~nts :Sppr'a! ClQS!~r'Ilooki!i~ fi.isks,att Biodel!ens@ Lab:!;. SeU~!'!glb~FO~'~$tfiji gilt ~

1851

D®es Our IU:IiI~'II!e'fSe:Al~()ii'Ii~or Robust

11876

OU'ilInwlliIII GOl'lflputl~ion?'
~~ R{![)fJrI P. 1893

1854

Arlliirmc eilod~,lltr:s.:Q
]it! COfwey (lnd 1\1'1. I, .5l'f!te:ns

.aID'7 ViISIIJAllllAll:()!N 'OIJ.o;LlENIGE

1:857

.Far rdQteJ o.~lin>e'(Jl'Jtefl~go to.

wm'o':£dencemay.o!glsciexfA!i'£200,'l

Rely all OII,AGEN ass1cly t,echnoillogies ,for"

• Mu'it'plex peR assclYS • Eftd~poinfand reajl!~dDile~ and RT~PCR. IPCR. • IRNIAi,on,d m~IINA OIS5aYS
• • • Gene ,ex;pre'ssih:m ,assar'
Genolyp!ing and

Slinetic ,cRalysis,

IP'arth,ogren detedion assays· IHLAand ha,plOlypiing*

.!I,Ii!t,~O: ~1!!i'!.~Yl~'OI."'I!' M;..··.,_. HIA 1'1111, , lit" .....

, ..

_,.,h .... ""'fly

1G1~<!fiiI:se.TiiI!l: _~Ii!A(;fJ

r. E,,~

,,-,&M.~~.dI!!!_.,fiI'

II!!~

"" Iilllblll "!l!,I~!1I!i~

Ca....!!!.

CONTENTS

,I

GErNlmCS

J. ,0. Kor'b€i et ,at

I~QI~~d.·~ndl M[lppillg IRI~·~~b El{t~iiI~$WI';!tl!iucoo,raJl \f,gjriIQtll)n ) h!th~HUliiliiii!1i! Ge,~(J;rrn~

Seqlil,enonQI of :$trl!J(~U 1t:'tarEatiolils o';'eiFseiQmel'l'l'So~ DNA from tw,o llildi~idurab: of diJifertlfil. ~~liInic9mi:Jp~ snollllflli IIne.~pl'(lNll~EI5 ilJf tiill'H~itiV, ]:(t 112!61saelillce."H·!!l9S'rM· GENiETlC:5 wa~p '!S;B!firi! IE:xpl'1E!Sllion 5IJ1P'ptDr1l:5ilni E!r.Ii(Dllit;iol1:alfllL1'rU~ IBetweenl Mtrterliiiilll3,elillaviim' and IEii1l5itl[iii~il¥ ilL L lath etat AnOi!lY~is Q.f ,i! :!l~~ ~d g~!1~'$~,pt~5f;~d ir'll~i'le br·!!lj~ ,~ il'tn!TIit~1!i! W.;ispslrl~ ,cllf 'Ih~l !ih~ ~ar,e $h~ byW(lr~ef ~~In LO~oi!I'd5ib~il:!~ probab,w Il!;iCl1v,~drr~m IimIilI!em<!1 (!i!re bm.mor.

GL!lIMATlE OHiAiNGE So~th@m. IHe'!T'i1::iph@re-gfii dl D'til:@p·Se:a Wi'!rIHil in~ l.ioo D@glaciiil.l. J\)tmos;p!1>efic COz IR1:se arildl TiroP,](ilI~~ 'Warmmrlgl L Stort A. irmmefiJlonn,.lt Thwu::1l [lallingl (if i1IMllil,( v~rSlliS.ri!~ar:.ru lifaoC1 planklton in, a Pa,ciflC. OC.eaIliCOfesll Oti';'§. ~Ila~ ~ilu lh~rl'I hi[lhllllimlld'0.5I\Wiril'fl~cI ]'5 00 )'\1\~[!i; Dclcr~ llii!!~roJlJ~dillring)·WiI11Ii!!II. ,dil!gli!l.(ialio:n.

ASTRrllNOMY A.llbiighi~ Mi[llii~e(:on;r:iIl:adlio B UITsil: of 1t:KJ;ralgi!ll~.a.dk O'.ri'[l~1n

fJ,ri!~id OlImdpcm~dil!l

itR. Lorimer" M B'l)il~s.M. A. MC't!!'1~ghlill,D.}: Iillo:d:;elljt F. [r;)W/ard .. burst ,of rllcio I!'I<!~ i$ fc!<l,mdl ~h!'Ou'£lh !l,~,ilIlll:~lJ~Is, @hud,~~1 puISai' dat!,sUl:l geslil!le of ,a.new c""s~ ,of !'lldlo lbour'.~~,. pe,rn,O!p:s!!llmas~perrrl~1j\a, 'lliO.1l.261Sidi~Ii(i~.Jll-47 532

lECIHN~CA.l
IQCEAfiIIS

COM M EINT JU~,STRACTS

18,66

IC!Ol1llllli1frnt(ln~A Sem!i-cmpiri(;Cil Applmi!lch 110 pr,o~lec;til1lill Fu;~L!1l S,ea-lte'l,l'ellRi5le" N .'5. H~gi1,re.. ,S, J.~~evc, Il. WoQd~·lHtjll .5. Btewe.r •
fl)11 text
6f. Mv~Lt~tle.tlrelll\Og.OfRtYivrill¥MJdi.!jVll'lZ~iS'o:I5.f18.t'i6t1o

(jol'lill!l1lell1l~0111 '~ASe!m~~~mpirk<ll Applmach ~u:l:me s,et!,. Level iRise" t 5chmil'b. loh(J'rIwt .P. ThejU

tQ,

l~r"'ie,ct~PlSI

full tE'.1t

ill

J\f.lm~ «letlc-.oi1Pn9.ot4lcQU(DlI'ghrtfpUl'3)

7!5JJ1JS.I1.B,u.t

lilJe~PQfI!le:to (omme!il~ atlil 'l:Semi,-I~ll!I1Ipirr]~a.l.Appm<l~liI.m lfl'ro~lelLfimgl Fu:lil!lrlE! ,~-Ie~,E!l RiSiE!" S

'5•. R'f)flJf}stm"/
!vll fe.lt Ill. ~

~dmr~IfflI!Ml!WcQil'n)l ..~Vj~

7JSiJ4511,~f,d

PHVS~CS

REVIIIEW
CHEMiSUY

iProbing Quarrnrulllli1 {iI'Imlllli1urtati,il:IIIIF1.I!I~es. y AcMitiGln b aliiI>L1 ,!JIbtradion 'o~ S:irlgl.,e P!1ti:it;on"li Wfmma S

1890

FLuori.lilelfl PhaJlll!!i'lC~li!tica'~s:CUJ/I(ij'!1J9 BeUOIi!dl L

IIIiltUri.tiOI1I

K~MiiUer,.C Fa.eh, .F. Di'ede,irlJi

ijgh~ Filill!Ld V,PiN1.g~A. (li ~tt4,.M, Kim. M. Bellini Z An e:~mme!l~ SJ1'O~fS that ,quan,Wrn atldilj,oll!is not

C~IlI'!!l!'!U1lO!ln'li'e:

BRIEVIIA.
IPALEONTOLOGY ICiDrreru~ted Ewloolon ill Ilidl Diieti!l (h aln$llein Hlll7 Fm;si L S'tid:ll.ebliil,ok M..A, l''Umell·l1rtllrL We~r p,il~tf!r1il5in: :f{J"~ilimidll~oollfi m,oilj' IhMJI!lio~)]n~ .5!id::ll:!iJijd.s !l:llIiildlloo hom ~lIrr<lI~~tfi oollOrn;f@iooiIl91,EIV(!r2!O,I[IOO y@<I'1'5" nm;pl.yilliJg ahmdl~~~~ if! di~l d mw Illhl'lr ,~"'olUl~ion.

Addr~!i .a; Scllngle photon ~o'ill ~igl'lt rietd ~i'!d UHm$!libtrr.ll~fng GIiLlli prQilI UCt2jj. <iI iilir~I'lfei'i~. ril'.~ul:t.lilan wi'itif,;illlr]ii:9 iii ~I. t
;>0;>0

hlYlU,ciM p. 1814

Pl-f'l'S~CS Syllnllilil !ltrizedi ICh,tll[aJamz.l!tiIDnllom INmsy 1893 (h~!imtUIiQ l",riIJ(It'!i~eS ). fJiJe~oil1 effialL A..Q!lItIIti~lry~bi:!~d ,00l'l'prolIn dlrolIt1ali(aI!ly riIOCIl!IC~ th~ numilBr' 01' me~gr~!TIi!!n~ n~~oo, ~D' d~~(J'ib~!hed ocQh~r'ell!c~ ,of.~ qy~,n~um S,)fs,M!!IIIl.,.arneoessny Jo.r ~~i!Ui!C<!lin!b:!1!nO!li!On ~lDr.ilg e.
»J!1!1I1p~riiw,,= IBN., APiPIUE[} PHYSn,c:s

II?'lANHA lilY :Ei'CIENOE

llhe III i!lrlk S,i,de'of t~e Rifl,g~ o~ ilIl1ri!:rms 1888 .1.de f?(}~£!re~,at . ~rnOll~~~ urilln.llI~'!iings, wliIj,thilrl)! Cl!me'n.tIlyori:Bnted ~d~~·on i(!f ~I) iEii!ln:h" felj\~L l!lrg,ecbng,~i~ du~ d~sMbu,!i{)n~in,c~ \Ib~~ger'~ \(iWii~ 20 !{e!l!r~OI!gl).

N t:J(leHli1dI!H:~~ Fre,qUlen,g fo.w~~~gl (If ~896 IEmet:tron StYilll (ohe!1ence .11. Grdlich fit aL tsser pulls,esc;afl~ujn~~pin'1l'1~~~S5jglil:Seo~(!rr(msIn an eli1~ii!le

or

or siIil9Iy(nill~9eG qlllilnlum dIO'IS, 0 iUfllU·di@iijIflM m!J;[ie:~lhiil~ Itl1l'ain 0 S;~i3;bllf! in~h~ d8irk. rOf teRS iJf lfIfIinutt!s.

:SCUiNCG

VOL 317

~82:3

:IIi!...-------"
p

5!....
li

1.1~"'lill"ililt_N
1.~I;--",f..,.....,i!~!I

Demand mae tom your plasmk11pmmC8JtiJn mmlhoc:i-anG

PiUmllink""HIiPum CloooonfiTaili[!flSl-ali

get mom witt1 P,umLitnk"" HiPlDlr!3kilts from Invmugen.

~ .D

~ ~ .... ~

5 ...
'lID
."

pl~Uimid p,urr.iirncatiOlmilk.its ~mvide s:iQtnificooUy ~ig~e~ y~'ekls"mOire ene,clliw Iysa!te 'Ii~ll:8Jtii(Dn,.ana,hi'ghll!l" flnaJ
at 81, olbsltmrtiial~'llowerIOOsL ThmelKfirs also IYrOOuoo ~ow-.emjUtOOml m.N!A(s.eeng,lUi) SO'ImOrna~t1:!r tf1e:~~[caMon, o

you can ooon~'O'J1!JlttfngI!h9' ~lasl1l1lid~W1lffi1elUI. ~,fJ'ytime. 1

HfPw~ DIil~ ~15

J'ushmother wayUut IIwJtrogen is ,@Mllgryoli malmutUi:s:

to 'li1e problems

you mOE! e~lery Ga~ d~. ~ur'FREEPl:JreU~'~ Hi~liJrePlasl1ll[d Mldiprepmrl Mru<iprej) SlarlEr ~1s at www.in.lli.lmgeflJcM1l00p.sam~re.
ArJ~L~"
cndfJfDXJn
j}w~ .;I'ld r~'(:t:&J I!rtt~'!:'i:lwv~tn10JIIe ~,gr~ ~1f~CIM

Science.
R'EPOIRTS, CONTINUED...
GEOCHEMISUV GENnnCS

CONTENTS

,I

ILi!I;tte.Am£h~atrilll;~OSiphle'rk Oxyge'li1iM:ffiClI1l and Atlllilo5phe~k ,Evolutiol1l

1900

Ai. J., 1(rmfmem e.t

Ai. .D., Anib(]',r

at

AWhUmaf OK¥9,em Be'f,ore th:a Great Ox~diJl:ii{lnl et al..

~'II'ffi'lt?

19013

Sl!J'liurisoDI'I(!I@s fIlfbD ~r"oo er@lfIfI!mlS ilflflptyiiilAt oX1!J;en le'l'I:!Is, irl, 1~<JlrWl's.;3llmil<Y,phl!fl! rtls~ bri~ilf '5010 IDO mimllrn y!!.oIrs

Wil1o[~e·Gelllom!! She:tg~nl Sequencing of Mitm::hondriil ~'rOlll1l AnderiltlHa:ir S!~afb M'. 1.. P. .fiilb/Nt'let at M,tt@c.hORdri~ DNA (01'111 boeW1C)t~sJiu~lY~~l!Iul!'fI,o~d r~'Om UI~(!1l~'!n~mrnoth h,(!ijrke,pl ,ei!.h@r fr,oflelil in ~~r!1l!!lJro~t ora~ r~Ofil1ltempEM'Il~Ulrt! ~n,a !'!lyse urn (~f';l:QO f@als. 5liRtUCTURAL BlOW GY StmI[H1I!,lr~.~f't)h!f!! (015 N J€rm~!ilIJl~alnd o~ a 'I''l!lroiifil!l!·SUn~dIAn.Mbcdy mtllil !H":"] '~1n.20 ood CD4 C, HUfJng et at ,ill 'CiQIiI51~rl/ed~g1C1ii1 lflf1' HIIV'll el1llre:lORlri: gl~rmprolt'in r ilFl ~iiIru'jis, l(Jal 5dlilJ'airedllty,roiine- dluriFl'gent'V~litlio' n,IilSl .reUs, providingl ,a, iIi'lJs&ilJ~etar9~t forUil!i!,ra.p!@ultiirs .•
NEUROSCUI:NC[

~9'1J'

befonl: ~he~~,*,r 'Iil,re\i!~ 2.4

~~~~'O!i!

)'e:ars ,!l!ilCl<.

1930

MC IHAEnlOG Y SiI!ene.Adze C(lmpoll~iljio!;l15.anti t:h~~X:~eint~~ 1907 Aii'id~m Pd~ytil!'~igln \l!OYaJ~iUii~Qjfi!jj naJdE! K. D. Co(l~s:o\i'l ,ood.M,. I: ~!!Jsl;e:r . l$lOlOp~c:alnl!lli:lil'emicil~ da~:a tmCle ~~,es:~aln ache hleads on 'Ille ru,amow:~tlil nM~by~I<ll'Idl SOUI~Cles ,aml!Dll1e ltIa,'alwlaiil Islmllds. .... 4000lkm 'lii,'~Iii@ liorlll, .sllio~lrlgaUl'liI:fun5i~~!iad':Ii ~l'Ifk. M
;0;>-

or EV.A-l, (oflClw,]!OO:S ill K, fujis,(Jwo,

11934

Pmpet!iv.l! p.. .1813

DEIIHO J1l'ME:NT.U BIOl!OGV S;)!!!II~Jjn,ol'lY IIi)'YIili'!,mlics. Dm~n [i,lltllJi.tiatiell1, FaillJlrctl. 191 ~ and RiB!l£:UI:!' Il'f tin e !entditillin(]o~k -------1 H. aj,~f!J·Kr,use.. let;, .It Oares A mood of the Q!grnl!n~i~i(m ~LD(k, ]uplll!d gllrl!:l!K o5dli!~or~ o !iila! S@:(J,1!E!ntiat[vefi!e;r!l~e~he bod!!;' segments. ~ranf!TIi!L~ g roCic~s,.fiUUy IJ!redtc~ the- vellul,ts ~d s.r'slem peuurbatiilns.

J. L. ~Jl"'_ J. ,G. (t1{ot.ti

ml;!nii;lml'le r'I!W~~!Ilr llip'$!1 uid!! d~\'~lkIpinfj b

A. ~r~... iI;m~\y I;I\n ~!il~

OIlii!On~in Lh~ IiI!1!ffiOiltad~' n~IW~~ :5yS~~rni,

ECOILOGY

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n1UdnIFn'i

the rings,

iigo~nc

reSCDIlI.lJIlai'

m'~ttJoos.

Org!anC!tluur~lfleJs~b:s~jill!!@'~1tll arlilpta,ying

~1F!t:I~~iIil9~ym pc~ta!fI1l ro'r~'jn :s.yfl,~Jme1i'sm!aU

r'l'K'Iliocld.e p~dnTljJJ'eurti'tJiL~,incwdiiflg s~ci1liili1ajor dI~li!!g5,al$ t!pitou; ,arl'~Pr~t:. In ~ ~'e:\I'iew~WiU~ et ,rll~ (p. 'lLBiU;} h~9hUgM~he emerg~iil!~ll!ilnde~$tafid~I!'igof l'iow'fluonn,e' iiiilte'r,ililCilS wilUfJ Iitilrotehl~dUffl:g dgckiJi!gl~e!l!ts, ![luddi!'Hg,iI! gflh~eirvl,i;{~~tecy~ Iii f' irne~,a:ctioU!ls c~,!ililpteJ1i!e,!i!is m~~ tii"ad:iiliollii!l palrad~gllf1!'l' (lfbmine"$ e'~OOlrool·lI\Iitfuldr,a,'I\I~ng e'ffe(Jts, whklh il1lfh,!Ien(e' 5ybs;U'~~e' b~sidTY, ilmldlils li\!iide·!rr<lr1ir.i~n~Stie'foostedrollllk ~liIllpaCt Ollllsu'Iil'>lra1E.> li1~llrlll1ation., Ihe d~sCIJs8iiOn is m ,suppolited by ,ilInaLY5:is !JI~~ned (rom eidl',n,· ,si\!'e!ie,mfuJe:~ 'ofs,MII!ld:ural da,taba!les, i:
Oli

Wd~stPre,a,d rr~ o~~I~llii$IIhIOOlght lOI!ma\l(l'

,evalV&lin Eaifl:~{s ,allfif!looplnere
2,4: b~~!i(l!l! ~Igrs
a~Q,

Up in the Air

irJfl dudili1lgl filii Rt wllngs til~t. are blihg ~t~ ened by ~(ilIttered li:!jhtWifu til ~ K&k, tf~~rn,pe illl HlflliWl:i~ del Pai@1' d al (Ih!SSS.publil:sh,m •. all~illi@ 23 A:ugus,1) !illia IJP@d,i:linlill~lraJ~r:ipidtm€iof

Ol'1~y afoo~ aibo'l.lt C1'ilfidkj\!;!tes fo~lh~ C"iliSe ,or

i " 2m - ..- __, 1Y- ggen, _fhen._I,I, escape ofll'",jl'c ---

i!:1cr-er1!$eindl[u:le ~lIla!ililic e'lfec!$ in t~e plilnef:s ~ - <;;~I,!II._ "g,I (1;,1 'Ih-_'e ~...IiI1"hrn of _ "Ygflobad~'i;I;. A!iIb~I!'
,ei! aJ.. (p, 19'03) and
Ka.dmanet .1lI[ ((I. nOO}~;(alilil~;lled

lh@' sidie-CHiI r~f!gs. mrr~s~ch.l!S,t.~n1{t!I.ciPs;the ~lfIti!t!, ring ~slml but. hi UIIiiC:CUlIIfI~O!@d \yUh any particlJ!l~r rin:g or fea,ume. The ptJjU~m of dl!!st has C~g iiig f~ sljiQni~ric1H'j'l.lys,iiil!ceo t~e fin !;II> \iieIFe ~~!':S1 photogra;phed Iby 'lllieVay,agef spaOecf~r'l:inl 1~~6, wh~wiJ1dk,f!teuhg:t syd1tc:h,a!ilge~ ere ~~JJilID'M;lUi!i!! the :so~a~ i ,s,yst~iiI'l OCClJr: 'on mUidil and
lil,mge~ :5(,;11;5,tful~ml hllJdi beenexpede£i.

lh~ geoclilerrnis~ of 11deta~I~Bd sBctiiNi

d~taiine,d iiJrn .:I. !:Irrill (SOrethtrmJ g~hthe! Mount. McRlIE!! Sh.ai.e',

Splint ,AUToqcther Now

I\bn~p'u'ral':(II1. of ~lhe :S:~'ifllllf.ali! eleCij1(mtiml a sing~~ nlOlIillWllm dlo~.~~.11strOll1gl mnrt~nJdel'r,or (jllli!!n· q tum·,inrlDrm![Jflioli1 iIlmal~S~lI1gIprnlocols. ,limeve,rr; the ~piJmJ dlymlilfliric5 of e',uJh dot. d'~fMmd o;t~ol'llgly 011 enrir,on!il'leli1~ and !he di~triblJtio:n r'e31!1 ~t:ing hom dlO~.·t(N:! 1 v,a ni1ll~imy Ipreseliilts a f[J~r,llIfIijdalb~!1 0 pro bleIiIlIin ,ald'dr~!iiil'l~ a ~teml with liIlIany
qmllllll:~m

~ Quantum Noise IIReducHon

~S'I:~rn AustrtJiia, dated to lIb(JIlld :2 .5:

bim~onyela~ ag![l.

i iii

(C!e-sfihJil ~t!.lIIl~mn 'oomllJl~t£r 1tr1!1!~l C'!1(l'r" ;:! tome a eooh Ilre.n~ Ilffocrts (lI!11~ed by ill1t~rra:c;it~:Qn s with ~t5 ml"lm ~l1tS.~(Il'il'~fect:(QlJ~d be mv;i ~ mitig:arUNJ tr th@y r~Uy (ha!racl@ril~, W!ljew 1111! ~ pril~c:ipXlli ({I11il b~ (hJI1I~ proc@:» tom tlgr,ilIp~v. ~'I ~ Hoo~~~, th~s precessr:eQ~~re~ r~(li!!iru~5, 1iliiat ~ ~IOOIN e);lDo.n~tialnywith the nll!m'b~J' ,of Q~bilS inl o ~1Jj

ularl.y of
r'lBpofldw

l1il'ol;~ll:n~m

Th@:f ussd 1!rac:~ m~l1t chillifilimy (partic;aridl r~ellll~um, wh~dh

I~

dots. GlfeiUdhl,e~ a~.,p. [S96}rreport ( Ollfe:ii):Jtnsemnd maYIii elo·Clptka~ pu IiI1Il·pm~e

OX~dm.M rr.€'iIlh~fililg~ !lil[jgorn€' massSUUl!.i!f

im:leJPefldeUiltf~.a{~olila'Ugil! gf

~sm~\itiles;

~ the '!:,ySiteun,. ilkh re,!IIdersi~imlPradkat w ~ e:t· al. (p. 1B,93.; see ~he ~1~5IPeCit~web,y de:sc~ibe' 11 theore'li~l 'lech iliique til! f'OtlJgl'iwhich

(Whl'O'hcil!nindh:a~~ t~!i! ladk (If ab:un·dan'l: aml1!i!~W lr.a(;ethe p~e;se~u:eQrrJee ru,ygie'nl, The dlaJt'a ir!Jd~~ ~"U,,:!i'~"!i! 'ca:te the' ~1~:rt h~Ii'l1SOff atmoS(pl'lerUc ClXY9Ie:fI, bWit e:~im!id ;at ItCIW ~eve'ts.,a,t tiflistl!it1f,

~,;perimli::nl~o,ifl ;mlifl.II1$~1'111 il' of S~~h:15$eli1lllll~ f M :i1~h:Qndu!JID[ qIUi.ll1ti!!!Iiil dmS.A.Si~'[j~IfIC,e of Las~r plJjl~:s ,(.ij n imu:il[!o!;l.a:Uof tlI,e a@dJOfliit::s:pins ;l!a:ros::s ~~ ~e!l'S!NiJleta, pr'@ce:;so~hierelifllly. ruthe-

Slm

sp~n ~!if'()r!1i1'atlloni:5,s;lored inthe n Udetaf :SP~Jil!. tMs, IPfOces..'S,'i;flecdv>ely re5i~tts f!il g lo.ng~terlil'1l ~·t~mory ter '1~e ellie<,(ro1l1k pn,Me infof!l!l'a,tiiOJ1.

~ keyfua'~Jl,lr:esQf~he decollaerr~f!cecan be ~ delii!Uy fIleas:~reQ, W:hkh li"ed!,l~e$ l!lymbe~ tbe

erfi-

g e~,111MIiIilel!llts from

or

Seen 011 Edge

In r1!ra~e aUgnnll'etIt, the p!i3rme 'of IUlral'lu$' ring~ ,[JI~lilealred edgte-a iii to Earlh ]Jm AlIlgllJ!>t 2OC}']. flhis IIInl!l!>l!li!l~.mnirigmCitnOmJ 1~'f-'IIe!l~sthe 1Ili1lLl1s.ide air

Hawaiian Getaways
$Olll1le :l?olynesii;lllille:gend!S:

,~p(Ji~elntiil~. to po~Y,li1a,riIiIaL i ;lfhe 1IlLIthor5, pre!>'~ntt[Jne~lernmeliltallimplelll1ffll~ talion ®,f the IDeJthorll,ooqurantlumi·flilforlrnllltlCllfi

Hawaii'] biillO'k

m otlher PolYl1lesilll1il ~"lland:5•. but

de5(;ri~e my,;,ges; hom

(on,titfiued rOllfflt!' 1831.

:SCUiNCG

VOL 317

1829'

Exceptiona,l representation
l~rnilrOdjjt:iingl qs,m:prW"',frremQU~liJ,m BiaSl':ien.m$, .~~~ me;W S~Jlfdard for ~'plPcluoibillity.~~clilic~ s~ancllS'el'l~iti:vlrty i~11I1 eDNA s,ywatlilef;.]'f!;f'O,r qPCrt ,Nor ol~err p,rodllJld delill'ers b mer sample mpresenmoolil. fas,t'et aJllild'fiigter. qSII:r~ptliM iiii .a\lt1!i~IB[{~e~ili'!l severalW,'(Hr:u1'tMs: • q$cfip,t™ eDNA SUp(i! !imix.; nel first and o.:n'IYoptrmi~dl 'on~'Wbe 1:Sil; ,tr·~Wid s dlt\l'A synrthe!liisro~ 2 ""$!WIPI RT·!PCR. • q S,Cfii pfl1llldJlNIA ~Syntlh~:si;sK it; BUMlICll~prodl!ldbn Illy for:2 -step Rlr·P(IR;,

eDNA Sy

fro'im less s-taft'lng material every time,

""m5Ffi'1~
'qR;~.~lF'~~'i1r ~'i'~!;'!t!l!"J,~njllQil'l!:!l h";!:!~!:!, ~'II~g~rIi1"9 IIIIlillli'iio ~ 1I""'i!t.fIII ,,,,<!In 'I<

qP'C

ql'S'l:fip~1l!l 1F111'!i!lX A Kllit.: frumfn'glfle.:lii'bJilitYllIlIiI,c:I cD.N

:Sl{!f!i:!!i'thf~t,y for' 1 st:str a!1lJddHi<lIA, sy~'t~:e:sis, .qSu ipil:ml,g,iI\I.Il<·Step,qR1·P(R Kilt: IMti:l(~mllHiI'lRlIi:~PCR ,effh::imq'; seooil:irvity, alli!dspecificity; lhefu:mJeiN.offJ;l~\fIma ililJl!;aenmi !me' ilI,IEgtiryof temi191lhe df!li@llopmrotof~:on~rr!'lg lleag€liiIts hndudillg. Su'p@~s.cri~iP 1·Si1f!p'Rf.peR 1Ii:s;, .Rati wmM"-aQ; iSOi:pt'!M, amid iQTh1fiUflNfllil( q'S(u~ptil!;llis: their IIa~~s:t induls'try·de'rillilngl [l~o c1uet. To llearrn, lmore. alb out q~!(li~ti!'\Mvii!imt. u'anf:alid.oom q

lil-

for Iih'~!!' n~1i:Urfl,l:Jri;psbas b~1I:J laC!;ing. 'C~~,@r.so I1Ii iillillil Weiisler (p. 19'117; StI!J;tI1~ p~[~IPe:!c, ~w@,by IFirlliley) fui1lNe eX<! IIIllliI,&jthe (hie<lIIllhtn'lt of ]'9 b~I!Ii[lU adzes (o[~eded 011 iii, rnl:tI.l iftoll~, in the TUjijmmu~I!(!l~a(i~Uiu1liiroliigin" 'Tliiie: datfilitink maln~ of~hE:!,fI;d~i~ l(l'm!!!i'Jrby ~51.a1lIds;, but th~~illm01l@and ~ta,~12' @lflliTlfmt ,Qh,etJliS!try UIl]~U:~ly Lil1kslln~ro Hiliwa~'i. ,3:400 k~'tlJm~!er~ifW,ai'l'.ThU!i, th~!l'olynB's;iam,s Il,ada Iif!ilaritifl1~ t' ~d'~ fliB'ilWori!: ,~xt~,lf!d~'F!g cv,~r thCiUisand~ 'Cif ~wm~m~~ ,aJnd SCiIIlIli! re:p~;ated C,ofItatt
~¥idllliK~

C onw '(!'l'plor,(_! til e wor,kJ 1I\f.h.,c1.7 ..A.':. .I. \:1\ '.:.lh I'•. ft:. ar. ~Q.,ll..~.cv.~V.I. .. .·. ..~. · d'iSCOlN!W e.'~ceUe'nt Hinm~r,les and' ie:u:1e'f;Sj and co group.s ofUit.e"fJ'linde' 'l,;eJ,e~
5.

AAAs,Ha.vels
I'~ a 1o\((1'ofJ ea' m i'l'g ,d' disco \rery. -

iiVhoO'lihO'\!
8.r:I

wiilliii IHawn.

nccemibe:f' A~th(li!.l!QJhinSlect res~st;a!!1cei.o chii!l!~ calt agellts is ",ell d ocu!iI'!eiilted, 'tlfI e.re ~s '~ittLe~fIIro!"m~tiof!l (!In ~i'mus ilil~e(~ddi€'s. IGeneJ~U.y, these nave' b~iIl cOI'l5~:dered1 S;gr~ re,1!:genlitS,with liU!.e Im)Spe::t or rr,es~:stalilce develDpiiliilglin tlii! e Iii!05t: rnoweverr" r'esii5,mn;c:e to, 'Ib e m~l:ing m:rMhig ramiulovirus has b~i!il ob~errved iii!il fi:ekl POPlllf@1irms.,.A$~r-lKai$ieli d 81. {pc ]916.} now shOIN th~tl~e ~,es~SM!lr:e 'f:al(1!(lris;!} Z~e'xJ~'ililked :fei3i~l!lre, Aner ~e[ectklin, a pOpl,.l!lIUo.n was 'i5lCtatedthalt wa~ 10,OOO·tol 100:,OOO·foM mo('Drere:sistll!l1:tln'
'!h'e!",itr1lJ5 dilla~lelnge, !i\!tukh~i5lmli1lsidil!rabol.yhf:~h~f thaln Hne natuwanv res,i~t<IinUie,ld s~rains,

Se·a.oOfCnrt:e.z
1!Il-11l7, 007 2

VO_Yllge to ]!I.;,lj,a Q;1lHl}r:ni~t nd lile ~ S ea of (:OI'llf>;Z on. hna.1"dtheSe~ 1.hJ.l1. )liOre~le~. _UIL_:O'S Gd~ffi1a~)s,"iI'vith ._:iiIil!ilin,g\,w~d¢r.11I:e8S :is~~I1,d~ .mdl Olbuncb:n!l sea ..ltlc •.$2;,820 ... OlJia'

Costa Rii'ea
J;,tn~y I~ 3008 EI.1!jio), auinlJiOducli:on olver ~e
1!)l'::~<Clililbeli"23-

Gruvingthe Brain (J .Mag netic Massa 9 e

Trillm s(r<m~aJllilllilgn~tk stnmul~~I~nmii {TMS} is an inclnea~~1119 ly mlililm'tmre.(hlmiq,llI~ IJJs&!to fitl4.~cti'i,!\ely modify n~~rii ~ prO(delS!)' fllg. Atth(m:gh TMS n~pOIt.f~ly atter:s, Imc::ur'alt and l1~rn(JdlJlll1aJmic
ilc1i¥iW', iYa sk neIJrlJi,physio/loQiical'e<riden [e for ~e !:!ffeCitsis lar"!ll@lyUf!~)lip[orl!(LAU@1fl daE. (p.1918; :s€€:lli@ n~m SUny by Mn~il:f}alPpl]~dllM:S to' ,aF!,~th~1ii z.~dcas wh ~~~m~o1Islinlng :

Co:~tamuca-:rl'O'lllIJi'Oplc<l1 I'ai.rurm'esl:s; t!o, "u:::lii.v,eV'o,r.anoe 5, monki!!'~I'8, • :8."tOI~.'J.~!.,I~~{)01WS morel: &.

$2,M!I<l. ~ ,t[I' ,~

holid<!JS to 1tI1u: mdulw w·~.ln-l of

~J~'

Cbi.lle ,&: "Ila:ste'r" Island.

JiaQParyU:H)~J~~oa . SPO()l;acii;!b-rPa:t<lspiJi'anfj,on:lsandi
jnih!:ldlllll~ P1.ilerto o'l,-':llil'.re, r::a,.. U:lO&' ql;'~U~.'ik:I),lf!1f.1lltt
~Of)f'piOifJIf

~n

~.isnQ\IIIE:'I'Chile fJl"1)J1.'J: filln;llago 10 I!he

:r,)f E.. i!slffi'" ]Sk;i:ild! O~llH::J(tn~ 1 ,e:1I.1lItm'e l;;tr!rlig~ru'<I"

f!ooratalf!c

~ eiit1odYf1a!il'lic~ctj\\!ily

.~i![!IIj~lane-Q!:'!s;~Y'f) i
~j)

a ~()4Qcali;!:fd

Q\Ii~ len"

reg~oo of ~hEt liiI~COritel(,. ,13fl,dprovide

q,l!!aIUiitatl~~ daM 0'1'1h~ t

ne,u~,1!lieffe<cu,ofi!\l15 ,and

S!tallf!dard Iif! eL!~O~ ~i1iIa,~il1J~te<~h"~qlJe;.hese ~lJ lts ,ab;(li pr(l.1Jijideif! sigl~t ~:ii1tOiltie t !'ile\:h~f1i~iiil!s ff brain [p1;aS'5dlylhat a~e ~11(;iij~Mto li.md'efUe O lQn9·~1!i~~~iIIg ~e~apoet!.~ic ,effgC'l'S'Cilf TM5,

h:OIi!! '~hey relate

Pa rasitic Evolutionary

Oddity

6~ordi(Ji5111 conllllUl1lil i,ntesti Ilia~ pm1:awan palra.5it,~ a.mldl.CllI"1Iim po rtant. h I!Jman d'i5eaSe'CI!)lffilt Morrison et,al, i~p". ]'921; ~ee ~he iPer5ped'ive by Keeliilillg) !liner iii 'geillome i:Ul!!i!~.ysis O(r ,Gif1'n::JitJ UlICllt re\l"ei3Jh, <I lO'IIe\3JL~h ClJ UlnllJ!>I!.Ii31.at,~ril~ i!!Ite§,.indudi fig [llil eXilrenn eRy s:im~ ~ifi ed l'Ille~abol~k capa.cily (rel,i:I~ililg:l:oHs Pdra5.~tii[ me·slyife; 1~'ilUeDNA h!E'lem~g,{ls;ityilll a clel.llillolJght m lacik a 5!exui!l~c;ycle; rl!J1I1ICliolfl.ailly elil~gllllalic:: [Imino addimen1ioln:s, in olherwi5ie (Oirl~!8f'll\ed reg/ions of pmlellli1s; 11111 IlHIIUl511al il,di,1iI~~~t'!~!!tolilthaU!ilc.~ C(HW@IIl~~ olili:lll myolS in~ and 50! p,lilf~eGl i)'NIAr~~'~i Cflt~tlml n dl m a '~,NA pmcilB5i IiIgI madlillJery.

J!auuuy20= hltl'n.JI<l1ry ,3, :2008 .f\. [i'l.tgll:l[n.cenl.i:~.lIlrl].< dlID[]tiOlil to tI],li1'lc1.'b1.ltiOllt<l~ p;ubl ~n~l1l:J"T1e'~ mil e:1i!qU!i~ite •• CU)~t!r."!~ iiiuliiquiiaieiilo~~m:Ua.ili.'Ol.nU:S,"erS lodle 'l:'a(i~ll1h!l1,.iilildud[l1g m:1'e\eprl'la~1i~:r'\f! H.atim'1w p~'ks. S 3,.·69.5 ';'<lir

m.. diu

\17:ill.t!llitfe Safari!

Undis,eol\te.l'edi

lNes;t,Mr:lca

~nd 'nl~ (~~~~bi;;~,.bPl;lJ~'d P!l the

SIte &
...
~lofej

t""ebI'WI.Ri' 1:14<3, 2008 E:i'liP~Ollfl1-U;:Il~l;;I.ll'l.lIl1!'ls:ofSea::l~gajI t s:se~.'1ge~·' y<u:i1t. DlI1iS~O". Seie r;GIDro~.~8I<lmul W'or.ld HG:~_

.1.~Ml!'rl:$5,~9.5 +!l!!'

Mammoth M,itochol1drial Sequendnq [Effort

Amci(\llilt IDINA s~r'!li~

d~Ql'llam~lia:tf<d fa5~[y Gilb@irt et ,a$. (9_. 192 7} ~sedl these ad~ !iUa\] es tQ (0 ffilp~~t@l.y ~~c~ t~~ .• sequ 1mito dl:iQf1!d rig'~ gefilOl1!llei I)f 13 S~'beri'a:fi wooll.V fi!i!.arnml(l!Li1s, OI1·e: of lill,e :Sgm~!es<call!11e ~rom·t~e }l!,(j;ilims
malflllm:oth. wMoll wa:sfoundin :179'9 i:'!1f!Q Ihas ~~~n ~'~QrooC!la.li!l!bimt t~nI!l~fa~l!!r€S:f,Of tI1~ 1~iJ,M. 200 yetQr~. This fin dliJlg] ViiiUfadlital~e aUliii!~Ys~;s, sa !il'!p~e:sof org ali1~rm:s '111 Ci3!f)Of!~Y be rgl!! ~dli!1! !in useums, (!f at

W~n imll1af,r,is; [(lund

in ciopiolJi5, '~IJ!(J;n11fti~1m tt;o~d ~n\!'iromlmmt'5i.fllld ICIiDillbe

HiJllula:YiDlI KiillSdoll), oi: 11\h~pi'1

~t~ffih8~'3;~200'8, OiEioo·w~r lihl~ fOls.cinat:i: . ·~ultu~~hmi~e of . lllhe Pokhitl1l.
.&, nmi'e!
0;

l:3tCl:llarHbll.."iIlaya:l!,~nd l'igelj~ &tplDre K.l!lil:li[l'l:.:'1DldILlJ

Su lfated Ty-rosine and HIV Entry

~I'I(lrdelrr:~f

,c'a'll"jo'J"

.trip

b:FDC:iJ

uroes&

:lItIE E.Y/jfe.dit.io'.n eal.~n~rda,r' (:SfJ'rJ~ . 2:5'2!4f1U U

l'Ium.anim

Wil,lmj

ode-Fiiciet1:cyvir'lJS

typ,e 1 (HllV~ 1) ~o eliltelr ~0i5~: {lens" 115e!'l!,!'<eI,Ope gaY~CllfDro-

'~~ifllgp120 !iI1IU~t ~d tQ the! l1ost·(~U !lurifa(!il! Ireceplm (1)4 an dlln .ill m·.Ji~epli(lr., Ani Iilflil!.l5l,il a~p()~I· hi ~ '~lr!1ln:sLa~ioliilii/~ mlooi6~a~fJon~tY!'~~ilne :5'l,dfll'6o!l,~'$ ]Ol~onta mit '~(I '~e ,~o·~ocep,t:o~inj~erilctUG.!1. IHt!lal~ e'tOl~' . • ~ '[po ~ 930) Ihave'ifllvesti:gated HIV~m gp l!.2,Q 'iIDlteradiOirlswn,tih <I :sildKaLed N"~ermina.~. p~plid e fram !hIe ~ (oi"'ire(ep~or C(IR5il1nd de1Jer1llllil1led ~lhe crystal. !>lmclure' ora f!im51Dlle~511l1~f;'r"NI 1IIntioody ~(n comillex.wi~h ~ !J p,120 iI.ll1d(104 .. f); (on st'lf!IIe-d ~1.t.e11mg/p,120 rE'ooglniz0t3 ~u:~f()·ilyro5nllle~ln.dImligtll ~ iii tamget 1m de.sig 1m ~ of therapeutic!>.

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SCIII~~n~:s I NiERtlJATIIQrILAL, BUT 111:5 FUN [)iIIIN'GAN'D AIDMIN~SlRAJlON ARE USUAUVA matt~r t:ot~m;e~fiitieti~ ofiUtricm ~liucs.li1lBiittW;e,th]!:i btl~btniz~ionIOO!~ h),pmL1II~:sl.pemif'S the ~VO~ti8filmdh\g p~J!!IC\li~l,~~'TIi 'l!vhl;'!)"in ~ 8!TI'a1[ OU11l!'D'~!~~I~c~nn~ !'il~',lXlrtm!!y h:avel:k~ Q fur p~m, Ofoou,nle,the ~fmiti:Ol:'IQP'pOOt"'i~S not a!ways"c:lem; edit canbe d:iffic~]ttllideJ:1ti&]!W1 e:.lfi;pcrUma f'~o1dw:dcss ene is if! itt. Tha;t ereates .f~pr--0O1e~.n,ooc."IU~ supporting 1.I~y~ing less t~~~f! suped!i))i ~caooh",~s:~es m~fI_yeI'S' !m,~,ol~y~ln ~nu!~~,countty, hl!~mi~hlgqlUli~~o/ dcpcnd8 011 the ~ fa:ir .a'lld aooura~ (YP~ltQIlS of mlleigll experts, ~Iavi~,g d!ealt S1!l:cc,csd!iUy",\dd\t thisproblem, a: Em:,l}pc-'x~d(: ,eoUmlbo,ra:tlQn toO fll!nd bas!.c n~se!lreh~~ul)!I!.!tW11 progl:ar!il'Can~cd 'Ole EUI'l)pcanYot~ng ~IlJ""cs~ig;lOC!o!:~(EURY[j; w!,:l,IW.CsfIO~ ~ [ 9.cdivities/enryiJliImI]JI has; sellt f'Our 0011011$ of ontslmlil,W~lg 'YO~lg lIE1!IJ1cr['.lC9J~, Rcie~[!lti.sts,nto thei:r i posts wi~. subsla:nti{al.re.sea;m::h SI,l~po:l!iIsilmce 2004. far lbe'lt~ or 'li\I'Orre , ilifd 'prl),gmml\~lhk:b supI~OfIIL':dl:esea!I"Chr".:Ql.lgll':Ig ~.m fhe0l1etr:lcall,I~.r-"ic:s to $oeio~Qgy,.nilad'e its. final a:ppoi]]tmem;~!hf.s Jlca:r. n.e good ne'W'S i.s,llhru: <lilJl1OSil 10'0 mlveSl:iga~ors ,go~ grants Df'lIP to 250hOOO eures per re<iir for.5 yearswilJI, 1]0 slrings atmciitool. An ~llliP~)I:tinal question :unowis 'wJm.eth.er the EUl:opeanR,eseall\ch Ceueeil (ERcC) wru~rn1~,lrulage ashuiliIJF p:rQgI:a.rn ("W:lJng~;lIbivesl:i;gm:Oi ProgmIume) with the s... e "ttent~ml to the fn:edmn <lind ;iJm.depend,e<",cli:~ofyolll1lil(l; ]nve!ldg ..dm~ '~hiJl ecame il. hallmark o.f:E:URYJ . b The.E.URY.1 SdUell],le 'W"dS lmt,ched bya.ros,terofreseal'c:h oollllrn!ci1sliro:m all m,:eor Europe" ,earlcomilg.ed <lind mbmin~terod by ~he El.lro]Jeillin Science Fauooartrion, He<l(_is Of~lC re-Sl'<ln::h C\)1!Ir!d.ls\.V.1IJllrod.tO promote ElllmpeaifiL,
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Pro&'1tlllllNmCS ·()f'lheEur,ope:f~1 UlfDiot!EU)\'\'ate ~~r~d:y ~!1 ( pku~~.btu the ]at~r ';i,~,eoot il¥lc!1dcd '10 g~poft l~lsiereseaoc\h. Rai~lor~~)e EUMj;.1ij'd~.~ C:OnIQClt~ liiIot I;fMt!!;r\~~~ m~lc;stQm;sMd&liv~rnbl,os tha:t are liiImA)r~ap'ilO~tc b 'to eTug;imeefing pmjec'~1ol U~:fm.~ lh~r~g:gy l!~!cerl:;;!~.~ltie~of ~s,ie [,es~lJr,ch, i\:fI!;dE!i.!ropeaf! scie!lti~~ hnvc!O'ng: ~QIlll'la:m:ed.ll'bou!tjhe alPpillcOl.ti.Q]l. papcD:"iVQfkJr!.;":qt:Diredlbr ~tJ SIJ~po:rt RcaU.y~ the: Onllo/tnySI:cry h '>"by i.t rcokso ]QJ:lglo ~~I'UPa !;limplc gmm sche,fl'lc st~dh ~8, BURY.! i)o 8~~:i~rt )'OlJ.vng ~ie~uhl;~" A su.clJessfi~lEUItY~. a!OWlidee :had typk;aiIly l1I1Iad:e~u ilnportam dJisoo¥ery' a:sa g~cilt~.le s~'M.den~
made JI!Iiii.olflmras 3.po.,,~ooc~om~ fe:llmMIDJbmad,ol~e:rl iIm, '~he1I 11 Illed S'mt:et'i<, .~11CI. retnr.ned U') then Burope W ret ILI(Pa tlwLving !aloOl:8.1'm:y. I cl~lredihe Life Sciences ami MemC!lli[ Sciences s,e]ection process m~I.Thng EUR'Y[ j; 4 ~TS amiwaJS \i'cry l'nea:rl:ellcdby wl~lt ~ ~\\r, adlnill!lilsl:mOCl!l'$~p3:mlelisl:!!i. cBlmj.id!lJtes. and tfueir institutions Si~~ e]1ljIJUlsi.astiicS:llI.y' Sl1p;porti.ng t:liIe progmlll ':s Jl1illi:sSlOIlstud stmctiJJtlTeI(ri:goI.'Cllls,revi!ew ~y ]]fiitiomd and inU'!rnab!OJla:l!!pOOle]s). liIO MllIlti:er 'wh~·,ejhe.y cffilIl,efmm, IJil,URY:i S: SUl!:cess 'W<ISiI:i]~l~ck~y evident '1Jr"O., t~lle gm\\ftb aftlle OI;\.wl'd'S lJ:II'e!icige,. 'l:liIeinc:re,I5e ~11 the ml]l!uS!~,I:ru,srt: oftJme :pilImcipa;bng ,orgatniirz<lition$, andlile S'oie:ntil'fuc conmb1Llll!olls ort~le EURY~ s:::hQ~,ar:s. O:mnibr:~es eam,term and: h:ff the pLDgt'Hilill, SOUle disoappo.i;nted by their hJil::kofS'lu;,t:ess, OOI! ~t 'ims ]1U,oxtJlIl,];-and <I, slim'llri~t1i1JlIt tJlii1le:re was ]l,O'~~]S,tef1:"tO\Jr"in the Eu.I~n scheme, A nar1!10l11, oCfurud sU:blnit eandidates fur ooniidcrOitioilii in pmpo:rtioll~oitsf~i,lil111U;ialcoliltl:ibutioll. but theee W'Ui,OO gu.trant:ee that ,m,}' ofdll~m would be S'L1.!;;j('"es;::.tbL, Wh;alofthe ftIVl.nc'J .E:Lm~:Yl11.t1s'el,lG:edbeclIusc the ERG ls now set upwith :s]~nilaJr<lias; a.~d a ~a~c:r bUI~g:e!t.Thle 19 oCIl~ntries of EU RY I are en~ illfged to th e :270f ll'!eEU. The 2000 applial1l8 o¥eilf4yealiS of IIEURYWincreased to 9GOOiliiltlh.e fintye<tr oflhe ERe. 11m! 11a good 8ip_ AdnlimIisrormg these schemes Is 3! :~ot,oh¥Otk. but \'~II\.'l.Qrth ~t l1U~SEOOit:H:; tliillt lYe: th(l E'lC ]m~w p.rograim bl!~[d~ en '~(;. firmfound!f~t~Olf!tSorf W'iI.!:st. fairness, (lO~lS~S1lc~lC:Y, ;;1!nd cQflilinuity thalt l1;ctpod EUl{Yl~ucee8<&ifliny 'nn~ce1$dnational bOiUlm!d1~rics. ThcI!R(:lll1!l8t aUow)ioo!lg sciefUh~ts;in E~!r~ 'lht::l!',c:spo~sibi~~t}'1md '1lro!Cd:OlmfbrW!d!~er!dem d~sco'vc:rie8and ri~~t~ulcrcdit. Giving yo~g $!~teflri1'tl'nndC,e~ldc:~~eii> (al~(l;),~dll ~cu iji)l.ive:r881 'thN.H.lgIii9~lt Bumpe, 1'heEURV~ '!I'\~, were, as my f~iiend :~kl, ":111com,pali"li!ialil~O ~e ~u~rEU grall.t:s, smlll;:thiliiLg ~~~:at ~i!C1'nti~t'S :ffiflilly ~i:ki;."ls ~~"'lI!t ~o~rdb]e'7

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28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

VOL 317

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tiioe, 'rlf5l.Ji~lingil'li3ia"wa've IfinOililile'rmrunn dislir~~IJI' l:iion. 'TiilIl' pcrop;!J5ed Kel'l~io (Ii[fBr§,lBiIe prospe(to~ II!ngin~rimlgl GP'H(tIIlljtllic~Jj {or ~~(!: mod@inl1g1 of I:Dmpl~Ji: ]mltera{iM ng :phen(llifl,en\il, ~rom the Likes or hrigh-t@;rnll'@l'.lIi!!ire !iu!J~lUJfldm1i'olityto' liI1if1,gm¥l.ilt ~!Jfitr.altf:Cinl.~ ISO Phys'. Re'L':.LiOlU" 99.U300~ {2,Q(l7L
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~nghly plil.·dependeflit a IildJ i:'Irul!,ll1~~lilglror 'Li;J e PlI"(l!tOOl!sCQI1~lribUiled by ilie .hydW_iI;.~5 es well es '~ni€' d!)lil~l:ed b¥ so,l'oI1et'1lti:'I~o'llledltl1e' a I!JIDO~ to ~~5em· bi.e' the 1~(lIrliflli3il Iild~lng '(:01'1 sta!'!~ 'rm mile m lI~ipte b~ borrdte-viibfl1ofe.[]~illlrnlll1plexe~. lOOI~nding '!his: ,alllaly~s ~o l!nle other ~wa ~p~ o-:f !S1demphliYe>5tme c[ljl:eet1C1~ate!l andth~ hydroX<lm1!tl':!l---re~aJled t&nat 'Ih~ former ,are alse mlillip~tEr:itto blnd ll:mmlll wher&1.sth~ ~a,tltE1r re limt Whether 1Ilmy 0:[ thi5e i!I 1(.8p;abii~ities1!r,~ i'~ tact m)~ by~h~s,ia:ler,op~aire producer!) is ia5yel undeali.,l!hoUlgh ~.ow-pH envi['on IfIiIl:!n~l!rIiIily be om'l plil(!~ ·to looi~,.- GllC l J. Am. liM). 5tIc, 129', lO',:I!02Uj;ll7.37.£18\I' (m07).

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;a,c~,niililiia olf <:lisorgalfillzoo ~Himlfi'i,aF lUre acini fOr!iiII edh,om m'ill,mrn ary ep:l,Ul~liiill cf~lst.IiJ' 'nli@ Hains" forming ,a~mtvof iii fomifl1lof ,c~y.c ,(MycIElR'l1!)act~,vatoob,y 'c~n e~po:srure:t(JI 'tQJmQ'~ir'er!. 'When ep'itheti:Q~. cells W~fe plated hi! M,atri glel (a tlilr,ee-d imensn(lug.1!Il cell Cl!l!ltll!'e e,il'ol'irQn fiIil'ffit I~r'epguedhom aU!!ejdll'ad(;):~: ~uace~~L1!tg!!,m.a~Jl:b:}end MJI'(~Rii'li was ·@(:tni(!'a~ed rigjht away. ttle (e~15 m(mm ed l1l'i lssbapen ildn'l a iild~(lIme CleIJlSto uld be seen ]~ 'the' IJJr;nina~ ~pa!ce. Or1Jtll~ otherrhi31ncl, (j~Illis: gmWIii! ~nl ~h~ aiJ5!:!'IlI(]e!m activ.a.tBd iL-Myc rlC!flil1ledl.~}!irnmetri'(;i;ll a,C]IlI'iwitllil an 'empty hJmelil" <llrIdthe ~dliriwere sm:i:lU.e'r, If
t<liIil1i·ru:~fm Y@I~ addlf!d ,ar~lE!rth:il! lSelll!s; had <lhelldM lrmmJ:!d orgl,miled a)[]llIam5'tmc::1,u re~,litlilm c.-Myc w5ti1:5 Oli1cogeifl1caLIJMilY: The llfI.mpl'l~logynell :~i2!e of ~'I1!'.ae:inii weille IJmdli<!lliflg,E!d,,[ljlild ceHlproLife[,atj,ol1i Wi85 1lI0'~. ind~cedL (iells lin whkh the kim:I.'lI~ lKBl (il'l1ll1l.](il t~d hI ~lIH! e'S:~OIMi,5liii elld ef (;ellul~.alr po!la: rily) wa:s IiIl ~ilelil ed rbll'm~d'di~orgiillllized i:dniIN1~Jhdi:lirulpted (el~ p(l~i1I11Trly e Mlilm I[u'fl~red iiii M,cil:rig~. Hloll\l~\I\~r, ~e:gelK8'j[-defici:mIGel:lbl ~ ~~(i be-comequi'~~elflt. At1willtimll of c·M.y<; lm!the LIKS1·dlm(ijent. ~'[ le!lpreS:5;~n dees 1101 Q(!:lllis :s1.]iiJ]ymM@'d Ire@nUyin1D UI!!!' c~l~ eyclt. thas ,oonnrli1llnlflg~lhl'l: rute r ba!~l. IliHlruarilty pOI~!m(y of IllpilhElUi3Il org l!Ifii MtiOlfi as ill. 'b:rnk~~DrOI1(O'Qi!!I'I~:( '~I[fp~r) '(If !i;~Wl·,~L1 i'i!!nl~ tfiliiilS;[Orfil'lQlti;OIlI.Tililll: .aIU·~~:101iSase Qldl!Jrl'!;ss@[j~Iile: apoj):1mlc i9C,tiV" tj'@IlIJ5 '~~oweld'il1loll'!i:aJllIlm11 'ity ·(j'f (>;M,yt.lI!!hr!cl'l Si~n,~i'~!lizoo Ci:l~~ 'elf' fU'~~!Iorgil!'ni2:~a<:ini t~ adlillilf cuUur,E!:S. TRAit (a deat~"indll.!dmlg a.gemi't th~'t.adh,!',a.~,es; ~p(!lpto!SjsJ glii'!,d rlWe~ood bath UAlJhndl.Myc ~re J~qul~rOOI-Opro(iilIIQ!~~ apoptos-is. HO\lIe\l'er, ii'! lLtJB1'1aefieie:nt ti'lil!t t ceU$~Uh dhorg (ijli'iZiedl ad iIi!'i iH ~~ maJture ,~d ml ij,~he ;a,,:U\l',~t,i(iii! (),:r M}I\Clln~:tr.nr TRA~l cau'sed e ~~ ~pt(!g1 $. ,a'f!d~heselw~ ·Pig:ents~,;ld (:II'! additi\!'~ 'e'~r~d re:~[de'at~, 111l11s. disor9P1I"!~z,edlepitheiija 0''" am~ mQre selrl$'iti'lle '00 b~th the oe1~-[[lro'me.rath.reiiln:d a P!)lptQllkerfe<:1:5 Q~ 'C-Myc., - NRG Prof:; l!Iull. A~i!lI'd,:S"O, U:.SJI. l'!)4"lL~:694 (2007),

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28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

A,HE YOU A P[~ONEER'?

NQW recnJli[ing masterteachers 81nd sCil@d~stsfacult~for Fall .2009. for hilrther details ml speclfle o'ip,e nii:ngs arm a ppli catien lnstructl 0 In s !phase call .li -866-2' 18-6003 or contact rm d@ ~epa.m'B~c... rg. d o
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If yO!!!!' rl!!iUi1i IilSi to visit. other s:litlrli. o@l1!1N :liii~ OV€i,rte LOl!idiolfl nr.~L On 15 Nlo~miJE!~, ~_hB' Brit!llsih hl~lWli~i3inB1i:a ~ .society (1811$;) wii~l.host. iii 'I!IOn~.s:holP'~!jlttlXl "WQ rp' [l,iU~'e,IFilIis,ter111ill!i .~ig!~t Br~aJking the Ili:u~stdIH Oistil!im')~ B~m~r~~ "W~rp~ Iref~~ 1JO tli:~ f~C::l spi~e III l!idl that '~m~ (ilil! be:f1d, sm;:'lcl1, iii i!iJdls!hrin~; The c:OflJrlef~ ence 1is l~aJsed QJi! ~()rk by theore't!caJlp,hY$idsl Mig ue!.Ah:~bierfei nl(l'W at the NaU!:iI'l1Qil PIlIt!:irlO!fr'l(lU S U mv-erS'ity '0'[ Mecil!bOO ~IFI Me~iC:~ (!ity,. wlila,in 191M sh~edll1gt IElllil~teil1l'$ g;en.eral ~eol\'i of re'~i;IItr,\li'l:y,whid1: 'eql!la~ glraloiUly ~~h the ben diil'l 91 ,(]f' sp~!!;;egod time" CICIyki a ~iow faJfaste",·Uli3JI'1I·llight pmpuII!S:trm. liIienot.ed thl becCiusethe' mnilj,ile\f"leis e~palflidi ng,two diist:ll:l~ gil ~BXne'~ei3Jn ove iI~i1Ilr!: rat"'te~ th 1!1i1 tiigh~ with~ In outeitille~(m~'s mo.vil'llgthal ma'>tre~a!th!e~o ~ne .~pal:e amrmnd it Rullilthe ~'~~lI11ba(kMlard,r nd Ihe glal:ax~'eSrlJshlaw,Hd I~.i:ltho~her" C'a;liIllbilli1ling lhe eHeds" A~clulJilleneslhol!l\e'd ~ha'l:iD'l~~emy" ollie (o~kI lIIllJYe il p;rtcn of onlina ny :5t~lI(e S;lip~rf1il~t.[b~5:l!nrin'king spacle 1111 front or it amid! S;lf1~(h]l!igl 's:pa<:~ bdin:rn U to m flili::('l~ "'If!'-.'l rp

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dMf!: scitl',(ltilic and clinicall

access toihe gov:emIl1eIU"3 contract resources, Services

Sij~e.s·sl~1 p:roJects will ga:i n

~,(~ni:caJ 'Oe'lretQpliIlent u;pd,,~es Ii! ~~lllalolfY and lD¥r ~r'.S~(j1v~

i

i.nc::liwd.e.: S;m~ill:e..~isialL~uik of small []101eC::l]I.c-s.; SynUle:sJsQfo~]&rolll:nc]oot~des ~C:heu,r:Ji,kasyrn he.s]s of ~ pe:pl'ides· SCHid~-!i:!'p prodUC'li~l~.; D,e'"el.op!n~~l of

Value ,geileftil.ion,
dlilveioptrne'm

iii'il

,,,tn.
i

!I!'Igiog@ilE':>S!S,[j~lI9 IBiO'ma~ :iiIliIiIi:igAt.E:, snd ellll'!brn!illgi ter;;h!illglogi~

."Il!

.a~~.!!!lyU'c~lI11et1~.od&;[sQ]~uicm ])lJri.fic;ation ,0 fluuural. and pro d~CIS~Ph<Ilm],aookinetidADME studies includiug bioill:JJaEytic:fd H~.e~hod develop:mr;oJU; De;vek~pu.].ell1ll of S!1!!!i'l:aibJefO:i'n1ui,Illt]!ol]s; MflUJ1lf~cl1L~~ of phase I ~g 8'1!!!pp]~es;bnge-.fi~uJ!hl,gininal to:li,hcoIQgy~ !tirO·, d]I,~cted loxi(lology;, .Product development pbDmiiJ~!llam:l
<l.mv.ioe in .MND ~'l'rep!l.r:,u:iml]j. The pu-ogra:r:n ..Jsc
]!l:

,~clIemi" and!indu;t!I'Y treSe<lr<Jn!llr.;, (Iiniciaru, hlopl1alffii'l,oBuijr;a'1 ,~tives,. ~nd'gO"~ilflmMt >!'Inti ,~dvoC<lG:)!' IBiioeril

5iho!lldl a,tt~ndl

,oI,e1ll!Io

llon~U.:S. appl.i.ca[jJlt~. AiJ.,pli.>I;:alt~io~l'S rece iv·ed 1I';::~ecl:l'<lnicaUy Ihr;~a,I~~ are O;;},[[):~Si,gOV. ]dOO8 ari:S~ilg :soh~l:y :f:rOm<1l.lO:rponde seurce wirhoatacadeeniccollabesaters are not eligj.b~e, . NIH-RAID
.PIiI.l!I<t"Pr'lllgrnllu OD1e;e 30 .1.-5~44'660; ni~~- ahl@n~~il.nih .;;0\1 ~ iU11Li: bU:pi~llnihf'i@3I,dluap.nih.,g'O'\llraid . #':~ ~

f~!

,Scien'ceAlerts In Your Inbox

GeUh:e~arestliile·W'S arid research! 'frofiii! Scitmr;,:lf QlS;SOO'J'! as Itis pubtrsli1ed. S~gn llJiP lror O~ r e-elert
;sewic'~s.3I1'i1d VOIll Ciilil krlOlW'wh~1IiI1

Sdl!'Ilm Ml!PzlnllliPK

W'eeMvto!b'le' ~~,~g"~eFlt~
Sl'KEimIC

Wl!ekl'i" ta'bte ohO!nl:enl5:

~d:ItIlr5"lJb!!lki!' Hfe:Hlr~1MS o~t~~
i'@[en~

th~ tet@stisSUE! ofSciem:e O~ Sdrlmce Express has been !po$~ed,. pE!wlJ!se'the laitest tabl~ of coI1tE:nt:s, 'for ScierH:e or Scie.f.i'ce's Si~:al iIlraJilSc!udiolf1 t::!n,olWled;gt Envil'OliIr me-liIlt,. a nd feadl sum'ma:r~:esof the jOlHfIllJa~,''S re:si!!i9irm, 11~.S '00 milhliilt., !j)lr'Ediltof'$' Chio.ice ,coiUm rI, al[ froml')fOUIF iI!-miJnrn!)O\(.li:l sri9ir~ l1i!!oeiving e·milJ'iilliJi.pdatllils,g(ilM:

hHptJwwws::ienmm'ag.g/

efIl!3i

I~~~~

i1i1i1i5Week.ll'l.~II)J;t!

Sumrnarfes orre~e!lJdl!
oonrt!mt

NEWS,N1AKE
IEmrED aVYUDHIJI't IBIHIlTiACHAIRJH

TW'O CULTUIRES
WAJI'!IJ liU TID 1m A-rt:er 3 'Y~al'!i aJrld

,of'l:ape, IRicim,lIrd Rifkind, mair

SiliOi3IIil"Ke1terillllgllnlsdtute 'for canicer fe:sieaTch 'in

!1!lm@~i'I'lJIs O'f

aoo hours
the

"W~'llihuld'-,a=h;aJl:fMore yeall'"S of liI'Iise'~!f."·" The fUm is: (1()·prodllcedl wi~~ R~fk;ii'l.dl'~ wnfe, (a 1'0 Ie• .and 'i nc.orporalt;es a Iiideol !CI'i,ary

New Yor:k City, is wra1p'"

pllfl'g UIP a dOCUlmE'lIita~y

on how5cimce' reany
'ge't-sdOJle.Tile lab

ne couple.'s fbst:mm, rel'eased in 2005. eocumented the eff.ec:l5 cftou ri51ID O:JilVe,llii(ie,

thaHownley had !ben, il'ld,ependentty k~ep= inQ "fi)lr several I yeal's.lhe' R'i~k]lI'Idsare in talks with seve'rat broadcast~u, for rlelea~E! Ili1gihts.

d~roni:d~esthe arttempts c,f '9 raduate student

rro~ert: Tmlllrdey
lOI

ull(Qverlhe' atomic 5In,u::tllJre ·of AMP,~tli\l'atedllpr,otein lkinase The·filrs:t Wodd COIfIifeJ:ience on Research ~tegrit:y 300 people. foom 5.2 cmm~ tries, :IOIis;t "feet to Lisbon J>(urug<lt lic,icmee' c1l,ugilt up Wi!t~lOJ]e of its o1!~Uiriz~ lern, Nliiebalas,Stf:!ili~k ef'the US, Ofr~ce ofRleseiiJ'Ch bUegri.ty,; 'i~r[[ic:h jained with dU~iIEtU(Dpeil~lScience. Fioood[ltimil 00,gniiri~

THIEY SAl D IT
'1 propo se rbe fo lloo ing character sequence for joke markers: :'_,Read it
I

w'eW

in lawr,ence· S!~.apit,o;'s,Pl'ntellli crystaUo,gJaIIP,ny I .Rifkin,[j, a ca 111 cet reseallt:bet 'il\iho hellped dellellop tIlm,elymph-cHiia d'[ug 1o~if1JZa, wantelCi to' portray ,1111 po r1an~ sc1el'ltifilC ch.arHeill1l e im 9 that also WOIIII kll~(i oik nk'e! on fllbm tn i~'i$ quest
lab at Colu rm1bja UlI'1ivel'dty;

• ]deways, ~

~S~·(lU:F"ihlm,~!1~ ifl"'~~M~Ir'ilgth~ flrs,~:~miJtll(Oiii ~11l '

,Ml:l

the cli,cnt.

'Oof

to educ1Ite' the· pUlb[~k about the' uue IP~()ll:e55 :sden'[ifk discoveiry. Jow,i"lley djdlil~[ pUIll

a llliile~~~agee p:ost~d en aIFlIilI[ectrll:rric. blJU.E:'l.imi h

bOiilrd 25 yeai'll ;ago. Fiahllllllii II, ;a !i::ampUiter sdaatirst at CiHlle'gne Mell[.on University iln PiiU:sll:!ulI'gi'l, Pennsyl'iJ~nia. ,and his ,clClllealglle~s IMt w,eek st~rted all anlnl.lal5500 $mUey Award '~lud\e-nt contest t(ilfost.e~ inl!'lovati'orl 'in t.ecli1i"ilology-

,ilny

punchss, eUhe~. s:ays. Rifkinc:

Ciillin@fil

'''At

o Ill!

Q: Did the conferelil(~ ac,h:i~lIe' whart. y'ou w,amte:dl' My ICXpeC lations ChiU'i,ljed s~gnjfi.can'[ly ,m~r tim.e. I had overestimawd lihe ~e.vel.of ,a,gilg~m~fit[(lIl!i,thms i~me]1~nm!!Ji~; iliier Q 'coW:ll'tlies, aim!. 1]:I(lrc:fore ~IC: had '00 back up and d(il mom bas:iced'l.[c arl:i,QliI.I rom '1113:1 C1':sp0iCtlve. I'm enormous,ly pleasoo, P

poil'lll, he looks at tlile

and say.s,

assisted persen-te-persen lOOl'l'ilmulFlieatijon.

1I GIHliS O'UT. Darkn ess ~UI So en over a. sllve r of eastem Canada and astronomers are thanking

fan

tim less, {rilln~." Were you disilJPI!lDinted

by~hain'

Q~ One speakeli' (;aUed pllagiiadsm

iii

fl:vi:c-

thatquestlenis important. 1 have eften said that pl.... gia,li"',i:m ulay havea I)Os~tu\!'e Ollncome .,.. beeause it

Raising

Chloe Legris for it. TI~.eJ2=yeHrioold enginee-r act the Mont-Megallt:ic Observarcry in eastern Quebec pmv iacetook the I.cadl in persuading federal .pmlvi[l~ ci<IJi, and 1,];llllni.cipal.go.vefmnentsto ,liIl1lIi.t I,i,gilt· pollution OIi~the ni,gilt ski es 11 mlul<ih be ebservatory .. hilet effurts led to the ·first reserve recognized by the

stm spread,s SiCrn,e~~;ti:f'i,(;;~nfm~m,~il:i.Q:JilII. ..•. We- really do need to assess which be]ui:liv:ion are h3.V in.g the biggest ~:mpact
on reaeerchi i1tegrity,.

Q:. NOMay ihas"es;labl'ished ,i!Jw,ery fOll'1Rilal .s(.ie<mUfii( miili,(o,md IIld sy'sll@m wi th lain ,iI'pl!l,o,int:ed jilllldge. IDo We' need a World C'owrt of R.ese,arch Inte£llrity?' Tbe gO]1ll~~O~,g h 3'\1'e to be ,eou~h';Y',apF'O')'Il'i:atte'. What is impO:li3:fit ~s [ttli']1 ~ta'bUm m i,l!iJin1ull!~stf!!1illlwdi!:~Th~['c must
'~ a: I)~;we to report., there h!!Sto be reasonabl"" a$s!J['·af!ceGin ~veshg;ilti.on will tnk,c pla.rec- [;and] '[here has '1('1 be alI10'lf}'11l ity 01:
8tllcast. lPmtemoll'll of wbisde'tilo'''I'Crs.

Interna tional D<i"~-Sky .As iiloci,atio,ii1. A]] !.>f the s,k:y'poolliU,ti lIIU.S light fixtureswith in :2 5 ki Iameters of the obs~rv<ll~OI:y 11<1ve"been replaeed wi.tb s:baded mod:els that do notpl'oject Ii sllt up \!oIiII'd. :inth (,l"']tst step of a process Ul.aflwill eventuallyinclude neig~lb<orii!ig Sherbrooke. 3! eil), (if IjO~OOO residents . 1'1I'IIC measures should rcduce:ligh1 pollutionte
the levels ]a.st seen 300 )!~~rs agio,
Sa!~IS

Robert

im::rc'as,Cid level (if Hgllt poUu'tilon he says, had! '''shr'~lI1k' 'the ()bS'Cr'V!lM~·~1.6.me'~:r telescepe '1(1 the po:int at \:\I:!ru·ich "there wa5, so.me researeh "Ie: couldn't do anymore:.'" Legris :says pubU,e offic[3.:ls SElW the H,ght af~er s~1e explained that: repru.achiig 2500 U~d flxt~IN!S w.ith .Elstro=fi',iend:ly de:S~gJliis 'WOuld also 'S1I.ve':1.3 giga\wm: ..hours of,cl1ergy c~lC:h year.

Lamoategne, director "of thc obgel:'VauH')I~ The

DI(ll!JJld~ whlal11im~, N(lrth~rt:l N~gi~lrl'a~~.~ ti!llf1g: Ylii~ ,and\liI(jdne·deri~ poL](i\i'irll!~:. M addi~:i'om18S00 :mimutl toOOritill.il flwdaltlage. O.r11yrcocrltJy ~1:ii~gJooal. ~SI:l8 droiPped baokto mle:1lfproooywttleve~z.;. AUho(u~ N.jgcriaJ hf~ 8i~cc:~de !DO!1Bi'd~:ook~pq;'I"e5is.\.v~uld po!IO\~~, Mlihry-pe ~.W1iId .~ 3. iN sti.n c~t!If!;~ng in thc~fritlm. andvacdne (.l~e:r8!g.c:there re.,~i!ls [ow. In .2006,. 1~l1Weimil6% and 30%. 0'·C!:ti~lIm;:n nl'l the: nQrth

~N FIE CTI~O III S [[')15 IE.ASe .

hilIdne\i~: ['e(;eivcd:aJ !;iJlg[e dose of(lP'v;' Those are exadl)/"tI.le CiOlldjm~st!tll!1 rentler ~n ~lle!l ::;;1W!.soep:r:ibie 'l'O!l}utllilreal\::s. of ·V"dl;)c:i:J1i.ede'riv.ed] v:fumls., Si.llI::le 'li:1if: ~9GO~, screntiism hi!\i'e lrnmvl1li that au!elulat~d v~l"nses call ilrn.race instal.lQe.s IUllttiilru aJmdl:e,gEl!Umi wrurue:l1ice, b1![i: h 'W3£i. only ]~.l 200o.wltlia, <1:111 Ol[tbll;~<IIl; in rl~spil[l~ i01a" thill1: the.yrealized VD.PVs. cmd.di spread
d!iseasetmmIIiIDl~ll to 1iJe~'SIDI,. The c;m1ie]:llotltb11e.lk CiUlrew Jilin
'1vJl~l iI til

techrnc~<lnatthe CD C polio bIb noliioed

N(lttheUl.

pro~

N]ge,ti:a ]%11'l been .~i.t by one of the

us.oel1~,'Sfor

prmdeTIlim:le! oflype 2 vil,U'iilll:lhe iSlo~ales :sent

I)is:ease GonllrOl,i1mldPirever:ll-

~:a]'gest :know!iI. OUdH'Cilk8 of pol ]o~we]it]s i:~lu$ed by ilie ~~vcp~lio vaodilc U~dr. The Ot'ig(ii~g o~tbteak could be 11 ~riO:l;i!:i 5'etback tbrr the gI!Qbil)[pQliQ ~:!lljdi(;~~iG.ll!oo_mpcign:].~ is QOCi!l!:rri~lg ln a .f.egi.Q!l "'\thCf(;!1;~ll10rfli about ~ccinc :f:idbty demi led vac(:illa tlon eff~rrs

trion irlAti::mlttl,. GeOt;g:m.

Se~r~] p·oHo~xpe!,J!g to·]d Sr::je~jc.(tt~un o\i~,t~lOi;~1lI f~eyW!il~rntand.I'iQI!"Y rerni~ltiw the sit..
~1'lil:~Q'~ ls,

inlm:m: IlIJ:riIem Nigerill. 'rI1IrJ,tillsm.nt~ywi:sedi Sll,Spiciol!il Kew S<l)i\S, because \'V'ildlt:tpe 2.

l,

p:l]~oi!oii!nJf,iha~oo>en e:roo:iQl,'led gIQb~~m}i; Il:iiit T m.e<1ili'ltthe en:li])" )Xl~si.b]e ::liOutCC1iY:i'i::'i the triWl-

they dis!lgrori; with ith~dl,llc~~iQ~l!(I ' ~ccp "ikl'~1 ~m~ililed 'lI~l nhcb:!fuITno.~tioi) f .Pittsburgh
Do:n~ddA,

I~!t~ \racci!'l!r.i,,,v]g,ich h01.d'ooon~ed iJI, NigeriaJin been ~si!tg d~

sc:::vcml')'C~ ~g.(1"

]ll«!sn'it CQln(; alII •.absol!u('eIYI" says

pr,i,i1tJ.~ttc~m'fI!igfl~. Si~cc Nig~r.i.'! l:e$1.!lmcd YaIXhmt:tolls [11 2004~ s.."IysKew~ it had "quit!;:

He1lildlc:i80l~ Qf~he U~i\!lC['8iwo

properlt'

!1l01le

efli.x\t~vcmo:J1io-

Cc:nterfor Hto"CCtllnly inl .&~lilliil~. MllilryThlml HcnderilOrl ~m.:r$details Oil" eaeh (lwbr.'eak are l1rivalcnt'Ol:(lI] '(lQl:to vaccine (OPV) :i:lll!>ak"~ut cSSient~[ifSiCiemfl!!~ anx~mtUldersmlJ'ldJI;b~t h()'!,~ the l(l!w i.mm~lnuzatr~OIml n.il:e.!Jl in northe:rliil dll~ tj!nese:~cciJle-de:rivw sln'm:1'!S !I:re, Ni.g,elia .. ilmvlC Cmll[0d11he eO[ldUlmlS for' the So :far, lJitm'fl aJ:re 69 oonfirMed easas of attenlJ~ted v,mdne vi.ms~o regain H:l>vint~ IP<lrrfl~jls;i.s. moee suspected, eaused by and lenee ~oo:iJ:i.gger an oll.l:lbn~Elk. VDP'\{ in lIDJine:nerthem N~igeri.E1 stares, .says .Ke,w. Uiile case count seesas ce~,·tainml~Qrise, 'Detectfldin Se~~oober 2006, frt1.e utbreak o ofvm;:;dJle·deil;';~¥cd pD.liovirus (ViDPV) tWJ'e :2 Abol!ll~ hal f dl,e cases h1i¥e eccurred <I~OIJID1lcl1 wasimimediately n:pm:iied. tD~\i.e~['ldH~lIUJml Kano, a. .l<u~ty Mw]nn :smte w:here anm,,·vVesi:m1 :sentinlent and rumersjharfhe V'dcCllne 'O<IJlli$ed ~ni:Ztltta[lllndl Nigmlml rlCil.lth of1i!cia1s. Blllt &einfbI'll1.latloni81just ~lm being fl:lleaoodp[d)~ ~:ie'ri,!;i!ty er AIUS led severa:] smtes 110 hmJ[tpolio ... wl,(;c;mH~ion in 2003. Afie[ID~:I]ealted de:morutra~ ~]CI,Y-~11 the 28: Se~:)it:en:libe'EM(}rbidi~JJ.ami Jl/tJrlu,lizy J~€:k~~ Report, lI][d WHO's pr~t",kIJ1 tions ohl:li(!c"'lIcJcine'8 safety <1ncliCOil1l5i.dc,TIillle EpidemiQiogicrJ'/ Re.cow/-~ crueiaylilllt has beJhi]l1ldJ·.nu;; ..scenes diiplo:m1lcy. vm~cin<l.·holls clliU:8Cd seme oonS'l(;matiol'l! ~n the rO]io roM·, resumoo woot;jlj y~fi:Mill', b~t tlle dflffia.,gc had ~ltJ!!ti'ty .. Off'k~alg.s.\1!yt~'!(;Yw(lfeworried ~h.~td~e ~mdy boolm, dooo. ~CW8. if miSCOlliStilUed, ci()l!I]d :!i(gaill dis]'tI~lt By 'th~eli1lClof2004. ~~.e · ~umb~rofpelio poliovaeciMlIioo ~I"Qn.~in Nfg~. cases in Nigeria. haddoUbtod to abriut SOO,.~!:ld "There. we!:lele'gi1ii~ll1i!:te CO'!lCCr~5. t'ha~ in 2006 itoofl1,w to nlOre '~lall ] 1OO.'i\lild virl;!c", ~!lti.~pol:io '\"ll()dn1}ltigq)ruAAQ~ 'i!vwld ~e rok~~ fro~ Nig~:l"~re:h~f)(;(:tcdsome 20 iJther ~lUJ;lidI,ed IJ-y a[li~.comp:lote exp:~na:iil.O]i)Qfd1C cause trii('S.lca.d!i~lg toa ~fil.ke g;roool. c."lSC$..rut\~ a. ml o£'lhc:VDPV ·outibreak~'I' says O~I'IK!.c\¥,. 'll1Otl10 ]rut~!J= setbaJc]!{ t(ll the O~QIlmW.Polio Ew,u;licat:iol'l ~~t1sled ICiJ'Ons :to ilIlllalYJ!leilie outbreak iIlOO11l1he hlli:l!iative, w.Mch esti.l1lilltes ~hauhc'VOl'M. sp:ml

'Experts. w;itlil the Global Polio Eradicl.'i1ll!oliii, l!l~r[at~'Ii'c:l.nlPl1!~siZie it1~:31[the wick,:]y nsed e

valt'!J~tt "'~OC~IW~ aga'inst \'likl types I. aliiid:3 Ilm. its C8.P!l:~ gm;" Geneticmullys;ls quiddy Cionfirmed d~ roume.; .it also ~~1ggest~t!la!t ~ve~[ vorvs e:J1iiilergedmdeiPCi~.dlel1tly i1ii1200'5 aliiid 2{106" l;DUI]Iti[pielJtnles~ In elldh::r Qillitbn::J3Jks,ah'c;1!lI,<Irn~]g VD'Vs lm.ve:bee:JI :l1elaci\J\e~~m., to SiaDP ani:; btu: this e one has persisted despLID four ('.<llmprugrJlS,\\fil:h tri.v"llill.mt orv ~,ndu::, p~tye;lf. "We slI[S1Jeotit~s :sillililp]y becausefhe cmj~.l:' WillS]U;Qt oo.eq1.mte; oweOOil1ll't be~ievcthere is aJly~llilllJ!!! fixoepl:ionfll. ~ooutthi:s vim!!:' SlI,ys,Ke:w,. /\{j ey[de~llce_he

notes that

1\,'i,10, VOPV mains: jumped trom N~Qern<lto N~g;er. where routlile VacC~[lHtiO[l is

ah.'I.Klst 90%,eoth"b<'Ire]Ylllll1deit:S

k1lrnnete:m

rol:O.re 'Uw.y dead-{;j]doo.;~he ~s. POlio ~,<;pcn IOyetva!l(51'owlHm. vlee "h:aneeller of R(;deomcr'':i trl1iVil;]'Ni!ty l!!I!e1l1fl~o~ !':!

and cllairo:fN i.getia1.Jc;:;pen adviroryoommiU!ec ~. ~brpolliQ e:rOOkatil~11[l~ys he has bOOl urg,~,g ~ o:ffi:r::i~sro go rrubHc,He 'l,l;.'Orries~t 5CC!!e~ d mi.,ght fl,l(::l sllspidDl~li! alb out vacclne safe'ry ill! Insiread ofre[llfbrc:i~.g the need ~(n. hllil1ensi.fy ~

imm~ntzatrio3Jsi:lTh Nigeria,

~lIE,

H!IlBEIIHS

tl

VOL 317

SelllilNC:~

(:oae~Qr~le OilOl~Jel1lyer.~ay fordlle ciinmte.

TI\i,atOo;);l.1lC-mll m~ght Ijl~'V'>C been t~,le~11&kelliif!g ~pIe[for ~~gptfu:wrsi mccttng last ""'"001\ under

tliletre;],iI:y.

Acti;v~!iit.~

ho,pe the IlctioJ:1 gives

M(JnlCntll.!Jl\IliOi~,'wl."!la;ti:o~lflI~,meet:i~gl'O on

m.\l!t~c:barnge occurri ~in

W;aJsh~llgl~!1, U"C, as
Sc[{f'IICft

New York and

\\;'em: to pllCS~
t\'l.iO

c:li-

th,n 8a:icll ~!l :<1!CC\'l~e;_ra:l~d Here Iil;ha~eoul in diev~loping e ()'ulilltlT~ ~~'wo~ddpro<:llJjc~~l\ie ~1!d v~eO!tsavings ,of 1:Bbi Ilion tons of carbon
di.oxlde emissious by 2050. HClf'Gswcre me~lt to be ~h~iti 00 (;hil::gnjcal.~ rOO'WiIuie~ phasc.d O'Ult Cf.'Cs~ litIut"'ey })avc b()~n \1,tldc]y l.!S!oos..'" Cloo,lallillllin til1c ~(nli'!I1illS'eOOllomiel'iof C~,in~ aad b,~d'ia. The: a!Sreel!iimjC~u ,\VO~ldfh-:C'..ze UCFCprodn,ot:[(ln ~y de:ve~,op]n.g 1I1I~ti:.ons: i.:I1i 20132. ),\ea;rs earlier lha.1iIp~iI.n]J;ed:---,followed by :slJ~cessi",e outs. umitH PI:OdUCtJiOl1ll1\'II'a!!i ended in .2030. a decade seoner thsn prc!viom;;ty <Ig:r eed, Deve ~oll'e-d ]1iI<lt i(l'ns a~~p",e d to e <IdV,Alme t~.leh·deadj]~ne :For tI pEu:~se()r][lrrom 2030 to 2020.i!ls\\:'C11.m; pn)l,nis:~~l£; 10 11"0=, vide "stab]e and sufficient" funds ·~or
repL~lcemr.;rlltsw~1.He: "'l.lIk ~ng iuto aeeeant

filte a.cgi.s o:Ftlle UIiiI!i~cdN<ltiomBnv~ro!llmCIiiI:t P:rogm-mc to meng~~IiiI!tl1~ MO!'Wti',eai tto·, ~ oo~, tJJH;; 2{1·'ye'aJr· o[d acc~rd OJl ch[QI!I:~f11;u.o:ro~
(':~[bons (CFC~) ~1I~d (fther c:lmt':mruC:;l!ls thin deple~e ~lrnc o:zone ~aye'l'.A!ll~it worked. The dek:ga:I:es '~lO'rd1!rrJrned.tol:l1ecityH·om whiclm !:Iil.e987 m::!llty got~tq~mne ,;J!~S() .. qdef>:ugrl[fi.~ ] canml pOCtgre$s in Qomh8iiti~g glob1i~: w<Irnruingb:y

The M Ollitrlcal 'rotocol

..[!r(D8~ ()~tof

scic!l;[:iHc d()velol~ml(:llts. In 1974. c:hcmist~ p. SnOC\MoOOI~owl.amd arid M~Ii[l MolinacSJICI.d!ll~d ~]iD:aJt CFCs. ::I cO!mlllO]1lling~~edi!entin
spra:f COCIlb"l.. "olll'dde~1rO_y slratospherie lozone_ A~iW~ou:gJTh discovery ]ecl ,to i>OMe VOI,1!J1ntary frtiM
cllmbfi an iiliD.dr use, Hn,efimJpelu/i {Ol' lM,H.lll1latofY

re:oogni.zhrug the f'ac1: d~~t most chemieals <Ii"ec~ed the tl)eaty seealso IPOie~il;i:gl1eeMl~ by :~cmSiegatlc::,s arid. that restricting them PiliYS

clJcm1ill.edi\fidJeliLd~~ 'Ihethin shell in the st~lltJosi~here t1iI\FIJt p:oo~

afction came ~n ]985, wJm.~lB[~it:i$l.l SC,tent:ists DeaStmedaJlIOZ.(IJle''ho~e'" over the Anta:rotm. T'11,e new a:grecmeiillti5 consist';;:::I1Iltw~ththe fi:Jm!dii.rw;s o(;tIi scienrificiilJSse;sSnre\lThl ~n Augllst

tects Eartbbo. the sun smys has ,111 '!t<rurie,ty Production. Ofene,'I1I1J:iles,~nlcl the, .Moillitreai p]'tlil'oC:o] ha~ .#1 (b~D1IfHiec bee'l1J ti!1]hrene;d ~ou!rrn:1'le~lIs SCi,CJiilitis,tsl.lave IH[FC ~~ctory, .~. 1~lace,cirestnctJoJm'8 011 ]]Iew~y recegnized iii:: ·~[l:i!elU:S.As .111 tl(l[.lu]t. ttNi: rare of hannful ~ "'i'fi~ -j};>.. __ .e "'~ _. f1i-:;-~ .l ~ -".. .gTaJfLh .- jj -'I m"'-" :' '"'lii __ _.- -,- .-11'), !'Ly. ~ ... ~~_O h <l'" ,,~m.iT;;;\.i! \~c "re .~ '! ~Hti!l 90% offh e j?'(O duetien an d. us e 10 f '~ o~o~je-de:.p[~-t.i~.g, Cl!e~lic,~I:!i !]~ beef! phm;;cd ~ m~t..'rJiie bigges.t~llI:'e.9!ts [ll~ have p~~cd,. ~y -i (':xpcri~s?but 'rh1syellr's \ilJCck~o!llg_cetillg set '~it8eUl'two ~na:il11eoalstto 'ctfl~ilPdQW'.~i O!lil: .~ ozone-I~a:rln~ng-refrigc:ra!tlii~:s ~hat have ·9 .' .... ." :~ bec()iooe prevalent :111 the de\l'e:l.op~ng 'Wodd, ~ O\l!nd~od!oit:.in~. \~~~Ui1t {!o1;I~dpl·l)vidennlgi·~ ,~ bl!e side benefnts fbrcUma:~e. :~By U~e'ead ofltli1e :Meet[ng,th.ey could el,ail~1:t ~ ,~:o have :me;~bmhg.oa]s:. Mo~,. :iJiiimlJl~e!iSi\l'ewt)s :~ <l!1l<ligJ~enlCl.w .by del!eg:s!leiS~(lip~lSht'oU'!MIm by <li.deca,d~: <I ]egally bi:undun:gschedn1em, ~.la;se SID .----~_.___~__,_~---y-~____",~____.,------...-----" ~ cmt ill dev'clop~.lg natiens a,tllmilyof ch~liIi.~ 'I. .... ..-". ..... .. ...' .... c~h';; mane~ wydroc~l?ro~lI.orO~lIr~~lns 4 2: (,1,I.el, (5). The 19,1 partl!c]pahur; ranens also .~ l~k:dgecl tolfi.~1l1II~lItrru.lsit~an.fltmld. 'Olltrrentty '~ru:lll;ded atl;l)u:gMy $.] 50 millien per year. to j :mpiJil'ort the, cenversion to ;lIj]t-c'.rntl!tive.s,. And ~widllhe urgiQg: of U.S. offiohd sl,lile d.e}(;!i!lll!:es :~ ~180' ~I(;dg~ to mase sure that tmir; HeFe i~ repl:3iecmc~ts \"'o1;~idI~ U~((; rO~$:~possii)le .~. .~!.,~nTI~I~_ - ' 1] .';I",L·I·l;i ~n 'lg .• - £:_,.)u<l._ ·---tIIITfiI" ." ·t.,'----'·H~,--,!m1P"l t~ . "Th(; ooh~ptei:"l i;scrvel.ot~ d oW,crecliit for :g b~~lre~~I~tlITh.g arndsci:drug aJ hi!lt~ic 1Qppor.Yl!!ilr ;~ ·t.'·Ili~t."f-" --;1f""O-t Irth __ __ "'''''11' 1'·-ci'C'r",.. -11HI' till' _~ __. -.J. 'i" pin,..,_. _(l . ~ """,,__ II)I;; ""J,!! _._c :g di:lll~te:' say!! A~e;l:lI~der'\'!QiJIiIHimlamk QfdlC Pr'ot!!di!!!1I. irhl~ 1'987 1);!i(!!lJ1! tm~t~h~s,~~llI(J!l!d .;EIl'ii'ironmellta'lllweSli:g~tiol'l AgentCy~ a i '9~(lIltm[grCl;~liilholJllse ga~ 'f!'mi fi6:ions tliliHt. !Jtlli..nM G~ :~ LmlJClon~<ISJed nOmll)m,nt ~1il;,1:t 1~,fu.;;lno]1l[tm'ed \lHIIlI~d h .. v~ Irri~eii"1 rplJl·. sha

l!ilolJlmi~ '1V"l'l1l.ui~ potel:l!ti.,d"· ~ndec:]d:i~,g \-vhich

ohem]c~ls to ~cce,pt

118

slL'bstimJ.t~.

"¥Oll ooul:dJnit: ~~aV\e[1.m~;med fhi.s; 5·)!eaP.l ] owgo;'" Si:tY8[)W"!!!r'Ood Z~.eUoo. ,of the; iiGiii'IJpmHt
h!J:st~;ttJ'~C: GQv~m lIii1ee and Snst~ iu iilble fo·( D~v~lg~m~t>I~(laSeD) i!1W~8hing~Q~).I),C. Thc cunern f!v~.H:aJbiility i.n C'h:b'l.(J!ofpl:od1i.llclt:i whh !tIiil:a!ll)' I()fthe: HCfiC abcf1ll{!1tives bodies well fo]" the nc·\'\! .f!.g!leU~e~lt. s.ayg DiU'Qf!t chemist Mack .McF~rlfIJnd .. AiJIiI impor~aJllt driver dUlling talks WillS a S"I~'iJ!teDeliil1: from the 08 ~l!JI~l11!it In jI~,u,e, :pusL1ed by the US". pledgiliil.,g; the:industrialpO\'\.-'eI:s tlO climatefr.iend.lya.crion Oil ezeue. ":~rs: beilThg ~le~d.1)[P [as: iEIIli:l1IJsriTClJtilo:~]by aU the p ..:~:ies.·· dlIrilil~ :ne£1ioti,acia:l1lls'Isaid IGSD's Scatt S~one, w:mo attren&ed ]aSl: \\'1;'!ek'$ (lOl1fereliK':e. "This [s,~o~d]1 ~eat ,le'"J,d.e~"ShilPy~.eMljte, House," b 'The Ir"(lV~~ 'We,:ren't eJ,ltWe~y pCiisiti¥e. Deteg1illte:sagreed to US, dCm,JilJlds to wlm,tinue an .eJremptiol1 tOw oz:oil1te.,u]1Jr&.L~Il(Uy methyl brcmide, a fu:W'li!:1)ilntused by U.S.fidil1illrn,. a~.b¥iTI!!i} <1111]]1[111] emiss ion s of 4600 tons .. [)ilvid Doni~ro:ft~:lC W,tsl~ingron, 1lC. -b1L"Od.Na:llmiIl. Resol1~N:esl).i',;fi:1ti,se COl~ncU,li\illID~ch'I,'Vl'.I1'IIIS: III 'full p:hasooln ea'l~cd~liii.at b~ek ~l.aJrk" on an "a othe'J!'wi:liIlSti"Ol1g u.,S. p~d;o!lf!!l!i!ce;.WlUiw f
l'iOMiilC ~['i'i,till'O':l)!'itc,U3Jid.c Jfmne~ C~nffi!i._ghro!l ~ys US. Il~,o:t:i~tQ:rs hope ~ build (liJ]! ~e ~cc~~::;i~ MQ}q~i!C~1nrirl.g a 2.~d~ymeeting d

r~

hosted bylhe 113'Jij:ii:~ ~ll11ilili5t:r.liti.o!tlii, thl') \\i!(;":cJ;. A aUCflded by:repreSClltatives: from I.5im:liU1im:al :1!I8.tions: andrlliljoremUUenll....eu KINllSrflil1

1843

• ~'iabJe iPr:iEl!te~mjxing LIP t.o 38~w~~lfomnat:s

• F.aJSit nnTlXing alildl pe~let esll.iJspe~sion r

-----------

C~~~l

---.

Iv.

=:J.__.jCTiVo;1l )

III

• PelifeGU~1 OQ~tt{li~ool
mixing. with alrnlti-iSpi~ ~ rech1nology

~C!~

'0

'0

---;;;r.

.0411 in ane 'for maxJTim:~m

f~'exibiility

The ;:dl-t'OlIJtnd mlb:Elill"fors,lil'Iallilvoilwlmas.

Specl,allrrV des;ignedifoll' eH\8ct~ve' p~l:altelIMbcintg. Fast ;and precis,ely CQi!mh'o~led miixiflg roIGVement$, c(lmlbfrfl,E1!cI i,tmt nligh milixingfiFequerfl,cy enable co:m,p!~te w mixing in ashort time. 'f,ol!'tiline best reprodudbility , of mi'xjng and test resL!l~ts, MixMate' aooormmoda,tes :PCFI !Jrate$. d!eer;l well and. IMTPs; in 96- and a844i!ell: formaIS., test ~lJlooS (0 ..2 m'~~ m1!),a.r1Id,3 vo:rtex 'function with aJlrJi inn.OV3.tive

Add~tioll1a~

adva nta:ge:s::

• Pr:eprogramnood ooU=k.ey,s:.optjmal mi)(;~ngtim€'; ~!md freqiU!:enoy t,or eac.Jhvessel type .Aumma~ic imoalance (l!eleetio:n: 'safety and sta!tliility even in n1ighest mloouG'f!;g~r~uencies • E;drnme'~y quiet 'operation: :nJO m:tJt:li:ng,orvibmtiorrl' For more inf1(ll!i"m~tionv~i!;!it:
w ww .. p~ndorti.colTllllrn;ewM e illtMate.

2 S'€C. oV€.mid!e for an ergaoo:m~cwort

proo€<oo.

eppendorf
lll'tCUI,C'h
¥Qllll

with I:if,e'
67' ,89

liQ<;3~,di:lotribWor: ~.eppendi:lIIif,.e'OmlwQrI~ Eppefld~ NJ" Ge~~ . +49405138 01"'0

• App:i""iI'liionSIII;ppoort: +4911 OW·3 00 .~ Eppefi.dotr NQi1!li AmeriCa, frilc:,800i~.5"3{)5.0

, S ,IE:N' E SCOP'E

,Ip.alOe IW·" _ ants US _rogra,m 10 ...~ p .. IR,e,lain 111:sRus:s,ilaln R,oots

.. ,·1

Bill OW'EAIPON
:_-._

DalllQl

C·allifOlrlll~a!il'S,
l

..

...~"

..

'

I',-

.•..
t.

_..

I·'

'..• ,. .. .-

'!!

in Obo~e-:mJsk,Rf~~ S~<i,,\WiI~lted ship.~ strniilll, o,f~nt~1:mx to ii, bib to ~l!l,f'ort Detrick,. M,nylflitld. YIiI,dcJi ~ US. IJWo gl<l]niJlliireJli~d to pr'~lt:folTm:-f bi~aJpo\ns ~c;ieilti~t~fRJrn !iie[[~ngtheir expertise to terrodsts OT ·'riOgluc'; ~a!riOI1~. But the !RJtlSS~a!l govcmmCTlitw01;dd1lil,''tg,~\!JC the OibO~C:lil$l I.rilb all expM lleense. Su~h ~e~ba!d::s .gm::rea:,;i()1!'1li1l(l D\ep~~· ~ nu~n[,of Defense '(DOD) has decided h)
Fanrye1lm'SiI:go" scientists
!'l,iillfiSe OlJJt·COu'!lbMl'l1l]VI;!:IJL'lSie3!rch PlWjrCct~ ~~11 R.!,i'l:s;i;aJ 1!ln!det' ~~S Biologk:m Tl~:reart ROOI1,l(lliil)ll

~i!.W]i'c heah.hi syMem~" a SlentO'rD011J olTIi1ci,1l1

wid &ii'flCelh~ Smlll,lTIei[. The iJCadimilies ~poll1i,wq;Lles,tedby 'I)OD'~ Ikli:me threat Reclu,ctio~A\~illCy (.DTR.I\) at

CaliformiCl GOI,I\elFnm .A~lliIoM S,d~lN..rrlEn egger Ih,i3JS~iredlh e La le:'lIHhotil'l tJ'll-e5t.ate'~peren· l!lIia~ bB:tHe o,yer w ..ter~ Hie's Ipm~osed i!! 59 b(j.~• . IUo:n b0ll1l:1me,a5!U'[ie! 1J[rllmrJ~iiI.~IihIE! ~Itate·.s, w.aite'r ~IJJPpli@) by. ctillililOl'lg aiI.fuJer ~~ep~. bUliid'inll 9 two ,new dii!llill:!liinll ille lJ:lol'ilho'fft~e st1li1~ (lind drnilnll neijl"lg wat!1!,r liilrt!lJJg'n oraro~llidthe 5aCfiHilenKt-SaJlli Jloaq,uiGil Riwr delta:. The1

the lJ.U:!i~,\g ofCm:lgj!~81!l"take~~ &fft:~nt view. "'Aithol~ghlhe 'OOotlomj(; sitw:m~ in R:iuss!a is, !O'Iabil~Zliltg,~!!Ie: larure !)f.S!largc 1l1!,IIl1ber ofbio·,
~ogi,cal tn8tjllii(t(iWiS ~sta'ij~lIjx~",it Sii!!y~""And

'~Il\i'h ..o~me:ntaUy:s~nshl!ve d!el!t~~sbe-silill by ua~ll1ing ~i:sheli1es;,poOllution, a lIiId1iIlVi:!5W@' :sp~(ijes('sCIE'tlC,f;, " JII.I~Y, p,.442t Schw,il.rz.emu:::~gger says the !if!~ llli!!~.er ~1F!h:,,~ SWIJCI!ureis P1lIt ~f ill! ~O)JrnJ pmeheflsi.v~rn~." BYil~ OPP,O!'IJefIIl:S.

t'n.3!nyFor~cr weap'on~,
hppt;i1

:H~ e~~is~$ remai ~l i

:s.ay wa~~r

COI!ilsefil.!'1!!tiooiS;a bett€f

Prog ra m. B ut ,a nei\li!' I:eport b)1 til e U :S", Natlona] Aeaderaies' National Research CQl1llc:i] O'~R(') ay~nl~3ge~noy IS lill:lakiThll_g 9 s
,

:ill unce:I'tl.,':Im. dn:ll!lnstll:r!.Ct'S dun coU!]d. n.'i!ie~ serious 1n"o[iJcf,!IHon eeneerns," The bCln~m ]~ne. accClI:'dililg to NR!C's G~enn Schv.I't"l'~~'Zer! isl:ha:t "Ru$sial$i teo i1~,;parla:nJt a OOWliI!l.)1 to not engmge tDraJ.'" .
'ilrhel!f,llnlrt: cite.~ H'ne pmgr<l!Ill.'ssJUDces,r;ul1

s()~Y~:i(!fII.5cien(e ~h() I!! ~d:he~.p'ser l !Ill!!t the Qp:HollS". say.s. Pe't~r Moyil,e, ,131!i.Sh~rri:es biolog~;5t i at lJh,e'UI'iilhfefS~ty of Ci!UFom ia.Davis;; ''liIl,ere 's ,a: lot !i\I!e: donl"t ~ndelr5,~afl d [alb ~lJiijhow these !~!<i~UliVm iilUec:t fish.~· ~RO:URI' F. SEIR:VIIClE

Where the MOrl'e'y':s G one

!;ormr Soviile!:Union

~IIlPlJoving secmity at iEl11ul1l1ibeT of Russuan ~abs.And i.t St1ggests; that heedi,ngthew~!'ibesof its R:lISs:iml hosn"wl)uM~1:1't:nSiL'be~;l
~iI!e 1Jlf~'ID<llim.,"DOD ornmili:nues to

Pou~ dsfor Paw:::;

Brit"imi.':S [argl~st;medica[ rfSf'aifCh e~al~iw bqp~s 1JO he-l:1ii ~:er'ini3fiai'ls k~e:p ~p With the V 1~~J~s;td1~~l,Qpm~!I!t$wU ill $'Z2 •.S: mi~IijQ~~P1~~ UQ!~,wet~ f'e(f\jl[ thero into 1!!eS~Qjr(b, III 200111., ~h~U.K.gO<'\Il'.lml'!i1~iilt p~~vided543 !lr1liUnQn to
:b~(ls;l the
Ill[d!ililbe,~~~S!derutis'ts; tr';!~m!ed ~(I tadkle'

29'%

be illil.teres;ted 0l~11.y ~n'sttl.diying pathogens it considers dan. gereus feit hi ate rroei sm.. , w]ll[e the R1i1~sia,llI~, Vi.~rU to ta.cldc healthprobleM8 like cho]~rOiiill:1,t1j ttlbercn~o~]s,"

Total Fundilil~1
5.410
mliUiolll1

~t~g§S©rua&·HO~mnl·
(h:rrlmd C"yo fthe MOil te~t.:y hl$lN:-I,iU!C of iIlI'1Ite:nmaJtiQllaJ Shd[es ill '\1ilasbi!lilgto.!l; D,C, T11~I~ct that mest ofthe m,oney :h:!1JS
,g,one

oh,[J~len,ge5suc~ as fQ~l'a iildi·momb disease. But ili3I~ pmgra!Jf1 ,en!Ci!>in 2.0109. La.st.Iil\e'Bk, ~liIe WeU{onu~ fUl!I!st 1f1I~{le ,alwards to ~even UlI,K, vet· lerini3lry 'Sc:h eels 'rQl' e<Hortis llilldu:d ing :,;ummlN reu rses ,ani:! po!>tdori(!Ir<l~.~rainillll g.. "lhi!> is an a,b·:'lolui~~Yvital. d~elq~lf1im!:. "s:ays: alii ri~QJpner Sroke:!> oflhe, Uni~er.5ily or Bri!>'l:l]Il, (lillie,c~ the'

W'hQlse' tlnl1e.:a.t? u.s. mll~J;JliI13StiJawe roc·e,i-\red ITfIIQst. or the lI1I'OIi'l~Y'rOlf re~eiln:h, on !'erl!.ilOiilgtlile tlnreat ,of [:i:ussian biiOO'tei31pO\iiI~
IUI:~kc{,

,~edpienlulniversitii~!i.

~IH!IE DOl.GI!N

viSiting sdentn~" bas ..m!lO

tiO

I~J~i COlJlJ!ir3;chns ~Ild

[Q!)1.lIlCd

Widte: House: Rlilslk=A;veme

Mt~$ 'geltif1:I]~~gJlili!medl bv IDle .~a.ti(l.!il<il!l(~de· 1!iIi!!!;:S:' I~gtion~l ~seard1 (Ol[df](ij~ (NRC), the WM~e H,ouse' Qrffi te o:f Mal!la,ge~ el:l~ snd IBiI.ldget: WMS~ has decided not m l;s(~Ule<I. C'Orl1rove~silillld irec1.]1if (11m risk il:Slle~5iril1le'lilt the drClrl'~ '~u~~elij!il,released in Jliilliluary :2 0(16., Ullilt<l]li1Iecl g uide:~illlle~ ,l3Iflcl:teclilll1lkClI sita ffildia.rd''il on 'i!>sJlIe"l suth a_5;e.xpre'i~;il1lgl ullffidarolrllii esin h!dera~.risk C11~!i!~SITll.en:m!L.BUlBI subsequent. NIRC Ire port Ireq!Ue!j~a b:,r OM,S:call,e<! tile tI~proa:(h ~fnd,i3:meIJiltill~lyniil~dI/ .s;a,ying, fGJ.r~x"'linp~l'!, thai it iiii9M Id [~lJjire 1.I11()~liI:ilIii'lt.y!II GII!i1~~'il5IJ'~ol'la " ·fn ~ [y1[,IT~rn~ :M;at~ the sd~riU" '(S' Ck,frCF', of 19' Jan 1111fY, p. 3:l!6), ~11I rever)ingth~ move, IOM81hi.:i's,inshuict:ed .r.J,g!!\:l'Id~~tof.ol~!llfl' "g!!\:'nl!l:r~ .!lUy ac;repted llilrim:;iph~,5, l-or riisk (Il11ai~Ylln~" iSlS!lJ~d by th~ ,,;: ~irllhmMIifI imS'tr,tIIt'Von, TIIHlI!:"Si ~!Jlood Oeilii$ ~(lrl.he solem:!; c,ommJ1.1ntty;;;.s.ays; Rick MleI~e!1lhtl:r th e a;d¥(l(,~cvgro~p OMB: Wal!:lh ~I1W,Mhi!l!g~:Qn,. 1)1C. -&111:1 S,1OItSTA.D K

It CSiJ~~S 11)11DOD to ~11Crcas.e S~lpporti (Oil"'t1li.e: progralll ~ndlo ll~l\e Rm;s.i~1l IlLdnri~1i. ustmtors !'IJ1U~ !ic;ieIlltis[s <I gl."Jea.teir veiee in d.ere:ffirllini:ng its d[l1ecdon. Siuce 1998, the agency ~.Ur1S :spent more tJllm.l
$~JO

RiU~)S~a.1M> the p]Qg~am,. ~~erepQrt netes, 0]1 The [l!li::lHC:i'S,recolU!n1llCnda!lions are ~;.ug:1Jn

milhon

O~l, di:!lm.u~Uin!il:b~ol,og~cil,1

weBllJonsproduction c~IiIf~~iJilllpl.'Ovillg ,secu~ dty ill research mc'ili~:ies!>setlingupdl1sease sur\i,ema:noe nehvorks., iltfld S[lYpOrti~,lg ~de:llitist.s tlilirou,gooutt~,~ region" The activities ;arcpru:t of ·~~,eUS. ~¥~mln~}fg; h~ol~~l riO\~pro'l~fe'C~. .~t!Q~ :,ffOrll) III t'~le ro~,l~r SoviCll[Jm:m. :DOD .~ Oll:JlCl.fl~ pl,at! 'OCicontl!'!uC. and 'C'i,iCn!.ficro3i:IC~
'" . l: .".. "I!. ., 'I.. .~ su~~:portJot!rlc!e!!m$ts!n~~er OOUIWt!'!lCS III tne .~rogiM. Bl.lldle di:llietdti~ i~~, ,g,al!'Iil'lg aG"C~sU) '$ Itussialmi boo,. oO~11b~lOOw~tih.~ imp~d ~t:..,

Pi1IIi.Ui.psI, a hiol.~ 1 ogi.st <lit 'fe.u.s Tech 'lInl VC:r:!l ity ~n L ub'boc k and the !pri.ncipiiI.Eillvestig<JJl'Or on 3, .DOD~ fiua~!dccllpWject:ilml Kyrgyzstan aimed .tt map" pilmig til e d:i s tribntlOJil, Ciif m1JllnUlm[ s tI:]nI<ll1LVill < ~fCiServoh'!5 ofiJillJ'ecticms d:ise<l5les. He :says: the

OlThUU'l a~Jl;tIII~k. says C.ElI'[eton :

lJ:estway to reduce biol.ogic<lLi, tbreau, illil the lDnHer Soviet Utl]on [s 10 "'erlR'C ]OCilJ :sci,·,

:~~(lok for
:~ ~]me odd
~.

out. "~Ik think dtel~ssia:nSr ,fin:: oft~lliiiti:oilffiinglheijrfbr~ ._ .~ luer weaprnm,s I~bs ·lOmah them 'pan oflhel:r
1iiI~{I11

,I C~M.!~:!Iy':-! ~!(')b'ii,!.'\;i ,CClOllowlmy,hil,\le~deR.iIJB~~a

11Q\V' pl~dect~y capfllllc
. ..

~ia:llidin,g

sl()tcnce th~u sllC!n~ fr~l:1ilthe

ent~tsiin rrne ooibdilor,l'Inollils."' No'!,.y Ullil tbe eXI:M~'rts !la,y,e ~po·kerl.\Vill DOD ]~~Il'~ A DTRA o:ll'icial ~aY8 U1!~:oporft r '''w'jU ddl!lim~ have' .(m~.pact on the fi:u,ureof tl]e p~ntflfij.·' add~S thlWtt]al:; a:~fitCy pklll~ to re~oo~cl b(;liJre~l,e (;ild,of~e }'iSM.A lll:.wIf:Cf ~m d~e :S(,:~1e F~reign~laH'Q!flIs Commi!tee aho Hites i!Jl~c Jri!\~ ~cQtr.IIn~nd~t~()!)s.·'ncre i!i1 ~ basic :r_UP~Ql:t011 thcl~i1!l fur doing IllCrliC ,ooU,ab·
oraH,reres~fCl,~, inR'lJtssm," [~esays.
,,;'(II!IDIiII~llif IBlillAnAfHAllI)lEE

';

NEWS OF TH E WEEK
IN E U

aosc I E INJIC:'E

1.1] :reofill:ty,eaIS. neurcseieutists md psychia~ tiliiStsrnike, hav,e ~mlte.'dthe pot'-"I1lti a ll!lsl'illoh. ~:l0J1iL~,Vl1:8i"r-e brniifl s>tulillmhniolTitedlll1ll.que cuUm tJ:liIiMOIOjni<l1Im~.6tic !>~.'m1i1lioJ1 {T,MS),.1'he ... t 11I1et110dhilliOOG1L~00i to di:Sl1lJ~ti'leurnl, iitcl:i".;ity c.xperimema1[y in s~u,dl,esO'fhllDarg ,ooglliti:Oll,

Electric currents S\vir]:]llg inside, iI:li!Iie pacld,le ~wduCic 3: msgnetie fieldl thaI in turn ~e~liIer!j:re-s C1!I:filr"l:'Iltsin themdei:~.y]['Ig bUl'iJiilI tissue.

cOluleil,lbailian, ;aui:oo:L'Cmor of Clle<gy 0011" :mmp.ti.on ..Usmg optioom imaging methods, dl(l
gel!lll

TIrniCse c;nrnmt':oS iI,lterrJrnieel!ec!ricll]lIcli:v~ty of ~eurons. but: e:~,lIc,t~y Ii(J.w th ey alter it: is

poortYLmd.el:Sflood.

ref1!earehe:1I'S also tmeked l~en1!;)glohi1l11 levels, <IIllot!liler metabo]~c, nTI:lIirll:ef. Po. t:rn:i.lIi ofTMS p:Llllsesl<1S1i1'ig i:irew ~,onds c1msed animme-

andi~has 8l10'W11lpro:i11L~.i:ile
tre,ttiUilg p8ychi,OIl,ri

]iIl,

d1!iiioi111ri,a1 stor
sueh as

C dli scrders

depression (Scienc(j.. ~8 May 2001,p. t2.:W),.

AUI'lOu~\iwi'(ji~!y conSil,dert'(j, ~:(l:~lh~WM,l'; ofpoop'Je ha~ ~ootvcdNS--~!i'!.tiV'cly nltl~

dim~ incfe'l~ein l'Iellrid~1riws~mt ~,<'l8ted fbr alJO\lt.1I,m~11!1te" tblloww by a deCl!eaaein f~ilIIIg b: !1iC'\~I:~1 m~!lllQ,'~~. 01>.yg;eJ,l, ,<!~:ld emoglobin h nUITorOOIthis IDJfIJt'lem.indiC",ui.ng .~~m: J1Iei[ron:s~
firilmJg and
,Cll1l;ergy

dernIDJlldsg.oha'l!ld in

~~~Ild.

alloW: ho<wit aC:lualtll' \'VOrb. Now" a d,~ai,led~ookat ii'S enbc~ sllC!\ltS t~afrMS C~a1!iiL t!oost o.r M~,ell tbe :rlfing Or~el!Ul!'JI\s depOJ)(i~ ~11!$(li1'lJ i;m~iug 'b!:a:if.l ~t1I.ivil~;
'~~mOt';'!)

TMS had a dfa~II]{jJt~~~.lyl!il''I;lr,e~n: c leJJ~ct. hO\'\fCver" on neural :3!ctiv~ty ()"'(J'~ed by b!~C:k andwhtte bars f1ubed 011 SIco,mplltler
:ocrce:b1"(Sueh :res:~onse:s l'lelosil'lt ,[)'!,I~n in ~ne:!>-

N elu:l'lI:ilCJientists atl!j];e Ul'lh!ii.)J:si~y (llf Calit'OJrllli<l. Berkeley, ~P]l~~ed TMSto 'l::fue cerebral Gic;J11ec'< f eats whl~c rn~li~ming nelliLrBl~ 3!rn~Uv,· o uiiy am:!llme.Labclj,S<1ill.TJiI.euu: t~.nd:rngs,['el!)~ried O\I'Ilpa,ge 1:918-.<Iluru futUI,'e:investi~[IIltUOil'lIS. of

th(':Hzed~~d.~'~s")ln ~hi:sease, neural firi1liilg d lpped sharplyafter TMS !lind remaiaed :SlItpp1.·esSiedforr seve:m~ lui,1IDfute:!l. The nndings lri,~ir;mup~rcatiQIll'l far de;signiug: TMSI.l:iern.pies .. sillys G-eorg:e •. For dcpre{il-

i
[ii

sioo tJlem,PY, ('OJrexample,

t~~istype.----wm hmrreulilil;pmia:uuimpliclld1)us for ho,w TMSis used in people, other

re;seill'du.e~"S ~.
Oae ~~:ltcr"Csti:n~ poss[bi]ity. Ol'cC()ITd!iQ!ii to tilt the NI.ed!ilcal UniivlI1'si.lymSoultl Card:iJ~~1.111 C:ID1l1estoll, is t~:l:tl!t:it 'I1my m aititet\'i~nt :sulbjee'l:S,tlliEik <'\oout

~ew beeome ~adin tl~echai:rt\i,W[e .mmlllat- ~

Illig [t~.lel11]:' George 5tfj1'S ·'AUe~'II.lahve[y,wc ~ .. mig~:lt hilV1e, tlile:Jilllil lel.lIjllge iinfo:rnlil,i!I1 ropiti¥c ~ fher~. th~kingpositi\"-e ~11!QUghts:" Such 000~ sideG1iirnulsm:e;uI~~J~I1'l1]t,.hea.ddls. <IS i~e If?DcI ~

"'' ' e nay need

poo~ ilil·

M.uk Oeurge" a p!Syc;iilli1im~t

\';httc!h(iY'roe being, sriITi!i.U.I,Med, :at~cto!'lha:l 1:i~5Ii11lj\ece~'il'6d iiiL~,m;h,Colmis]OOt;atloil'l to d:iiilc.

51:1,"1!I1~a!UJ!.gl ~e~liI~ts.~I~' ~'BS~ n:h hlliilt~a t tine, rn:cc;~.:i~ij$ms or !lJ;i1~:Q1n~t~iC IlJtai!'i!rtimul~tia.!l!.

and DTlJ,g A dm ~11 Str-21UOlli S COil sl,de nng ~ ~ apiPfova]ford,a!~t}, TMS oft1re 'prefrontil (,,")rIel'>. ~
'to~m:
'~~'e8~OftI. ~

G~org:c, wh~ IJig~~cf,l~,cdTMS thet'.:lP:Y for dcp~~si<ll!\' ~:il a: bet«.:-r iU~defst<Mlding@fhO'f'"

'!iw~1emdi~eresean::hc1f:i) and >c~bmi~ c;ialmS,to~1"lyitmore e:Wccti.vdy:';This i~I~'" c:is~1yll\r~en:~hefield need .. k'I go~"
'li'ilOm's

TM8.

Lcd by Ralpb P~Cjl1J!~.i!lg) and gr~d~!Htlt~U1:~ dcms mCliif~A~le~land Bri1.!~.P$ley,.the Jlcrkc, kysck:lldsls aiDP~~oo TMS t,()!:heVliS!:I~ .oorl~:X of~~estl~tU::1ed eais ,flildltrd(lkoo~~e ~HemmaJth
ij}5ll'l1g, ~lIXibeJl d(':ve~o,pcd in Procliil'lacrm\ hlb tha'~
cu. sunu!1:IDl1com;]y I:'em!!rliljile eliocbica]i aetiv-

The fiew fif!ldingJ'iii~ so Slii,ggccst wh)! ~he ~ eft~~ QITM'S gft~tl\r.!ry. ga)'~ ' A~V"d:IQ ~!Wal:~ Leone, O'l! n!()u:oo':logi.~t f!!tl~l<9infa,~ M()dic~1 9 :Scllodl inlB()s~on. .,_Prulcrlal·.IJLm·li1tc SlI:.IlZireststhllll ~ , -',' " "'~ ...'-' ." i§

TMS

FOOll!lt5, IC01!.lld

be ma:cb mOlte \Xlli1l!siste:nt~

!i!I,~,

]n a 'l:YJ1k",,~. MS T

prooed~re.

tec~uilicHa:ns
UllC

place

.S!

~lng-sha!pcd pa"dJdille:nca:r

sca]p.

n~y Of~lCUI"O!]!ii, andmea."f1mrru.ch,ta!~ol'1l!il

runOlxy,-

by ~nQIl~tor:l ngm:he ph)l'S~o!Ogk~l stalte of ~~lC~ Main lJislng Coloo~lrn.ceIWiI~ ori"llnattcmal. 51 magnetic reso.'uaWlCC i11llag,fr!1g,~REG MllllER 'l! ~ ~ ~
OIl ;!;

0:1 :l!:

~ :z

The!firstphase of

<I.

massive project to

scll!eduledt:Q, ibe.gillli opernting t~llis ~lIr. Jibm;

l'e~')Ihllnb seme of Gi1Ii.liI:<1 llligllIliti!est wa ter~ ':s ways ]U:1LS fallen far behind soiiledllaAe becsuse ,~()C'.dHll!tior.iti.<cs dion'twant 1:0pay far lOOpl]¥a i~~,e Gfwinkmg poliAllted WII.tei"•. T]u,e S(mth~to·No:rth W.ller Di.\"crs:io]iDJ Pr{)jcc'l is ill:]wQC~~t~!i!:e cffmt to aJh.wi:rl.t~ cnrol@ic'!,~'aJe:r :sb~rt~g~~ ~nthe (;,()untry'~
~lo!'e pOpll[Ollg. b~t

been del.ayed. at least J yetlfS" Ne<u1y ]u:<II.f f the $4 bill o

~Oil'll,cost

of th e

tlnt! phase is e:aml,lIrke:d tor iJTI'p:li'twin~ the q;lI:fI [Uy of thewater, U owever, the e e;ntrnl
gcI'1ie:mTl.entis footing lonEy about: ] 0% o.fthe bill. with the lre.stcx.~c,ctedwcolmiuc f:roR~; 1~litiJ~s thatw~~~ i:Jenefit from tn~~roj'cC't Bu,t bccaWlJC ~lob()dy\>,lf1!11iS 'to d(;l;;u, 'l,ijp SO!1lGlJody (lJ]~eg, ir~ wat~r, 'ff;;\;.... tre;;a:~l'!it faeiHd tlIC5havc bQC~ built iidlOllgth~mM!c'j!Wiid \:va.tt1f q,~l!~:~~ity ~ont:i]'iJJue~ h} d!~~e:l"io!l1.1!tc~Q f:!lJf th~ S if: y,ear,~ccord~ngto .x:i~hl]!1, ~hQ; \'Vf!t<:f ~~ drif!i]~ab[e a!t or.dy if;meof dl'e :1 ~ In Qni~(m;ld ~m5 s se>otiOil1llS .in Sh;alld!Ollg. Smn.e e:l'llginclCl:nng eXI)CI1S say the entire

p:[lQj,ecttitselbe~ds, to be 1IC4houg!tilli,with <I !,'Teaite:f empj~.;<Is;i:s placed Oil ]l.1lproying~he ~, eooi:ogy oftheYd,I.o'W and Huai rivr:ll basins, ~, .Dl"eclgilrn, t~,]eOril'mtd ca:l1ial nor1l:lnioffhe:Yel[ow <ii
IiU

Riveilto m1JkieUJe

aJ:ICrell't\\iate;n.,'i.'~

navU;g<:l:b]c,. ~

they SilY.\'i.iOU]d prnllo'w,e <t g;rem..er bOllefilt:olh.c Sl region ood, d~.'lJIs, I1tlri'lct ~.1:1oroitlvestme~t Ql<lli!l¥c.i'I c]~mah:lr,(l~e~lI'fChcriillHme ~
U.S. N~ti()':lH~,1 Cenbc!'

I
!

parehcd nor~'.Qrn p'~ai:nf;;

(Scie"c'e, 2.5 Aug1!i!M 2.006, p. H)34). The Cf~sternr~i.n:emak!o8 lise of ~!l C:l(,ii:liti~gnc:l\\vork of C~llafts" rive:r,,;;, ,and ~ake!!lto pump f\lld !$lll)vc:""~tertfflmn the kn:v:cr Y~!lg!:,;!;e Riwr ~'Q J i,f111g~ u a:nd S lla:ndc!IIiIIg pI:Q'i" i~ces. 'IJ,~~tlhfs ~!ill(ll1'1l1:lliil!he {lIff:i!::illll X:~llhua neW$ t 3.gency 3!IlI.lO·I,l]lced that the: fiin:s;t phase ofthe mrute,

Res~a!r'c~~1m,e01iAld~r. Co]omd:o. th]!I]~ks :th<; i Chinese: gG"v'eJm.e!n ~ol!M &:I. a' i]~O!f(; oort'!- ... '11e~I~l:si'l!·,~tb~rub~lhy ~h.!dy QftllC: pr()jeC'[~l;\1!t~
C{l~l~id~:r~ th~imiP~'c~

fO!i'A~'mosph,c'rlc ~

of c'limalte (:ha~:g(,':. ~ Ok1"~I\N";:1Jr:mil1g, lw sa-.ys. oo~itdmake China's 8

:n:~:lI:thwetter !ulIdaUow a~fthoriti.'es to scaJe ~ !ill book 1:he oo!WJb'o'\J\e~:s;ia] 'PlJqileot.. ..iHAO<XIIN f!i

1846

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR 2007

VOL 317

SeIIIilNC:~

.l.on gl s,ttllJ', A t~!i'I!Jtl!Iy Slediml!vU (tlr'~teills @( iimell [ly 1haw.

, S ,IE:N' E SCOP'E
Balllllllc Withtlraw,all
Both U.S. ~e,nlltm5 ham INewYork-H'm.il~' Clil'l:~onl (D~ aad Ch.arle:s, .5c:tJrumer(ID)-.are d'Bi1lliilllrldi:!i1g~i1aUne' U.s. Oep;!!rlme'm!t of '\FeI.leHIIi1L5A~ftliirs '(\fA) create' 11'ge,ne bia mlk at llil e' ~:lIIi'!J\m~tyat mbfllily in NlewYmk ~i~:'lte. 'ihe !Pililili i3irgl~e.s t~i!ll th~ p.1iJ!lje~t 'was .al~proved bl!lt flilll~.1i'i eVA ne'v,iN loilowtNIth fOU gl~" Th,e i)[!~. Ih'S etllllMnJOus IPot.ellltiliil: MOr~ Ihi:l1il 7 1ITi~lmOll \lemf~m1S w:rJl.dId! Olfil m.~D N A. aut fcr,~ IfiIOW !tis; t~mgled in (oo1JrlD'll~rsy. A'fl.er lm1kll1lg11111 ag reeliIIII elilt Mtili~!h,~ unl¥'E:r,s'ily liI~ady4: YiIl<(!rs ,Qlgo. th~ VAt beg gPli ~Q Pl!~SIl!~ a 'r;! ~!f!e balilk proj(!(i! onits O~Iil., IIp,seni!1 gl time .,t!i,jlb~ii1Y gl'o~ P.· whkil1 is< led by G!~c€r lbao~ogis,t f'au~ette MCCoil'mic_k (sd!?l'lce.29' J!l!Ly 2IOGS,. p.. M34)', !Last I!!.!eek (Uni~()nl ,~:ndSci~ll!me~too<klillpthe '4!5e, .S;l!,!g,. g,estingili! g leUe~1o VA )ecre~;;!!'Y11'1, JQ!iIle~ Nlf:dho!;s(lfi! tih3t "\M;u~.rrl epa'rllm'lel'1it W!iP.y be using 'lne mnce;~its: d'~Ioi',elollE'r:iI ~~ Dr. Mc(rmi1iiid: to e51a11!llnshr .H gene Di!llilki Iii! <lfloU1 er mcatiolii!. " nl.l~Y UIWgM~hreVA to ~et IJ p a gel'le haJ~ ~at
:SUINY,-AJb.anIY· .Joel Kulpersmith~. the VK'.!J dhier research <lind d!eveklpmel1lt. mficer, d\ediniN:I to romment IOn the di,sj:m~e. 'Blllt ht'sa~s; t~",l i!I~thmJlgl~VA ImeS&'lIT~~rl)i:llm o!IfILy (d~ll!()j]nng '5Ip&ime.ll1~ fo.r inlldiivit:iual ~r~ji~JSn!O'w, "our ~~anilft UU~ Ilon(g 1~lJIf~ 1'0 i:I ~!lellilbLe i!W~~ stor.!!!1iJ lIlCOUI~dibe itS IL!I:i~dIby ou;tsndl@in'lv~,~,ti9iiHm;. -JENNIHR, ,CO!IJZ!IN

Whe:!iC\~15the th!:lnno:M~t ~wi~~d~ thOlil, Ol,ltCr;;

thj'O\~

tJeW!~l t'Oth!lW iliewodd QUlt ofthe ~st

iCJr;: age? 'Pfllcoce!}~o,g~('Iphe:rrsll1g ,aJs~!,l.ed k

Smf1l'Ce'MiiJtern al,ld u~. A!1Im~tic .w~t~n~1a ~~n· glte 8edimciat cere recovered Jl]~t'W"C$t onh~ PIi1lHi~im:: ~s!I.1I'l'Ld :rvUold!WliflOl" AI ill!I!}1 P(ililiiit in of
tiliaC C om,

~lM!ti~ I~ in~he Nort.h Atla_1liIItic(X(lfl~,SOO1!~· whc:re~ then tile t,ropicai Q~ca1ill. ai~ed PQPU~ g
~3fily in so:m(,'::qt~arlcrSi"BW:IIl(l~ll,l~('itroli'lig !lew evIUdentlelro!I~.iD.the u:opiesil]!!C'e'S ~.he stan ye~' far~:!:Ler w~tlh, H1:e'",'a'l:ers ~1lO~I!u;l in AnlWJl!clicn. The .re['l1dt'~:;..Uvery i;i@]id\,VI~' ha~ te quesdOll;" :s"y:;p<l~e,pc;el'lnogr"'l.pher Wil]~'lm R.udd:i:rlliIl1I~, profe~O'r. eineritus al the IU]'IDiver~ sity o:fVbgi:l1D n, e~:lru'~oitlics'¥':ille. "':!3'1i1l1 it 3]:S0 tclUs 115 th:ings are OOml,mICated, There ~l1e ,jl.tsf ,~;[IIyers, complexity to this." of ~F~DldJiIl!i[ where ]t aJU sttWted "oomes dOMl to ti:mi.n£~·' Slliys p~h.:,ooeano~/lfll,llhe.f Lowell

m~crofo\8si I s th~t

h<l.dfanetifr(il~u

Thll!IK:i[
CiI[

Sw" ofthe,U nr\'"f:(rsity Sondlem Cali bn~a ,of

d:etea'm~~.lmgthe tim:~~lgQif di:m!llte ,~~ can bew~shwl~el1, ~" Wilg1.~ i~~ in llile t.ro,pi,clSlsreoOrtled ]11mam,e secli~ iJI.lcnl, whcna$W.\'irMii'ilg ln A:ifilJtartticai ts recoiideclii'lg:~aeialiee. T1056;'ire d!llted by :l!l "Ilit'-,';n., "~'~ffy-t - ._._._(;'~L('l ~. "vh' 1l.. ~- tlle>r:;:~" ,"1;1 _m,~ ~ y ---en;i"1W tfi--h-ds ._~C~~ "n";::-·s ,--~l:l mu\~.l~,]es. But L
i~ ~--

o<LIKI. Slot!: had com:;~'u.d'ed~~.at he tf1opt~ t PiI,cific had 'l!V1Innedlf~["s't.lflreS.l11i1il;1Jib]y t:lIillSmg gl1iicilll~ice to hegit:l~llcltiilllg. Btllt their ~:1JCW iil!na,lys.ls S;iU""I;S dU'I:t more tl:J,lI:n ~ 8,'[100

mooil"&d~~· perature tllel1enl1lllhcir OX.)!~emt "o:to,pic, !(;(l!ni'!lpOL siJtuoilm\ whereas mi<~luif01;Si]s tl1a!tal~)ls ]~lIcd 0'111 the sea :tloorr,(,':e:ordedi the~elupemtl:l!l:,e of ho;tm. v.:mN't1~thad sul}kli'O~mt{he surface of ~1rleSoutlm!elll Ocean l'leruIi An~$l"Ctilca. Then the: glDl~' mdiocmoo.ru.c;httedllih.;: ~lUel'lt, l'bel'lL':sw.Hs, reported onhl1.f: at www .. sci.ellt)eJJ]ll,a:gJorg/~g~c()Jllle:~tfab:fim:;tlll43791. were snl.rd~ng."~n m.l cmriliell 'sde:,u:-epltlpe-r.

''\fCm~rm Pac~fic~!,uf~(;\~ters

:~ ufJ.cQmfbm:bTc a:imlo.u~t Qf1!mocrtf!~ly.

StoU .!IIm:1col[e0i~tlcs A:~I. cT~~n1l1lii~mtalmm., a :~ !:nloocier ~t th-c U~i~~~ityofl-!l~\"(fJii.t Ma~~(i; :~ and IpnJcooear~jJgroijh(,':Ii"R.o'bert T.l'Dunoil olf the ~ lil1ivcrsi,ty'ofSooitlm! Crurolina, Go]wnbi=\ e:]i1m1.~ .~u~l~ted :1 1!mcc;r~~nJty, ~tlcagt,. "Yga M~ing hat :~ c:hmlg~n.g 'tempemulJJre i]lwe:SN'~rn Pa,ctnc ~

otner dilhscl records, S:toU oiind eolleagues ~pi~)a 'ril,e ofhOl.v~h~ ice started me~t~ngri .PiF8l, predk::ta!lblc Y~M adon~ il'll:E[!rti'l'$ oroh ~nd tilt lnereased the amoUliil~:ol·sunl:ight hi.t-

years <I~o. Alltarot~c'!;\I<l.'tel;'SliV<lrnned 1000 to, l300 yC<"lrn !DefOre trolpiC."I~V!-'3~6I'S. Staftimi,gtr,om thil!t 'timi!'ig~j]d drawimg en

N!!!!srAIR IIs, ffI:e borr!!l

i~3litweek :3lnd !!iI ow plaJll~ki' omit the 5:pi!!c:~r~rt Iby 20U.,. The' NUiOle-ar S~ectiro~C!Opk: ireres{o!le Arr,[lJYOIh!l51APJ willl,Jse high~m'~M .'!i~rr<ll~ to imag:e UJeilree~ areund M<ldk holes th~tmmi· gregat:e <I~.t~e cerlle,f O]gil.!la~e-s. Uihes:paoe <lglEncy Id~ledthe ildei31 1m!2000, boca !Jl!'IE' of III ndNlA$A ~~urre~ted<I l1fIiiss;i(mto~ltJd~ Ma{k hoi'e'.s

U~lg h~gh 8ouJthen~ h!Hwdcs d!l~rhlig austral

spring, TITh."IIt w;8Jl:medthiug.s

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.

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.

up~(l:(lany ~Ild 1011 I:~nd:.the sea ice baek '(O·\!'~I.·d.A:ntarctitC!I. ~capplnglhc SO'l]tllcm Oce:~m ~!ld frt::dng IilIl'lll:chofHs cam on dknc:i'd:e Uo begtinw~t:m~ug ~[~e whole world. Nice- SloT)/; etherreseaeehers s,\y,.and the, st!lll"l1Ing :po~nt: ail least seems r~h:ly SlO~.i.d ~ ... ~hrnnk they :1iI1I.<Ike... convlndng c<lse that :SOille~lillltlll~s happen~~.lg 1Ii! ,Mgh stmthel'ilil ]3.t~ i~!LI!d!e.'l befm.ie 'i:ropic~ll. [C'mJperaJnIJlreG change,," sayspa~:eocC:iaJm.o~:rapl,u::r Jell.n .IIl.Y:l1lch~ S~'ie£iti'tZofGeorgilLl ~n::;tih.te ofl'echl1Ology :iil1. ,Ad lIE1ita•. .But. OliSl:ii"le amldRiudJdimm bot~]

ln1lQI mt~alll1l:s. 'Bl!lt NASA ~en(e (hi,~f S. AL'l1il m 'Stern 'laid] in lIs:lti:telifileilll Umt in e r'e1;!ers:ooIi111Jt deli~]onl b«,alJ@~ "li'I\e're gf~tJtiillilgl m.Dre 1II1i1dliTlore frr(!lJ]jfth ~ :s!(ii~{t:!, bllld'.g~ w@ hav,e, ,i3Jn~Ole Irl~~lIrt oflh@' IRig~~LV \i'.1Ii~~edN'uSliAR 11'Til~~~oni~
1In '~)!iilm!Jlhl! orlhat~

Thait',;

IliliIuiSlclD'lli~ tE!llIfljof

Ulelr~se."d~r.s willath oo;Mat~·~ s; lost for-a

11iili~'Ssfi;inoogi!1J;llQy s[a,tedfof ~ai!ifid'! 'th~,s~gu. , ~riiill IP~r::son:a UVimJ(i"tHJ~b~ye.xCiit~, ~. :salYS (at't~di . Iphyskist ftiQ!1@ IHarr!~ ii!. tJi1~ 1)'J'l:lIIcip.ill, invest~@" l'Cf on l~e projec:L INo~ eve~ Il1lro]ect. gClt Igood ,iilews. bst week. Sl.'e·~!ri! ~~. 'iliJJ~rl)\i'ed a P:~aJI'lOOI ~ed~(e the !1U~~ a
:belr ,and (olllilP'lf:xi~V of ~In~~u~ all d,e' Mar:s m et'1it5, Sdelill oe Lai'lm8itory beJ(<lUJI~of(:-o~t ovenUrl5;. ]hatis. r,~t5i]liIIgl ho,wls: frolUlll MI!ll~ f:xptllratklJl adv[J(atl'5" Tille Pal>i3den's" Cail'ifolnnia-ba5lM PI:.!!lii!et[ll)!' Sm~iel}!' ,calle.dlll e m O'i!',E! "perJlliI~-whe .a,nd POullldrooLis!iJ.'~ --AN DR.EW !AINU!R

,~

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,r:: '~

~nLQte. ~:mtti['lg~ogelheoT ~.Iaciati;cm :sm:rry the i:s '·iiI ruck)" bllsin(}~.'" Awllthen:: are dig~lfiI,t~

ili1l voi,ee.s. ffU!]lJoc~ali1ograrnlh~]' David L~~ ()f

tl~e lI1ni\icrs.ity ,of C3![i.fl}m ia, Sa:IWt!!.B3mb~r.~> says it ~sn!t ~(!! clc~r'polat\varmilr!; pr~cooed tropie~l warmin.g, giv.eiti the difficliAUy of' p(i.~k~gtni!:te:x;actl.y \l;Ihe:JmJ t~p:~C!!:~ the
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ing bc~n.
ulkemuch

IIio!,rg~," !~t J

story in ~;~c NO!ri:l:lcml~cmh;ipheTc;-\\iirtere

IilIl(lstioe :meirhm,gCMCllntaUy

An

!;l:gr,ce ~'aJtfi1m!ish~!1g 'M.'pthe oocnrred-will

,~.1...

.~ .4 :s;oILltln'erly start. W'lItler from I'ileHf AllIIt!3Jn:tic<! :t5 (bGUD1l1)' warll1l,~d;b~lfore the ~OP~L'S I(Wpt.

More

'wo:rik..=Rf,CM!lJOI.A.

KlERR

iflU rulN11n.:s, [: llHe]tE's, NOfIflIING, HSIE v ri~ei'L :So ~flhe OOSitiooissm:llSi;;i:i!l oolne ~1I:Y.

ofevi~:!l'h~a"xi~mDght~o'\M t~lat fie lir-ii"'iC:r8C ~.ars Iii :strnfil,ge mape or is tMiiting~ ]tooulcl tt'aSh C!o~{):~O,gi~t:;''(;he;fi:m(;ld[lf;:s1[mpHQ~that th~ how~""Q~ld you wm~Tha:t m<l,J' !Swndli!wth~ bC,g[!l!:!:i~,g olf an (.u:m~yi:l1(g arg-!l!!l'!C':(I! a~~'Of!g ~:l'1Ii\1'~:rsehas ~.Q r:;;C!l~cr fIi~'1dn!O ~C1c:i.:d d~rr;;c:· p~i.I.QsolPhy ~.n;aJj!i)n; Bijl Cl)smo](')'gi.M'S have .• ~iOTlls~1ii1e so-called .,osmo'~ @gicallPriliiLdp:~c: OOC1iiI debadllgjtist t'fuis,poirlir a8t1~y nymi~gtl~a!t traces Its odg~ns 1'0 Copejjn:iC~lJS,. Or it ure o~~t,'llellhe:r-j1!,l~t: \ maybe-OllT' 1liU1iUVCfsels oou~d be a I:iilCflnillglessflmkc. "Ev,eryonc e;ve:rIi weiruert.h!D.lhey tJrought agtrees [t'S i:lm.ere::" ~ySi lVlte U:I1lJ:I, a ~osnllo~o· gist at the Un:iv,ersity !l)fOxfol'd ~n t1Thc J{. U The oOlltr:roversy 1l:sJ~ een !Oim~lt-;d1l1g for b
"B[ut :is.~tgigllil~l:a1lt?"
,[,he~'e'sthe ~·lIb:Wit~1 .only one~ln~ver;se W :rlfU'laS:lIUe,.hm:i1IY be imp ossi bl (1: t'Q lell.

hi.nt!it some fuoo:a:mmtd f~a!tUi:'¢ offue ,e~ni:re \l!tl~~,;eril:e. it CQtl:~dbe ,ii WIfl~fI!inglGss peeuOr U@rhy 'of the !bit 'lIli'C: ca~ :sec,. out so-called Hubbk '41()Iii!.rliliH;:ori)bfi,cr~ble 'lm~vc:rS!c. .Deddi~.g~n be ditfl'1Cldt ~8 it's il:npQs~~b:lc In peer ]llt:Q uc:ighhoring H.tlb~k mlm~ll(lSOr
In .1.'C:pear the ·':expel.'ilnenc" that pm(fucedOIJ!['

fus,t "'i.iC~Ui:!!IS,"vcr,gH~npse ~tSo

t~lC axis

cOO1ld

homey plltc:h oflhe inl"inft~"

om:'

s;om.e time. In 2: ij1)3tNASA'\i;;W:u I.It in:~on Muc:ro~Al1i:SOIIDPY PI~Obe(WMAP), SE!te:I.~ ~[teme.1Sm-ed~,le l:Ught ]iJllge'f,mg f001,1:1 theMg baing: (Scitmce, 1.4 .f',ebrua:r:y 201J.3, [p. 991, '" Re$ea:rchfl~rs c,hadedi thes]i:giful variaJtJiml:S ]1) the 'ielllJl!Cmtl.ll!e oflih,e, Iilid~atklJ.l.b,l,m'!,!:Ji]1 3S the GQsiI1irn.ic ~m'(;IWayC' l'IEICi;]:.;:grQUlld (eM B). to m pmdu{;le <I:Sky Hla:p wsembli.ngll di:lllply linle'" An~l]y]je:d stati,sticfl~.ly. tharicoeic map bolstereda bizarreSCeal\i'lJliOcalled inflation .. ][1

.M.ode:r:~ .c:Mmo]ogi Ctl:] theerymixes the eI.eg,<iJJIiIII pr-ed~ctahi~,~ i~yof IEinswi:n's ther

"lf our what dales it mleanl?"

__ l!<Ste U~uid, Unlver8~ty
III

"'Tl1.e Inairti, ]lrob~e'llJ.~w.ith COSlIlItOk)g::l is s:~nllPl,esize---1ill'u: ofj'ltH one: 'l1I1Il]'I1el'SIe," .lm.w:!. s:!Iys."lf (j!IU' universe i~m~.l1lS;uB].'\vlmt does ~t me'3flll?" Thle uln~ver!i'I!i~jhi unllUlsual, question Ilmdersccnes
jillst

how

~fj,1.1lI!ch ,OS~ C

ory of gravjt;y wi,t~~,

(If

Oxfordi

moiogi.sts· observe-

t~on:sha;v~ilfill]JI1Qved
illl~he past 2: decadles.

dl ei 1:1. h ere~.nulndo~m,ess ,(I f quantum

cell ani C:S.'!iMiliti ell

wlmic:hilil .1] billionth ofl.:li trillionth of<)IJ tril~ro.l1!dlora, second.the IiWWOOm.l~!li,,'C~ ,OOlil,'· b~od 1Jfl:dredoabledin si~e ] OOtiimes, OVClf, ~Ir,e,tc:hmg eaeh ~Uo!ll-s~ed VO:!W:r!C: tO~hc8i~c
of.1lig!li~;;'1$

held s~vay wh en the universe wa S j ust <I.]iJJ ilmjfiil1ite~i[l1ja~8~eck. So theorists: can pred~ct t}~e sl~ti8tk:~[ or ~'!I~r:ag'(;p!,QP~:1!ties of tho UI1JQV(l:!"$c. ibU!tf!ot the ]~ldiv~dual quirksalld oOlne:idcnees: c~lI~ed by ra:ndO:i!l qt!i<ltimm

t:a'ilio.e· my~i!:C!'·i~~j.l~a'. nijctUi.!tiJOI'IN all those biUiO!1s Ofye~f.s ~go'.. Mor,co'V,e"" alth(;!l;.!:gh thet~~r~ver~~ ill tOifO ~.rly bei!l1!,fini'~<;., \'iIC sec o~dy11 n!1~!:C p~r~of iii. Because the: Un~ycrsei:s cxipa,lldbg and lill:aJtsl:Iggesil'ootl:iat ~he COS'lnO'5 m[gJiThtbe $kev.r~ B~.espeed ofliglnis :f"i:nil~ei~al1yth~llg be)'Qlld ered like a n}fl:,m~f1]'~nn too'Wlp[ck bf 311 'axis o 50 bll UiOll .1:ight'..!ye~lrsI Wily is :ilomning oW so !

\i\lMh:if! 6 ~m)~~"l'one ~'oolnhad fOlUlThda Q~ri· 01;8~iig!~mcn~ of ccnain u!1dui~UCi'r!S i~(he eMS. Others; seen fOil.l!lliidmete c(l!r:rela,tiom
!

8'1!l'I: the ~aplod

"In the past, au frontiiet has !lh:vays beea set by ted:unorogy.: you loou~d<JI[ways bll.iM<l, bigg;er tc]e;s cop,e .ami leek d(leper," ·says M ax Th.,Hl~rk of the M~~s~chl!@ett:s ~fis~jm:~~of Th(;!ht!ol~.y (M IFf) .•"For t:I~ flrst~:me,wclv~ :hi.i th.c :final :t.~ontierm~~ ~ lS Somr. 'O!l'~y :!!!m,eai:luru~l~lJ,'e!1tsoft-he eMU ~ h!f'\l\e r!.mY!p ~gai:!illlt:d~a,t~arri,er: But ~s 'CQliS- ~. mO~Qggs~ lrm:n<:h studies U~:at ~ke ~U~llCY ean ~ :S~ ai> one mel:l~!leI1l.cnl:, other efforts ceufd '~ :::i hit it, tee, A few researchers ddnll:that' the ~

..
WI

'-"

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

.. W:ei~dness ~,~~~d~ ~Wi.lunnll?plSof aU tl~ 'ga~ail(~~S the: unive~e: _

~ I!VIU 1~S:~~lJ~ 1iI1;:;e(J tl;lr
1..I!iI~ii:p~~I1~d

thtlt as possible evI'd:ence that t~1(ll.mi¥el:se Is in f!lN illT<lJ'ied m'ol!.md a sl)fIdial axllis. lfthflt 1WeOO mre,.tlile (mmologi'Cilil prioc:ip~ewQuM go o~ul science, AJl[ ~!'1;Jrech9~: having on[yone Ob5iie1'V~ matter, wfuich ThI~sreve a~ed. ~t:5elf on]y t the win:do~:v. ll1c aJ!~gwme:lilts~re SiU tJl:IC 111000 :Elib]f:~UIl~'iterSe mCi3!IlS that SQ~fil,l.e ofi,t:s qluirb thl'ou;ghit~ :gravity; and. 73% siP<u:::"e~Sh1eOC;h[llgsnmeslliveooc<ll.lSetlilll'lyinvolve' tie' booooesl da;li'k elliler~)1" '\?!'h]clil i.s ct~rre'l:Jitl.y acceleratUlrndrn~tiol1isen the micmwave sky.l.a:nd :says: •• '~Ilem lIIiliTIl fo~everm,ysrtelious" ing "rile e.x:pilJ,1:siio'li1I of the uaiverse (Sa.:,el,lce. "[f ili(;WC ·w·e~emme t.1:iing ,oodlco!il!illQ~og:icai[1., ' thisisww!el'"e; yml'dA~x:pe;(;titro, klick:iJ~I:j' IFimifalre tmillhe (~mlmJon Il!IlnWeIr5e HI Dec!e~.nber:W03.p. 2{138)., Li ke ii, Jiim~.i~1,c1liidri",pa"ver ,ehord\ t~'ieCMB The pmwet Spectnl!llil. ,iiloo ri~$ and dups iii Mi'il'IY<1m skepti:eill"[f you loOk tilt ii. ttl.m reverberates t:iwroU'gh tjnle. The :~:ilifmQfl~C;~ ~~~.~l pl~oo::i, ~e\.'C-a1!i.ms ooll:rgd t~-e::l ri,. B~ ill 1.000 hmv di~d W~f8. you GX]lect to- f"1IIriI:d in the el,ectronHI,gp:leddlto:ugh dle todJ somerbi~gthat:~ unusual ~t the ] ··;iW!··lOOO dh:g:mliver!ii·~. ~:JliIfla,· ]e;v~I,:'WM A P' leOl.derE!elf!:~_ett ~;\j, Srn:l1Ci sus~ct~c eclilo reveal the nCC!lSm'D~Dgy m,aty hUlk like: s tate ,ofthe u.1m!iv(,;lme tio]lJJary theory prc- pcctdlat the: a~ii'O mar be sn illU!~iQn lPf,od~C1 a science! ~ b IlJIltlt isnJt a i d~,cted~!~I(;nanire (I f by an litnfl~C01!.DIlJ~ed 'bi!BS in h(lMl tiIrtJe &~telli~(: wh e'l1i!dlli::: c~,or:d \V;iS \V(I[ks. And I;;V'Cf! rhose wJm !l!i!'i.i(; ~·It!died ~he ~tn~ckiI)M~udy <"!fteil science:" because it's the b1:Lmps and ""'ig'· g~l:;Si.~nd fhe 'WMAP ~:hcbrig bang; llUgll~L'm!!soote ~~at 'e~ct!y hO\'1 UI1ilikd~ fhey impossible to do repeatable A(lcOil'ding; tQcmdI,t~fi:I:~liI~ ~In;::diotnarl!i; appear depends Q1liJJ llnidm :math~aHcaltoo~s w n~se~I:,(lhel:S~1scto !!Jlal.y.ze them. st:m.mllil81liJJj' rel1JJltbie,ory. ti1:e ~i-e:xp'8rime.Llts. prec~scly. S:a.~llC]wN.les, Bc;nneM. aJ eesmeloa:rre mldllii,g: :~!t~riou.'S~y. "'1.v".'Ould! s;~f thSil \vilih ::I s verse POpplf: d ~nt:o -James Gunn, gist !It: ]'Qtu\'llll~op1k.i:rls existeaee .h:lf.i.nile~y bit! More t~19n 99% OOl1f.iden\;le you cams!!)' prjnceto n 1Inwers ity Ullrn'lle:rsity in H@J~H~ t~.lf,ll:eI'S$JOmeri}~l1g slmIDige'.:· SCIn,ww:z ;fiays. dense aad het and ersmmed with ]ight more~ M;fII."Y~!lIld, :fUnd <lind S1100um:uic pmtlde&;" Withi!ll, 1QI ~ seconds, leader of tlia!cWMAP rerun: "It celiii:l~dy WBSiiI .lld5,.St~!'ItiilR filiLlS~DJ~ i~;1;~1 a:tkul stretched ~t ~n1 ~nense~y;b(;lforeit,8 ASSHllliilingdu: <I1risis more Ulan a meaS'LIil;t:mel1il I:lliJjor 'Y'iotory for inf"l1i1iollmy 'GosnmLogy:' exp3I1s,i{l1l sdowed to Ellmorek:]slIre1y Jmoe. cTliUr.1imal neiW rnfiysics,mi;ghit it POll~it lO?nlC hl1i1acioneve:noo Ol.dlh~ temper1ltilillJ1e,oft1iIDe 1!IIl~ The'iDI.is e'merge:s most c;omelf'illatillwe 'expl!lIIrn:ionis,dul!t l11e ,<liligtl~ verse :il'l:lictt:hed space, as!]"t as 11 t<m:t!Jed sheet. Anlid ;t:]llIICcaecphony, however, seientists 1n6l1!1iSeflect COJ:],1Hilluin".ti,on 'llrom some:l1erntly r ~l1d di,tntod to nothing the lL1JJ.l:IWrs o,fc!i:.JiI:ain !~-u-ted OOIl1.e d.isrinotive ~!~l:iIno.Th]:::-s,. :In 20M. Slruift'liI.at e~.thc[ mits orabsaros mOCTCI\V<1iveS. e MH''s Te~"1n1l.rk and Angetic<I de O]~veim~ Rese a.rr::~,er:s 3.1ready hav e ~:of]]te:r out tliii,e Ipeskyp"ilTti:ci,est~IDttll.oO:li":~slS So"liyu.ClLlI:d exist Hllc;roW&lVe gl<lIDe~,1)lmll the di,sk but thm:have never been seen . 'Cosm. bO~l thcrJi at the U nive:rsiio/ of Perm ~'YI- "blc~ulid'" Theb~g blowlII;p 1I.lso ooi~1I.rOOI seeds fi."lil· vania, ",epooed "in Pi~J'S,ic(lJ ~·.liewD tm.tthe tile oft-he pru!ll:!'ty. A signal ori,g]l1li1!tling \'I,i:~~l~in ~h(l R ()ff~; ootopolcpa:tlC:imiire i"ioli;;,r sygWm !might exp'.laJ~l1~he Ol1ii,(jdioilto C ~h~i'~ppl.'esn tb;~eMU. 'Jhe ~:~c:hlng!t'iagni- 00:1~i'id cold ~p[;l~<'l i nedri~lyqlJal'itilJ,m tlli1ttual:i,olls in t~e 8~p of ~.·a}red ,Ii'oornill a.sin,gleax.is .~l.1i:t rui~e the pilliJU;· the eeliptic---.aHhoiiJ,gh that 'lIrouid be fhrmore fuJi!id<llWe!1tt1!lpaf!i(;h,;~. C4t;!li!:i:!llg ~Hght ~rinI~I~ Of! ~ bll~etbaU, MiQooo"'~:r,Ulis axis llppOOtl\\ ]i1k~~yifdl~ 1l?>i8,rnf!~fw.ill~i t(lt~Kl axis (lf~l~ ~IP q:~adr1:.ll-. SO~~f ~S~C!l1l~. !lO!: pcrp:;:!7ldial:~iJl'tl() it. 't!onl' in {til dcnshy. M~t~r kg:.'1i!l 1{1CO~~c:~e ~o:~;~!!l(; with .~. ~mn~r .~xb;fo~tIllte hlJiiJotl\ic dWl;er spots! setdmlg ofl:~ aJ sil.oslh]ll,g (ill: PQk. 'f~iD.(':y eiSthnatedth.e dhanCieslh,SlJt tile Su~:iJJa fQrlegroll!¥i"..'Ot:I~d k sc:.1der 1~1liJJ it ~Iigmncnt is,.f! fl~ke at 1m 66, light ~nd lmIltter ,fl!lId1~oodi!:gg 00' tilllY teillpemsou~d(; ·fIt first. Still'k:rn~!fl says, An thclc<i!st U 1~1Utrc: \i'<lida:l:iQI1S, Tl~,esef1Jr,eI~lm.esame v~~atl.C):[i)S A Few momim!~~a:~cr, a:11i~the:r~eam found would! !:Ievea] I'IiCOV,!I!Stl:op1JThysk:~ p~u!ps some cml~eyed by the CMBj which kg:aJ1l sbll1ing IlIDlI'C CI!.UiJefll'l> aUgIlJ!m.enls,The !iJ'liJis e:fmedby d r~[~y biza.Trnform of diw.t. MOI'eo,ve:r~, ~epr.es~'m~gh the c(I!1)]illg un~~~'iiie 400~IOOO y'ca'ns the ijtladliiUjpok:and th(:oc'~~pore lies in the e:l"IJce: ofa f-oreg.r'O!'Nld tm~ the s.ol~r ~'y:llte:m p.~a:n.e hhe solar sysrem,klil(loW]1I .M the eci~ip. woul:dllllm;~ .Ii.lrely oI11ybo'IBt~:iUl~e case ml:lUllC o (l!fiJCI' the btg hflng 'wlilen ]:ig!:lit..:lr8ipp:il1l,g I)m'" ~:onSi: nd e]e!!dtmns. ,comb~lled l:olf-Q:f.I1JilI.l¥aIl,>pa:;.. a ti.e aJlUi.poffimits t!Owru:d.&e eq!J~l1ox.es,. the '~'l) c::osDi!c aiX~:l;, he: says. Stl":!lllm_g,e dI~m~glm,it m~.y ent hyd.mgen a:~OIn.,;" proi!l1itson .E'arlh:s Oljll:lit at whi.c:llli ni:ght ood dlfIY somrl:cl\, c!Cimpen salting for such iii fo:regrOlJMldi To d,ec"]plle:1i the mol1l.ed CMI9: m~p. v,,'Oild:dl pro~ilLbly i!!ooelItmVl:ethe oodiLties. "Tille ;m:e eqlMl~ ]crtgil'l1,:a]] a-ve:r ~'he pl:fll1et" re1loded WM.Jl:JPreseal1chers, hl1~e rut IJOOffll much <liS ,1) G]e~llJn Stark I.Hall 0 f Case WeS~l'::nl Rese l'V ~ cJm:~ces m,"etilat whe.l1l you subtrad R. U\,e dm:a wiUlsi.cal,ohold ca:n be b~;eui.1il'to ~nciliv~d!ll<l] Univeni,tyi,1iI1 ,C]il:JYc[,t1ml. Ohio. [)'olilrn,i~~lik wi~~, a:_gru, 'e,\,:enle,ss,'¥e!~ wi:H1tliLe ~lm.eoiI'Y than pi.~che-$. Any :sp~ef'~CEI] m~p Ci;llml vie:wed 3S be SC~lW.a:iZ QiftiThe: Un[~ tlii,e-srun o:ff'c©1IfSI:::c'f ,miliClfiim:r W1i~lm.tl'an$ ClI]]ed ~:rsily ofB~eI!efe"ldi~il, ~a!rmmlics or mu~tipol!es.Fo]" 1he eMB. the Germany, and co~coarscst,. tJ1medipoilc. simp,ly div~des ~l:leSkyi:lliiID k::'lglll,e:si.1i1i Ph)lSicuJ j~l~:ew Le:{t(!rs. mtomerruu:d coMer lm,ruI'\1\es. ne1l,t t]ne' quadm.'flile pole, d~vi&sd1,e :sky rOlL'g,Wlly :ili!ifoUf. into the Theml,.in 2005, i ·t'\ii!IO' hO'~t and tl.'l(l cdooSfoogtons;andoo on. Oxford '8 Lat! d ilnd: ~()io Magueijo ,of ~ Rc;se~!'c~lC!,sli~I~!cas,uood stre!1Sl~s ofhllnthe: ~ cl!rodi On~!morucg a;l:\d pl,Qtt'C:d tho:milml rl.SCI- ~·IiW1.p'cri~l CoIl cge: ~.'""',fI.Ur··1 n"'w·r "'I"",_ .. U. .-., -- ... _...~-- --~,g...,..- lon@n n;[pO!OC1ed that "" "' __... ylU" ... ··c. "j';"c'tr'-l!ii~· f~" e""~n'ii:!l"',j'i"',"]
p~tit~ms,. is Inecise~y 13.7 billi:OH :years oM. 1JlI:tlIU 1[11n~,[n()ii:s comfieM. It also has to ,contain 4·% iord:unary ~i111E1Jtre:r.;.23% d!l:rrlk Rlldfl<I!uer
a i j.

~. I
W

mo~!c~ l't1~.oapp¢.!1!r to The, WMAP :t,cfl)'[Ithentriedm ~t¢h this be al:i.gWil.ed. wi.th t'lle: ~ :spClctrum. to tile 'pl'CdJicdo1ll.lIs of CO$]ll.o]!o~c~:~. IqtI:!!dru]?ok mind octoPolu apart. Tlf!!!ilXlS(d !!l.!'~i (poles 1iI~11Ir~ed r'li!dl)'li~salrlJlO~tpmpemm(ulalr to tile ~ 'theory. They rou1l:d~~cy ()ouid do juS!: t]n,at'if ~Mar systern'~ I!!OCis ~pole:s rna rkOO b~I.m) a I1Id ifa r~:rollil th.e :gala,c.liC:,clii.o;, pole.. Theyulf~eqlrelied
•

q.~lv.a.l.e.:nt.Qf.:.~ ~.1l~'.C~1 ~'a!tl(J.I!ii...p.eC.~fy[ng 11'0. ...s, , Cl!!ifl:uch M~!l~~ play ~_b·W(Ic;r·or SQilkr.

'.ll..

the ne:,;:t:

tWQ

ha.r-

NIEWSI'OCUS,
'fut barll'ne'r1:0 klffi.ooll.,edgc.:SQMe rn!l'guf:"is G:!Qsmology's Achilles' hed. "Cosmology may Ci\1B so p:recis;d]y tlml the bigw::,siI: nll(ie~inty ]ook like a seien ce, but it iSIITh't a seience," now stem s frem the fad tha ~ we see til e Sa!yS: .l!a:lli1es O.JJmlmiof Pri]1;ce:~DIil Uni'!,llers~iny, m~(l1'Q1;\1<11vesky on[y Qne'~dIJJI)b]e:w~luillle~ for G:!() .. foHndJeJf o:lithe SroIDI survey. "'J\.. basic tenet ml, lLU.cc:rl:ainty c,a]]oo cosmic '!tani!llllcc. "Wc::/ve' ofsl:lietLOO is tilll:!Ityou C<LiIl b repellMbie e:"'Pm~ d ,OOlrn}(: the metJi~n:eme~'~:" BelmneH:SlI):'S. ",I.t\ no,t ments, !lliil:ci :ymtc:aJIl't d.C! thatin COS~1,~}O~.ogy:' Oiheril dOll 'tsee the ,pl)oIbl!C1mJ. ":So mE, the :fhd gOi!lflli!' to ~etmnybi::"treE.'" thtlih¥e emilloililiy see olieHubbk: vol~Jlne hilliSi:'iol The 'g;eQio~ 'oT ,'he (~m!li),5 b~J!1i!1)Jil,im~ed:iflill~t to tildersiagldling: ,oriyou glQO'ffthe screen 0111 ene ~:de, you come To be sure, l'tIaJ1y ~ings!1eITI.'Iinro ·~l'l'Wa~i1~:red. gillll.tnd evoJimiorl'oftt11C 1!IIrn¥e~~" 'f~e~ :says. Bu'tc()~mic Vlil:riaJnoe cO'l!rndlJ,l,l:ti,m,).t:el,y pli:n,C~'l S()lne note th<'!t: cosmic vari<!l:l!1!.cll:' b~ck OJl1l the othe:r~" Teg;THI§k ~Hly:S •. Other:~ will limit hf~vep~'opose>cl'fo,\(;iirdct sh~:pcs or :o;uggcs,wd ofuer sonsof swdies,. suCb as gala;'!.)" surveys. !ncasurom~ok of only thev(;-ry.' ~!gestii;;1!'Mres ~~~ii'!!the '!.'J'lm~et;tnhl'crs,e could be ~piliiiilliil1g t tescflrchc1f8wh]71 the (!If theuniverse ~nd O1I![\oll~ldlheaxis Slo."m Oigital Sky "The~ ~ f~act,tha,t we~can cmliy tlwt Slliu.~y:u~,g~C!if!~yr" None 'oFthe~~'ID1M]i;dng [dc~ h~ bow]oo S~n'{;y~ri(l us:ing 1.! ~3dslllS!1Ier bUl!mJl:s~rd see DAle Hubb~e u[lllume h,a's wi,g~;les,Inay be more researehersever, 1~.QWeV\eL 1'cgm~rk Sind 25~metel" 'l:elle&~ope . !lJ Ap~che, Pei ate, de: Olivcirn-COSlat;;; dmJJg)mil1.Uit'I)!In:u"'el~e,(lliaJshes .le~~~~1g 3!I:'I)I\.'l'aj( • not, been an impedimen't w~thojj]~;cr Oboef'!,\';;Io!Of.'lai 'OOIl5Ir.!!~ilmt~,lf j}!e li,IHic-, 8.vell ~o,aU ~g.ree New Mexiro. te mai:1' Doundersta ndinq the (lr~g~n ve:rs,e wraf$ .afl',Ol1'IUI in .such ;sJwa.y, then tlu!'tcOi!mdc 'Va:l"li!!Jnce 'El""erydTh til ey mH~, il!lg and eVl],lution of the universe," higllll.ighl's, a defi]Dli~:e eesearchers Should see r.l~)~I.mi:cNtillg ci:roies in see in a qU.<J!rlcr Q(fthe ~Il:y a]ld have 5j:'loued. 'fJne CMB 011 op;pos.il'esid'e:s of the sky (S'eirmoe,. -MiGnael TILJI"ner~ lrirn.it to \VI.18:~CO;Hil!lO~2.1 Jlllle, 2J)Q'~.,p, 2~37 )" .~ilI.t none havebeen 8(1 Ill'i.mon galaxies ogy cantell us. "Ihe University of Chicago goml ef ll~lY:S~C,:Sh: to tb1lXIJd. Otl1.'e:rmodels :slIJffur 5,imrl~ilr [piiobl.en15, so far, Theilliopo:sed: ·',lts~.'01Jgb because OIl olle~lmnd,. r~,n the :SDd:e g .4~lIiIu:u:a· I..ange 0Ji11 mlcl:ersmnd l~e basic af:!myingt~laJlth]s ~mm£ilybereUmg lJU!:l, smIle~ling;" S(ynop'tlc S:uJt"V'iY Telesoope (LSSn <l.ll!ll'StD dyna,Mlilics o:lithe: lun:i\fe,~'Se';·'fmaleT' S<lyil" "Cas" Starb~,1IlIl, S<ly.'l, ·'Onthe ottme!lf illland, :Sow I'm ta]ly 3 bilhon, Bytilia.e middte of the ce;liItury. moiogy isalittle d,]fib:renl:. T~ile. eali:s to aeeeng 1IXlJiCO:IJiVil1i:lcd by theideil:s ~][I!1itllla,i'i,Jc been p.ut :ro~~)]e~~ likely 'IovillI.l~,"e s.unreyed ail :~ bil- slrucHhe hist'O:l'yoftlllae l!JI:mvme .. CosnlOlogy 00 " romaril fo:rwhm this Inight bell:e~ll.iugus," In:rnrulbli!ht gillW!;tes £n eur Oi i.JUbblewl'l.une,. says is more akin [:0 ,evoluttamlry bJDllqgy or g=lOl~ Of ro,'![ffi'J, the axi s coeld just be 111 fluke;, ,11 Miclirnel Turner" a l1osmologi ~ a,tdleUni'''mli!i.'ty o~,:y,he !l:~s. ~lwhidj1.fl}se~rolmel1> muirt !limply ,00fChief~gQ in [Iliooift (;,oinci.d!el1Oe p,:iod!ucod by pri li!Illo!\diaD qM.lIn-, !J,cecpt OOli1l1:e fl1JC:tsll~ S:rVClil. Fow exmI1lp:~e;, ~he mmt~uctua!Ii~~j:l:8 it:! QUir pa!rtkul~r Hubfb!lc yolSlilCW&\in~ ,atii:ll to !iti.~; fuedi~bwi;(m of theQry,ofplatltteeW~ic::; does 110't eKplain '1I'~11r' l!lttle,.Mtholollgll Alben Eilillstein ]i:'t'l]sted t.hilt 8eV'cli!Ieontiliflueim:t.s,. the gll~iJAieflClli mas S:e, Of ho\vthe garullxil6 s' Eiirt!!l huproei~ly "God d.or;;~m),tP[~l¥ dk:~"-----':5o Qfi~ 'th,}t iQ~~.- im1l_gt;!8 <too di~~wte(jby hiiJgt;; ~brotJd,g ofd1!fk T~)~dist!nctknlw~~ydg~",o~nihefiif~!'1y .I . ~'ol • .'I!. .;;rs tired 'of hC~ri.Ilg it,---,lhcorlsl~,W1()wtbJi:!lk l~m:J :sprulnl~lguc !.IDIi.V'Ci5C gomgso., IU:~~ •.~n reseflniilern 1[vh:o h~wc C~ to coo:m:oklgy by troce &e i;:v():h;ui()n ~f the dcllsll'Yt]~Cru(!jt!tolfl~, "wry ~f plmly~cs. aJ. i'ield tI'Ia't prides hs.'df O!I'I lis nil!~t.iliillDaking the OOSIl'1lO$* tl~e mda~horica~ cfI(l.f!to,r!loU>ed the bones om:;ea~dwal'ked dliU r[pp:]oolhe ONfJl f1JJnc:!'~'S.because fl~oo(;luclrtgo:r aJm~unpflralldCld IDsmb]~i~. M.anylIDope tloey do ~OIN.'" Stfllilk_nn SII:YS. By far the~mm1l C';{c:itingpossmiHlyis tjl1M ~:h,e Jx]sindicate:s a tM:mJt the l~ll~veI'Se]:5 strmlgeli t:hiOlncosanol.og:is:ts, lin:~e assllmed. FOor exam» ple, tlin:eul1Ii,ve:!;se ,cmdd \vll~p' 'liP stIch "]I: axis if space 111:a:d :aJ;1. ,oods:hiljJe. such :1118 a torus t11imt wmps ~lJonlld and teoOnnechlto i!';self."[f j',on W<I:lilt to explan:n lie tiKis of evil, the easie~:tw.t'liY'Yl:Jl1II,ld betn say t:lm!~toUII.·~mh'e.TISe is,a lot like [the video gilITIe] Asteroids, whereif
measured

remeasuring

Ule CMltRcsea:rclilel:S ~l;fJJye thelenll!)emtllJ]'~ va]'ual:i!C!llS i:W1 the:

nte

aJ~y.Pem8piS.!:Il!il.e hUbkdg,amb!ers. some

cosfID),logjstl'i read too !rte oo;>sed 11. 2: and a 3.
.Inucbm~OI

ruat~olJlJJs. also

s;IJa~d!he

da:r.kr:il:lat1lCi ifnmne~n:!l,

t[~e fact ~!I;mt

w:u'l]
w

OliilC th:un:g h ce~:ta;un: CoslUo~tlgi:sts

nlIffi/1J:rfigure ,out Wh3!t~lle

rilxi:s of evil

s 'lizy

w1~.id.lil1JJ~l,IWlseeded ~tueg~]axie;s, E'\<!Cll WU~~l LSST. Si()lll(;onJmuse ~rudieswmbu:tt a~ll"lihe Ih11litS of'DOsm,k: vm:~nDe,i>S.~!; UofclllCl~o:t dle UniiveJ'Sity 'ofCalifullulS!,Davi!>.

or

an-e~lOon~pas:,<"ng ilieocy th'~lt,. at h:~r S:I~t1!sncmJUy, l'VOuldfl~l] o~~ them to nls:them3!tl.'caUy derive the uJUl:ve:r.oe:. HI don'tlilll:e.1LU'Iex.pllllined
c:oincid!ences,," J;e~111,f1rk smY!ii.'~Gel1,era]ly, 1 vmntm~,:e:xll~a:rurl:ion:'

~o'cc!l.'illcctpaIrl:iCilephy5ilCs dirn:;ttly tolihc Ibirlh a:nd cvoluti(ln (')If Ul.e universe to ,~!r:rive,at' an

]ioget: om;: (01: the, iii X~S. many :say: r,eseawh'ern must pI:C~S O'IiI,e,oncoc,tin,; new nl~k OdU:liS :SUgge:fl[ ]Ook,]~l,g '01.' evi:de'I'J.Cc
I:)tflheallli's ~n!;l~bxy:sm"VeYS <lind or]il'CJ:typ~:i5of

dam. AlTe\v

'e'i.i'Cll

:SHYthllit t1iae~,1.lOS:~Pl,'Oillisilil
beyo:Ilil:CI
1JJfiI.cI

rome oo.y be tto devdoptheoriesd:lat c:!tt~.[I;d 'to

tille'_llhIiverllc" of UlJibb]el,i"(n]mliLes
Ol!lf ,QlM1!(Sc;'/el'u::.e.

tc;Moili'!Uli~ one morn: l~Iro~)I, ~, A[I "gf\OO tI'il'I:t, ~n th~ end, ~ley miiliY ~e,~(;t g:
I<liWO\,dt'~e.i:lixil!sigriif%e~
~l:rl:hijlg. "L;;f~fae(;

ask why the

aJX]S

m~~t heip makic o1[r,e",i!S- :::!i

23 Jl]i~ 20M, p. 4(4)

~
;,'"•• .~., '

:ut N~tu~ !n~gJml~k~ve~!;i,W(l!f!lde~ung f:Of'C"\IlCI:' ~ibo~u oert~:i~,ql!~SHg'fiiS,," Thgm.wrk Sin"." 'We I~oiil'il;gmy Wi3iY1The (MiIJ. (jllladrrupoll:l !~tJop,{~t).ooopllie Il1i'Ia~klheir ~ll'IIiIlletry aili~S,\lj!ni.dil aWiearto Li~eHIP. (top righf),amuj

me ;1iI~

twtlllflll~!ipoles. 1IIh~ffid

(jot'S

1l!ilV(:only Ol1e ul1i[VC'rse" ;;1ind lu~:ps {tJ~h"l:~s ·as·it is.

bll>OMC

~ys

P{.1"-

-A,I!llRIAf.l1 (tID

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W!

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y,

'18.50

28 S,EP1EMBER:2007 VOL 317

Nlo to Ne,xt Gllobal Test olf: A,dvan:ce,dMalh,Scienlc'e ,Stlu,dlent:s

IUI."S,I, Says
u.s,
l

Af~!I"l'f hiffigllill .sir:hO(llI~ StinJIi!!lifl'f111'S;, did po,o:ll'lV 0:1111 IM,S S ffilil' 19 9'~ ~ liii1l@ T dleddedillilot t:ol P'illtlti€ffipa'te i~ .anotl"ler!i@lrshllili to, b@,gii\ternJ lI1Iex:l:!f'!!\iU

'g'OV€lIr'nlme:llt

IiIliI:!l

I,ll [<;lSI " the United St,),tes ]~,gg<ed behind 5 ~I!i:(I~l {}ft.he \7i'odd en atest ()Ihd:""n~!ce:d mathcmat~c~~nd physics, taken by gtadu~Hng
fuJrigh s~:!rLoolst,u.dCli1lt~ftoliilm 16 ,C(}1)nntrnes. ThaJ~: <lg:.~l.i.fU)c!Bu"~ Ad_mi,ll]8trf!~ tioll hss its ''Way: It has dlecirdedn~~:~opl\luicii!iii,'OftIr~1 ha:ppe]!l

the new ~t,. which

CKIWi:S ge.Qmetry. <iI~St\brn,

:1 :2 OCr7 'fl M:S S:I"or fourth an d e ~gh th ar gradess, <I fmut1~.~!'lmde IitHI,clIimg exa~ltil. <I 1l1il:till sud sc ]c.::Jrn,c'e· se ssmeat IBJ:S of [.5'''ye:!l~ old!s. a:nd ilIpla:mled s;~uryey or!lif~tlt~~teDcy. They say tllI<ll! US ..Si~JIJ.d:entsln<lY he i1I.tfl. dis...dvEintage beeause some: TI ..M S.S,·A testt1lJk:ers fl1o:mMhe;11" c:<o~mtrie8 tire oldc:lli" and may hll,ve spe,ci.lI~~z:ed [nm,;]!t'h1l11dl science during the :1 ii.UEl:rP'iU'tof the ir s eeonda ty school yeOl:rn. I:l[i"ulditi,oll, :5~y~ NCES ~~!5oci-

ate; c 0 mmi
office

S~ k!!n.efV'~dcfi'eP~

i.8ko.~",;h O!.'(l

:1!g~d1ol]c!!ilm~aswell a:~OO(;iC;hiHlic~" el~t!'i:dty c ,iI~d mapeti! scm, h c'at and tie!llpcrfrutjUm.~nd

p~te

ill the liiI'e;.1'1: 'Ve1l!l[!)IiiI,

,oU~e resr,

The, N!ui(Hm"",~ Ce'~~el·OI"I6.dJuc8!t]tHll SUI'l:iS,~ f 'tios ~NCES}.~ :paliil: oIHlite U S.De!l'S111!nCillit (!IIF Education '$Inslih~~~ afEduc::art[Oli1 Seie:l1Lee:s (rES)" sm:yl> itis bo\!.1ing mut of 2008 TI·MSS~ A~ BIiiI, :aJdv.anced '!,Iers,~oliil! ftheTre:DllJds in Q I.nteruariena ~ Mat~Iem<lt[C s and Seience S,mrdly g~ven ,qlUacl:rennb)]]y eo younger students, because :it canl fit the $,5 million w $ [ 0 mUli:an price t<lgiuto ]~ tkl.t bll.dFt om..

m<i::rHlge::tJth~' '!f.<lriou;sint~W<41iolOO1'l1 al:!Sie&Sme~ls.'·\!V(:l fypi.Cill~y do net beacht M'ODiIc: allildm"u,IC!'l:r physks" S(n:m~rimc: 'laJst mark a§f)l~l~tJmr;;se 0(!1u.11!iltrk:~.'" year" NCES qllI~tly dieddl(;dfu:)lIO' get !But these ~ffiJl'fli~H1:~OIil:S d:(m~!I: p.a!SS ITI.!.l!8:00r im;'olvcd. end :.'ll~ th~1'I Amm8!Ua, Gc!:':rI'lal'l1)". wiU~critics. TtMSS-A "il!li ~otj1!.~st horse a and Fin!a!l1d hav,(:,::aJrnso dmpped out I1WC~"liC:li,ond:s p$tsy Wang-lve'r$(l1lilI ciQordiLe~diflrs hm tl1l,etJ.8.matl.1e.a:tieB.],CO]TI~,· ml1~OI:'ofthe gl'oupaJdvocaltlllg US.I)arlicirp.aJIfI!!JI1~Ity,ine ]uclirIJ!l: the: NatiDI1ii~~ (luncH (I f C t~OIlil ~da:~s:o vlee lPrt'Side'billt the O=ilirieU~ ,of andPaul Ro s,:enba1iJlJmf'o ulIm,d!!Iti.ouu n Bryn
j

mat:ics ~d:UJCat:ion.She s:ary~th~

--

-~,..-:

~ ==--r::::I!'"-~=--

d1alv.S..ed.1!n!C'aI!OI.'scsn.lem,ll [fom~(lQk~ Lng more: close\1.y flit dltSpopu[ali!oll,."A

is much

lot lila::>changed since

1.995;' she

:!>ii.yS,"S filLldients: <Ire lak]~l g Bore

cials also. qucs.non ,vhelherlhettr:..

oJild~rySid1.o!o!
01iI

g.etaQI:IO.ril:,-<~dc,1lts :fin~8h~ngsec""

dv:mn ee:d

TTllftlm,

who have take n el11l,liL01Iti an d C~

~ ;:
~

M~thC:~I:iiC~d Socuety ~r!e ~:pin aTI1ii~~ ~I:the dep~rtll1e11llt's dcc:is:i.on,. fin:~ relJlar~ed I,flst month. I~y the aewspaper Ediu:at/oJi Wetll'.k. Jrh.e;)l argue th".·~thi.s elite gro:np of sttldents needs: toile, :monilolJed 'bec!llILI.sc:they are ~uost li:kelyto major in STEM [scieuee, tt:\O~llilOI~ 'ogy. eIl6"Jil,el:'Ji~m~and 1fI~;llt~,lematics)fi!eM:s ~n moe:r:JIlye<lrs <I.S OOIll~,l~'liesseel;;!;V<I1ysto mlrn,eas~ ,coU~ge and bee: oWlJethe n e:K it ge]~.er<lltfuoam, :(If lILr'Cbow well IDIl:-y ,nl:~ pl\ep~ring stlllde~J.1t:sfo:l" scientists m:u;1ie'Jm~illcer5.. "Irs inconceivable job:s in ,I. s,~()bal.econ()~ny. Alld1'lhhou.£h to Imfrue ttu:e govemm~m 'i'!<1)u.ldn't fiU~id 01iH dlat tDl11:r't\·' :and e~g:1~th~b'l'.1]de s. slltdenlS have U palitic:iptJ,ll,on." ::i~YSStiinfblid m<l!tlle:ooatici.an IES performed a:dequl1tdy on the TmMMS tests. .R, James Mil,g:ram,1.I1tl.eMberofthe ~igh:5(~hool ~'l'l~lioo ha'!,;IC bl! 1,995, the ~<i;st 1JJd'l{i~oty bOl<lirdUHl,l expects to take up the nQt tiM~ '!:ml,tc~hon\qs. m~~~'l1!!X:~ .S. :sru.d;~u U i8~1l(;:llJt its ].I} to .11October m~Hflg. "'The :to,pcd on~y At!s'tri;;l i.n 3dJva~oed :mflth ~d ] 995 tcstlillf!iS '(lX'U'emely ~ml'o!"'t~t II:!!s:h(lw,~ ingU:'H1u ~ob]em e;dstll," he: noros,. '''hld the n1nkoo d~ild lftltili!l r~hyf!ij~. Plll.nning for 20018 '[INISS-A beg~u. ~u ,o!lly \iIia_JI 00, know ~f\veh;: Ilti!;:gil1inifti,gtgm:!'~' 2006 IlItthe Mfsing ofNor'V.I~y !lind S\l,red~ll, thiIT.lg!!)~rOlu:)mdis by lQoki~lgatn~' da~ to 5!Ce ifwe':vcm!!!@ ,!In}!pro~reslii.," Allho~g1~ lG C01J~ilv.ie:ii paftici~!!ted i~ the fkS:1 te$t.'!)Il:~ Iliflilc-the~'o! pro;pon.e:llIisp!ij.5 In defi,;":~lding thClf deci~io:r:lij.NC'~S Qfn-· lluss.i,S!~rnm[Y: t~u~'N,et~~lCrhnlldls:, k)lve'l1J~~·m:fI. '0]1113 Ilolle that tlilley !I:re!l~lre~dy SUlPP01l"tUIlg S Leba]ltol1, mul ..Alilnen~a.--h.:1!relXl!l1lJi,ed up fo]" int;em<lltional. ,::Isseti:smelltsstlch a1l the l\eg~1"

phy~iC~i OUl'!i!6s-is oompilii'ab~'e C a![QLiild~le\wtld" i),Wf m:mJ!)Y ~~adi!:f1ji~ 'th~ ~:n<1:thlii'" ~~<'!liJC~. ClommunHy bel:iev'c that the Admiliil,ish.atio1J!JJ opted ('rlid bee a~.HH; it rea:redf!noth ~r PI)or U S"pcrfOI'.f]lUcC wonldrrefll,eCl:: bad]y O!l1JJ its s i.gn at:l!.rre e diIJc,~;tu011. IIlmgri"llln. t~,~c20r():2No O~ild~Lefl: 8eh~nd Acl:" WlThi[,e ~d\l'(l(;are5lo:fthe l1e~t:IQ()kfor ~M~~el: SOlt~rce~ offrmdjng., Sci ence ~ll::l!S ~ea:rned [hat the NAtian:d BO:E1rd for Bducatioa Science:". which BdvI.set;[ES. willask for a. :rev[e.w of ~lite diec:i:s:uolm,nextrrtQlIth, ,ln~e·mil,t]Oi~:l~l~e·:i>ts~mvl::' ~"'ro~ifern~:ed in

math aJnd science <IUdUIO;re AP [Old vanced pi acem ent] coues es, aml.d 1'.~M:SS.Apmvide:!> u!>W:it~,l <I !;\ltmdcrf~l.op.'Qrtl]ni~ to eV!llmdc their ,p"tf~tm'llil;ee. ]f l1!'e don't G:o ~t:~O\\t,\~'~]I,OKC track Qh~ ,~'tire genern.tilOl1 ofJ)eli'ltiTI '6ffutl$~"

AfOOt NCES bo\ved o~t, Qflc:']_

fIt

ci~b;

the N.ni()!m;f~~ S~i~;i'lce FO'I,l!f!-

dadcm (NSF)
'feflchCI:i!i II)fM;aJtllemB!tlcs; Illind t'l'le Amer.ical1

asked the Ed'IJ,ca-

t:i():!lall'cstilmlg Se:rviClc (:E.TS) in PrnnCe1!(Hl~Ne:rw J,ene:y. to propose Ill)w ~~.\!'\on~d a.d:minis:ter T[MSSBA. ETS:'s

~ppn::lI.'adlalso "!,\'I'(l:J!ll.d hll\fiCl~id the foun$,t:km

for aIOTligitu.d;~m;llstlldly ef'tbese advsneed .. IHllIth and seienee :Sludieu~ili.Btu: th~!l sammer, NS.F off'i.dal:s d.ocli~1.ed toimd t:l~.e:pmI'lCis;al, dler 1.'ev~e-W'e'1'S raised qJlIeJJ!ltLOOS albcmt the t!lr~ gel pq:m[<Iti.on 3.mI.dJIITS'$albility tni_prove 0I1iI,the: d:i:SOliP:PDlllii,tin!11:]Y ~O'I1V ]evels of" U. S" pllj,'"~
tici,p<ltti.QI'I wn time [995
nlOreWQrl:i;.tol1eso~,ve those

test ·'Wetllili.'l!'ii'e to .:illo

:isS;lltes." admks

lETS's Midm.el. Nctt]e:s;,

Mi.cl1:liIic.1 Martin, co-director (If tliIDe Bcsten College-based ceutee that _,lInilges theil,1te!tm:ti,()I111.1 T.IM M S~A as,sCSismerrt. 8:ays

th(;: Sg'iQUP i~ on scbt'ldlll,c

to .iJdm~nts.t;cr

TIMMS-A In(lX,t: s'fingimlp~ni!e~pwt!1ge()!l1intri~ m:!d'li~jjo!1the re-fl~,dtsbythe!~Jtill of2:0(19. Almi)' el'iJall:lgcof hC.!!irl by U 8. ,0 ffi.ci ah;~ '~c adds, 'f\fl)~l't~dt:er~h:a:tti1JW!:e~'Fa!Il'!C:, .,,\Vf,: ~re :s~d

th;:q:llhe Uf!i~~ed Sta:l(;~W!.1~?tbe p'![ftki[pllt]Ilg," Ma!iltli~l ~~.

1ll.!!l.S:t

":Bl;tt

;U SQmc~oint[he

~:n,ip

sail."
-:JE!F·FREY .MlEiRVli5

I
... R~diull!'~IilJI:Y'. AI~!)silfi~-~~s!)J~ "spa\~ Sllilif"~.I)!Dl~ "!IIIIIII, ,al:sewra'l p'rr'ecauti(m~ lIl5edto pwID.QIimrrtoors f[OOlI Ih~ d(lad~lieu l~tOO~l1liSilllil b~OMf'el.y It';'lii'l .: ~.Ilalb,

highe~t :~cNcd. sed to StllH:ly tllIDeli1lQ;~1: u dJ~~~er~

s]JIpporl'tt w~]] also -f·4'" "" ,..~,_, .. __ ],: "'iti~-,-.·· ~~ l!iI,g sites wi.n$, apliiiili:1ed $430 million BSL-4 Ilartional ~grn- biod!!::f~!'ic I fIb f!,.r~dedby thG .Dep..'1!nmeI1lt of HOlU11CIand :Se.;;~rity. So:mci1l1lIecdol,l:;; d~sca:;;'c expcrrswerry that: pubHc h,y~te:rif!. fueted by watclindog gmu:ps over eve1liilrel.8.t~'IIdy mi[iLor labisciclem s willparWICL'\I.ically In a1l:!e~l hamer~o
]~h'i':.-·: ... - ..· - ""'10 ;':i- '\\Ihi-h ._~ ~y. 1 ... 11£-"'Y1I .... _11;; ~n. 1:: __
(;I

O]JIS pn1li1:O£,eng, COHnm,l.ur!lty

i~

,~OSAIFE TV ElREAC:FlIES

estab]if1:;h Uuei!l!1mmiIJOSiphe:re ftn~st thetis eS:SEfIo tialte fnmloo,q; ~sa!fe: ~alb.''To :r.i:lll:!1; the Ibd~s al! mild br.ing il)llt'l the :fI.,:ietrucks. 'is: eeunter-

A,c:cid,ents ,SpUlr a IClose'r Look at Risks ,at' IBio,defe,ols,e Labs

IFaili!)ii'1i!l ~ irel!)o.rt ~ B'{;U'ltJl,U~!fIif~diOi1 ,a,fid Qthi1!Jr Jii!iliObleilllS artall~ltas m ic 1!0brii,olo g,~sts Siea~dili ng fo r ways; t:o en !ill!llr@ :saff.!'t.y,inidl pllil!bl i,(tms,t'
An Uj,uC::';!Jorted iinfechon wi,dilii] danl1]omus IPll!tho~en and otlil!elr hies !lfe:!~ breaches <It .rl ueXilliSuuiversi:ty ,1nre ftlei,ingfl~la~~,eflldy heated

univ,e,i':SUY

pmdl.wt~ve~"says v:irokigigt C.~3.1lenoelIlPetm'i> ()iFthe Uni:Vlel.'sity o:fTe:x.m! Med:IC:<I] HI.';0Jm:JI (UTMH) ~nGahlli:stm.,. Ih~ltil~e ils rOO1mL fm: ]mwrOVel1il'1Ieu~:. he adds: "Onle o,f~I~ebige-st pmblcm:ii istnnilsparency. ,I think '1"i'e'n: £ilU ~Qing to have ~"O let past t1tIit:,j
1fi~\IIi~

To be sure, blios:m.f'eI:y has cm1fliC mi.tree will e'XEIJI"I,line' the recent <I:ccide-JIilts<lind tbe biooefense bUIJiM~. The scrutinyis seJrn&'ii.ngiIi,l:lI]1ors. UJir"Q[I.~h 1
un:iviC~.sity ....dim]Uisml!tD(S

Ii [ongW<1Jyill

the pm,tfew decades, Befere dl,e:n,. "there

d!eb~te' about ",afcty at u.s. biodetelilille 11Ibs. Thcpl:\ob,lcITIs ,1ItThN:!lS A&M Ull!li\'ersity~'n cone,~ StI,ti,OJ,l ,which, ~,edtedood ,officl:<i!~,S:kl sh;ul dQ\'i,ifithe ~i1Iir\fI(lmity~b,-iod,eteme m~6iu·ch 'll~ig ~:m~n~rt>er. t;g[~!lJw a ~Pi!t~ ef i)!Oci.d.~t.lh;~t (ilthcr U.S. I~b~ ]~, ~l~ past :few )'C~(l,. They ;fl:]OO

lind ~Jm.emicllob:iol-

coir.cidew]th, the acc,Lde!IWt~~ release ,of foot;1!oother·s. :m~strll~. ~!ld-]i!'U)l;l,t)viro:s[miT! a! ]'Cscarchil'o\1,C ilityin ~~e Winliil.i~rlg p;u.:M.~c eonfideece could de:tcrUntwd. .I{].Ilgdolll.l'hatt has =-1~ow~,dle p01lel~tiEl~ lTI!~lI;;W~et~ler ~nli pl1O"posc:d !a1bS,5uch a,!; ecenemie d,e'll';;!!st()tiorn t:fuJ,~t 'C()J]1i, 1l"C.\iI,l~~' ~f,a ,one being !built ]nm3;OiSI.():rl. \~fiU be ,fu:]lOwoo ~o Irflthog,C:!!JJ e$c~pes,. These events a:re brillging 'opem~e ~[bilos,>e,cW"~~Y' level 4 (.BSL4), the
new urgc:ncy to ill. 'quc!>tkm raised seen after the United S;nu:e>began
potul:ing, mQlI1e~ :in~:o bkldefense res eareh "J~er t~l!f~2010 ~!I~~.rIi~.ra:x.. <IlliIilckl;: Are the.natic:lJil.'S; bi.odefeJrn!5e liEJbs safe e:rlO11:gh?

l!;ml"~irng1;vith how to bo,th cmml!e safety <1!ndpin the: ,pl~blic's l~~. 0JiJ,~ id:ea. tlfider di sC:W:5iio:n is <In i.iftlonymmts ~Mion~!] ~;r;t@!)t ~1J~rt~~~sY1ii~1:lth1!,t W'(;Iiu~de1ni~b.I~~!'isU:h!til."!lS tol~am trolUl QfI~
'0£)' Oa!TIllll!IIJIl~ty" 'Ivhi.'d"li:s

!i!(Crel1J~1I. whole [01: 'Clf"ru~es,ust a lot ofcom~ j men sense' about h(J!;vtor~11 ooinfectro1!lS disease ]a:h. 5'1i:y:s virol,o~st Chmr]e;s Ctlli",her ,of Co]o·:moo Sm.~e Uli'l,remity ~n fort Col1~IlS.\;!,llrn,O s~d'i~ bfoMfety {j,ffie~':.; Mfiiw mes~g,e\~; "I.i"~t ~l;]!t cig!ltICUc 'Ot~:;t:Ii@ ~1()11Cf!K'I~~'~ pip~tilTIlg;"'FbtefS ~.~M.E"s, U~!::~",~~~d:!w~~\nd"iof d~t ]~'b-~q!.ll.i1!Cd intbct:k.m~ bu;;;f~the ~97~,.\'i'mil ;Iab 5 begaJll ~ll:;;taJ~~~:g hl)ods.fiih~elds ~IW'~UlliHj

~Oll·l1li&g.es. ,mHjJo'lher .safie.gmlnhk ~1119M, ~l(:

U S, NaJl'~'()llal!llii>titiU'l!Cs of II.caWth (N ~H) ln Beliesrla, Maryl;1I!1~. and Cen.te1l'.l!l Disease for Contm~.a.1~d.P.reve:l11iti.oll (CDC) :~n . Athl:l'~tll, (h~orglia~. produced l]~efirst Cld~tLO:I1 ofaguiidooook, c;SJ[ledBItJi-'t(ezy in
M,ic~l(Jbiologic(ll(JIu;I1Jiomedifill .i..aooralfJiJ"ieJJ: (8MB:1.},. thai peeled

"PI.""OpoJ1lel.llts insist
de<liflsjj;if'czyrecord.

there is

;<I

That h. simply WliOng. W]th oome Ii~el:a,ts,. t ~ could ~<I'!1ec-:"ltas~phrnc; censeqaences," uys microbiologist Richard Ebright of Rutgli!'Ni Un~v(;r~ityin P'i~c:at:al,li'a!y, ..~Jcm)'j, ~ critic ·of N~ th.c iIJi:odeR:il's~exPfllml$ion.
AhlLo~!glloth~rsciJ~Hlti:stfill~rj bio::l~fcty C1<:pcrt~ the ,extcn~ li;ay sive b!'''eakdo.·\iili~p~oecdiUros, OiIit

:re;se'<urchern' experiences C1Jud :is ]ilOW Cl0I1:suderm the Bil)~!eof:sa.fety. Oversiglilt. became strlcter <lJftte:r 2(){nw~~,enfed eral 3,gen ~ cies beefed up (I rc!;!!tl ;.u~'Qn. B!'!!(@lh~~ro5' ca]]ed the se]~-Ct~~ge]JjtnJ:c, fer 1~(': ha]!J;dli"g ofp~nmgc!1!~ such as Olllilhr;i'lx 1l.nd the Eboh. virus M\i:al :1l!f1e PlHc:l1Itiaii tli,ow~llIpon::o. T~iiI:c rl!le req H~!\eS'tha~:I~b work- ~ '.~ de erg ge:t aJ sceu.li1ty clc~r1i~c!t'.i for "iiJil"O'i'ld~;!l: thcfOt!g~ly cHiii, 80 seteer S:

i
... Sl:

Texas A&M i~~ro(~flb]yexeeptiona.I,~h,ey Ncxtwe;ek,a

'lQQ 'i¥Oirry

~g,en~s ,wild
1il1flt [alb

~Q!\'\.ill~;

that select·of

thai

Mfilly

~gen1: labs ibeinspect(;d and ~. wQrk'crs lo-mderg:Q tr.f!]Il]Ilg,; ;lnd ~'

'CXpOS,1!Jtres;

i!lildde:IJlJit:s a:regij]llJg:

um',epQIJi"~ed,

cOli'!IgH~ssional.CO'TI!-

select agents

IM'~ reported

~Ildlos ses

to ~,

i w,

'18.52

28 S,EP1EMBER:2007 VOL 317

CDC. Aboilon 14,000 ~eop'le ,n 400 labs now fu!t1.vc 'de()I~8gellt ~utlm:i]2'.ilrilnll. 5 To. date;,lhe mostserieus bio:!>ilfelybreeches :iim,jCoccurred ourr.side the IUnited StJ:tecs. SUdl as several SMS ~lreGtio'll5 ilill Asia in 200:1 and 2100iil· tlm'OlIt: i 11.led one r'Cs:earohe:l' ;@indilll.ftected k Se'<firnWpoop]e ()'1!iI~sj,dethe 11lib i11i1dfie deat~~, fll o lltIS~,11i1, bib "'~;UrkcrlhJiI1:1, Eboia ~il2004. And somepote:liili,iJ~ exposLlre'~lIch as iirilllim1li~ Ibi:oo~. If!.ced~e::iiti,ck~,. ilitld glave t,e,llr:iir-,lll'e

IOUl1a.who OVierSfllW b~o:l'mfc~ilI!t,cnc 1:1]1 the I 99 Os;. I~t as added to SI)CCILlIBltiOOI that more h incidenta ;f1re~l'tb,e~n;g reported, ll:!IJJiliumond

has used Oil' e'l1I~fec,ords req,ne sts to d~,!1J p u 'l!X.aJmples. of,e;qJOs,11ues, equiprneet ftl.l]u:res" and oUiler: near-enisses <It va.f,~o:u.:s bJ.b:s that "verenj'tpllbli!c~y du~c!CJ\s~d..He s<!Iys~hc)l sug!!Jest ofheitsig:iWifiCOiJil!t ml:sh:ap51lre h]dd!si'i. Rese:ar>ehel's i'ltldbi.osecurity ~pe'rI;s say

2()03~ thel;n IS I,nspee,t:o:r 'Gel1lel'llLl. as :~ev']ed h fine,s ~:a]1J,ging from $12.000 to $L50JIOO on niae re!Seru'c-hinstituti'ons, .1l1d! COIlup<l]1Jli!csfor beeaehes sm;li1I1 <IS una.pp:rovll:-d :se'l.cct~9g.ellt Sh~)Mems.Te:~as A&MI is facing fines as high as $5ijO~OOOjior eaeh vi.oIJ.1'ltiOfl. N:ol pub'lic me:IiI!:iIi~e
One, point of'.<IglJCemeJilit OIJIl:CIM,g ~,llost scientists isliho1Ul ~m\~et scarythese illcicl:ei'j~'s SOIlitOO.-

i~ewi'tfl,bk. U.S. bfo!la.&ty ~';ii;;ports:say. !Dl:l<l of ~he~~'O~t rooont a.cddems occmTCd~n the US. Army MedliC1,jj~ .Itcsef!!"Cih l~tirute ~flIt~bcti~us
Diseases hill fOrilDemc:k,.Mal"yl:~nd,.;;:.jhere a \"lI\orirc:r was e:x.:p!I)&ed tOlllie Ebol:llJ virus but didn't beci()meilli¥fi~,cted" OthCf'S (see table,
,. 1252)1 i.lm!'V!)[ved Sihip!liiu;::ntl'i lOW

serious infecticns \.,'OilJld be dii.fficuh to :iThide fu),m CDC. Butoorne ~~c ~~I~ is, prw@.b]y l!;ilderrc;~l'iI:ing of'mHd i~lf'C!:!1iOll:S and pOf(:lrulii,,)] 1~,POSU!ro~:;. 'WQrkc!1i~":h;o ma!ke f! m.istake1Ui!1l
,ofte:rIc:rrl.b~rr~sedf!l:ld 1U!3J~rfear alil.geringlheir s'I;I:pel"V'isor. aJlld huNmUlOllswMlI'Y ~boll!,[lthe daWl,~ge to ~h(l~r n::p'lH~Jt:it1l~, ~y& RichmomL

the

illelltiOI1i ]!'l

IT!ovie:

of8bQ~iI, virus o(n~,u~s the :1 99'S (Jutlnrt(lk~fm: e.,\<1I11!lp.]~d1e [l:L"k tO~le

vcry!;on"vfor most :p'I!tnogeJ1s,tbrtwo r~~W!18. Fit:\!l, dl0ru: oo,\'ebooll no kOO\lfl1.envii, [~ime!il!rn] ~s~p¢Sl-h:iim BSL·4 t~b~8ill!oo~]e efldy 191808and oraJyt\llioworkers are ~]!Q\IVTI to

plllMic

p!lthogensla.bel!cd nm,p~thog,e!IiD!k: ~11I!m U~ITIe;cl] OUIW fue '!.I'irl!lll.c~itnUl!t ~ap:pe:llledwinh ~uhu:emu!l fn~ostlJn Un[ve:r~ily ~n2004 .. wi:Le,r,etJrn'ff:Jf:: wo]1'k)eI'S 'Were ~kde:dJ. fie incident was reported toleeal nutholikues and l1I1latIDe ~blic o[ll.y afte]' cl)e]<1Ys,. <Lddi~!i]tQ cri.'licDsnl·ofthe pro-pOiood .Bos,ton BSL4 [;'Ib (&'i:e,rce. 28 Jan.lI!1IJy' 2005, p. 50]). The mnob~r:;lw~s ar'Iesas A&M, .IDIowever.m<'lly be the most egregiOll~ tt'!! d:Mc. Th~y filffit tl,1f!.il~~d in A:PJi11;"mml! the se~oo:~ lb<c'hdedJly rep~rt~d 10 CDC th..Jt in Febin,ial)l '1 2JI06. ~ \l,cv~e:r '!;v.i!ii~f'i;:(;~(:ldwith Jj'rj«:·~U(JoocW!'ia apiU;h()§t;'l~com~~O!l :i:iil Uwe~liOclk. ~l ceuses fe'l,'Cr d aJlld faItlgl,[e in b'lliuna;ns but: is rarely ta:t!ll TllllO :u~lcidfnt~like' lOO:l1IjI alh~ ers, ,\Va::' bm1!lgh~te light throlLUgh IrnbUc rncnms requests. by lIEliw3[d II~nl.ond oift1il,e unsh illePro~ S jeet, ~ \'\!,SlJtchdog J~~1JIJ!p Austin, in Pro6fe~a!tiion •.Crilicsa FIe' wo:nri!i~daoout 'lh~p(}~GiIl'~ai I,or llilliectiiOfili5 aillldia':&!:ilP~~tb'iosaMy ~e'll'e1 (B:SI~·4}lalliS {five exi6lil1l,g. a 4 ~ 1!ex~.III June, dte~:~he Slms~inJI:ne, .atsi:( lea~ plliil~'IIi1IG!il} 84 @xi~t~lIIga!l'ld new BS:l-3: biJ)dle'le;n~ ~~b~a.s loom~~lM h~;r:eIbyli1l~Srull!l~ilile .Pmje,C!:. andl ~ .Proj,ech'ei!J'DrteddliaHhme wotkus: !lave become ~nifuct:OO. BSL-4! hlbs" bOl:h arLtin ~ .ml<lid tested 'Jrlositivefo,r ilInti~bodie!s to the "Ws been ilp1:'Obi.e-J1m, ill long tfune:"he s~,. tor .1" ~ 1Qf7e\~[":pB!tlnogen, CDC ~hut:dOIli.\i1I U of'fe,x:as .a Supporl:ing that SlIlSpi.clon, CDC, which 11>8JS sideluhiCUni1m St!lt~s.Wor!re:rs have 1l'i.aJl\y~.9yo .. ....-. '. .. ers QfprotectiOili]I,~u;I.l!!di.ng positive1Presstl.re reeorded <lioout:2{1 aoo~d.entl1epo:rts. <I yernr:silm;e :t2 A&.M.'s sel.ec~iI~;el.ltt \Nmk. WIli n,Aiu:gu""llilili'l'C,Sa "Is,p!aq;;!e its,'" <IJI.-.cllreali,l£t]im limzrnrds o:fwo:d:~ w :i ti~r~tiQ~ C.DCi~~pec~tm'sfo[Uld <I diozen se~i~ 2004. hasrecehrc.d 32fejJorts :5i'Il!:'e ,AiI'li.ri I 2007. 9 , .~~ ., .'1.:1'lJn:UlngUfmpprol!o'wexpen~ pG(!isibly becaase Qfthe PlID,I[c~ty WOllit Texas, ~ng wiffll.J~th~!l'Is studicdil~1 aSl,4J,rn,IiJ.s" fur U OlUSi V~QLIOI!hO!;liiI;IIilC \.,mn,ch.by det"~li'li'QJl. Olf:OO mif:: no treatme:lil.ts. MM, suys. a 'CDC sp6kiesper5Joo.,. ~m,ems.lost smuipl~s.imllrolPm" safety traiill~g,. Sec oau!; ev eni f au iilg.cnit studi ed ilia, ill ~t!dlab'!;.V()(fEIN\\titOO!iJ:~ se~eO'l-1l!oot 11;lW:iholl-' AUoo.h tl.e :ffi!lI]tipl.e protocol \iiol.filti()l~ B.SL·4 bib did esc<l:pe~, most withthe exeep1lt Texl1~ A.&M m,~y he the exccpti.on. less ~ ~JtiOr! (Science, [4 Scpro!t!ber~~. 1481).. ~ Some o,bsenre.J!"S ~l~ggcstdle (~ fever O1Iinti- ~~:cnmv(:v:ial.ati()li18:~rc ]!LOt.A 2006 .I)ernll't~ non ofslllmil~]pax ~whtch ,can Oinly be studied :<iIt CDC l1ule :11.01 ve;ry ITaI1iSllflissi.M,e. A~lt11rID!, bodyt(;~ts\l,,\ere ncra Ma!jor'~ ssue; I'1!OOO ofOlc m~l!It of Health ,find H1IQffi1.lill, SCiI'\,'roC~ {HH'S) doesn't isplf't':1ldpersen to JI6I1iO!ll. for examp]e ... ~' w·OO"k_,erst1cc~me ]U. ,Sind! t;;:","'O were ,!jjDIP~n'e'!lJlUy hilliPCCt'Oii General ,3iuditof securinypr:,occ1 ~ cx,,~~ed be:fbre they}oined the: l.!lb.But the du res f'('l:und that .~ ~f 15i!liishtuHon::;h!:!d Eballl and oth~ h~!I1i(Hfrhag;ic: fevers rimt ~'ll<,!'!,i(l killed ~l.lIiOOrod~ Africa cw"Od.d ]]ke~y ]iI(!vcr in d:oo~ ~ Bt ucc.Ua ea!'jC, wh~ eh h appl\\i rile dw~cn ,1} ~'se;!':iOl~~\l.iIC:akt'ie!M,es'· ~ch !:ISi!lfih~¢kcd ~ worker ~eaJflled i~~oa~ln~r{lool'ch a:mber to ,a~ldlftce~er$ a'ndlaxi~ve-r:IIt~~y ~oolrdi~, Jane1: cauSe; an (ititb!'cmk ttl Weicl'ler!!l!, COUi:'ibic~ bCl(;iH~C hyg~ef1;e~!ld ~\cdt{;!ll tfef!~!e!1ot8 arc ~ cleaillur. ill,aJ dear v[dla:tioll Qf'l'laife [P[aJctice:s; Shoe.~ke':u:. p~bHa affa:i:rn dil:~ct:or for the: Ameri~ll S'OCt~ty for M i.(,'iI"()!bi.o:~ogy .in '\~slin,· so much bene r;, sa".sPeters" (Hie al:~(l' not4.;:S ~ The ~1l;aJlllber sffiB,Quftd IiI>fIYe been dClCOmi!tflmiingJt()]lI, [),C •• iPo~nts out t'h,f1~ scbo() I 1>, h!l!'\I'C a t~la!t m~ny ~teC[~ge~l~> 8~iCh a\5 a:nthra~io;;.artier) ~ ]l]~~ed wItfu g~s f~I,,~t: say~ J om:f1th.alil. ~a h~ •. R Qliel!,/\er.occll1i (;'Ollu!liJ.cm:ly In I'~:tum'~, pOClp,:le so ..,m.ml~ a. cm.1SlJ.I.tallt:IWSout.~PO]'l. Nm.1h Ca.r~ strolrlg I:Jm.0e:IWHve~oadhere to 1~e rules.; sil,~.()e
j
0::;

~,jl·

NIEWSI'OCUS,
can
ge.t

~nfecLed.w~fholl[t

'CQ1TI:dlliTI,g llYW~:lIf:N~ m

:rI,ell:ra ibi!oo.efll'mse:iaib.) Some sC:L-entistsfllnd biosaife~y experts are mOle woeried about wi,slks ",t BSll~3~!.Ilhs. beeause the stulldards 3t: thesc:::I,nbs are nat ill! smn-~el1t But even moot oftoose P<It~ID~~I'IS:wi:th fue e,.,;,c:liPtioJ1of SARS.~I"!,fiall "influen;r~" and ~'918t1u-lIre not 'Very co:mmuuiclIble" ~Ildm any ease vlli.Ccm.es atidl mti;et tTIrei'ltmelltl5 O1I!l!e<1.V.ti],II'b1e. At trl,O'Sit, 8ii1:Ys ~nmC!:iQ'1I5 d]~aJs.c ~'i!odeWerlra :lon,gi.ni. of'the U~i''''{J[::;,~ty of Wa:'ii:ITI!i~glg~l>Se'l,tde:. Utile!le:'Ju,lt coul,d be ,01

'flilLcl:iL'J's one fact that nooody disputes: The risk 0 f ~.cdde:uruls,n b~OiSi!lfetryhlibs goes i up wit1'a, ~~]emnnlrer Of,..\fQrler.l>.iFor HnlElt nrnjusl tllliQ!ie wO.lfkrn.!;l,O'rt seleet lIgel]],ts,,\\VOtdd reasen, w<IItchdog ~;r(nlpS OJ.:u;J,d even SOllll:e be:i:I"Mipec::led a.litd the:y\\fCltd d be I.·eq;l~i.red to b:iodiefbnse researcherslamem the hJ(;..k ef foUow the, :same oi,e[aH~lgpliocodll,I11;:iSL. Om:' a,li1I~~:ysi$o:mJlwhclhe~," iI.1]OfUUl six pl.<IInneili 8IJppOrier oft~mi$ p:mposal, biQooerui~ ec)tpe'rt BS.L-4 andh1i!'eJ dozerl.new .BSL ..llb]oAntl~lo:nyDell<li~POl;il1I, ofGee]o •• A(~strali.1l, defense ]111083ille!l.c:tmtlly neCeSS;1LTy~o pte:-Jayiii' Ule, P:itl,blernll,o~l!i' is: tbat lJMB! o,ffer!! teet t~el'l<lltiOl'ifrO]ill biorern).,TiSITi (see ma:p). '(;Itdy general gJI~d'n]ce. Others. s1!iIch <IS, Says Gr'OllvaU: "hi tll:ere too much ![b;io'Wi:thollt seci:ng t~~eph~fl BOiik~y.s,,"l;1 i.n~~tul:iQn!j !:!e~ ne.~ibilil:y. 'espec"' def(;!'!se reseerc 11.]1' ei a Uy tmaeffi1lny SSt-·,l l~b~I;:~,O'Jit don't do of IJictiOM!I, it's hard to S<fly,"

A ~uoml<l!d1calide!l is t()i~:~rKure th81t 8:.5[...3 and BSL-4 labs be ~.kcnsed by [fue fedf:mm gov=,e~.1'm1!ellt.111Dsv.~uld me'ilu 100.1: d. these ~albs••

hmldlful of cases aInd maybe dca!ths:~ A!'!~~~~ biocl!cfiil:n£!(; ex:ciCpt.ion !s:foo~ ... lld!.,mOll<t!lmdi.~(:ase. ,\'!,4~kh a
doesn 'It:infu:ct ~~ll!JJ,!a._ns i!ga is e~tf(':l;illdy OOt]lllt[!,o b gious amO:l'!gmllm~~; '~le 'escape the IJhimd K~.Il~dom wnk:h has been tied 10a~out~Jt:oo ..

'i!li.,()lTk

"l~CEtYl!!

~:S'ER.

IEC'!'JLD-GY

eflliuc'Jmt tt:ea;tment sys~em~l;!,IOt~~dIitIc ILtIlJ~ilrel.:f ,~:o, eecuras ~n01i~:m,oderu faemtilf.':s i.n the

KCHtl1 NS It Iil:IlJISS~l[lllu~y, 1iIJS~el,l,lJPeJ"'dtllll'eS cmissiens from fires in ~a.rohforests .m}Il)SS I soared diUri. a. he<llt 'iMl1,'i~ in eastem Si.be-Jria., Siberia. nowi nadeqmlu:ly diOCUl1le"liD.~edl S(}Oli'es 0 f laJrger~re sflared lhro~gh~lm,e m:col'dil~~O ·.[)cmgl]<IsM cRae. 1I.f-an::'!:s,t"firc .Pi<IIUeJl"SQn ef'the SonthwestiFomlldaJtiion fo:Ji' region's densepine forests, For ,:')00.k~lo~ I-esea[IChet~\lith the Canadia:1l Forest Service . McRO]:t:: Im}~sbeencul:lducctilm<! ,expcri,mClifltoJil. B~OM}OO.icil1 ReSCllKh ]11 Sail Alrl:onio. l'eil!.lIS" meters 1thJQgthe Ai1IlIur.Riv,er 11orth v;.~st 0 f llnke Baikal, thiek smoke bIMke-tedtlil,e burns in C~I13dEl !.I:1lI;d assia smee 1.9991lS R whichruil1ls, aBSL-4 .I~lt W]]derllilcss. Offici;iI]s with RU8S iasfameus pa.llit:oflilfiqJ,ect .f,1REIBEAR. (.F~re Effects 11], du: 5aife:ty dlec:k <'II:iruome fores,t fiJre f~g;1m;tmg sewice, Pw~a.le~ BOifell E1!It<'lt'li,0'I Region). are:s;ao\'lil!ci\i, :Ilr~m So how c~m, buooafeity reiml1lr1:l¥edi? Onapm~OO](h'Viimlla, liil,;er,etr\1lIC k~fi g ttl ewi ]dfi wes ,!iif!l~d a:t !3'mdyillg fO!J~sl·firebeili;~V:IOIr, eeoatan lIiTo.ija~e here ~il K,od:ilillsk. a ~.miin[;i1)' logiciil. elfeds, 'ej:njs~omlSi,~m()~rCyding~ru!id p08a~ ]S an'IMnyilfiOi:!:S. ifi'1;Mdiii" rol)' repor~itll£ ~ystel.n.fur all lillboT.\'iihJty accidents. SlIc,h ,1) 'Of! the A.W~l!U. Th~y rem-.ore ~~flm:l} sYl:lt~., '!,lIQuld e.t11)bk: ].tb8,tO [e.littl from (lIne weretense, TQthcIIDl ('ofloe~ved~ ['997. Ii]JRIj .11EAf{. br.i ngs alf!other"s m~stf!ke~. as dQti](l data Clomp'iled i] :secIDJ'lI~d b lzarre an 1]vi,<!,tion acCidlr.:lU'8 bY~ll; N OJ,d,omll Tnnl!'!~ OCIcs~a:r~h{:;rnl'r,olr! the that a tCia.o~'h1'terpodado!l Safe:t:yBonrd" s:ays:Gigi Kwik U!I t lo 1J1I~ Is cJeut~ st & U 8 .[)cp~!'rtrlJiJen ref Or«JIl~~:~ anile: Center f'Or ni(lsc:c~rily ·of tt~.e hllirl! received. p.e~~m~sAgri.mdture (USDA) For,es'i! Servke: and Uni'll~rs lty of P'itt.~h!l[rghNkdical Ce:Jm!~er siolJ!llloburil a Ip~tc;liD fn B!'!JNmo]"e~Ma]"y'~a~d\, w'o en-aurhored a 10 f n.e~:l'by forc'st, the Ca:I.1i~diaTliForest : ,~p e'l' dlC('icrilitlingth~ s :pr(!lp[I sa[ e~die:r~i$ Eve'l1l Mth every local Se'rvicelUge~ler with Y'earin liJf:tJ'9t:'CfM11)~ {md Bimen::(Jris:I.!1. "Otfu;e.; co~[,e,a.gues; at "I:~]le helioopte'r ;EUudplane i'l'!(j!l!lstries have gonelhrOrJilghthi.:s:,'· say:s m:lIrMIc:ripted to serve SHHll:l<ln branch of Or'O~lV3R lli'he: :!>'YsremwQuld9Il!;o Ca~Ml1!r'e.~:ili t.ir1 ei rthe 1':i g hti.:IlI g the.Russial1 Acad:enlY exp OSUI)C·S 'to path.ogens; not 011 the seleetcrews, ~~~,.~M.iQlrnl:SeJf of Sc:ieJ,u;e~' CRAS's) doltars" worth of N., S1!ika.chev lnsti<lig'ent ]wsi:. Sllcb '"'5 .M mv H~ll.d: t~bel.\cll~oS"i.s. .Re!porlIll.lgtbese ~Q N[H or CIDCi:; :l"iU;1l1Ilil;an:lda~ timberwss guilll!l: up tllite~in KiI"d:sn~'Y<l~~k. tory. Rut;gern's EbJf,ight lloteS. in S1uok.e ~Il w~ld!fires. Safe Id'id.am~·e'. [}oUlgllas MeiR:aec:h@(j~", m.lt a g:arp in As the groul)':S pl'e.Ei:lI.ltSOlmfle m~c]'obiologiMs cautiolll thllt "It's Mot :as.thOlll.gil '1Ve 031 Plirl~ ill)~e~tdurilil,gl .~Ii!,e.:(p~rim.uulllJiHD'D ~:11 V~I!}U~ stlJidi,e~ iH.WC drnml~1 ave cU[):lIgh to O!1JM!iio" C~:f1!ildl~ h :report1llbliei~c:ide[lts slffiourd be vvcll-<lleflned sl:!<ov,'II. extreme, fo'r~ . .Ies,t fJliJ,e !\ystem becmue .g]utrt:edwi.tlit :mino:!" Vi.i'Otl}'a~ol~t ~I.ready,'· e,:St f~te:s ..[,e· gr;aw:m,is.~.1<l!ps.(!PI1:,t:crs.ci.te-.8 UT~MB'sllecefit d.eci~ ffil!s(;;d Olle;Q, Mio/ag.~,n. tihe o'!tCrt~xcd Im:::.a! ing. mo'f,e ffoquCrlt in S~be:rua" Andso]1Ji1J(l ~ion t,o wl.(; m~e, ,1It a conmlunily :group'~ Avt(dooo~ld1ir!!!~:m bOilS. "We'l'e i:ll tQo p08ttiocl7I m odel~prcdlc t th<lt:c'iim ift€: ,eh a~gc W] ~[ :reqll~'I:, !I, lis,! ,of~ts 17 ne~"HlIisSie!i ~u the :I)1l8~ to l\!.olp them if'I:h(;;y ~ose ,oonlliO]." 'b:rI1i!lJ!j d!':mJmat.ic W<liim~!ls,-~ndore fOlfm 5ye,mrs.} Aloo,impolttant. says bio~fu~y [jon~ ,eSit des l'r iactiorl-i!l ,eut,e~ri Siberi II ~nd Si;l{ty 1\\.llo!l1ctern to th~:;''''t:~t ~tlhie c.;:;p>cmI!!lliltHHt W. Emmett Biirk~ey of Il~th~~dill. ,other nor'~crlli) regioliThs.The C'J{pcri~el1~1li!aJ site. a~M!p Of.Rl:I~i,~., hlleri~1\ amid M aryl a.l'!'~~ ~r>o:rts ~~m~kl ~nc:I~,d,r;;1l0~j~:st Cani!:rJi:imf\~e~fir;;lh.cn; hoped t08~J ailes:tfire t~i Ihn~. thePWRlE BEAR te~u~~ hoped. ~: ~ lb1!f~ !m::'tsbt!t~mdr~i s,. .~ CDC ~()W provkbs th<lt would thom1J!gh:ly 'burn a hec;tare ..sLzed '\YO ul d ~ri chi dire C~: 0 b:::·ervat~o!ffil s: bo :: t~'f ~.;:Icctcd I!a'ba·c~i,dc~t~.n hs .~rtaf·hldt{'Y Q;ml pdcThi oflf'lrchro:res~ S~beiia.'is dQlmlili~;aJnt lntU~'less jHlteUite i dfltaJ <"Iud mi. gaps in ~ A-it'oJ'tal'tty f1t1ekl)~.R(;!f)on, '-II ,conife'l'. 'fhdr a]~uwa.s;to q1!.l.Il!ndfy ca:rho:lll the mod.els.
l

Unit:edSulte'~ RtohMond sa~$. .PeI!el'S \!,IOTT.ics t~l<I!t~.e "hy:sferi.l'I ;<Ulldwitch t ~'ll.l:nting'" by people like HcBilmnO~ll.dof the :SllLllshineP.oojed ~s:,oomlip['mn:i::;~u:g s<lfe'ty Iby :M~k~ng ~a,b wOI:lu!Jrs worry tJruB.~ r.epo!lfting IPote.lmti:lI]e:xposures will gCl: fue:m. firm" "Peepl!c C:BIIl't hete:r:II\ufied, torepore," ag rees lIe'elill

TO'liaUda.'~El! [~a.tel~Ute dlat;a 1'1:'1<11" ,c3Ir~al,riH!1111l1Ii'~si;OFlS GIlII!il!l.in'g, :m'!ie!3n:h e~s: thllS sum m!El'f m to:n:hedl a ji,dk~lPiin,e f.oi!,est illil CilIl1Ilada ilndt(i,ed to,iglll1li'te a [s,talmd 'o~ lall'lclillillil :5,iberial

v:

..
WI

28 $EP1EMBER :2007 VOL 317

IF~,jIlmilngwndenu!:!i:~

The sea ring snmme]' l1leut: run Kodiusk I)lie" :5 e'll:reda di ]emrma fur the: :sc]eJlllilific temn. "'We Mlilt the larch to brlrnwe~~ ~nO'ruerto obt~~n good data,." M.cR<J:e exphlil:l!ed. "but we,l~sk ~o:S~lIlg control ifi11imrns :111]~t1t]etoo \"!'e.ll" In the d!l.ysleadii~~ up~:o Une e:l{pe:r.i~ Melltal bu'l'lIiII. bnltl.doz:er;$hoIDc:kedfil:ebreak 1~llecsiifol:mnd~]],e tc'stpatc,h" i.iJilidresearchers wired t~,leforest flooJ[ wit~ probes to gillu:g:e
oJil'\l'(;lgeUU i.oflllnd.
11:t!CHlibe ~,.

Fior~tel:5:aron'1'

the:

oll~Y aries to expres s

d01Ll.bts;, RlI~si1lilJl, seo!JJ!" lily offici_ Imvebeen W<IIry,. teo ..'U:I,ud::s tOo 1bllil!illilsim:a. affuml.d"· iJil! ft om rh e lnterna~i.amd. S,cleIliCellnd:

~e,lt;release, c,lwOin emissions, arid effeci'.s

.McRae had

'fechl1ol~ C\erJreraal1, Moscmv. which :iilliPrNHU lIiI.Qlf!Il. mi~r y

g)oQdrem~o!1 to, be anxioes, bJ! M.i\% ill simihur '!!.!\,I,ea~Jmcr.!!Ic ~~ldl~hPlI.E ,BEAR colle~gl!cs cOlJDiCIDu,ctcd a!!lex,"(;iri1l1JiilJ~!lt'f!~bum

'coll~'db(}r,nji()ll [bctl,N-OOl:l ~~'e~ictn sc:iem:iSl:s and

Ihose\vilhfrliillheRyss~

Othe:r i1ie~,entIs~:s; have joinOOl, ~ldJUIDng mem~s oft1le Siber!iii - .... ~ - A..i I' ·~A 'III -. ·1 ~.- •• ~I" -_,,_Of t 1~M:!!~i!.!t· ·u. ·M 'SUyy~!Il - ~.Uil>t (Ii. 'lM!n~ ~n';.~<l!m~s;,em porr.ll!1l '!j 00':•. '(llli((I!1I'~v!']~ it! .ia:Jfl1RAS~ I.m)i:iruie of c:a M·aiarri test area, IDllluhe f1me .P'fO'duce~I.e~rrjfic e\:i.ta. Cll1.emi,o al Kil1lcd"o s I :flnd i(;oilililbustilon £n NOllos.'ilJiir.sk. as. well a S ~CIIrbOlj1.th<lJJilIp1:ll1!e. n ,(.':xtre:me:,mre ye-.;;'lI1:5, they u.s. :res:earollors tlm.cred by NASA. fhm~u!,~ottl~direcr 'Ci!iJrbOJil. m~!>sio'll:ilfrom e So:rneR.llt'lsial:ls ha.vec cl[)]iIil;pbi'IiLoo ofbeiillg wi.ld,fires C1I.1iI be 3,7%~o~· W gre'Hltetlru<lnin '% an-estcd IlUci undergoing iulllrl10lOv:illllgly long nG:rnI!iI,a](lines. because severer fire,s consume more olfg<'1nic maneriu the-flues] MlIOOlJ'. iIlrervile\\i'S" says Ana~o~.y Sukhini:n. a rernot1"" sCiI!'>ing cx(l)e~t \mo joi ned :FlRE .ilEAR afrer U1st~emf, S:Oj~, ..St;oQb.ffi'ld S~.ddr~niJilp~lb.<'1. career lllil. Sa'l{i,~ miii:lilJ:y: ..~ g,till fi\Pii:lild a ]lslmied arev iewe fpredicti OIi!lS of climatem,o!i~OOii"i~g ~qjijtpw'iie~lt. The 'eq~ipmefjjt tCieh- fatt i1niCniril ,ofmy time: ~xplii:i!1!in.g 01i.a:f -;'lVi;'H"k i!:id!ttced bQOOii]lj:m~~lchaf\g,it\ four of H~c:fi ilWilelil:ns;sot Oiut liinharooedwith mach ohhe to the po:lioe," oomp:lainc:di Slikl!i!inill. sitti:ng modelspwdi.et 'l:lfI!MMfinllilS in Sibefi.n will b~ 40% g1fl..~~er t[~:i!!!l the glgb~lmc;~n, oja! d~m~!e,-~ ii1Jlbo~!gh ~till-fu;!!I(;tigni~:!g.gem! i~ hiffi· ~il,boril.·[Qty ~n KlfilSf!gyalfsk,which NASAi;II;::lped Clq~!ip'lo~oo(,li"le andi~l,iCrprcl be lo!:a_ging to Ma:rl:iJ:l WbQ~tcr. fU gCIo,g:n'i~her spc-rl/l se~-eial\loI\l;:c:ks·,fIt t~f.l P[REBEAR C<'l'I~~J! ~r King's Cti~·~e.g,e lcmdOIiiiI, Siberialmnl'le d~mbeamed frog AliiililJcricall 11ero-K~dlinSk .klst SUll:m'licrt Uvlllg ]nailClmi aliiid Wooste;r b:eiieye~tll~t the 1l:lilJm:Ol!~lt of car- flgld Ilu!lisifH18 at:eUUes,nu doe $<I)~t help lila t sobs i.stirl,g hllgely Oliil tilmJl'lcd:fish and buckbonemiued from If'lfi. !d Hrc:;;. every ye(lri:~ we 're doing tin:eS'C c:x.perhnCIiiIII:5i 11~reg;~O'11 ",vheat cereal '!!.\Vh~1e Compali"lng. ~.O:lIflSwith pos:slbly ~ThaJ~fd1Jl1!trele!l:sed!byossil..;fuc[ con~ whkbwas until rec,cl1Uy seerer and :!1:HII her C!'l!llad~Q]I RI!J~iml cQ~inves1:igmo:rs in f and i!!umpl:i.Qn. lie has been ~v,el:ili1lg the w!i)~~d rolll~im; h~v.ily m.ilitar1i.zed;" therun-upthetest burn, The pl:;edilCt~OIiill'i :!!Jhe oo]]eictllug da,ta to co:nfi:rm bus theory .. In tille, De sp]H~fh e ha nJes ,~~~epm: 'l:llen;)ruip cO-Ir'evie\V'ed., she s:aJYs,. are =:!:i:IJL::!Idty ,colli~iliiilg true in A~.as~i!I,Canada, and RlllSS~9, In Canadiaii test, he Irni:!ld 3~~.OIpportun:ulY to seems tQ be: ]J!I.ying off: bl reeent y.ea:rR,says. g11t~lerdatfll mit gm~mdl!e'ii'e] md ;rut)100 meters Amber SOj.fli. !I. research scie nti stwHh the Sibeai.!I., 7 of ~he ~ast <) years h!ivc 1I'fl!l'ldted in above the ·f1iI:.eili'n.a heli.cop:re:r.lR.es,earc~ilers U.:S.N!lm:~ou;al ~ns.dt:ut'e of Ae:msp3.ee:. cure" e:)tU.'(:111.1e se:lIiSiOlU'. sl~ !i;Dl,piahUis .• S'pe::1Iikilillg fire wiU use: the obs~nHltiOJfli$ to test the' :m::cm:acy rentlyresidcliIi'1: in tbe Clil.1l3.le .IDYI.l3mics. from ·~le: mu:p, she: :said., "If you <IT1:'looki:ll~ e cseMo1in: Center branch oitNASt-\·s I.;<II.lgley lle tbr c;U,I.H<I.te~chl1!1ii~eiIilTIp<!dl>:IiIl fO[iests:,~li:s ,is o crfs:ateni~edata Whil.,e: IfII:litlkill1_g i!ulliIlfrmled~]lJ.l, Wooste:lf in .1.l<IllHphlJiiI,\lirgil1li,t1 ,.Fl RE .B.EAR pa:pel:s itII1C pl:ElC:e be:" to watched t:lln!Cteslfiw jlUlliP .. .erOSiS the fil:e~ haye wid~]rn:ed klJiowl.,edge of S:lberim.l.mr'Cst On !.he day of the big tC:Hst b1J1r.1Ji s;~tm~ this break.s a;[>Oulld the e.xperime.[lltilW ~~t,e ..With~1Il fires1l!n~; the'iF glo!:J®i[ i.I:tmosphe:ri,c efftecf:s .. 1.[1 me:ril~, Kodills.k. however. <IlUpr-edkt~ons :aJ£'Clo.l' hOUliS, nli'orc thil[l l4(10 hect<lire~ of 199'8.,. B:d mlil Stocks of ~h.c Ca:nitclli,aJ n Forest went up in SMoke. :Mi1mlU!ti~S fltlt;eilft)C~] fire ] mI :a~nifi. ce:n t pi 11e fore sts; Wle :tI bhlze .. re Seryic;e reportc:cd ~ pm'i]ti,vc correl.tlti.on crews: iln~ted t1lliepemum.etcr·(I f the exp eif.i ~ 'lrVll'ler born bets,s lIfV ei n 1l.:J:IiCcpi <tiThes, liInd behve·cn c:1hn aH;,-cll.i111 g~i.11:1.p~c ts aind 111'1 IT!ctlt'l.llmin::i1sLt:Cl;\iitt11 ·bellaze,lm,e. d.lilrk douds Wooster's r:cnt~dI wcUcopt(;t ~cr,Hltlbled t{l ineref~~(;']11 the sC'i,ferity ofSib~ri:a!n fir,cs. A s1l.l!ddtln~yaJi'P'e:ll!red and rain d,Qusl':£ilt]imc g(;tl~le sUu(n](l!~~~de!' cO!1nloL W()I():ster 2:00,4 pa~(lr by Soj~~ f!~()~.g;witt~,Me:Ra!.l', liam($, "You~d be:surpfis(ld Jm;ow often this Sil]k~]j[!Ji!'l!,(jnd Sl.~Si'l!!:! Conard of'!]!!!;; USDA (;1!m~ :aiW~)lw~th i,Hlir!:l.W!,~\\jsiv(;i data! hlluJ ~o!1,oHhi!lg. ~la;pp~l1Js!~'Melbe sai:t:illwith :aJ '" '~~lia!tw:i~~ hc~pt~\laUdiUcl!he ij8cfuh~,e5s of forest'Service, eO::ilJduded thalt dli~:l\iar:1t~c$ ii' ~broS,. 'Thaf~w~mt YOl~ gctlijr ~'Iafi~g \'vi:th ~ iimfrtued !llea5,Wre;me,nil::,. he: $aud. huer. BlI~ the ~!1lQtlll~: f'camon ~h)rcdl ill dlffi(:r.·c~·~fur- fire." The r~:sea!rche1"s, whl;) sHU ~eed t'c Q ~ Ontario fu!lC~,t 'off:jcillI8 w~re no~ pl(;(lsed,".1 ie~r~:!.ypes <:lind the' !5cvc:ri~ of fifC~ wid~i!1 'Ia~h dat~.j ~n: :I.l!lref~dy plf!~l!li~g~o ~orch 1;1! fbre$~i[li),Slberl~ ltext ~!.l!l:luner. theM c:ttn :ttffect total d:il"OOt ca:roQ:fll cmisslo([ls· str:Clngl.y doulbtthey·.11 be qlukkrogive per-iPAI,L W.EISiii!ER. !!imissiC)nfctn :morei stu::hlL'lxper.im:ent::EIlfires. fn by (IS rtIl1!lCh as 5ifi%. Th]s i.s '~hy t}ley ~!eeid w ~ fut!M:re." W,oeSleli :m:ud. s~mcif]c da1if1,onl.'lI.'clm.~1res.which e'Wilil I.esl'i p.i!l1J1 W~lMt.l1r ·~(i:~.~'$ To.ri!:i:illO, CamJj:!a [rom
o]"

~ear Sa1!.d~S~:e. Marie. Calrr!ada,:in which.a :fulec~aTC'-ISi:~zcdpa:tch 0:1'bO!lile~dry Jfilck-(pi.ne fOliest f:ailu.led '~n~tef c om~nltT~~.at zperie :ment '\-"i!"d:l'mea!li1'1:I.t) show holt!!' inlhl.md tech~o.logy can be used. h) e:>rt:~lllllte iftle~aouISumpt i.on ~md. C arben e.i ~'5 [on s dhLn·~ng fi.re S" .M c~ rile <lnd ]wi:!; celleagues. I'I,of1ed :it: would help tin;enl g'illllge h ow Rus:s~ B:IlI'WUd~ fir-es. oontrilinu:e togl'e,e~;~~iaonse gtli.s emiss ion IS. (R'l!] S s.],IU S eeurityl <'IWS. prey ent il1lfrnredf!l]uli,InIg fronl the <uk:) O~dy miaates before, the scientists i&.'ll~:ted the fire in Ont<'lfio,lic\(iliiliCI gilIstsm:aex~ Ipec tedly b~e,w through the treetops. Afitelf i,~~,iholl. the CJ1I!tiFe test plat Mhtredil!il.lIn cxp]Qsi'w~: ~I]!I:rstthat lfI.l,eltled complI.I.tc,r]zed

lnremete sensi~~S'

len weapo~s COIDplex, FIRE BEAR ha~ al]:r.l!!c·~~d fom:u;r.~ Sovk~~ milit~r)I' eXI~1s;

too

:s

Pa1rt Irocket" Palrt rocket sciuence..

'ihe SUilbam Legacy. With inlirl!O¥a~ionsli~@' SI·DRIVP·'fbr switching b@tw@~Ii'I~uelll'et::onomy i!iril,d penormalllIce modes al1l,d S,ymmeb'i,ta~ ,AIIII~Wtn e~l[lrive ,standardfo:Jr '(j reab!ir '00 ntrom, ~Ihe e Leg,acy 'is ,quick anulllqw~ck"'wiUedi. Readyfolismad~1i

pelrform anee. ~1i:·lS, wllilat li!I'Iafm5iE11 .Subalfl!l, ,aS1UlbilfW.

SulbarUI',S spo"n!So.rship, ,of th,eAtm@ricBII'lII ASiSociiat:iolill for the ,Advarll,oemem

of SC:ierltc@',(,AAAS) liIigliillh;llhts our ,advalrtllood

des,igln of Svmmetriea~: AIII-W'hee,1 Drive 'lechnoi~091Y~O 'OUf '~alFfiile'tmar1l!i!etsand UIlUJ!erscolfils :Subaru's co:mml~lme.~'O fUIi~iherSic:ien:iCe, ngill1ee:rilng and technology edil.u;::atJian bo,th at the' annu!am liiI1ee,ting andl proglr,'am:s throug!tlto'utthe e y'ealr. SUibaru jiS, prolCi to, be 'U1e Premlier Autom ctivt'!, S(poli'lrFIo,r,of~he AAAS.

AAAS, Mem'beifi;, Sive Between $1,,300 '·'$3,.300"

lin a ciD:IiIlinuiwuJ @ffort t!o o~fer eur Ipartm!!m uniQue anu:lI\ol'tJ'lutl'b:I!Il!' be!lilefi~:SI' 'we proviii:!'@5lPecial'off:e;r'stor ,A,AAS M@mbers" the' SiubaJiUlVI~P Par~lners program., AAAS M!embers can salve' between $1,300 ~ $3~3.00~ 1000~lhe mamuf:acture·rws suggles~edl reta]lp:ri,iCe (:depe:m;:ling 0:111 model arwdl,a(::ee,5:sories~Qn tlhe' p!ulr,eliia'se,ar :lea5e' !of a mew ~Sl.llbalilJl~rom pa;rticipa,tilflCj d@a'lE!!fs. To qwalliifyl you must IbE!a A.AAS, lill'u!mbel" ~n good st,andin,q ~Oll'~. l@ti:st:S:ix ,consec!Jiiive mOfl'lil:hs

~Ii'I.OII'to. pall'~h:::~patiof1l~l'!Ithls I~mglralll. JFlI!ecHie !!:o:ntad AAAiS Mel11llbell' Seirv:lce:s, alt 202.326.E4iU 'or e'-Imall m.embelr,s!hip@ai!is.org .,E,FORE: vi:sitingyour I!otal S\u'ber'u,deal"elr;AccesS! 5iubaN.eoll'll'lib:l!~ili'ld a neilrlby dea~lellier learm mo~@ ,a!bol!lt: SIJIJbar!i.! eih:icl,E!s. v
!Umlt:edl~llrieoff,~T~ubJec!:to"c.halilgl'!'lHith~'1.n: ootJce.fmm ~MiC'Dlliclitf~iil,app1y.lhr~, ffer I'E!pl~es: aD~ow5V1P oha!Kl r~MI:~!}plkable' II:!I~ll,and ~liIe~oo ~'Awlla_~le' o rn Itm,. I~~~trilliorl fu!!~~I@r ~b,itctua~ prili@'. 2.003 Sl!l~ru ~.(y 10 R ~lur.OO ,it~ Iit,a~~m 1MI5fi!o~$l1,~g.5..
lOr'!!1m .25 GT~clI W R Irrm~~!'M~tiW !l!'X(1~5 d'@ni'llIilJti)[]fi d~i,;,~1Y cli111r~~~IiIJ@ilnd ailldl

S(IENiliIFI( DATA,A,RE THE. (URIRENCY OF seience, but they ole~l b[lY lit:de !l[nderSWInding outside science itself:._@[ even outillide the ]lj;~''''COl!illfil!!C''' ofasingLe 8c,ielmlific,di:scipl:im:. But wftteu data are bro1!lght to life throllgh imagos"ilhlstrntiO!ll!8, C'Omi;H!~tl:irgJ~pllics:, <1!~ld ;animations" th~:y ca~ :oJtifm:ula;~e w r ~C ~t"'''':''''~t "\~"".:n.... .\"""- '!iI""fl""ld'fll' .... """. .. _," ""', _...,. . ay.... __.... _--._.,1;1;. at d'llmJ',~_ .mit,1 .,,1''''''1''C .•1.1-'''' broad ,"-' I[, i1ti!01l --- ~-.---g... '__ .. ..,"" I!l! ..,.'" ~, ...... - "!P!'.Ylj _•.. - ~-'of 'C'II'Cnthe mest esoteric sCI/omiti ci~li'oIr~ul!t~oll,. The sh]!1!'1i]lil,gp~~o'togJllpililen the C!O'i,ICf ~f~hi:sweek's ~S5l!i!C of'ScieJ'lc(:' ~~ a easein po!int It rovc~l&sthe hmll~le ~l1dubiqM.iWii,i~ scaw'(lC>dIhi.~~m :~J('jss, (C/lCJJtd.'1~~:SCffspt~,s) be a~ ~~ltric;1Menal'l.~rail tl!) corrrus~:r:tL!!~'iO'I1J~~RJtJQolcsliYr aiI~the 'wQrld '~il\:''Can @bEr;a:etp.~mting, t Por the p~t 5 ~ar". Sr;if!J~ and!k N (;I Iiona I SCtellc:(: Pot~ldat~o~ (NS I~ hll'l,:-'C COSpOllrS Qre:<ill.mrnlll1]a] c;haUel'l,g,e-s to cilconragecu'ttimi,g",edge e:itbdsi!O v [st'llllize selenrlflc data, Om: interest ]1) SI.lPIP0I1i.Wtg thes e oOlll[pelD:tiiOl1S is based on our flirln !helief 1biaJt bringffing da:u!:w '~i'i:evis.naUy wi]] beullcl.',cuingly '~~n:portal'lt ot n (lolly ('Of 'pubHc.I!!~mlersullld:u~~g of science a:llid cngllffi;ce1l"ulm:g b1ltt alse fOil" hUp:LD'Ifing
T' ~

JU[H3iIES
'~~j,(tureil eftl!Q'right) ~

Sell iot R,esecr(h kilo

ff:(JfIII:{J~U/l~"v.el$'i:ry

FIEUCE FIRAN K EL

K,I;.

f-AS

initiotilV;e ill' ~:n!1olll(:lriv,eCQmp'ljti~ C(Jmb~M:ge, M,G.m::t(huse',t.fs

THOMAS ltKAS
.I"ho.mas ~tK;as P('(Jd'JCti'OfJ5 Offinmg, New fork'
if:rC,

'1IJ!!;',e Pfesi,de1l~;. Sde/lt.f{i.c Altoit's COililllTlUll:li,cam:io.lll llCl.'OSS, :sc:l.enl:i5c d~s;cup'li]1l,es. Srxi'f'.ly/or Wome.Il"s n:eo,f~:hR~Sf,(l{l;hJ This yeu,wel1eCleived wOI:e. thm:l, 200 !enmes,t1i:'QrnJ .:w. states ,m:JId23 'nO'l.lllitJriie~s WiJsll.!llgtQ\I1, Q;(. :representmg cve!y cem'l:me]lt except A]1lta.n:tic:a. A. OOJillimJitJtre ofsta:l'rnembers, from &ielJee :~l1d:NSF sereened t~.le, n~es" ,Elnd alill outside IP\iUCIC]aht.'I;tpelfitl> [jll, sciemi~:fic c GARY llE'ES

SHERRY fA. MARTS

Vii!maliuti;OJl

j(!il!ll~

,¥hi:ch,~iill be.IT\i.lIiilable ru: VV'i'\I,,:'!\,]1Jj~~,!gO,,r/oowl'isi!'d~,LwrQJTitslSlCwi,stmd~,.isp., Iil;m, to in c(:;lt,;ilbr.~tiftl_g lWi5 j<e,ru;-'s w~ull.l:m S1l8,111il M~!'l(linof NSF' or,!lIlliz.;-ed dlli:!O ye1U,"~ chal.ienge. J3'elljOllwin Lester of Saicflce~ l1e\''\'~~ttl!ff",i1'(ltethe jext t:h,a!t f.I.ccOimpa,]1Jj~Ci8thc imllges in this ~pec;ifl'~ secti,o:It~d1 St'(;"'\i'Mt\;Viills :ill1dThra Mara:lhe pulm~et1m~rii! sp~:iai '\Web p~s~nta~iJ(Jn
~t \ii;!'!i:""1,i\,l.sciem::(:mag,org(:scicllt/vi!ll2:.Q07
~
I) IPUBI::IC AFIf-AI'RS, NS'F' NO:NIO!.IBMDfORD .•IEJJ!Cl!JrlW'E EDIilOl1l,. SCIENCE

re\l,ie\\Jed tiruef~m:di!il:s, nd selected! the ",1i]l[lleii"S. 'The ~'iJlnil1l,g enm.es a <IPiPe<lir ClilUl!.': fo~lo!'\\iimli.!!l pllig_e-Si.{ No m!'i'l'i:!cl:S.~lie :mii.de tli~ yeai!'fQti~,~!l.Jsb:<l:t:i!,.;nt) So We ,ettLc:muage y01!a, to su'bIMi.t i1i1?P~,~.cart~Oli1'S liIie;(t ye'ms diI:lIUe41i~, details of foil"

(hainrl'OJi ,&, fJir.f!Cr()f Depo,lI't,mr:'.~t @f,A,ft· 0$ ~'{ie;d' ~rJ' Medidrw J,oims .f1,(}pkim S:ChooJo{Mmian'f! 8fJtti'fn()M, .Mozyl,(JIiJd'

PAlTlRS.o:M (LAHK
Uh!elIia~hi ngtoifl f'Q~t
,WOshili'!9ttln. .0. Co

]Elfl' INIESBlff, DIRE:ClitHt. O[ljlFU:r:OIF UiGliSl!JIll,lVE AN

Photography
IFIR:ST "LACE, '(T~ED

WHAT

u ES BEH INIID
Eastern H,Qspita.l

OUR NOSI[?'
"(Ji~hl.HJ'f) fun.g, PameiaYoude
lVetherso~f

HUMAN .#!ilf:IJ AfiOMY IT .'BI'E, 1Illlilii A!IIRWAYS ")"IHATRIIDOlLE THlEsrACI BIEHIINO OU R "J:liflJE rl!ill.5e,~tillke IOn ill'! ,die,1m<lsj:Ded in this IJllleartli1ly relillderingl ,(jr,~a1edllby' KiliHumig FiILlIill9lr,[I rtlidio~og,~:staIU~e Pi!m~l<I ¥{Dude N,~tlltE!r'Sol~~E:<I~emHospHLd.l in IHollmglKong", A Imrnplitedtamog,rl1lpliliy '(0) ;CiallilhlCHI1Ia .H·'yellr·,oldl Chine'Se' W{lmallll beili!'g eX1Inrined :fo r t Iilivr\lli d di"ii'e\a~e plmvi1d ed li'ne, ralli'll d8i~;a far IF'uI'Ig'~ r,~d.erii ng. IHe' .o;ti3id::e.d to g,e'ther la::2th~ n CT ~5~i~"to ue/arte tl3 0 imtlQle l~ookili!ll1J pwalrd tI;t ~h,~ S,~11!lise!; f!iFm'JiI undern~a~lh th ~l:!tI,d', !r'ung chose m use the IJilliielmt':s CT'ima.ges IClr his rel1dering. he remembers, beGllJSie "[:she l1aJd~1I1{1l1IY ~tlFaig'llt mllsaJlsi~I!lHililaJllid li\Ia1!YIIlntI!XilWSiry 1 ~illilllf>~; , •• ~,e ana.tomy W1I!1) e:XCetPtiollfl.a[~1i :b(::illIilifWil ~ be- :S.:J'j'5<,

terms lh@;"'~i!l'tmw'Te-(l1I1iq!JJ~.';

INQrllfla~IY'., ('Ii ~md~rilllgs< m@'~d 5b(@'s;~og@1th@r~!ltQ S!lf!!Q01h Siurf.ilIa::s•. bu~~imWh,at, 11.~ If'mlig~lfl~te:aiG ItDro~ Uu~m ilIlMlriI, 10000e-Mimig fiI IDpograph~Gr!JJl lil1iap' (!Ir lime ,alifSPa!(@S~es~nbe'~ byth~ CIDfillOI!.I!r UIFH~Sof ]fiU·dllvidl!.!il!t:st1(e'~, ,afldr.:olored ,i3!(c:orolin £1110the ,de!ll~lty ~Irlll e t'1SSUfS thart b~rdertl1'eITi. :FlllFligd]g~~.altV reliil1O\1~ ~1hE!: Ibor!l~:S, :50f[ USSlJ€:'.a iiildifat 'rlf'Qml(h~ r~n:]j~liilllgi '00 c:r~,ait~a Sioti:d"cast" o'~t~e sinuses' a'ir eni,l'e~ope. "The Sh'M.!Sl8 arehoiUoi!l.i:i in 'Iih'e bo ne j Ii.listIlitJe Il'i'e cei'ii~~,~l G!v1i1ly iiI:! g, p3pay~, " he sa~5,.0 Uiiew~ t(l 9!elI,~ ~'ee~for the' s:h gjpe .~~ :5'1li~~ CQlvity iiS a to ItO(lIi( ,[llt,[l. c:ros~ ~ectilol') f vl, but, he ~o!l.~51r'i~'sfWlilch nlQr'e lreadily <:;I.pp!llre!l~.f~ !:l !II.Qldl, e The I,lp'i!.lard~tCil():~ilng,g11)gletlat flJi!ii!gl used W!1!sra.scff!!ating, 'Says,pa~e~ of ~,Ilid !ili!e!ff!beT g,e$ Sh~rv lYIam:ts""iOlLl re!ali I[t'o~he ililih!l,ge~ Oil'ltw~1 leve!s; ~itpiqllle'~ you!r OI.IriosHy •... and'IDen .• ,draW'>:you in tQwe ilnformMiQfI~hll("l. mlmt:linedl 'in Dt].~

f~I.ST

PLAICE

'(TII,E)

II.RISH ,MQSSj.

CHONDRUS CRlSPUS
Andrea OtteselJ., Uni'llfl:rsity of !iAtlfykmd
flU; 5UM.Y; GI~ISTIl: 1fJ411111:1l G MAS.$: Of s:ePiweed w1li$~,ed IY~~11 :il ~s.iiil!ild1f

beach see ms l~glh t~yealITs dI~ist,~nfl

hnm~I1]'S ·lieOJtlm dendritic e~y,
1lI10~
~1'IiIage

Kbo.mir.u5cri~lJsj treat.ed Iby· .A1H~re'a OltE!'Se!IIiI, <I Dol:.a.ni;s:l. <lind mO~~!!!Ilar e(O~l'lgi"'t. <It the' Uni~ vefsity of M<ilrcyLand, Gol1i:!ge .~[lrIk, "II'~ ·~u ,pu'[~.Cbo.m;Jm.'l OlJ~of ~he OOB1lIrn,
lt's fClfLdedofi 1it~eU;_~~I~ry m~~d c

or Iri$h

up." she·s8IY:S,. It wasil!''!: Il!Intilll

,a,ftelr

~~e h lid ~p.rl~ssede1;'el)l'one ot these

little ends dmNIl m~th5;e<aJ ~tflinf'S" ;:Ina left ~~to dry JlIJI' 2: dillYs thett. tlile ~ei!iw,~d'$ bfi:llUtih.!ll; !lllmpl~ sha,pe. was irr,~~.akd.
Olle;~1'1 1I~!!:5 only
i'!

bla.cll: Ibflj(};:~

gool!!ln:d, ill Call oi'l1E L!P'.W7~rn~,alJli:!;)@{ d~9it~'~Il~l1t;;~fl(kjhoCiJt.camefa,iilflCf P natural UgMlli'!g .~.(:)photo,gr,ilj.phi

m'il!ny

of 111il~p~n;t'S.

S!~e ~ff!coolnm,li.s.in,

he~W<lrk. HerrW~ilmi~i1~ I~h~tc) Siho~jj5.·~ p~,etde f ~riish Ji!1Q$:sshe,collecloooff o

t~e CO'iiiS:t of (i3ipe Bre~Qn Isllamld, No\!',~ S;CQli~, WhHe ca'taJQgiI'Ig '~h~ use err kelp pmdl;l:c;ls as fertiU~rs. fa,r Ci :'lUlsta~ n8Jblei3iglrrii(utUtJiITI~'expe r~mlellilt. ~VOli can get ilus~ as good' iigM.-or 1~!jI1'1'I h!'!ttef~it~ r1ii3twlr<ll iligillt" ~trJi3JnI witm "ihoble",aln:d~PQ~-

HCHIIORAIB:ILIE .M. E INI T I 101 IN

'nINY METAL PAlHWAYS

Adam C Siegel ati'(1 GetJ'fge M!,

W.hitesides. Horvard U.i'liVi~IS.fry

trs !NOT O:F"I'EN ¥IOIU 51EE A. ·WilREIINI'I'IE.NnONAU V ti ll:dl inlitO Ill. ~rI,(l!t, e'.s,p~'i'f1Uyll'lihtel1l t.hat win~ itS a :Stil:l~~(1r=~Ii'!'~il! rn iCfOSU'll(tU:oolJrlly 2:00 mkl[Q~ rt
mE!llEirs widl~. tII'~we!jN;:\r;. Maim S;ieg8~ iii rmdlc.olleag I.!fS ,ilIt. H~!VilIroUrri!;i'fJs;it)ltamlgl~~ I.!plh@~r ]rm\!'~.nliolTllo p'f'o\!',e a IPO~ f!11: Flex~ bmty is ke:y 11C i!1~:e'g~Urlg r miaocler:,t~h:g~.drCl!litsifituC! fa~rics.,Q(:~ord]lii!g to

IigJM!!;, :she! ~5.ilyS:. Th e 1.5··( en ~i l'!!I'E!ler ·wiide re d al9a:e 'ie-ellll s exotic: ilil~h~~ .i3lb5'tncl: ~ portrfl~'I., b:uIR is iJbilqu~mu!lll:io~hin 0 f1al~re andin 'aUf di3Jy-to'"i!,aiY ~lil~s. -.I 8es.ides beillgolll~ of the moSi: com- ..::::: men :5m1~dI :s:~~(j]esCUIii ~he AtfL.a:nt.l:(
U'lI

(fI.tes~.r1.lrish mess !ii~d 1!Ilg,ae iik~ ill .ar@ :SOi.llrQ~ of 1I1"'~i!!u,fIIl tMdk€1i! lM:S and 5taIJ.ilurefs(a~~oo(a~~
CQilIstXlY.S. H!lg~I!;!P'IS.

c ):<I='

proces~~ r()oci~ 13:5IdiWfS@ilIS

w~i(h

are·1IiIldelYI.I~edlini
~1!!f1(hi

::

m,eal ,and ice Cfe~m.

5i~i'1t ~~.he~ lli~1II e.'f!I~IJ,diing!ihewire, Sn~iel ,imd ,ooll,ela;g~e~ pOW!red l1l!o!tt'e'I1QndiU!liillttu! 'Sotderii'it~ g ~krQfitJidk d1i!!'!l1eLifil d~~ ~ili(.Q'!il :3uqdl.!;IJllowed'it to cool, Depen.din!:i Qlnlhe· sailde,rr 'm!l'lJillO:5~tiOn.P he :S~:'fS, thew~ re ca m! be $(llid or UexiMe, a Iii d: anv .Dre<lk!>c,m be· h~8WOO by simply :retlil~"lif1g it

~T~elre 1IR!5;Iih·i~gas,p whe!iii thiis, ...n pi')(:ItOi (am.e up CHI the sereeMi ':::E: !la.y·s I~a.miel ,C!f illd,~,e~ nrI,embeili > Felke IWr,aJn·~e~, sho!;!~d""t fm- ~ ~We
get 'tihattwe! d,onl't. need lcoll1llpliex eq~ipllllelillt illildl1Jechn~que!)] to ereC1it.e. ooClliltifu L r1eprre,>,mt:Jtn Oi~U.~. .." ~
FI"I

FUt,Sl

'ILJdr~

~OS'f S~:ORir~N051I[DFRUIT aAJS

((ytlop;fBll'U5

MOiDEUf\iJ!G THiE

b.rrrchYll".i.s) ~I~efld

FUIGHi OF .A BAT
I)lJvi'dj.. Willis, J!3'roWJi'P IU{jliv.elS"~'tyJMrtand

MYkha:ylQ Kf)sl()nd() ~
Brown Univ€t~Hy
~1li~~I1!:5,t:ed,1lI I!!' ti my ~ th

thiflir f1~:gh[o;l~iHilil!;l1 <lbolJJ~~1lI the' ,jllll1lg les I~f S!oll~liI,ea\l.~. A\>ia,.111 oweJ.IE'rr" 'iOllile ofth~ till)! rre,altlllfe~. whudh we:igh ~es5 t~ilill 'SO 'gr1ilm~ fUI~ly' glmwliI, te<ld an <lUo'9,e~er d'inBFe'm1t eoci'itetrT~F:ftitlfing 1iIIDO:l!lt ·il"llili.illfd IlJJmne~, lImder tnewilltdll~lII~. ¥5 ol[ilietOdYf1itJmlcS ~~e1liIi'dhM,. Ilnlalmlriililli~' ,n.ightdvma lIIliits:, 8rawIIl

1iJ,lflhli~NiltyooglnHIi' Kelilri~thBre~err l!JiSedi ~a.stlbaiiHji.fi1slliphii~U· cated m !l!t~!i'ciimer,a !ifIIotiom~trQoonQ s-yStlNl1tCl reoor;d !:tow tiueir w!!1Igs; aad t~ea'iJ'i!JoUJlildthemd~i5~,O(hl!daHh~arnmals ~t~p,l!l~d
(J,g':iI'iali th e Vihirdl. $1

B1iIs~don tlrJe @'.'CIP~r~ me:nB;

CilI~OOllfJ,illlU1Lica ~

efi(Jin~1Ii Dia,vid lMms;. who ha sa

j~~rltapPOliJil~!l!1~IU lin.

BroWiiil

gJildl MU:f ~ri:lWflIWI!i!ilp!.l1ier'~dei!iltiSit

My~haylo KClst.i'I!'!do!lf,

and nt~~r olle"!Jru!e.~c~e'a~~ o

ii lOOlri'l~l.!tffm'(!!(h~l'~ffllbumgM.~

!Il1.'SlIaJl[y!cM.ve~,d ~.iill!b'is; po~te~,

"When vij~wedil1i sltQYJIm'otn(l!lii,~$~VS 'wmis, "blli. nigl1th;

Ibeaultifum ,9ilild !LMl,PI.ex., l~e gi:ia;~ L"l~ 'thi:s, lllus'lr:aticmi'> tJf;~.a!ptun'!' iat ~liJtywhile a~ ,i1Idlding :sijj'ff!il'iHc l'i'Ie~it:"
d~dnl'~~,9i'i,l'e~ r:e;ad a ~vt~i n:g; th~ po5~J '00 Il!\(eyed ;]nlfo:~ma!iDnJ ,. ,~rom aCJ![oSls(fuie maIm, If 5<1y5 .palne[ lofi:llIdge!i1 IlfIilemlber She:f1ryMa~ )l,IdgeGary ,l!.eesruikenslhe maill! ~nnage to "silk 'blrlwin:g ~nlile wirlld,~
'''¥[III!.I

INo,sn LAUREAi'IE:ICMlWIII:EMANI WAS lO(H<ING FO~ A WAY'T'O EXIPIlA.~NHIS

r€s-e.ndiinbJ 8(!i.5~lcil!ii'ite]1m(on:dellilsaltes:-!iUa~g:~ as:selllll:lhs: of 5u!"molld a101'111:5

tfiat.lrGSl:lthe'ir llildw~dlJi'i~~t,y Irldi form" Hl periiitom5"'''-''4o~ot'h ~ ~y5,kis.t~ lIIna s(h~CJ[' iii Teoo 1l101~aJQriI~Ph m pro~oct <ill his th~ml~ho!iflj~ ofthe Ufli'otersity or C(]I~Qrad!!),E!Oil!ld~f,
,h~'~dr:el1, HI~ b~.a1nl (1l!:a!Ul1g CI(niflp!l!t~r $im'Jj~1iItk'm1s;bl!!t he mih~Y~e'aUzOO 11~~ffiIT wi:d~f pmentia& lor t~min 9 physks of a~~~'YPf~ llifild ialiit~ia,te.dtlrJ,~ Physi(~ IEduca~on

all! di be!:! ,,1m chum Illig o~t ;si!:ri!!'!la,t~o!ls. lIodJay, tbe~hU Web s1'1ie lmsts.15S s~ml.l'~aJ~lioo:s g!if,aJilaMe €o~rrele dIOOlfl~oa.d,. 'mn.!s;~ ~ati!llg '~~Irythrili!gl IliiOm Iql.ia,m!UJl!1~i!jUiln;etl.if!g w pro~oct~l<e f!i!OtJ]Ofl. WiE:'mam!;. ~lh() i~
!1l'1f1!1

sll!'lii ~fillere rul1

bQised ~ulhe Unir,-,er'sily(If Bri"tis~ Gown1bi~ ~iIi! \t:~nm~veJi, S3Jys;Sleveral miU:iCH'l direc'!J).y'Q,fFtime 'Website'inlhe iTIlrst 16 mr)nth~ OIf 'tl1is, year, but 'Says Ole ~iJie ~$~9~ is Ilu,ilch higher:, IbeC'!~~' fil'iO~t poo~le downlo,a,tj t~e ~l'il~~!ild'rtdfllheiifil o:r'F ~1e1~ Ofld1i n'lacilinie$,. AI: .~ (O.s;t Glf Ib·e1!w~~ $lO,~'OO ,a,ndSSIO,oOO ~.o~,~,~'te te5~ and

e<lch simUillaJ~ion~ the p:r-ojeiUI:I:; .tI! allll.s:ideraMe 'M~eirplirie,.IDaln~rJiJIl.ed at fijlrst byi~e INaLioJili:ll.5cience FmJ mlalion and I..:iter by ill nnedLe-y a'rsooln:es"indlllldiill1l 9 Wt1f'I1Il:[fn '5, '---=--==--'"-own INc;ibe~~.I1Il,~ne:y,"~h~lrre iIlol.,dheap 11(1o Iright ~ he5CIJY!l. d 'Hr:J!,rllev'er;Wierl'l'a:n anidtelCim golliltl.a.t.tll1ey paid rO,IT. "SOme' of the' prilli(~.~le.s of physks ha.1l'I!!'newr be'ein aJ~ !o'I!e~~ dieplded and e~!!Jddi!ted,·"511]!51~ilIll~Lo~judge~ memoor GalY Lee5,"

FIIRST

IP'IA,(E

.[~~
'!I,II!I.,

lPilHYSICSEIDUCAnON TE(HNIOlOGY PIRO]EICT (PhH)

lemt W.i~mat:l and the PbETtetl.m, Ol1'iv. >of (()tomdo,
,fJ,()UMff

Informational

Graphics
~,

WtillAT T:~ES U FE fORMS mG~]H ElR7 1jjI'jioilor!l to tin,!! :bi~ ~olr<l~oriumil] Sa IllI IFlr':llnd!lw, Cti,lif(mnia,. dist'!l'lrH ~hilt li~il!has ImM 1~i3isictr~it5: Lill~~ l'Iel:!d~I~ne~'~y; IUe :S:htlm~ [lU Camlll1,ilnt lIIfI.'!tlllnllll5.; lilfJe(rei3,t~ lilfl[m!'ljJri~; ,anti IlifeQlI1an9e5: over '~II1n!!. lJrri,I-eUedi in 2003, the "'Tlralt'5, of lire" e,~hi biillia 5: beei'! ill u9!!ly lIIap~,lirr i:!'1jl~1Ii !lptliwniill9 :tli trav,el!ilflg road f>nm, Thi!i poo\er ~~flrug fir'om tliIetin'lle ro, IJr,ovijd~ ~~ampt~ of nile wa~ illilwhkh me U~e5 E::1iI1,HI\JY;'G~r~dUlw1il!rd Mgt! $chooliS.1ll!dl~nt:£,iUe;ql~alilfl:~lhe qfde Ihilt rnusdes u~

W ~turn~Ifle'(gyin1;()mottcm.

r!jr,1Jiplil~' diLl'S~gllileirMark Mr;;oowililil., sd~,IiIi:iiIllr;; intli5~IT;lmir Davldl Good~e:~~.allldlh~Jf , relq:lltor.1itor~um cO:~~li!arglJ)e'$ USf: thei.i:::1i:i:.lm p:~~' ofgwipping iii! ~~asf:ba ~L ~o~p$alirl h o,w

::J~e.liits o<f :;:!d~1il!'iI~dl drag tllemu)W1i;1rd~~~n o<lhe~ "~il:)eHIOW DOES A a s:h~~'!i: c:_re~pu~lin~!'!, rope hand 01lelr l1rarn.dl.~'RepelQ.tt!d MUSCLE. WORK? trillion,s IOf times jn3lUl 'the n'11,115'!':le fiber~o'Fillile l'Iarrtd, Mark MeGa wrll'l (}fJd ~Ii~ rre~liltt~~; ~as!;!iJan '~~~ aGesoJ1! 't f.a!lUo the floor. a DaltidG ()()d5ei~ The Ex!ptori31~ol'ilJ'm has dislr]llimlJii!dl ~he poster 1liIi:d,cl~; 1111part. ~ 'iRdliiding i~ fle Mmlt.e~ 2003 ~SlllJle .fx:prar:(J~oriuffl' 1m! Q,W ,~Kp~(Jf(JN){if1m (hrarlef1r" ~a' nea:rly;;Lo,[)OO meITI iler~5\r5!Jih5:(rilJer~, <lilild tealcrne'r5.

!IO~sc:l~ mf'k.loc!I:!1II!1I~iJil on a C~U!ilt ~f halld n:!uSidle iNith a f!l,aJgll'li'fiGiU!)iill power ~r2{JlO.ij{IO.the' e).'I:g'~ll.l til {)INIOR:A ~~aled p(jIU~M:~h!)w.s~QWdUlIj),·he,a~ed mol~(ules: ,of' MIENT'IOIN myosili! .~.~ 'eJiliergll [rtlm AT:!f1' reili!e~tedly9 ~ii!b I~ng m~ UI

Bit.

Ei:

HONORAIB,llE:

,MEII'~ON

B.REASl CANCIEIR VI RTUAL ,ANATOMY

Cathryn run~ and

li'11!SIT to THIE IDO(lOR'S om('e can be' 11 scary, q!ili1flJ:si~9

!II,

extPeriiren ee, p<ldi'(lI~[lrLY!MIen tlhe sllil~ilKt unds r di~us~.on llg memolillerapy's fai~uretCl' erradi-

Samantha 8elmont

aG M'etllmed1~,a
ill

~(ate' bre.a.~5t1! liWH. (

(iI~1hliyl"l

01
Q "-.J

TUIWlE~.S1lrniln~h1ll8:E!lmol1lr alild

tlhenlf t~ilm ;a,1 OC'G lMet:am~d:illl, medka,l ed'!!lclIl:hm cCIiIlIP'c:nyilii!~edil'l N'ewc1li'bfk Cijt¥. m~ated ~lhi5inl,t'fil.rli'!.l'e tooil to il1~~pdoctolis ~xplalin to

the~r p>fl!t~fliltsthe-

I"H'HII[:QlirIl{ tHlid pmgrle5)i(jJ1l (]nlhe-lrr (,i31llicer'5ilil G (I~eil:lr.r .:ls,Ho-~.mderstalliid mfllmlu>!w. 'TI~e e nll1l~rr.tlC:~a.llms dlm:tors 1Q ji;~1oot~L!l111\lr ,find l&~l , !iiz~ O!flflil@'tastaslliS a ftI d dis ~l;]JI:S'~hle p.i3irt olf tlTil ~ IlIDatfie'llf:s, a.ii!i3!U'l!ut1yt nat '~ancefliS, atti3Jcki!lg while ,slugges;ti ~gl trearllJilliemrtopiti~fI;S., The P~,(!g!l'a.m was;c~ea~ed ~,Q !)!'~ii!iIol~eA!b'~,i3!xa!!f!e .• gill in]ed::!Me' drlJgde:.~igfledl '00 'U'!!li'it pa:tie~ts whose

c~eliT!o'U'ier,i3!py has,rgHed.~f'id \iji~5 drS'tfibt!~el(j too O'!l'COI~(!g~5h d ~l!fh'1 g,l",edll!~gti'~n ((111;1 rse HUe d 91 al~ '''DiffkIJU (as:es in Mclan~ltk IS:li,eas:t(aIilQer,." :ffll,l~d"ed by' Ahrru:frs, BiQiStiE~m!H~,. the drug"s dt've~(lper,

Nonin teractive M . e'dla

-·li

N ICOrlNE: HIE P'I~~tYS ~OLOGI c

MECHA.N ISM. OF TOBACCO

.OO!l!'lG

1lIlJ~l.eicl!Jle~!liI5hrirOliIll 1!he hJl1g~tCl' tful e blood~,~e,lIIn al1!din.1;o ~ the brain'" ,llI'Iere 1ittey bi!iiidilo fL4P2 nlkolil'lk ac,eil.yidlo'Une' r&el~tQ,rs ,u1ci1!;tfi m!lil la te ~.h~ r'el~ell~e Q,[ ~ ~ea.~!liI N!'-~lndU'ci I'Ig dopal"l1lin e.IB 1:11. l1imtijlneis eIJlmin8itffl, dOpiillllli]lme I.elirur8iU~ as almd5lliJiloker.5 beglilmto (rave illfloile,r d ooe" 'OYer tll.rrne;, tlhe b;rain beciOIliIes dtlpelild!~nt: 011'1 ~he d rug, and

the re5'IJit i~iln ilddli:clnlOn tlrIlIt. dai 1"1115.4 mli~lh:11m ~i,v~5al year

,OeSmet and

fromlMnphys-emlli.

[llIIilg, (ilillfl(er,

heaJl'It di)e,aJse,.aJllId other

jlaso.f'J Guem2lo, Nl.1fd .studios

smiOkingl·~leUi;reddi"iealfie:5.
l1,ilt ~~Uiu:! messiilg;~ of thiis viideifJ, (f@',at:ed ~:y ert dir'@(~Ilf 00 I'lna OeSIlIil~t ,aniilliiltor j i3JSOIIlGUI~rl!~(D., and
1

th@~r ~~aJrn at

\ is n :11 iza I i()II ( : 11 a 11 C II 1g~'(

l

INewYrDrt.: Ci~Y'""IJ~sled HI!;!rd Sill!!di)[)~. a sci ~Vltifij('Wi~liJali,at~ a.1f!CQml~;3irr'lspecia[izliPil 9 ~fI ~t:.i!!titi1I1~~@dlgl@ SCi@,lflcle MIti !ll:dlll,atiollla~. a~slJl~iI5,~ ~,ocaridilllgkl p,r@~id@'mlnilin@' 'Hur1d. 1ih~ ¥ffidoo was disuib:utedilO piilys]d~!lis worldlMI~€~S pa,rt O,r~f! ,ool!!c,a.tJi'ona~CIOl!~se ~l!ndled b-y the ~h1!.JjjfI'Q(iel!tka~ Ompg"'Y IPfizei':rwhh::h 1i'il!!1iiiil:!'racb.JoosIDe smdkil!'i[;i~~il'5i!ialkm C dFl!!gl Chantix:. Pa!l!e~ gr J:l[id:QI~::; !rI1~be~ ~glry tees i!\I]~i~~'f\;Ssed 'wi~ the ~~red :s'~!i1i!p~kily {}fthe vld~. '~[nle ~dooJIpl!!Lteditoo.~e'!IleIT," ~e~arys, ~'fro:r11l 1(I!J:~:stde the world tQihe l"Ii!ol~~l4lr level of'U\ie i3iddktikll1."

HONO'IAIBIL:It MIIHiTIONI fTun

MOBIUS TRANSFOR_MAJIONS 'REVEALE[)

D'(JUgla5 III. Am(j{d antj

J,onathon Rognes~ u~ 1'W:fSi:ty oIMiflfJ€so~a.Miufle'Opotis

AN)' REAL NUM B:EFcl, CA.N' BIE PW1ITED lOIN Pi. ~~IMiE iH~T RU NlS fiROM 1~IEGA.T~VE TOPO'5IITi1VE
]lnfinilty, b~t thmwin alill ilflHI!)I]lIlI[llry c!oml!mnefl~ ,and t~e Iline lbeILCi,IiIiI.e~, p-t1!lliile wtJe.me ,[I, (omp,iex nlimbel'S aire p~J!JU,edlOliil boil.l1 '1lli1ereal ,arid! the nma,giflliiHY ax,es. ,Mobius triHils[!orrni'ill'oflis a.m mlill~ennatkiil Ilucti,omthi'!ts:elila:l ~'1I[h poin~ Oliil siJj(~ ill 1P~1in:~ 10 11[(lrrrl~p(llild'illilg p oilit :~omelll\hlE1fE1!Bt:se'on till e pla liII e., eilllimr ~y lriOlfl:l.ilOfll"btlifliSltiti(J!n" ]l!iI'II'ersioli1, er d]~;niorl. lt llililillY l!olmd rnfilII:J~ fII~, Ibut alf~'r !li'dtdl1ifl91h]~ ~imlplf 1II1d ,elegnt e.~ipianalt~1l'1i1 of Mabi!JJ1j tr,lIn:5lfol~mlltij'[Il1i1~ c[ea~edl by IDo!Ugla~ NI,. Armio[d ami jon1JJ!hiilil RiO'!;lIfl~1l!if t~f! IJmJi'l,i'~rsl~v sf Minriu:!'S:QIfi •. M]IfIn:ea~ClLf~,. ~~lYthflng bec0rl1~5 d@:ar, :S~l tCl ( (lasskal mu:sfc, t.h~ vitill'O 'aeIiJiOrilstrat~ thelrilimi sil'a;rrna'LiCDn5 lmi tW[J dtlifl~11$icliI) but t~efl ~fld:'5awav IiIi1C!edds ~lhh,d~p~fl;ci IIIQj ~ptu@f~abo,V!lli th~ p~_a.F!l'l: shilll~ln~ I~ig l th rough a iilf!!~ h ~[. As 'the- sphere liiI1!OVe'~ JQ~at~.s ,a ~ove limlii:I)la ~e, s,"'(h:l~n:~y aU ~I1'~ua IIIsftl'nl1i!~j()!lIS ,i3!nd I:i li'rtDm~ lillllk~li:J"11i1iii way t hat (rD!Ii1'!!ey!l, 'IIiSI.!i!~ly 'ill mi 1IIU1~~S w(llll~d o,~he:rl.i'!iis!i!l:a:kil' wnal: ~p1l,ges ,atg~~r,ak maim ijl\~lat!c!1~~~~e"~p~ai~. a.v,s.RlJg JiI€S;S" ~
l,

or

IIO!NOIABII.E M!ENl'~IOrill (TIE)

TOWERS IN lHE [EA~PEsr

G,~gQ!jl ~

nilE CENTEROr:~, I~U.l,r;!·RltAN:E'S eye. milly be ati~m,!lut itswaUs are ilnything bUll. ,Alii NASA's 11r'O,ph;iill

:Shfrah and Loti K. Perkins, IlJASAlGSfC

~airwf,aJLl !iA'ea!511Iring! Mh,s:fo!i! satet. l:it@''Q)roU&labo:\!'ll' tililil' IGllIribbeillf]1 ifl 199a;,it (al~n!ii'ed r,aJdi!l!lr' ima~ es
\\!,f

va:s'~ d(li~~s ~!!lbbedl "hot IOW~ ler!;,.'''~lJIetd1lilil.gl IUp l!iIe(lr~J Ut Ik.ilolll"!e'te~ i~~ol Ule '5IkV.,in 't~e'eve \Ma1~ lHu~~ica!1e 1~(!l1ni'eQlswme hl.Jirrrllcal!1f!'lii over;! ~,(in:hw,est alQ~ 9 (!If the: ~ !!):rlihewifl edge of theliJ;aII'1!!'1IIin!l'Ils. ~11 "tow~ ~II'Ithe r,en'!p~t.. . Gr,eg~r:l'w: Sh~rah.,Lori K. ,Perkinl~"aiJiI,d 1li1e~rrco~~~~u~s: atINASA's
Godd.lllfd SPi!lC~ F~gh~ (e~'JterinJ Green'~ eTl~MamyLan dl, me sateli:it,e. ima.'gelITy and s:upe~mril1!p'u'ller .~ili1ll;ll~lIi~.io!ll~'1Jo re\l'ea~ 'tlliese ~o~ ~awe'r'S <I s the lmuIWllikallile's. "e'xpre;;:!>ele\l'.a;~ers., " iIllt:ellllsifyilll 91tlil e

~,1Jormss 1ililey 1~8JU'I,I(:1m sl!'lii:rllim9 ah fmmrtihll'l S~DfIill 's r.liil:se,liP' a ~l. h! ~ way to the edgllt or~he stratosplil,Bre at tB.OO!O IiIlII~tEr5,

lETTERS I BOO:KS I

r-oucv

FORUM

I EDUCATION

FORUM I PEtRSPECTlVIE:S

tl~t J~. ~Ot\'S can discri~ni~"!iOO: bet\~n Baoh 's foo)]ch Sl!~teno. 5 illO minor~(]Amo,!d SdlOClllx:rg\l. Su:i~e'for P~al1~opus 25. TIll;; bh'dis
IN THE. iRANIIDOM S:A.MIPL~!S,ITIEM "MONKEVS .&ilAVE TIN IE.ARS'" (~INi.A in D' mfUo:r), ~nd S~ho~nbe:~{five On::::l\ieliltr~Piece~~Opu~ loJ ~!)d ,amush,i'lil ~i:lIiliIil'!'Ir e."'Iteg!}riei!it~..e". V~v::J!ldj iSiudmm()u C~r~e~~. l~~.litese t recem: snldy by Jos:tirurua .Mcl[)e:rJJii,10U<lnd M~I.',cl.~,~ilIJ1J;s:e'r (J).ls:Elbe~,~.e ,e"ffilCy.uments., music by Bach II!nd Vhlaklru 'WBJ:';: consMer(~d c1,!ISlt:llc!I] Pe:rctz: isqueted as saymg. "The oi:lsleTY<LiIiOJmsS1J1Blil~1: th,,1Jt Oil1!lyllUli1JflaillS m1;.l:sia~~!ihHe ]n.e ~ IiI1!1$COfSc~l()~:lDe~ and Carter was roil1s:id'.e:rodm,oo~ have <Imlawmll, or. ~11'I1:1tiile. illc~millt~oll o' ~l:gage '~vilihmu~k:?'(3 A,lLI.gll$l:. t 'em :music. Wa'l'anabemIld N~moto (3) Imve also shown t:h,t,gj'l,ll.;lllihe' p. Sn)" 'ill",his stlklmmt ~s [lot quite b'le •.McDermott nlliL:illl~I<I!user .liiw,.re s1IDCJWJiilI djt;)1::rence between ~,lO"V 'h'UlmiL1iI5 and nQmllLll1l1l:m,l ~~If.i~ll,latesOptr:ilOll ofLtn:ee peochesproduclng eiH.u:::rsub,':I.lOe. das;S~,CBill, o:r modJeru ~11

'~e:a1soalJill,e~o~eneraHze

~le'\NIllius:h::by

Bachi(On::hCsWo!l

S1!lite No\ 3

respoJ]d~o music,. but they h1'JVie .m ~ shown a di,iJereJllct be-ihl!'fien .irulimillls mild aU other aililin:wls., ~tisawellknown pheneracnon that b~rds use communicate. W.he,tile~ibirnl. f}(mgisco:ooi.d~JTCd mU8~c i8 !l!ri~ldeoo,~:mJbl(;;hOW'(lv"e'r, t~l~ tn~"'_yPf~rnll(l]s bi;h~(jcn b~td~O!lg,lo\1I"£:i!U,!!igc,~nd iTjJ.i:sichi.i\'e;oocn, o1iald! .!iifC 5:tHI, ~e.
00 ...£: to

cle!Jrl.y·cllgflgt:l. alldilro mclVll6dto mpse. with :musk.

~p;!I

mnsie, the Java sp,,'l],'m,\f:S pl'eferJr-edlBach[o 3choe:riIbcrg and Vi:va.ldi. to CUJle'J.l'he.;se res.mhs,liIm,di,cl.ne th<l!l Java s:plln'll\\i:S Of son:gblil.rl:s pmrer dasska~l~o InoGe:Jfill musie, or.perhaps; J ust ],l,lm:e hasmcnieus to dis:soiliLflnt: sounds, Arlditlo:mdly. the; spanews ehese .~lsi!cthey "[~ked" (e.g., Bach) over sileJlce;ormusic ~hey "disliked" (e.g,. SIQl1n.m:~,lJbe,vgJ,. These :fi11l:dJiJlgS, reseanlJ!Je Ii,ose of r¥tcDelifilotl a!l'ldl;h'llUser and s;~!i!:eSt dmlbi:l)ds" likelllliLm1ilIil,s.
AtilISTIEN IIijESS
mUle FIt o[ IPs~chi!dogy, H uMe<r C:o~iE!~. ~@I'I' Yorii:, NIYl.O(ll2:ll, US:!\

~iveb~5~~dioo. O.'llfi!;i1J~lly,·~1Qf.C·~!iJooi1,f1l]':~ties. bCl~en hl.l.alii::,:;ailmd $O!n1lgbil'ds in their ,(IbHHyto d~scr~mina~e

Re~erelilCe_.s,
1, ~,
),

!,1!I'BdlJespolldl~ Ill,ij,S](::, For CX(l:mpi~e,. Watann.be and S,lIltD 1(2) h:ll\lc siiD(W;'DiI

], M~~I'!II1iQ11t.. "'~!.!l'i:~ (~mlW1I104,3 tlOO'il. !M,D, :5. WaIO!~be, ~ :5~. fJth~,I'W.r~ 417', l!. U 999], ;5, wa~'~Mbe •. tl.\. t!'.eil~i(!J. !:J!?Mt::~~ <li3:;.l (:!;[I?ID,

mdu~tiJons in po~hu(ion.l:Oaccep{ II sa.fe:ty as "U,l of apolitica.l (mm~\mn~se. ism 1I'HE.AT,MOSPiHIERE. IAS A BOili1lUM IJIN:E FOR T~IE. sl.Im:mder the, notion of legal, Umit'S on ~~ob'd H Un~teiCIIStates Cm,lgl1ess: j8y 2050. weneed to 1iW,Ulillling po[iutian, No, rug;- pollutioapmblem ]ua:s eVC1f been :lIol:vecl, mlY1i:viJilleil\;:, in the \VO,dd, CLUtOlU otltp'lJAt of g:reel.ll:iim.Jsc;~<Ise,sw <Ibt;;int 20% of our 2000 i,'e,,'C~s,A bill oon8~deliedli:n til l~t~,Kmt:m,m,dm:Qry :ieglJl ~llimit,s,. recent £c,~e,~·ceBditmi;fl~ C'C]hU.<IItl!:-: imine ( A~oo[ cap. a c.'lmo'll tm, ~tmJ po]ic;ywftl'u a <iI evei," o. K.ellnedy~27 Ju~y,p.412S)lIIs most 3afeliy '\1lfI~\re1I1l~llC;reaserneluice ofpoJl~~tiill,!i; as, ~ iI~J!o-ayllJ mscoUlmge it But s~milflrm.e-an8dooo,t [ib::iy to become :Ia..v doe"s not ,c'ut emissicns el1l01..llhh) ;ffiiclru~e'\-C t~;JfItS,md..Theflawinlhis ooo~ss~ri[ypr.oou:cc simHar m,l!t(::o!l'!'lcs. The lCgisl1l;l'iotl.d[ilt.1ed by SeJfl'fit'Oi~ jl''iffBin~1!rmtrl g~al ·of~I!m~redlangc p(')licyi~ J'!otOO ~~d a (DI.NM) and Arlen Specteii (.I.-PAl,. h~[U~.a!t ,rice ~ilflal, Lll1!tw l!OOlUc~~hlll ~m:ntio/ of~lI:Joo.l HifhCludc!ll a I.~rge ICU~~;M:~~ called a "sarely '~!lg p()~lnk.l!lSO as; to' ~tllIbU~~ 'fl1Ie: climate. va~'!,~·' Jfil'OO$~;SM~ tiUl!!:'I $:] 2 tor e:l!l'littutsto Qoly ,~ ~p' wi~llout ]oopholes d("li"'I)r~,9~e a:1':I :i~1IC'ffeclli\l'C );~~M:lk'jll thai ~8 pol.irkaUy easier CUlt o~e '1.'011 Otfcat-:bO~li;miil~~ru; (a mrely $~(;;f.(:i:elWlific g~odf;"Tlle !JltiInllt~ [benefit Qifa.in;l.e to !i\!;>~]]Q'I1!l'+ I bd]eve[). Ke!lil:llJedy u~ld!en::~liill II: ~mri~h the caipis .Iiflcd;, i~'~I~~ffl J(,lao~c\l,I' \li~'Ol- cap-i:!ll a,dditkm .to a,prioe si~lIiia~ r'oo~ces !lla!~ed tile ~n()CmeJ~tl[il:rn. aJlld C!~t QfWashtha~ i3~ o~t ]i1m!jl, :ru1d ~m~~~klns i:U oo~t'i~lue\10 ri~. w emlsslens and p~~s]u;esll\I'ICSlmeTIit- is t'h:at.it ]~lgroll.fQr~ ret'l!]soltut~.o~1:('H;:1limat~ change, A Di: i t l"h'e s~:!!e~:y alve is e~selldaUy aJll ohlv leg3iUy gt~f1!'lnllil:ee:s cU!S that: :sci!(ln.ce says t]oe :veor ago~J pessimism '\\fOD[d ~1Iarvebeen \VC'U ~ 'lI'l'e need, A [poUc,y '\liith a. sd;ety v~[ve: mUfi, fashf(l!flcdgoVC:IiIlU:~lt r":icc: CQIltI:o] ~Jmat ,~[~ r:OUl~ded.I~I!}\\fe'll{lr. si~loe' rl~.'L'm. a PfIJrad:e ·of ~ ctUI;b d~e HJIllO'lLUit CJifp.liva~ C:f1I.)'ital.f]owi:ngN) 9011" as, I h~ve (b;c~il:led A~a1li.:iimj;1lycaWJoo't :ill~t:II.'estgl11:mpr;~nd formerly skeptica.1 ~egisl;8J~ ~,
WI."'!!1 WI

'C,limato IChiang e,: Don't ~or'e iiI the Ili,anle

i

il1lno"mtion a:n.dnegate
liIece."s:rn·ytoil'lt:eglate

the m:ll!rke:'tt Qo:nectiou e-ccm,OIuicgll"OWlih ,!'!';ut~l

l)liQIllIJUJise l1e(;cssary alrrS~eali1.1se~, a:roo'lli,g ti,e c:n:nJel:'fhilmgs, no one kIlO'W!l wfu:m .Ieve~. Ofla::i{ will :i~j1lpaCt cooOlulc '1be'i'n:8ivl:orenmtglno IPl:Oe dace the lIIec::es:s<urYl1ed.l1I!Ot UOIJisi:l1l1 ciI1!erg:ynse Iindern~s;si.cnls:.Glob<l.i \Vaioo,i.l1g po~~:Ci:es mm,d] C:adilOilii illlll'iretS. i'n the rest Qf~l.e i~jldustu;i3Iizecl worM are based on reall ~~m,lil:s. 'l/VJit~lO{lt lQO'p~ holes, ~:ft~;llited States :Sl~lCurnb!'irto ",,"ibest U eWol1,~t lIiPPUJil;Ch, witholUtlletd. <'I,O;;ountability for <ImII m:~tua ~les~:I limit. we will uncl:enn]l:le the:pos!ilib~~iity an elective [post·Kyoto af a,groe~ll(;flJt 1:~<"I'Jt ~flS1!ilreS {hat ~~~[I~ti~n~ eentrib~luthcto!ii!-g (III· mis~:iom: R'ifuctkms flCCCS:~ Sl'IfytO so:~~ 'l:hrispW;rlel~ty proo'tem. leaders; inW!lghjn,gt()~ m~gh~ qpc~~o 'be

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

lIZ

o a..
...I

-I

We have added CHEMrCON®,

LINlCO® & UPSTATE® expertise

to our Life Science capabilities

support 'in:
CELL BIOLOGY

to bring you complete

workflow

DRUG DISCOVERY STE.M IC,E.Lil RESEARCH IMMUlN10DETECTION ·CEL.L SI GNAUN,G PRDT,EIIN BiOMARKERS

The rnt.egrated Millip()re offers you rnnra tnnavatlvetechnol ogies ,and st ro nge.rap pi Ilea t ion S LJ pport to .5 tr e.aml in e. your PiO 9 Fe. ss .<l nd gIve you morE confic I!l'u:.ed 1"1 you, results.

oil

'V Is it W'oIIw.m 1111 pore.~.::J m fa r I rrtOrn'lij UI;II'I en til ~I.. t l1.s.t til ~c C\'o!! rles tH:I i nn CoVi!I:i[Jro s In LJf~ Sc lencus.

IlETIERS
tors have :st'J)od upilJThfavor OF.SlSt1i.'OftJlg action.
Cl1r'.llenUy,~.26 major COm(l1<llli~,> ~~rniejo~num eMllmftJlme~fta~ gl)Ol~I)S in d\te tL8. CUmllli~e Action P'al:lm:rslili:p tOo ~obby all airtight cap f\c::JI.' en greeo]Jhouse g<!iS..eI1Ii1i.ssuons. Ucmse.co]jmnit~ tee, ,c~mill[Jmln llioimn D'uUF]] '(D~IVU), previmml.:y

0lll,ose th:is plu,,",i5,i.oTl al.so-insist t'J!n~t CI:J!Uillg ,elll:i~ioll:S will be :m]ative:,ly d~eillp.If they're right, the safctyvalve will ne\lleJbe :M.sod.But l:vli"l.en comes to dfs;j.gn:i~lg a policy 1bu: (~a]ls it this bel, conf~dr;:]],ce: ]11 ~ow"cosl so.~utions
mY~iri)oliS~y 'e'i.!<IPQf:lIK:S.

iit

clumges (he

]nVeS~e:.I1iit

outlook

:r0li" oid.siyJe

a. ~ei.l1tiic, ha'lplrUooisedml ,eflbcnve-bi.]], l[l dle Senate:, the ~eadcf ofthe r-.e]if;\·tmtcc:muru;uiue:eis clIrti(:luly tb~ iiuftu:nt of olfile ofthe.:oolli~'S. !l!i,vebi,~,I,s to sohi'C the'ptobieJiUll,. ,hl, U~:epilist i~lQI'I~l,the lI1I:eedfor ac;t.i:ol1 was mdoll1:lcd. by tih,e EI~]::!ii.1ll!e~sR:jou:w:dt'lble. re~ro~,e!lti,llgW 50 compm:a:ic8,iw,dttdhlg El'!.X(lifl! obil i!':ow:PiJ~ M ViOllSly ::.irepriCO'l[ fllO,hl~tC Wld OOll~e::rv.iltive ~I!!aror8-ti!ld8!'i)'y ~hf[M (,R.·SC).Blancl~c U:!'D(;Q,I:I!I (])·AR}, Mary' Lar!drieili CD-LAli and John W~l!rn(jf (R·VAH.\1!m~ ~~~thcr t()
~!U1Q'-l!ne·(: ane"\~t

I.believe thai! those' selatieus do ,e.x.is,t and

G:ool.:t''iredp()\!!''e:r pia:m-s, Any dimattc pl]fcyduu 1;:ee:[I)S' thu~ opmmll, alive ls :oot. vvtlr~:iru 11l1lld,~" The Bi.ng;8Ju'l!3in.specn.· hill meets tlris teSil hy pflO~ '!tiding new ~Ilce]iilives,fof 1ca:r:OOI]. ,o3.ptumeillil,cI stor.age til.1fi't. CQuplcdwidl a ,rk-c on carbon lI.1il.deli the ,ellu;liss~Oljl1S tf,iilidil~g l!Jr"C!1i:rmilrn;~wi.U

tM,tHlfl cost 'I:<lp ]nihe:[l:il'lgarnlln.spectel' bill

\11;]11e i]m,v"'OJred f;;rrety"if illt ,i111Blit ~ Idsoreoog· b Ili~zeihill we are ll1i1t:'1l,ergrnllg to PllSS3,~'a.Wl~alle!ls we en QOl1Vmoe' ie§stOJtot;s &om he1lVi.I,y ~OO,MS· trii'.!UlJ~, Sla!te~ thaJt~,l.eir eoneems 1.1ibOLLtUS .. joo~ and oo!:np(;t:ith,~~ss ha:'ii~boon addressed, Tme. ilT~dndJing tihe s.<'If:ety~r1tilv'cmeans opting~t l~st ~l1i'~.-!ny~f(lf ~O:!IHjnlh:: CiCrtaifity 'Q'\i'ercm[s£,io!l~ oe!:laim-;y. Eliul d~sf~, ~ trade·oW

make advanced «mIl. plauts 'with

cQrnpeti6vCli\,;j'mh COl1'\,'c;l'ltWml

ClI~Jl

capliLlm

techl~Jdtogy;
p.f1O'ldde- a mOO!!

Any

];i,\Np;1I;ssed

1101i\lmmt

'i,;ll(!r~hl!!.~ing trit h~l~ (lJ;tdlOO~h tlltl endless n

commull!ily OJ[ begin m pilovid!e <lfJI8,'\'i.re;ffl for oar r'f!Pidlly\l~rmil'igp];;gJle'~. H'llIl HARVEY wm~m flor~ l'Iewteu Fou.ndl11!lon, Mienlo P:ark, 01: 914025, USA.

stmi~~g,omtfut rong..te:rn!I a!CtionB'!!tt fuMilhet del .• y in p~r:s;u,it Qf~d.eQrogicilli~, pUJ.iry- dO~Il~t r advaJ!iCe the shan:::dgol\lils. of the <'ftIdh'Ocf!cy

rCQOm.t.Hmd!~HoilFol'r,edM!C:-

'C()~t

~11glhe C!i)~tof~ e~p lm etniS:l;i'~(H1$ wi'tnOl.lJt

!>!IC:fi~dng t:~!e e:1'I¥i,ro~mellit!ll ~oa]$. Alld 44

House Repulblieal'l'i: bl~!kcra!litik~I!O ~~Plj;Qr[a

reJ))ol:talim1 c!l,~!:ilm.g :FO"I:SiL'lI.'i:m,lS. !I.c~~on tOCl.'liI e:missi,QllS.
Meani:ng;ful,
~..

alld~tQI)1

i.1iIIhis,coomry!b!r('l\'eraoo~de, valve is sillso i:mf)QifI"ita!n'tl.i!:i g~lrord :S!~ill:sr exeessivepriclt": ';i\o~~uUilty all,O'lAm~lec .i~ marlllets.Thi:: po~entiai fun'l.Ich 'VQ]iIIlility el{lstl';
J]I¢ safely

l:na~eohange

d(;b1}tesU~t

have 'M{')c:kediaclion

(l!1l

ell-

undera

"'hard'·' emlssiens

'cap" eSIPJec.i;ElUy in

OIN"A S emli ~Empbh::8 ~ A.plp!.r08chto IProi,e:c;tiillll,g !Futulre Sea~.lLlerU'elHiSle"

COMIMEINif

ao1,riey. the: iI.l:tlili~]Y years of"pf'ogmlH :iJlilllJI~,el1:lJenlE1ti:ml, abTe in tiliti.s, .cO'Iligl:eSs.. As a p:r:ill'n.cipaill '!.I1oioo of" N m.htng would erode suppoo for ill. eaibon CfIP" fh.e sciel~tif](l COIllIUMin[ty, D, 'Kennedy aud <Imili~tradie p~.'am more qll.dckly thrn~, ],lorID'~ e SGieJ'tce shOlJlldi'lli>ist 011 it. FIFIIIDKR.l!IIPP' price spikes: caused by fllp:idl:y€lliCW;<J!h:llg 8I]]mV:ltlllce p.ri!ce's"VOIa!m~ruty serves no one's Erl'Yirol'ilV!Alil~~lID~le ~!!I!. ~ew ¥llIrik~ !'II'\! IJ)(I,10. USIl ,eli:l"lI1<1h'!ilegi:siationis

S;mo~ I!!IGigate; S\I'e:1!lil!lfIaJJe'iOrejeva~. PilMoLi'p Woo,d~or1b., SiimQIlI BIIlilWllilr

ll~mslorf(I~[;lQl'l'!:. 1'51]'<IIlI1:!0lIY2D07, PI 3613) IJlres~!1~~d Oii'll ,pp~iia.t:1iiII]{ pr~;tIil:tingl '!l~ Hl!!Jil'l i"ii~1!! ~s@d ,[iii iii pm" a ...

Cliilm,lrte

Chang e:::

Onle Oo,al a.t ,8 Tillmie,

ILEG,ISLATION RIE(ENT1L¥ INTRODUCEO BY SMf!:tOrs .Bi.l1.g(.i;m<l~:, SpCl~ t~f,I~1.'!ifki[l.
AN;aJka, .SlHho,~tg,h CSSleiltia:1 elements of,a souad aJnd durnbl!e ,o:~~ma!teO~]Ciy fo,r Oill!l" P ~M1Jt]01J1J1 It w,():l][ddeli.v,crDW:I1I.dalorYl ,eoOlmay .. wide: reduetieusin !)Ugl)ee~[ljhousega:sell.~
Stl;:VC]1l,5. f1]1ldi

iIlte,rests-exoep,t those 'of ClOHlj:l®nif:s that pl.ofU ~y pl:uyilill¥. tllllicll!Ilarllret ltis !ilia SlII.pHse, th~l!!I',h~jt blJ!llsiliil!1lS'8 (li~I,pOOitlOil1. t(), rllic safety t W.llve i~ Qcmtmy ']ilot from ene:~y 'provioor£, but '00m fmIDlcial tta.dJ~ and bl!ok.eu:.~e.fim:lS. A:li the 'CCO!1!Qra:ty ~dj~;Ij~8ro c~TIb(m 'C;QN;~ ~tt.ilirus,.t",-e'n ll1cOO~mii:1~iQJili~,,ce:lii!-;.tinty mere

po~ci ~Inear ~1iIi~iranlinnween ,glo!bi~mEl!,m ~u'dacelem· i:l~l<!lJUreo:!ndlh~ rate of '9!ob<Jll'l'lerul ~f)'a-l~el d'~!l g;e.We rnnd 11,(]sum lj'oOOl"nB'lMil!m•. A'I:~nou9h w~i3,g~eth~l~lh@1'@ is ,(ol1sillleralbleUIilCierlalinID/ in the Ilr-edirlioo of fu,lm1'l ~i3i"' Iel'e~ rise, th~sappro.ach dOes 1'Id: meai1ltI'l9f",~tyconl1ijllt!le to ql)l~I1!U~~i~!.Ji;lml'wnE~Iiii!iinty, FuU t.Q:l:t ~l Wl!{l't.S(il!lit{~MI'iIBgl.olY~bglir(iOIiIM,nIl~ullllJ71 i
S:B46J1866,b

Ml\,lrko'wski, I:lot perfeer, OQllltRlllS

l!:1(I.lil!

we ~ood oostpro,1iC;ctiot'!, 'flw: B:i~ga;ma.w.· Sipecrer bm P!lJV~d::;sd1.<}:lkxibiUty toadjU8t to

ltiliben Sdunitlii~ :S!Jj"~\1ii1 ]td;ia~en!, hte~ '1JhejiU RaIH'i'ii~t01F~Riepor!S. 1.9 Ja i'iuar-v 2007" p. 3 &13) llisedilhl! ( ~~f~,dll~Ii!~[~m !~!\!Il!!!!1'iI r.!~~ iJil cnill1igil! of glob.:!t ~ur" r'i'lC~ltlflflp.!f:~luir@iiln.o~ 1@'I1~~M prftiict Uure s@<r~I!'t@l li>e.Wer~~~it ~h~<!1~pIi:Cilr(Ofl' oJ ~hulah~ic.~:ll!1!eL"ods uflOO~liIliI 5h'DI'.I'Ih~ ,l!!Itimmlion, of ~h~r~m~;{jn ·DDcltIijdeitt is liI'O.t rob:u~L .Me'IJilOr1~ rnonlly I.u~d (Om wi~h.ilil

dlaJllgiJmg ,(drc:~tms:m~lC·es by 'C!rC3!tfng regu~!I:r

,opporllmrtti(:(l, '(:or Cangre:li8 and tihre pmstde~n ~orev~C\,!,i' and !n(il(!.ify tne ~~:fe,ty v~[v~ ~Ild

eover mest e~n.i:ssi!O"ns wHhout: a Vlil't ne,w 1:l1JI,~lJea1lll!el.'~cy~ l'faJd:UIl(gto aC~Ii.e\'e ]]IMIXi~· uS;{! nmm oo~lJefHs: ,)It :miln;i~~amn cost"; :aJudge:mlel'ate s[lb:sta]ilti;illi~~ ne"wnund:s liOdevelop thri:' tec:b~ ~.lo~ogi!es m':.Iededfo.r ~I!O"w~cm:lmnwW[e. SlOHU: in the enviroJililmtlilt<li~, cornmm,lity. ~:~O"veVC-T ne oppo:sing the: bm be£ausr::: ~t; •• i~,l!;;IHde:!l ii, "safety '1<Ii~,ve"-a pri'eel pr"Otec~ t1o.l1lmecl:mnism dc;sigllied to 'eusmre: thilt the CJosll8· of reducing greel1!lhcI"l.l8C gas ,eJT[lissirulS e,!,o!l'l ris'131ibQ'V'G a kftOW!ll, proC!,ctcmli ~l!illd ~cvel. They vi,ewthis fe~L1H)e<'IE! afa:t1'l1 flaw. I

,O"therprog;~mpar.aJme~crs.. In rille meantime'. the sare~y '113J~vepl:a:rs ~ th:i[[d m:ruci~[ m]e: [t inves1$ t~u::FM;nds fro:lflallow''31llce s.81~e:si.n~o' lec:.hno]qgy :i~1!OelJaltiV'es irrldR.&D"- The S;<I.fety V"dlve\:wU .only belir:im1,\el.~d IUt'QlI!I'IIim:1le redli~ no]o,ID" pplliom, ElI'epQtlif. bl.l!l itcolfIsl~:.aJnf]y hedges agai]l,s't, that pos~~:b]]~ty uUil.k~:ng by
deepillivestme'lillls in tec;l:I:nol.QIDI;

r:ooq,Ometnc'5

may I~ mOore i,PPlI'!opriale Qf pro]~t~ ~-IJl!!i1[!)ltri,~1l..

r~r~heplllob~em

A'key, lestror .awy d~llate'policy ]s whdoor

Fu~l tt!](~ ~l ~s(il!l'1!l!liI'iI~g,.olg,,[,gli{()DIIi~Q.nIf~ul!lfl171 SM6.11:!l&6c .

letters to the Edito, D'

l~tte r~{~300 l'Ion:hl d.5(IJ~~mate! iill publi~h~-d
il'l SriE'tl'{E' in lh ~ pr ('Vi ous 3 rna nU1s or ~~:ue~ 01 gJ ell ",r Oil tiller ",H, 'hey (iiI~ b~ ~ulim i tte·o thr !Jug h lBl£! WQb {1J\nJi,w.slJ,bmit2sci!mc(!_orgl or by fQ9ulcir UiTldil (HOa New'l'ork Ave" iIIW. Wl1thinglt!Jn, DC 2·00 05, U SA.)_ Ll!'n~r~ mil ~l:kDlO\l\rledg G!d Upolll!l JH! fee e ipt Pl·OI ,Ui.' ilutho~ ~ 9 en ~ d It)' {onsu[lled b e-fme

IRESPONSri 1"10 COMM 11N.·irSiOIN "A Semii .. Empl! rie:,a.11Appro,ae:lfll 1101 ecti IiIlg P:roj

ciol!ldn"t dig~gree man:.

F!I!Itll!!!reSea-i.e/l,eII R:iis'e"
Skfan IRalillRilsto,rf .Mdlil1o:nalanatl(Si$ perfOImN ii'il ~'e5(PCMe HDtgale el'I:lL to ~nd $I.;truilil!h e,r(At ~mo~In..U~U! 9l!Ii1lIi~mpirtCi!~.O'!!nollft l [orproje(tiln@ i'L:J:tUIlf $ea~ nie ~~illett~lof prooir;t~ i!ll9 one hal1 of lh~ ,cll1ta :!ie\t based' on, i~~ oij1~r hal1. [t Iyr1liii2J" 5hD!II51hi!~.Ih[!' GD:rlthliSIoW; am' wlimsl wLtl1 ~[!1Jt. m dlolc!6 ~!da~abil!nln~,:5moothi!!ig,i!!ild:d~dL!lg> Fu!ll~e:;:t at wwu.S!!:iE!fiI(ema9!.o,ml;Qglii'ciO!ii!e nl1~ullV317f 5S11611SrJ;6,dl

I.'!o'~er!.pe ~]lil!tCl]I'! fromth~ nmi.nei3!1 ,eOmlSl)qL~e'..I'I!e(l:sof e:mHtW~lg. eo .. pa~i)e~ il;l<"Oiiild buy ~dditiotil~] alkIW\\l!flCIC& ,(')nly W tlhe C;('I~tlil Q'fflCd~lci:ng em~s[i,ionsel'lic¢eda pr.ice 1hreshokl t-lli;at S'iaJrt¥l 1U $l2 pe:rtQn. 'of CairbQIiI: dw~a:de ($44 per ton
of'Ca:ribClIIl)' alild of,'Sca:J'ates 5o/~.wovethemte of uffillf1f1ittOn eiVtCl'y YCflr d~!ereafi:eI':M~n.yviho

U1moor B~,~~"S-~c~cr~'~'8:

p ubl iI:<ltiOf), Wirlethe r pub Ii~h cd in full or in poan,

MiMr~ .;aC·i.' wbj~<'l tOo ~diling rQI «:1~:liCy ;.no:;! ~"(!l'-

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR 2007

IE

... 2
-I

:I

[I1.LIa.OGl

CIlL. S,IGMALIItE
DRUG

NEXT GENERATION?
Give rlse to controUed dlfferenttatlcn.

..... UtIO D£TStTJON LMWAfUl

'IIIIOTI.

oaca WRY

STEM

e Ebb RESEARC H

10.... 1111(1" 10

t.nd with you In uur jn"'....tm.nt in.nd c:.ontmi tmcnt c .. 11 iii ~iI r e h. By I:orwbi n Ing Up,.t.t" It1d th e mir;0'Il r p..-od U I:b ..nd M.rW:.u w tt j, 0l.Jr ye.n; Clf u:p ... i.nl:~ suppa rt InU Lif• .5d.nu rd. cb, W35uct:usfuM),pBrtntir .'!ttl HI•• orldls It ng s.c.le.rlt~sts dew. lop pr~ to sofuotkwlsfor hum,n .,ct n'Iuf'lr... t .... UIt!'td .-nbrytJflit. ,t .., U r"'lW"Ch. u

w...

to, .h~

THE EX~T\SE
1,I!1lt: _ •• mjl~O( ~I

OF

•• &:om for It1Cr1II lr.ftw-iNII:l..n on t~

IIhtt

[lthtt

W,*,,~

.. III.CIt"

lit. kI ...c. rueartli'i,

ts

CHiEMlCCJHII Ul'STAn.~ t«lW A 'Afl.T Of" WI LLPOR£

HISTORY

OF Sf::IEfNJICE:

the

'COW!lpOSer

R~cl\tm:dWag~~cr

and tlThc

only

ab.·outa. 'ItO.J 1..g.,.go..[l.·.•e•. h. )1l0t!1..e.t~ . . 1. I!Ciil:I.peap]e, the .lndo;.E!:1.uopeans.!i\mo '!!~e.,oooe·wronsly called '·Ary.i11I'i:S .... liNe
.~.·~.SOO:.10. ~ ~ .. ....

kl'lOWHbQl]t

thel!1l1. t~~roLl~l~leir

well-

raeistH ons to:ll,ehiflmb erl aia, wheseldeus bec;)~'1!leinnllent'ial.i]l, t;]ruede:'vle]op~.nent of N~zi. oOIlCielP~:s:unteneeh~a] fHa9JH!rlr!nspid sneu tr:I.IJrlruedi1:lliO reaJ;;life po':~itics.. Umfo;mm<lrely., Arviidsson '!!u;u<'Illyrelies IOn sec1ond<l!1)' seurees, Thal,i "',pxmc:lml i,sp:nlc~ il:ic.1l when det'li.ingwitlii, :200 Y'enr:s. b~t itic1d!l tiO oorne imib<lru,IJiLCe:S,

WCOlTil,sti'ucted

,~<lnSluag,e, ,"!"hich W"<l;S. spoken

Thus. the

~!!'ot~ 'of

~ro~.!rldJ{IOOBCE. Moot ,~.tllgWHlg:esofE·m'!!J[le. as ""'"en a:8lndo-mH!hl~Ia:r!gijJ:,,~(lS (.Pefsi;\;;r!.

~x'l:i]1tC~'Thclrlflrii~n (!!:f f'romit HO\V~f. AIJ1t!jill{IoJ;~. (lfig~!!ll\l!Uy !published in S'!,l.1cdfuh !s(lV,el~)llCars 81gQ (1). deals only .~urgi~l~~I)! 'with .I]odo~ElJropean. Lingr~u~kR.iita1~~e:l·. S:tefau ArvWs~on (a sclmoi,a'Il olf!I'Cli,gi~ll iSJtlhe Un:!.,
j!i\'~~1~f1lljJCh~gli1!, escend d \~C1'Sity oUI.ahnSllad) !I!n'fli~YZCi! the :n.S:USle tlm:aT .i.n;IQ-.GtI1!Ope:.anlil:ngt~isrn.cs ~a:\li!been p~ltwOV'e:v

SlO1'lJnsmt. Hindi) ~ndthe

'tine 200 yea];; siaee ~lsrn.ce;ptOOIfll,. Thfsl:ui'su:SG is ~nii.ml.!lyinte:m"ned with con'lffl]u'l:ed.h~smry 'of the term "A:ryml"':; al.Yfl wa:stbe se~f~.s~WlI<1don ofdlelrtbiilli;mls-mroll :Mca.ns"(tilc::country) of the Ary'l'Lns,"-!lS we.l] as of tcliIDe ancient Ve()]ic, l.nclii;1ulS,. whose des'Ce.fll.tle~.~ ~,OI!,.V s:pc!.illik Ind.o ..Ar:y,ulI 11In~ g~'lges, such as l~l:i]lidi.,U]'du, etc'. Hewever, clilUl'ing the 19th oCllmry A:ryi.HiI Wal'l ofi:en used '00 d:esigna~e <liU [ndo-Euw,peanlroltgWlgel'> and !J~~k ~,cak;~n;;.rom this th(i N a1j USiI!6of f Aryii~\V~ oofi.¥ecl, in which it m.e~nt aJ~oothe "race" @fih ::;T,~~kern,pllrt~c~l<lirly that gf

.PJl<'Ii!ll:B(lpp,~le acitu_<'I~Ol~!lder f o¥ lnd(l-Bmop~~ Uw,g!Jistks,is 1mrnle:nHoncd ~Illy fn '~helmIiI.lIrgi1ml. and A_r\l'i<Wss~~,r:Ie8criptio~! 'of Ind:o]ogy does uo:~irdicmt:: the tliiiSlUlfe olf the discip~~I~.e\,\'eU. Aitlmujl Dle q1,lo~:es: a:r.y pa:sm :!la~es.thankfuUyi~ the IClligi:I1ilaJ~ ]9!ngWlges~ the tr~Il\l~atiolli> 1].1un Geunan (vii a SW'edJis1in,'?) ere ~lO'l: always c ~;l:I"I:,ecl: (nor <lire :i.n.:iJi.v.hlu3.1riefere]1lce's in
f]nl(.': i:l1i,II):Uogrnphy)"

in sum, A.fJ.~t1rJhiols ]:5 a ~.sellill:!Ul~ly$as ,alld sllullima:ry. even if it is not il.lways['lel]~

a'ble; 'or coml)i]c.teiilnd

sionally

(I

cca ~

is even a bit b~a;s ed,

ss will be seen. It is on~y rlOSlilib]ero g:ive 3! fi:.w :~ghli,ght~ Qf'th~ hi!Stoty ef

Indo-EiilfO,peafi
Atytlill

imlyths.

~orth(;r~.Br~rop>ca~!),. UmnlC1~d.oo.(l(lllSeq~;1e1lilOOSQ'f'leClmica11abcll. il'1g and the mi~c ofthcli'C~~ns, or Sd'nola~Mi"

b)' ll'Innspec~aUs;t:;; llIi:,e
Ary,;:U11

IdoJ!s lii,da-[urropean MyLholo'giV 81Si Ideology

both IJb~quit!Otls and &pccific !1m parmcw.1I!i

'pcri(l(i:s. TI~ hL'>lCl)'ef' '"A[;raJll''' ideas ~s 'l:1ru~l:

8111d SCueJlc,e' ,1Iy StftfBr! AinidilssM Translated hom the$wDdis!h ~H by SJ}ni.a W·i~lHl1antlJ.Ul'live·rsity or Chicago PI'~ss,[;t;icagClo im::6. 35Sp pc SS:~,£:35, ISBN 91SI!l22I6[1Zll500.

of ,Eli senes of fM,~ne:s that; .in scmle :slmpe m

form,

still COtlifulitie.

They simplyret:lectt~'le clll.ttum~:history O{Elllli'"

0iJe ouldlAmC1:iC<l rn:run the ~: 78Q.s lu1l:il,u)tlr:y.

.Mail1.in ERiN IW.i~g~f rhor~J ,iBllitd'eAglJ'in.:rt the G.iIl'tUlf ,and "he l .M.rog'iird S~ear' {lsn). hilltlile 19~ <l1~d20llii Cf!I'I'I.ulries, thi~.~,el~i' B: U!1:~pe1)ll,,al1gllaJ;lles!,\c~s:first ~ApoU()'s.stn.!QIgoo ~'1airlst Pyl:lil~n. a!iid1lndr~'sli!i,hl '~~11fl VrI:r.il~~ro Ci.flhO'l:f!ltoohlJ! a Cf!ktu~aspeccih by WimalfMl Jonc:si~. 1786aliiid ilntlwpmedl .... ,ilS th!.i>sUUl9gl~ of the tIi.nyalliagail'M b®t;hlhe i:lrllille lorl:e:Jl~lIIatullie and p~im!ililvepeCl,pI.es. ~ ]11 Bop,p'sws:mJn:m"oifl:816 :(2~ ntIJring the R()liiiMi!I1ITicpe!l"]o~ l1beit. $l!Dch inVlenriolls ofu'adIiIii Oll.l1:1i[!,Y:S!I~Jlea:r the palll-EIJ]'(l:pean seaJl:c~1lb1l' orjgl:W,i> ~cdto linu~gwni!llll@; a:nhdo-.EfII:ol~e~n home] !I.llid. in .only to be ofh~tm~cal inte:resllm,ow •.but people ,El!lrestill fhsci:lil<lted by tl;lea:r oU'.igi:ns ad 3:nce!r IndJi'i1I. tiS sa.liIlskril Wa.<l seen as the oldest rami :>' !Ci:::' oif~ndo-E~I·Qp'e'lIin. The second liiilfl~r of the ~; IDI'S, as ~ililJe cm~rent ,enthil'~si<lsm far DNA veS:lI.9tr.~1,ce'.llIt[lryw;rus; dm:n:irmtetl by tl~e Oxfcmdl ~: lug in geneiillogy 'shows. Thc:,.A:ry<llll[oi.IY'COJillr;; IndQklg~st M.":~ Muller and ]iIIi,s ROilililtlnticl tinues with enrreut chaavinist f'rumfasi!es ttmrt ~llterpreta.tiQn of Ved,](l and bniQ~El1m'pean il"lnu:e:I~c'e Oim;e MmoJilI rnw:illimls now.. In their own Aryan :1i1IilY~h. {liliottreated by A.ii'i...:idsSOlil,):, Ill<tteda.l S <IN p:rinlitivr:, 1ilJ1I~.um :myUloklgy" il' A:ry~I""'llLre the ~lldjigeJ1J;ou!l "sons of the i~lO,]rjof [I}~.ltl!pedby the "disease ofblJlil~lliL.bre.'; ~Iow- ';l!'

T~l~n;l:Wlw~ship IJQt'>Vi:l!ill!1 S!istlskrit ~nd d~~ othc:I" h~do-

I
1;;::

dle:ir "fa[he:Jrlltl!rld,'~ wl1ere they constitlli1e"tlne constsuctian of ~;he ,(;omtry. Oilill(.': peop,~e.one eulnue," We have i,:I1d:o~E(~!1opelln ~l;iejfg~larl1p~S'C in tl1!C e<l!riy he~mt1i~] ofdliAl beful'co ~9th C~Ii.l~l~!)':n:;s,Qt'l<'!,ood l'VtlUwith tl1;(; search A!'vidsfiOnp;roViide~ a ,ootall,~d d~ClilSBWfl O'f t~!i u:~t.im~tc: oiiigi.ns, [lro:mincliIit!1it the ti~'c" dl~tIr""ilits 3!!~IUrng o:f1.he d(lballC orver t1~~gt resui'l:i1i1JJ,gin filtit'olsy-lad<;::lII hi,sro!'i~s. The miO C(i~ltD!'i~s"!~~ful L Sl!lnmmJ<'I~~$, OJ,Ifld some ~iMp~jficd tables :th!lt: ~~l.oiW t~r qju~ek O!"icntl~ ~on-I~'do-E1tOOpearr! F~~lilIJi!l Hij~l~rj,!i!lS,. ~ml tiOQj Siea:rchcd widely for their homelsud, i~l IimL ~!:kp:rc~elfl$cleaflyt'L;: (lQI:iJ~lrAic;@~d web ,of !mn:h1!~di!l!tlHC;:r!cer-f,og: ~~~ple; thC!~e sjnl!Ca.dilllg.lh1lii11r..4l~x Milner to Sylvai.nL~vi The re'liev;<!r fHl UiI!!'DelP~rtifllenit Qr Sa ~~lI:nt an!lii ,Ind~n ,arrndH:mn l.J6'II'i to Loopo!d ¥l)ll 8c:h.moorn". The S!liflie~. aMfllli Ullliwlr~il~. !l~'S:~r1!~~. ~ i (ambridgi~.n.!iA 1.8!t:t:eJfllll<llS !In impo:n:an,t:f~g:lliU)e hlli tbe dIl1::'!'e of 02'138, U:'S.:A ..IE=IIliam::. wiill!l@tilSJl~ rv~H:I.,1?d1ll

The successtulre-

ever,in the ] S70S"l.'1.1heflt~le snict rgeogTilimnmrimll seheol realized that. SalliSkr.itw!IS iOOrt a d~l]ghrer of .ind()~Eul!opC~rl, sch Q]an
started to look tfor al!loth~r ~nsi~f~~ [:IldoEYIi"O;PCiHl ~o!'n.d.~d. (:ot!c!!!;rrent[Yi dJ]JJili!\gthig ~Ciliod of El~!'oPC!!~l

;;: 6li
~

:ii
..I'

(;I

:1!i

8: I;>

\van1(ll'S h<ld ~~l'u{(IerOO.'lI~'C5t(lrll a:nd :sorl!il:hem .:Ii Eura:srna, Some s!Chotm:s, s'llch :iI,s MijIller fiftH] ~, w, ~h.e:lingiIJi5t: 1.lerllla:nll Hin {negl.ect:od by '-I'

d!omil]:!jJ!lcJi;;. D!Ili!:\l,I:i.iJWi(';~ a!!~ "f~C(,: ~d- m e:~cc" C'lne:ryed~md .a ~e\'\f Jl"o/I:I:~ ~~Qk form; ~ i E~~pe~n Qf ,,"",,,,'Cn NolYJcA:ryan mcc of!fnob'l~ ~: 0,

'"

..

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

Arvklssonh OPIDO&'I':d ffllY call11f!ldi(l[l bctwr:en Immllag'c audimoe. NOIlethel!essj t~lis new frilly

was ooimhiJm.edw:DtJru

t]ne[l3:S(le~lltffie4do:lfarohae-·

rml~si!e-s ~fIIbOil.U ]ndo~ Euro:peaJls m. Nomii'Q agJ:i,c:ultr[mill~sts. which reS!Ji!lted :~nilie later Nmd,"lbiood and sci I"ideOk}g)l. Mi:xi.l1g al I, of the !),oove., i1J1i1lirteur 'IIwg,te,1:S of the ,early 20th Den~:ry SUc:~.li:J1S Alfred R.o:se'nil:iC:Q!l laid the S%Dli.Ill'Kifor N iiZiidookl£j<'. l~iWe studies m'ld ,eug;enic:ii, eltl,'ersed aJs'~~ci~ enees" in m<l~v:yQo~mtril~. DI:I!wiJrnS tl11e [:2 ye~.1'5 ofNfJ..:.i.!1e~£~in Germ,IJ!1IY" the hC,ldy Aryan
oklgy;.fm:1iFillfuff:hcr Iblfie\V had

lnay lse fashio'llclb]e (fo:Jll.cau~1t, .Derl".ida); :Iii,ow~ ,evel:~ Arvidssen nullcC!'s an an fO!lf~'u of [l'-----<lS, wlillen he even delec'ts"m1~:1im;o~ic" fP: W. Sclirim[d~" W, .KioIlJP'Cl'S) ood. ''pmtesllull'' w1lri~el:s on :~nd.~EIEmpe<ml~l.Tyilll.T~ntmglm;oHld.lebook, \7!le find :suc:hlinka~~s llietween OOlrn~!eilllill'OJ~jlfY 9OcLO-re]i(giom. de'i.ie]qpmellim .;miC.'l '~]e devclolp'· ment of A:l}I"iU,l, f1'lml11<lsle;s .. Anri,dSSOiml's Sy:IDl1JPid:1mii (:s't:~e,mdy a-rc\'\I'ith Bnlce lincoln, whe has tece:!lildy turned
J

ksmost

diSf!8t!!01.!~ OO!lSOqu~1)CQS~1

tilte exterm~1\\lJ11on ",f~~OOlJij,·Al)"3!ns.~'·inc~lJdil\g

!~,e~~do-A'YfL1li'IRo~:iJl~ (Gypskls). An!';!' 1945, other, ~~·ill-cumlu. iI'I~(,'1pro:t~ 1~'iolls nndlo·!EtE'lWea:rI~Y&S ,SlIiid~fClinaeol'o.g:i Q tnokO\i\er. A.ga:il1,.nOlllil:lg!l!lilii:ts ade wrong, use m ofthe,oosu~r5: !!:If (llliiJL;-: selenee tooo.ildtl'iCiorie-s ftll.r i!1!DOill1c~~.Thc 1I1d:o-.EIl!I:l}p~n mJlt11()!~i:s~ OeO!rges nl~me,zi~,.~:he sC:~.o]ar of l:,e~igiiOn M:ire,calEli:3ide~ a:n1dthe ,m1J:h<leo~ogisti .MariJa ahn'bntaspred]Oluouil:cdiu 'l:mcPQli~ pcr.iod. nBe ~trer still is SOIm:,W~limlt fuJifilIerlitial in tm~ i:wrugfillido=EllIropellM, horsemen:sin¥lIisld!:Jil.sout of ~:b,eUk~iIliman a:udRussian sle~1pesulThro a Sl]P= l~osedly iIleace:llI].m .. tri,1Ili'thic Old Eur-.ope. Tline ~:lrureehavcreeentty 009 attu~cdo:ffjjgcist tencl!ew::~:e's. '-Uta:!AwidssQil even spocubte:s that tiliDe Liithil~Ilill!ln-bo'm Girnl:ru.tJs~ stance 'I\>tiS due te mter;tnli,·Russm:lil fu~]m;g~ Diis:ldl1c1 Of1l!lHI~ysig

f':'QUl IOIJeaiing ever r.tC'l¥1l1yths, ,(e.g •• IDe (lUCl'eMilA~"yfI!n eae ~nlucl:i;<JJ). Mydl mflikimJlg aad t:;!Onsmnpti!ml seem to be jpermill]l;ent:p1ilCils of the fu!r~n\1!llgem.·ch fm·origia~'s,. An'idssan's way eut of this ,oonm.uillrnm~s co]]lnl'l'\fcned ..sthe \'!:ritln!il: of~li sturyge.tsi:lil,c:re<llsin£lY hij acke-d by ·~OOOID~C;ali. relis;ocms:,. andloc;}j. ntIJt:iomJ:<l~i:stic 1l1OVeill1elilts:. What then7 Cle'l.iflY, mcrl!e S6i1F.LUllS: h],sio:rn,cal, iHlI,d compru;,altM~holai(~hipi:'l roq~liIW,.We ;7I[sQ iJi'ieOO 11, cl:i:tic of ccrtmlillProro-hlldo-.Eurnp>ellll the 'e~lg<'l~meiJ!a,1 of '8cIilQ~.1lJrsw:in ]g,l:gto take hy,othe::sc:ii.!T!!linl1l]niw,g that the: lJ!lice;~tnd p1lll.b~icsm]!!;~-wbeth~r in ihe b~,It~.~"iJ ere(ji\<er m~it:h:ology of ci[\c~ 3000 BCE, esnnot be a:ti!or.!~8m ori~thc ~"C(J1mIt attemp.ts by Hind!u I1CCi()llStn:J.c:IIOO. B:t!t,. ns '!.~th the al'lce~:~~~ t}:., ~ IlaJtilO1"lf!:~fstsand 'hurdiaJlnent3:1 ists (in b()'~inlndi~ ,o:]ogi~ ool~gmg I~ oll:heillarng1J)~c fa9;_mi]~es~. and C1!lifu!l1!lh!) 00 r~wi~r:; hdif~llruistory ID. Ii] !llytho~(lgkal fa::ilhio~ (4). Ary~;r!f!'!]mIt~sgCS '~HJ!t·u~den;;m!ldi!'lg of it Cri!['iJ be p:1i.!'t ml~c~l 'on fi:l'i)ller gml;lnd thr,()I;IWilll c()1iii1~bined hi,&~cJl:ical Il~vc: ilindica.t:C1d~~e i:nheJrC::l'il: diS!lltg,l;:fS most lllliDd~mu:pSirnD.'i,le lfDilCIiliD.oos (as 1 ~.mpe~ tOd!;f11.OlfDeJcarly.am;l here.lies one o:Ullt: endlLll"i~g ~.i[lcr~nr3!rein ~1:Qriuh.{;o..i:J1g00ok), i~s ·of Arvn.dsliiOifl!'S book: it ~nd!ka~leS: hM't .~ Arvid!!l~on u,LJe'lii see om.,: \WI:.\" !onl: (lIf onig;U~) call ~S!clr~(ilny'~eruurom. l\i.i.s:tmy. f

mytInis oi~'~he A:rya!nki]1d."tbm1!lgh~~leCQiI1l1l~ pa.V'a;tive~tud.y ofh~S~!(I:ry. Buf.he oll~rlooks the recent interusl ,c~.itilqlue made byl:m:i.'CI~

R!d!!iIfen()e
:1." 5>,IIMd!;~ni~ritlJjjl!'ll!l,er:~l! JrI<heuJ"l)fJi'.i#U ,G.lyWi19;rn'!:(i:fjj lJ,yjf~,(;K/i i.\t2jeJj~ .(EI!tiJl~lI! O~I~fi9~

as Sl~ifi[n Zimnu:r (3); who ha,\<'C,c:]elldyp!'On01:.IIIICcd :tII£,ain5~ using "[[ngr~i,s,!i~c pSl~f!OJltol.Ql!lY;·'·MallY a.1I1mel's .1I~SO distllnlglllLisfu bejtwern!il.e~ulline linguisti c diseussion and grll,ruilloml specu!a:tilon that ,c!I):JIlJ'e!1 ate!> li]1Jlb"uUsticsw~:thaiICMI'lIeol.o.!ilY Oli:, ,oo;rren:tJty, '!vidl ;poP']!q~a!ti.OTIlellletics. Stin, saeh ~toodlol~gi,eal dj~'l]::;8ion5: do ~'KJitdaeJt some

lIEl.1JtIJOPIi:l\1li1l]]llgllists. sueh

8ml':~ilrll:l!lSoim.lI!l~I:um. ~t!ld..n,c.,1m..200D~ 2 •. F:,.IBmp:p, [jbt,,. tlm~'('D.!?i*lr.Mlr~~¥I~!Vll lkt Sall'Iinlli/Name: fll' V,ffgleJm\ll\ili!' mil j'(!Jjem'der f!iedl.f~· (km.lr;!'refi!f,~hen fHN-tir.Chen.r.rtl1lgerma.ffltI;t!e1:r ~r!~ O1!!l\!Ir'~. h~lIk~l!l!t fII~I!I, ~), ,~Im n 3 .5,Zil1fil]1!!(, ~ frildD,iM't. SiiWl. 1:8; :l!Al tl\iHlO}_ <l,. [I" ·(j!lltd!!l'l.,~\iilll SWlI!,rJili~rool. 2:5Iamu:a~i)i 2,006, p, ilL

EXI·UIBnION:

A"NiliIIHR,OPOLOGY

blt'ast r,oplle.,
~OUlr.lll

[110m

k{~ttl/if tJ'l'll)h e$n

overturn, from kU{l!" ,[down]

+:;tr(!plWiri

to

A
II
if]

11.)etu.' ... ~I..ih.:re< 'IJt.O.f ...d ..i1I I ... M~es us fe·S!,"' the unexpeeted, .ti~...S..~.. anI" im3.Jjnaliiol~s <lbo pireJl!l.re us fO man3g:e dis:ordle.r and suffering. Oonsequent]y" gi'!,'\en sOliliLeperiod af peace after <I eatasnop1:te.OO'c[etic-s rn;pid.ly 1'C;g110~ and aol: not oilly tn t1iSi!:l]sUhei.ftl'im members ibkaft alse to he,lp
tell'
pe. ' ...

·I.tl.lm~!il.~.).lh. . .. t. :'1: ...•

The cl{hilihiliion (in Frem;:h a1l!l,c]Eng:~]sh) br.i:ngs a :I1I1IuUimooia peI'specHvet.o c!Op~ng wi;t~:1.d:~asrer. AU~,le!:.iart;,
<lire sfllT,(lUI:Ioodlw:y the somu:Hsofdl:oOJin: \I,~, e:'illrnlq~ak!e, killa:xm:l$, radie <JJlUlmunceme:nts, J.w;dw<l~Ung children, TJirJ,ey aiJle theu s~rdydeli.ywed into a subuarb.fllil :s~nrnm:gliooililm,wJrniCl1e the tei,cvi:s;ion cJmtl:ers <Jill <JImiil,b]e;OOU1lli~~poii,n't. Hia31gin.~ Ollil. thewalls tmd i'lhdv,e,s ,of tWicf100m are ,I ~c·]ecli,on of
va,s]tOI'l1:

Archetypal. rnl>ei!IIIIS of51IJnrivat A mooelof N'j)i!lh'sark rrnll1l. JW,~~la .. oys!l:er~ SfXJ~uJ)ilt,l:S pl'imJeps. '!fbiis

mo~.~lJSc ~'nsdoligill~.iy ooe~1 adOJW~ed <IS a vorave, ,obj'ect by pre",Coh~llllbi.rnlIl

people: 'OjIst,el·sheUs washed ILlP Ol~1 the western s]]J.ore 10 f Sonth A:Jmlu'lrica pre Sillge .HI. N~lD imnl.cliai;iQ:[Is, Js~~;i's species tem;i!s to

~ eurreliWtly ,1l!t t~e Ml!!~£e d' ctllil1og_Taiphic de il GClle:V~, AI:! a,cclOf!lip~nyi~lg volulTI!e Qnb~
~ (I1!l1thorsth~t ~I:tO~udesfll1l:hr,opo.klg,lsis, artists,. -, ~ Sioc,I~ai~ptJyo1ll:::lkl;!,,~:l'itS.~~I:SlI)!ri.S!mi,OilIgl.u~l.omisls,. ~ aid workers, and jO!lU1ul.li.stl'l ..

mhers •.ooon f'lHdRst<mttllndquit.e tJInoo}'ltlOll!i,. if: to rebuild the~r ~Ilmmtcitme ilIld~be~r fhiths. g ilil The oibjects thid lllle~phllllmfilO'li!1(!l 10 be iSo'!1esi.!i~,tIIt iIE ~. are ~(;8u'bjeC:l of the ~h~bitior! Sc:i~ulrio ~ CCltrlstt:oplic'. CUf!ltoo by C~ris,t.iia!n D.e~~ra;t;,. ~ ~ L!'lune Dl!rll!~~H:i[.and Ah:ssia fO!ld["Ln~,.
~

;; C-I;~:mys'fro~ an jl~.~l;;rdi~c~pl ]!1~ry l"".tnge 'of

fetish O:~C-dlil. PeQ.p~.'emkJe<'l v~:ricty of arppro@chc8 to satisfyUu.(;;[1' dc~iro for adV<lilCed 'I.'Vllmhlg, ofi~~,pc:!illd~n:g .r;:a:taJstr,opliie, hl most 8lOcicl'i~ :W!1'!lI.lctscornmom:y fcarurern'lim~:~. T~e I}lifi~ ~m}' e;;,tp~anatiIOilis th~tJT!!!n¥ ~~,illi1iirus i:l!(ill· ~re tery ,()'Vi,j;r~l~ nirl1!i~1 '\i;"Oi~d. One p~rt ,ofUli;': e-1dlibitiOll t\o:J1iI:5lde.rsCIJiIm~itive to a'!'1!d aI~lled 'by !iJooHc ~nvirI0ll:lilm~1i1I'~'~ ~ignfdgthatprooo& e,'(~_c\~~1!her~fi.!1e.avn!II e.or~HQ:!l.as a,,\'~udm.pect of :ciQcielt-a1 1~Ilcl:iJe. a:l1id e(lrthqrlJ!a;lkes. An. 'ex<.'!mpile -ti!IJllt !X;p~ir:.WiUll sped.lllc CiOlllmelll()f,a~i~ objects deviates .tmru the Illorc-expecleld selbction flf' and oQm:lll.~!em~I[UC:)Il e.vlcnts, pa:st d:isasteors bi.Ms,eiephants, <I.ne!cows '!MIS the r,ed spIny can be Ica.1egori.z:e.di al~.d psydmlogiJcally

d:ie: eJ:I masse ;ifthe:se,l\¥ai~l'telll:pemiilituI'C<riSJes" De.:sp:i~etlilC conlillill~llg~:m,p'orttlill.ce. (llfo'lt awull~,ets. soci.C!t:~e:s itIi'iie iJnC:reil:S~~lglyfh\!im'ed ~ <I tech[dcJI~quesit for ,an idea] ~ecIlJi'l:y thl1ollJg:lrn r-ece:nt devc]opmelilitsi]]1 :i!ei:lm~!oA grap,l:1s.1.!'i,i.1iblmlche and tsunalTJ] dietectors. mC'IIllort)]ogi.caJfuroeastiling,. ~!ld;gO OIn. Not 'i;ViUlS't~lii!!dliflgtbeimp:reS-$ ~'!,I(;l'Ce~l'!:ology ii'lrnilab:~e:; '!,;\-lIetill ha,,'c.<'l 'Ii!~cl~tUu~or::r ~,a8s i

BOOIKSETAL
ixnuained whUe societies rebui]d! B11iId:llh'!'.nwpt a to 11erur.11I11oa sense of li1ol1n1lli~ and :soow]ty. Cleeks make potem :symbo]s OftjI1C delieete m£lclinline'ry of ~Jin;ehiI.H1I1iflH oody. aud the stojilpool. dock nl<liS been <Idoptecla:s aparticu~'[fly haunting ccmmemeearive object The mten:l]I),ted hour has beeflt1i"e~ne'IlIU~ d,¥ict:oo ml!enm<llil,ffj {lfclaclk:sSl..l.ch1Jis~lOse sn['!;,'~vi,liI~ t~:i.e$.1IIil ,Ffiiil.ci.s:oo ell.rt.m'Glll]'ll~of I,g Apli] [906 (I}S:]4); the W-Ik,o~him!l liIllcleal! bomb blm,t of 6, Augm.tl. 945 (O$; ~S); il11ild thepil&~g~ ofl-Wlin.riC'".'l.nii: K1.I,trin,! on .:H) Angmi12005 l'IS ,~ menus ()if ga]llimlg powe:r ;f]!lld k:eephlg >co'liilrol The curamrs offer the u.s... f¥i!motAct:of26 Octeber 2001tl:l> t'ln ~tuupk: of how <I modern de M'lOClll.CY (:;::1[1 pessuade poop[e ofthei:mportm.ltle ofabandOlilling same: oft'lleur civ~] liberties. The Iloo]o~ism "Ii,berti~
'PQ]]tica]~y
J

,c:iclJe"i s <'I p:rov"O,k;ilJg ex:hib~:t]j:'I ticn, lhe~ned~,a are ;t(]ep] <It

i.ls:eU: P'~oritGd~yol)et~lIt~11l O'IS veliilidc::'s ~otplllM.ic ~nfCitrni.i.···

(02:{i2to 14:3~>
The ,exhibition

N}li!lI!IJn~

us I1QwiD!p:lmt~rlt

lIillplif,yins IimictYiillrld m<1inip· L~~, ,tiw,g the ge~~nJi a pllMic"s pe!!C~pHOI!,!!of ~]sk H~re"lh~ ,eNllm.ibhion ~nv.ites lI:\1 '~o 'C()!iiI,"

has Ii1lOWex'Bnd\edi~,llo ailituge g~obft~e'llIite.rp:rr:Usetrooi:ng in [1The~oo]s OfSMrVl¥al. The seale of the b1!Is~Jm,ess led to dedi!c3.~ed trade has st:uJ'wI's,. .h:ic:hrealtiure speciiBJ[~d s,ll~des, Ib~~]~ w dezess, h~ih:red dJetf!cw:r.;. e<u1hq~1I~em.oo~" tees, Il1il:d wut liii ave Y01:]. "Aid. ~rd Trade" :is :i1letd fllll!1ilU.i.lly in 'Gc,1iIev,;'i. ,ca,piil:aliz;1ng an the ,c:ity'Sloci'ltio:l'I S'c::ei1l<iJl"blll' Cala::;'tmplile ;as ~,hub ful'the i.r'itC4'j,loTI1tiOi:'i<'l1 C1i.tiSHtlili'DeMtNliz. OifgaliYgf.:li:iiorn tml,t: focUSCJi], diisid!Jl'i.fl f)',pm,lssei. iHld aster ~ll<i1nag.em.e.:lllft AliIii~i!l Foodfini, l:.l1J'~J'$ 1~"c~tt:iO,trophegnaikel5' poop·l.;:

religion ~ as a s~:\I~,W!'Iaid a_tid,~sa ]i!1!!00':r'!8 ~f .s!<ille~ocilety\!'Cspo~~ 8 to' st()· I;;)cC;plng8iOCiet,t~, Im1)ct<li!ml fur!d~nlngin UILc rles .",bOl!It' alvian ]~lt]~e!lZ1! :1l!mJ socierty. forirl~1!l~C~. Armtilik Cl)llnnmIOllili1lllcre:~t \1!i.11~nassail,l.lted Iby d:isas~:er, the r~mJHen1l1llilJ!m bug:" .101 :;W05 e.Qmp!ei:;~.heSio~5i~edUsoolli _R.e:li,gi{);1,J:s objects, serve <us,el~.d~IJ~[n:gtooll" fo:r the: ~hi~~]slI, gm'emme:~ta.i:lllil:ed eSlr1i~qwrkcon NO'lh"en,l;ler 1755, emotknlal sUl:'vivai m~dIrorwardiugotFiurth~, to buy a smekpile of 14.6 "I!iI'hic:h.~ f'aCil:alfec~dlnl!1d\oF Sc:Iiii!1I;~II"PI!U' CM:a;strolPf,'j~ I:l'I!im[rn1Il COf~l:seSf);f the Sluiviral ti;ain.ger: fm.· l50Mime C!l~astro[l)hes (e:!!lpedaU.y 1:he~beria:nP,eni us n la !llld drug 'fmmlliil'lu, orne! QVf::I"600 till.ClSe caused byh1Ll:m~,1iIIS) SIJ!Cliil~t]jshes may f ~he nertheen tilP of Amml., lhe ChFisfi{UI' [J,(::Uir:'l'lllilmJ uhil:nal.dy be ITI{)J1"e df~ciivejhan a spad.!e orE'.a reSl!iltJing demmDtitol~ pm_pn,d miJ~iO:Ili US. do[lflni wm:'esrtent: t!r!JFillD.l11ollS$~Jt Em_ ~]aJe e facto ~~eil!d tlia,e :Poril]~ d of g<l!$,mask, A~mrt &o:m ph::m:ii.lllig for ]utClJccs,., be,tweel1l 199:5 and 20 00 ~~l hn1oliCl, GOIiiOIl, Swit:t8I"i:;lIrnd, sien withUl,e gods via g,uard,iml angels and tliltCIIlJ.YI:S to ;EJ:vertan al'lridpal!ed glle::tiCg:C)verrmlCJllttheMa.1\1IIl~is 2111l1.352 jl P',:P',~j:I,er.CH FII6, tOlmllpultc,r sys,tems liI1lJ~]tdo:wll de .Pollli1,b<l~. ro cOlldm::t1ill enpariaMe o:rawJli~es. acts of donation CaJ.li1l1 be El11SIBN 9lB0621 8589115_ 1IS1,lime]1J1iLi[~:e:[tiniulil1larrivecll Thi.s C!Onsit:rneJ: i!.sorfuri:~g:s .. Neve,l·tbdess,. as q,l~in'Y 10 find III nniomtl explallfl=' the cl'(Jribi.llon PO]I,lts out iI11iue ,oc(;,lsiomIUy hmu<I!1l tendency~o illllilgine tion fOT~~,ledrnSillS~el.·that lMIS e.''';t~:e:JII~e levels of ge;ml~:S~ty raise di~tJi.l.riJ'i]ll.g the, 'i,1'fO:trst .dsClpmJu:pted H c11r.i DmUiI!nl (th~, free o;fJ,esuirt influe[lcclIadi divinatiorr, H!e ~S[I.'e'S ~1u,eJfIj15eJve,S. How s!l(m~,d. the- ]1IltOIlCY 1Je; SW~!>fo:ml~er oft~,le HIed, Cross mO"'l!:nl,eutl'., ~.leaJel:l:yri~.c:rcd a m~e- of ~olqgic<l,~ill'\lesli~ r llsedillil a iCCliiIsideru,re <lIlld: 'effect~ve:~vay2' HolI.v in hisl~ter ye.'lI~:S,to, illuSln)ltehi:ilvifl;~(nl ofthe gations aerass EUI'OIJC and allewedthe do 'l;VCe~pbt:i~ the; g~,obairl!l:mN~ ofth~ emo,end ohhe 'Il!'or]d i.J1iI 11. complex p!1'lJinti[1g dis- foo~,~lI]t of Elllighte:r'I!me,'lilli' t~d~lkingili!l!to h(l ~ ·~.'.i"~ -:,."'. ;,·11'" --_]i'" i!lIi. '" __ ,~,~"",,_._g, 4"'t-'~ tio~lr'~~Oilig.o to sow~.e' di~~len;j. ~ch (is tile p_a} ",y a ... y~ _1;lVC __ ,., d!. ~t."fri;i1.\,l~i1li:-. iII!"'_<iliI~. Pon.~~I6~e b~k\Wi.oo:r~ OiS!ii.:iM-et ctln i.iJ[ so be: good for business, S.upcrstili,Otl stillpre;"<li Is WhMit comes ·~o Il'idonesi~t, tsuna:mi. and t11end:a:l-u:ve s:ileooe ~~!IT'Q~:tt!dif)g tOth~~j,8l;!,(;h fl~ 'Jbe uni:b,ldi:ng h~ 198:9" 300poop~~ H-rod it! '!lite·~·O\vnf pre(]i~tiQJ1!, \".!mi~:g,(1~dprev'G'1IWlk'~), Nevero ~ve:!1ils,inDarfur?' \VC dJ~n't :fi.Til!d o:i]lJS''IM:lf8 ~Il Lokidho):iO!~n NQri:h~, Kcl~~,W~r b, s.o~~l\J..· thc:less" ;lllp~a.!y-ptk~ \;'i~uo,~hel:,p ~11j5 p~pare to dlii.5 cxl'nlbitiolJ'lJJ, oor 'we: fin;: fon::od ~o ,qucr;,UOll · ern SUd~fl bn~l,lghttQthe to'l'lU 25.000 ,~]d for n.llture 'C(I]\j!s;lropl.1CS, T~e f!llal ~(lcdo!1'I of Ol!lfn;:sllOuscS to IiCiil.Qt·e hU~lan dt~asters, \;li'otJkier5" ,,,,,ho,had needs of~hejrO\"'I~. The the c;t~libitklll i~, devoted to C(l!iilalC~n porror)' l'hee:xJdbutioll cons]der~;1m1'il)l, OIit"CfI 0011· infhlx in tum. sp.a\\IIlcd IlU'ucnms ~.a~:~ bl!Jl"i,., human viC'iVS (jMi ~sten; yet to C'OlllC:. ElmdRol:' nesses, few of which S:l~rvi",ed whe!W.the wa:r f~lUestories Ol!1i,cetold~~l the smokyllrdi:ght A!icUng. atl:riibut'es of 'CO(ping. Quite c:liea]']y. disast~r is uera ca]~ily for ~\I'e~o:rrlc. The Ino\!ed ~,~y and the ~d li'roruer,,: '1,r~lls:lIerr'cd might' l~¥e been rep[aced by bright e:leC:II:Qllic the'ir oper.ating eemer, The d~saster bnsiness, media, Ibl.l!t the monsters, tsunamis, 1iliiid spei[lte~1" O'f doom has ""~ W?lYs been exp~oli.t:ed eaJrthqllllli<es, aswell II;S ili,e fern:, dimml!ge'. amd u1t.i.meiy cl;e;a;l:hmUl, still. be fOlM.ndin c~c:mtem~ porEILry s~ories, Scenario CaI,as/ropile is tht'!: bestkil]!CIi of
j

MLlSeD d"Elh no gr Iii ptlie, G~~e,;,e', Switl:e~~arld, ~rClugh 6Jan'lJIary 20008, W\lV1.i'\i'_vill~·I!.II: h/mlJls3 nrl[)l 9 etl'lg!e.'(j)o©6_tik,~p

q;u:e8tio!l the ]1JJltlUral o~.

it

call pm~'~de Qll'leii ,oppOn~Il[lI:ies-t1Ipp.onunruti~:8 UJ' refo!llJ:'!

The· Tete!iCiDope'. lis HlistOlry, ieG~ lIiJ(I~Ogy,. and l4ut.ureo Geof~ Amu:ler!ieln. PI11'Ge;tOIl1l Unll!ver:sily Pre'.5s, n l~rll1l(et'On, NJI. 200'., 2.56 pp. $29 ..'95, £18.9'5. IS!!:I1 97 SQ69'U2 9792. Ais we< .alp,pro!CldlJ ~lie<·4·00'lh an ni~'$aI'Y elf ti:a,flS Upp~r$h~~'s 16a81~i1J:~~ntr,(Dr (j Il!'Fracwlr t~tes~op~, A,ii!den~nJiQffl::H ,ill!']' ,acc,es$ibitll',. Iif!O!'l'~dl,!I!k1lil ;a!l:GOUiI!lcl'rifiMflii!T!€!1iIS that show lil:il distillnt o~jed's. IH@'00g1~ J;1Swin! tn@' !l~,koo"~e< 1lll€W' alflt!~· li 1I!1~~ '~!ld ,) r~pid :51\.1 '0£ In~w d~s<iQflS.,. t~~:on€~ .00' li¥€y lig ht ,and aS~lI'Qngm~(C!~ ~ !lJ(J~ng!ifm!ill! Ga ~ileo, H l!!yg'i:\ii!S, N ewlDf!,. ,1I1I1d O'l~e~s. Bu~ h~ S(I!:PfI ,illban~ doos 'L~e cihrOfi()~(lgkall1~rrativ,~ ID add!m~ssv,aW~gl!!SlOpi:C$.A series (If chalptEfs C~'l!eI~S t~e 00 s;i~~.(i'~ t.e'~e:sml~e desigl!il, ~pti!!:S,il'!:strl.!'!iI'I e!1ts fo:r alii a lytiil'lIg light,. i'!!!'l!d eve!'l()C!Jllsidel'a'liol'ls :riOrhil.li~d'il!'lg (I~ e·.sOW,!iIob!5e,iCiJg~ry. ]here gl~'e'sh:(!!1lbl.l t,i!'1iff(l~~.1!tive dij:sc!:!ssh'll(ms{If ~!1te",rerl;)m,E'ru~ ,glnd gdv~med tel.es((ilPetechm!~ql[le$, (s;e!J!ii'iiile!iRed Ifij ir;[(i~:5r 'the ijSie ICif IC:Cl:n'iiplldt.e,rs, to 001.1f!Jler tiile dus:ooniQIIiI! of ~ifl!ages. by ,~:~mD~p-herit; ~iU~blJllmce, e~~.}, atillb:Ir'~ r'e'~~lnidh el<Peri~~ces ,pm!baMy .e~pWi3iinh~iS·ded:SllOJ'! the tn pre5lel'!ll~ppU'I:~liQ,[l;;of~~k'.$Copes:t~ rellflQ~e :S!el'1tSiiilg, ~i;lserC(im !fIi!YI~ki;l~ion!S. >1l1'!:d 5:~rl!el!~!alllli:~, Gi;ven ~he ni3ivor of ~he bD!)i~~Ulles:~o.rti3in:d h::liQsyncmlk ~i:;t oif "key dis~!Clt!.i'erle$~ ,oo!J!ld have Ibeerl slllllri'n.loed 'Ill! I~no\!'h:le f\!:lpall'lde,clrneatm ellilt. of .Unc,oovemHtij(lnil~ illDll tilUll'~tBe5ioope's," dru

~Ul[sel1lm

e,dli:bi:t'--lI1I:t1J'1be llliO aos>vers.

<IJIi1.Ci

nmybe :smue OOl:d1u'sio~ bl]t ]11 evel:)? 'il'l'3,Y s~ 1J~~'Sfngumd ~~mVQcative.All,thpugJ~. the p~t:sen~ l uuio!l1isiliill:ri:lfI.<iedi1:0 be obj'OC;'li.ve mmdneultrnl tlh.';: iMprecSslO[I 'V!.i'C OMlelefit '!I:rith is cO:ltlpiilisl:lionlJ.teaJ!I1dIP'osi:ttiv'e:
iI

sen8e, thart .Imiln~ns wi.U

tOI

al\)iI'ii,Ys wo.rk Mge;U]C-f

:repair l?roke:l!l 8oci~

~'tie~. But lllre u:ow thig hi lfliOt !lhvays timeC'J:se. Wh:n ~~:i1!pr,cn~!;.l1h(:n t,~tf!8tr;\')p~'tC l~~¥t.}S~h(ll ~mt¥ivi1il,gpoopll~ sCn,l]maHz~th~y a!r,~ :I1:ot
abIc'to ~build a i!~lct[~ingsooicty'! Orwh'il;[ alboult {:~():es\:v]m.cn the soc~elY th(l~is relbll;l!iU *(l; diy~furlctio)li!~~. c~~!:;ling Ii!t>!hc:r ~!f~rmf!:!1id

i:rauma 10 its me-mberf1j~'

~Ci!JlI'otffilil,eAsh
ro_l1~611id!!ACf!,1101,79-13,

1870

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

Pharmllcolo,gy in the Hlqh-Schcnl Cllassr,oom

IN~~'iilme IKwielk.1ji' MVr:aIJ. H~lllphti!J1erIOO'lI!:= R Reilte:l';~ Lea'n'ne: A.l:llildflle:w~~' lliloe(IlI'elllle ,1111. Sl(lhlwari"Z:-IB:lu@lrn"1Ir'

Ma,kiilliQ lea r1lfli ng Irl!'hi!1ji.lIl"lt~1iIII proves. lilt! denU' tJI;loll'iileage of hlD ~cgya!1Jdcin@m~.!i1I)',

c~

tion'l Sc.'!i:,dTil,l:gs,~d mck ..on..r~U.of oo~.mc. us. hig:tl~choolsHld!e~ts ~xlik[t,';lati:\"'eIJ1

say t~]at :meir :I1I1IO~di~'.:. ~ ~~dth~~ i,~ ge~t~!lgSN,tfu;~ts,:' ~tte~l~

nen, Wh<l,t d()e8,g,e'~ ~d()!1t(l; <lt~en~

'<lnteachers y

Du1kie Uilivers;ity f1lculty and lIDi<!!!ih -schcol teachcr';'ii acrass the U~li,ted Sttllte!'>. The: PiE,P

'til deve:!o:pmc'I1Iil OlfpllaJrnf]Cl()~,ogy

P!'OjClct comprised t1w~c- rmJjo(r oomfone>nts:

cantC!lliil'l

lewi n SC'i~!lC)(; achic:vc:ment ~'omp.arcd 'lIJi,![th ~I~,ei':i :iWiIICFIlall!!OO1lS!l pee:rs (J).iFa(:!mrs ti\!l1l' m~¥ oonnilblI~e 'lIOP(IOI: seieaee aCh!UCiv,e:~nent inehuJc (:but are: :f:lJot ln]ted~o )i:nalk~q !,I~te U teacher u:aiiin:ilrng. hick of:ftJrn:lIl1iT~~b~sed.~e:acb~ 'Ing. iu:sufficienil: hsuds-eu mIillde:ut <J:cavttles., and stud.enl~·vle\1I'~ 'of seienee all ho,fing Oil" tOQ llriBlI,'d (.2, 3). A I,)os;,ibve reladO(f!JJexists bet>'.c'een :srud(,ll~,t~nferest and s,hme:nt I.eanl:ing:: Topks a~~d ;31)lJirOacbc5 ~1il;1I't aro1l.lls e st!IJ.d:ent ilThlel',eSl can help moti.vaile s'ru.die]UstD learn rund increase iLch~e~V,ela,1!enit4). Theories ( of cOilstmctiVii:sm (th,dk:lIrueJ·s;mrnlml.<l!t:e new
Il[l:Jiderflt:andjli1J~by bMi.ldil,lg O~ their QWI,l puo]" ideas) [room DO£!~litive pSjf,e:hoIOg:r OliI,Slllindi<

mod1!!:k;~, (H), iPf(lr(;SS~o!~<li~d~elopm~lror

Cllm tIl,~tlmmiQ£iimIJro~s~wheoi11illtionflll,nlon is-:,--I ..-;U -d·' t!iii"~""ii'-'~"i'i .~ CIT!!-.l16YY!.C .';j',!_J!i!J._.I;;~_._,-;"'- h]-$o 'I w!iil!.~t~ - ,r~!> ..gl,U.i _. _oj, c'- ~JJ"

When hDgh~!liChM'] :ilbdenU areill!'lkied u),iflldica'~lhcjlf ~m"Cre~~ lW!!:lellrni!~gab~t!~ v~do\~stop~cs ilm 'their ~dc;flcc ctasses, d~.(ly

teadlcrs o:f higllH1l¢hil,'l"'~ bioLogy ~ml chc:~is,ny, ::and (Hi) .~ss.cSfii~ment:,ofsn~denlts' Mmvl,eti,ge:ofl:J$i.c b~ol.ogy allil:d!chc:oosby oone~riI:S" E!!:cl1p11:S;ITI1J~c~~C!g:rmOOI!,tI!e '~~. deslg"!ThOO in !Ill :~ nl!,tli.ry ..:bm;:ed fm1lna~:.Details 0:[' the ,COJm1if,:lltS oil" the: .lnodll1~e a!lil.dl ~hel~.;u::heFSi' guid~ are :fol!!tlldin tl1J~ :!l1lJ.I~port online iug IIItIlelial (SOM) and on tilln.e !!I:P We/l;l si~c (7)-. P The moduiJes foeused O'n ,fI [l:hm,l11 a.(m]g._giJc:.d IOpi.c thalillu~MI'm:ed bm.ic science plF.~c]ple8 III b] o]ogy lI]td (:~lem~ stry whh ~!)s'llI!e$I:lli1):IlIf[ otherlieJevmt ditsciplines such as ~Iu.<ttlhemat.. ics, public polilcy. p'iSydmlCi:l!J~" ilnd secial seie:Jm.ca!s,.l!"opi.cs,'(!ieoe,fi,gure,ri.~iII,t)!,Vt'ir-e ch[]!~elIl !tvil:liiI1Il1i1e-Kpecta.tioll hl,t smciClilits lvulUWideil1,tifj.'w] th ~:1m;e s1!iLbj:ect matter ,00 '~hc baiSi~ of pc~onal ~;pcjf~c::.[jee olfi1lWte~t !/(j'ijle:failt;d fi'otfi popumr c~hire a!ii!lJdItl1e jfiJJ1ledia.

_J

'

10_ _ -, _ 1_

c
~c:a'lirieMdid~

• /!.Ii:id~,9a~s-; and

.Ii)r~ re~Liln~!AH;)rr·BI'i!I,u~d Id~i1 • !H1Q.WDftigS Kill w'eu~G'J1~ .lIt'sIRatlica~! • -Mm~.lry1PiJ.~rm<l~iJ~[]!r.l' "Fake:; 1N'.~rv!!!i, ~I~ • 1Arn}, D.c P~allIl!$ ,Mil~ DI1U'!jt (Of tty man 5:7 • Sl'eroios a,mid An~~llt!~G~IIiii:!s,WiI[k OI!;\BrIlmQ

i!:'ivit~d tl'iowt 'fJ!ecxtbii't)'; we :ooqu~5tcd l ,oiiJytbat

ers were rucruited n~H~nally 'tol~ke p~n

in the ~'~p. :stii,l.d!y
(5(;'C

1~ligl~~c:hQolbiQlqgy ,1l~d .. 1I;;m:*i:@fy bc.§f.!t'I. WhOl]

te-.i!:C~'"

(:hoo~e ropi.JCssuch ,~s dlisease (c!9!llce:r ~nd HIV lAmS)! drugs; (thC:l1!!pe~ti.() aMid recre:!l:Ii.otog:i.cal !:Ind ellle'linkal '~V\e3ipOIiiiS, aJm1 gme~~1m.ouS!e: gil.!1:C'S (6l Yet" the u!SUa] higJH'C'bool ~denoc CI,I~::I:iCWUI'Il dO~$ m,otaddress ~JeS!e lP;pi!:::[';,.
ali IOlla.l.ll,

del1l~.!p1i1,'Phk:5, hi!
]

SO;M) ..Thep~c!(:ss,

16te;;9_chers

reH!;,he.lr::i use ti:Srimi!l!y modules a!!po~ib:]e 1_ijfild ro~or~ ,,,hat ~l]Jl;ly did, Of tl~eteachc~\:vl]CI !.I~ml)dl!llcS h:!their ,t;:lb~lsc.J'i"lh~m.oot CQ'."Il'!Illoo~y irC[pork':d method was ~(Diliiicijrpom~J;: thi;l (;~~ltC'llitin i~eirm:orlrud '~CSOO!lp:~~nSj-vith\

t'ti!lic o2lone:layer"

IPhiiH'm!tI ()~logy IEdllICililiio~1 Pill'il:mer~hiilp IG~.\!'enthe :ilTIire~'e~l s;mdle~~1!siu d.v:u,g,s and ef ~liIei;rbodies, WJ.::·hypot~lesi2l(ild ~haJtscience i:lili:stmctiliOJJI ~I.lthe COilillf:ext of d.rn,g~e.]ated top~ ics (i.. .• pllallll.1na,co]ogy) 'co'lillid ~il,nlJiOO-VIl:' stue d)euUe;[lim~l~ of:smndlllfdlillii~.N.d,100] bi:o]qgy

!l't~~l1doo d~y-:~orlig pmf'(:s,s~ob'IJa~d.e'i;'d~p!llJiii(,";1lii:( wmlk.s~ho(lls; :::It one of three eonferene es, incl1!Qding the CO:I1!ien::noe 0iI'1I Sde:l"lIceEd\tlcation fm the Na.t"i.(!n~.~S:c]emce Te.,"Ic:::hers J\ssod9l1i.on (NSTA} and. the North Carolina s.c]e:nce WeaJchers Ass,[lci<lltio'll (NCSTA) in 2003 (SOM}. T1iniii:w~)irll:.s~;liO"pS SI.lO\Vcd 'ilLow b[o~,og:y 3lTIdi chemistry concepts s~ppor1

(l1i.i:t "pililiilig on addjtuOl'!l,flrn nla!t,eda:I" (80M)" The mom ClOl:rulll~Jon~repeeted reason fUI" moot !.lstng the lI!J.lilodl!,dICSW'a~;I~c];: oftime "SIOM),. Sl'Lglg;csliingthat pr.iorrity \WS giveCllliw'preerist]ng clLIirrielda. S1:Jl!ldem A5!iIEMiml.ent W[HI rullprut fi"o.miull,

the.

]lh3,milllaco]Ofi!y~op:ic:.~ in t;fu,eModules,.

'COliilIOOpl~.TO ,snJ.cliy this ~!'l~ue. . we de'il'e~,oped th.c 'hilmll!lcok'gyEdu:c,:a:t~(m P\m!rm~JI:l:hip I(P'EP).1iI. partneftlhi~,:l! between

atnd c;hem~5try

l'em::l\J,eJs dlsmlls£ll:d how ~Q tiling these:~op'ics into thei~F al;r-eady ~;rowded 'cllImLc1J1l:h:uu. After the workshep, tem::ihe~1:l Q,llabonJitedM dec velop classroom and bbonltory ;lIcli,\'wtllie:s t!O SUPPOiG'it h :iiIIilOdu]e (activ ities are a,\f(li l· eac lIb]c 0111 U1.CPEP Web si.'tc)" ASiSec~s;meIDIt of

tC<tiCherkno,wh~dIC one.

)'(;0'11

:af:1Jer the \liOr:k-

sl~ops ind:iC:!l,ted pil.'!s il.'! iJ:l!llowled!!.!.<l of bioli~ry !l:l'l.d ciha~8itry (80M). The :fC!ll~tHviqg~car aJftier the \'iiorl1::;)lhops;,

o (five high~s,",hQo]~eachcT:S (]~,l!clleplIDdc'llIit of ·cmr. Wsti. gmt~p). we deve-laped a testing instn» ment to determine studenrs' kn rn'!'I,e.d,gcof st,am'l,mls':b;ased biology ,1Indl dlcm~Stty concepts. The test CQrH;i~tedof twaparts '(see SOM for!; <lDil!p~e qllle~ri(!l'~ts). Tl1e"billsic b:owlcdgc" !l]jUCSti~H1S w-ere Sh.l1i lar to tih,ose Ii'lulm;din ~tand<l!rd h.vgll,,,scliu,oo l bio;logy alilld ehe~li!ist1lJ~~,tibool<g, n,c '~d"'!!!!lCl~ know~edge" q;L!est:[om~te8t~d~p()cific.."IiIIy :forllmow~cd£,(;: albout dm~.!iJ8~~S~~g ClO!h')e~s pot:Jli~rmaUy t'a~ghti!!1ill]~e':stallJdard ~Yil!fii.'c~lt:!!m+ '[":0

ad.visol),g:rulIJlP

'95 ofdmset~ch~fi,
'~~'seM .!!ddre~; Cnl!io Si!<lte IJ fill!.1~r~J~, Ctoneg~ Ph~rnl~ilY. Co~lu:rnbl.!s'i'OH 11132!I), USA.

fiekl-te5t(!!d

~J:1CprograniWiJ.

~r

in ~~cir cl~~~s (21 tc<'ld)f;r::; d!ropffi)~dQt!~d~fi:ng, 'il1Ic yea.'I"lb!r 1i.i:llkn();W"Il IeaSQIl:fll)" Beo@i;I_:5C: ~eacher,50nelfli m('!;d~.fy tis.;: 'of insttiLlc:tkllla] Illif~elial:s m::0ordi~g todll::ir own style (8). '\1l'e

oflgt(i:~oo,flilr~'1 cla~a,650Hhi;: ~)5t{~ac~~ h~Jd i:hr;:'liVQli1tilihop :ROOtl enough dlat illl.cy '\Ii.~r,e~bl~ tQ ;aJd!rnnin~s~er~~lC tests to a seplll!l'm~ grl)Up ·of
smdenls ~nthe yefllr beflOl)(~they lLu,e!Cll{ fieid~

EDUCATIIONIFORUM
tested) the m{)dl'~ftesa:l'i a teach~~m:gcmnlPo'ne!lTht. "fie other 30 teaehers jO~lled the ;ilrudiy biter and. ~]wm"di.d. llotge:MleI',l'In~ (;OrJilj,.

lEol data. '[1I!luiQgthe·fi~eldJ4e:sti;ngyenr., -il7 (If the 95: te<tcllers used the: nl.(Idules in theirelasses ..11u::n. , IIlJ 95te;acl:iiet'l i1dJ.rn~list:ered the
Sflmet~l:it( M:f1'-Hltl!O~Il!1iCed}1 t~,l,e~.rsru!liliel1.t'S" AI,tlmlJl.gh

the
the

ro

IRepmmlu:c:ibi~;~ Ou re:su~n.€or bodlr treacheram:li :stud.cflit cOIilil~nt lknowl!e;dg;e an"€:'s ~'Ill:i]ar to ~nQn'a.er stlll:dy inwhich 'We. provided the pfofe:s~ sional deve,lo~rne.ut Q.ver:) days <J:tlClll~.C UMlive~r:s~tyand used a wd:it"listc::dwndmn~z:ed oOllih:tJ11cles~p. (.! j). The6-111i01~r l;!;!ol!kshop ,aolill,tent\!!!2.s, the-same- ,1IS that p]i'ovi.deiCI ~rIt]ll;e prehlcilt :shuiy. <lIUhoU:jAh t:ellchen. hoB!d some "hands-on" time andinteractiens in srn"d~grQ\ups dW'iJmg t~li,eI!Onger WN1:1I,1lIt.

ClOlluol d01ta\vt're: dJeJr!Lvedfn'n~ di~br(;:nt stude!lts than those

\vllO

dOO1ogrf~phic profil~~\\verc the ~ll!n~, A t{'1~a] of 1(I stud(;nt(;,prov~ded dM'a for the study. Sruti:ent i!Jlhic.vc:me!lmt deln(l!lmlsh~a'l~da dlo~e-:r'esp~!rn!!;!e relation: A:~ the mnnber of nlOcilLllles e:."l:peri,el1cedi ~Ulrea~d,

used

t~lu::

m(ldJu~cs.

:R.eg~,ro.] ss, bath f(}lf!Tl::! of pmfe:-;~io~<]I. e d~\'~lopmenitar,~ a~8oci,a,tcd!\vith:t! sig~df:.. h:::a:ntincreasein Stllid:cnt: 1.ichkvemC]1lJtill bi~~ogY<1!'!d che~li8tty. From ~ practic':n~ t

s:l:~mjiPohu.afull.d.'1!;Y pro~t:s~h:mal deve~-

oplllcnt erxp![,~ri,encre re~lficilent andcest]S frirel1dl.y; :i[s dre:sign aiiows, n]Ore:~eaChl;::r1l~() I'uniiieipsite (co'lThl])a.red w~tha re.s[de!lm:H:I;l1 S-day wo.I'li:.shop). eve~'1:~1I.!!IUy affecting a much ]a:rger s:!''lliI!dle!l1. 1: :popul.<UtiOlm ..
A p~va:i.l:i'lllig!iloeJl. of ~S;~Q e!l1l,colJ!I1I,g.e stlld.e:l1Ils

tiline students'perfonU(llllce ereased (see. tii~ure. right).

.in·

scieace

ediIJcatiO\Il

to use

sou eace to

We used ~I~O:gi5ti!Cregl:ess[rnral modelte a,clijm>l:for dillffeJle:occ5

i~rl S'l'l.n!de'l1lils,'

Number®r lliJlodul@s used acteristies (ge~1deE, raccfethn]Q,. Student impliiD'ViIllIiI.elilt withl e'Xi~'IlIrI~to mlDdllJ~eI.Perrmflfli3!~l(el' . 1ty, course type ..and !level) witJiil ~I ,a,lJl;tlLld'.ei"ilts. leii'll qlie~thllfrl~ ~r !)aS1C hreill)aind aav<lilfrlC!J1!ii {bllie)< tilJ.c WI,se of rnndO\w efOOcts tQ k~~'\il~tlgi~ ~p!l!JI!(jii!l!!lI (lJii ~il~ !"llJml~!lr of IPE,Pmocl~t~~ tlil~~xpl~wijrc:"orllm)~for teacher e:ffecb 1(.9. eru,@t:I. i):a,taare th~ m!e~n ::1: 5ElbulrIB hm 91!UlGeflitsifi bOothbl!lt· UI) r(SOM).F'or ooth basic and ®91Y allld c.hewllir>tli)l ml!lla'Se~ {If:! :=nlrO,~r. Bnlilrornria1 re,gre~~](jlill llltefe:ren()i!~iindl~Jljes. ad~fiocd kooiivlcdge qi.!;e~rnils~ 1"@1oi~~l~ th~ttblllJ~IU!I()f rat 'b::ij~tQr~ IIrN)(II!.!~~w"'S sijg!i!ii6~ill!ilt lpr~ra 1. S.Taltamira, Wi: Go~Me~, I~"fra~, lltl. salq,iillllil &~ :Iqg~slie regre·S:'ii~ifi.itldtei'ilt:es dlGiJof oJ higher iittidelllt S(.®rc~:'ilio:r bCllh leiS'ls. ~~vf~-9°of'l~·E,'5f1;Q!'!Ii})_ ~h:at~hepm!bi!bilit:y of ~rndeTIll!il 2. 1(. LM,t~tll .•h~t €diit~ Ri!'l.M,4:l!3 (1991i), a!lf!"\,"Cri[lg<'!~.,y qUICStio)m. rcorrocily 3.. ]llFt 1M1i.@[Jt,!!'fllj •• }. fills, 5d. r~i!Tdr.j!lOI40S (1'Nl31. 'l., ]l :!lOlllidDrill Atmtl. ,~&. ~fdt. ·4.11,ass U ~5~. ~l~JOre~S(;fi< :5lgJrnJi.fica1J!J!lly ~Hl~eS!chersrise ~nOH~ !OO~l::dS1:ellt\llifh edu,c~tti ~l~~lrteSie arc:h ~ili1ld5" ]l, G. Bf~II~,M,(J. !BrQCI ~n In :si:1ard1 uf'llilde'malloItilg.:' kl;, modules I(SOM~ Srude~ns cxPQsC!C1 t~,a!~~siJ!; lngs, the S'hl!dclm.t-le<\1!f:llIing ga.ins Jmm:fi!)!' h~ve; file (~~ f()f CQn:ll~l!!,'li'mJ".:1iI~1~l!\t (As~JKiQ~~ fer di~[crlem mQCllI;~Ci:;; m~r'C likce'~y arc t'h8111. stubeen ::;~reli1lrgthc;Ule:d byrept;ltit[om IC;lftmtportmu S!!peo!'\l'isi~!l <iml ~rrKi!Ii!J!1li [lj:~!ill!f'!l1i9l't,tjh~~!l!dliij, cl.elltS;W.~n~rzem eXpOi!!iUre~omls\;Vrer a hiilslrc Ill:lnc ~pl.e:s am OIlg Modu[e:s (11)" Alt'll!tough "'A" 1'W9). 6, ~~ !ili_~!!Ilki..IS", NJiV, ~!e'l!;mfll,li~ $(~~noo,I,.bdI¥_ 2), k!l()\vlred~ qluestimll cO'rmct~y. Tltis carte .., we ca:l!lll1Jot fit!l!te with ~ertS!illil:y whe~her the <1:1 t~o.~). '~opk:~ Or!!" reiP'e~ruI:iUO~l 7. fEll; 'WI'YW.I!II@!P$D;~rm[{!U~flII!;t. s:pomds, to about: a ~'6-pereen'l.'3!g,e point use of s(lC]3Jly I:,e~evalrnt of s.e~el1itific pr,ulllci.pies is ms;~lmrsibh~;~Qr the mCl.'e;l'Ise (emnrnmmd with zero l.oodlt~les) in t;he e., R Il. ~!all~~, It F!r~lltq,SthlM'i Sri M,011~ !lie:. :14'9 (19Sa). chance of<l \!;~}itte1im,uEI:]e: ~n BiolrogJ' OllMl (tlile 'educa~icmal. gBi:l1ls.8It ~Jm!e ery least the IlhaJr:. v 'il, S.W. R~!lde!1rb!l~, A. s. ~I}'~"h~ fflef(HiChJ,~ £Jilellf bB!seUne, SOM) !l:l1lswel·.~ng '''Qrl~ectly. W~le!l 'Ina.C::1ology tD[IllC S i[,IIJ!l, slIlP:pOl1:repeti ruou Itfml~: J1pp/K(lti'Mt. 4Ild ~r.aMi!?l.y~ .M~,rIf.!1d~ ~'S~~e Ollr1iJ.l:t1[y!'i~S inelndes oniyUl¢ students frem w~t~lmutbari:lilg studeets, f!JbliC<iti~!Ii~, NI~bu ry Par~. (~ 200~_ t1iJ:e6:;)teacherswno sened as their own "<OIlTheteacher-eainin g workshops, c:mc I:ild. :Hll A Geljjj,;jiil, pt Oraifi, ft s, Steifn, DJ!!. ilJublli.BiiP'M" GaIil'AMl~ (,(h<llPmim'l~M Hall, BO!:<l ~lJlml. FIL,!!!dl_.:1:. trois. tl'n.e ~ilooILlIes: s:till have :S:lgIIIiJ'ica:liIIlPOISl'" to ~h:i:sprlClgl'<IEliI,fu]fiMed sewra] elellilflel,l.l"s O'f ~~ tivr: ,eftb.::ts, p.Witld.ing t1SSI]F;;UlCeHla:1 the lJlIm;od· thil:JNtI't[on~l, Sdelil;cc Ed.l!a,clltion Slllndm:ds u, R E. Mail\E(, }. Eil'Uf·.f:!~h. ;r.5.4 O ('198;J. ule e~c ts are not likely COl1!rbmldied by 0.2). In p!anirculm~, thateaehetaleamed lilleW 12" ~atiDl'IiIlRe5t~rdl(o~lu:il. in Till'e Nartw.al S'aM(f ~dli!U'lion5tWlJi:rtm~r~lqD~i11 Jl!;iJdemy ~rlelO5, tcadler ;(lliIIdSlmJerU e:tJeclS (Ie"g." only- ttiebel'!t infouII:,H:io:ll (in this C~:ilC". a.s]c phl.ulUJU!acol'~ b ~~I!if!!!I~I1\, I'l(, lW6), l!!'fl, 5~7~ te11.chers 11II:\iedthe modu~e~s). rO~.y p:ri]1lc~p]es.) E~.1towhicJI they cOll.i:d ~nt.Cl· J!3, ~H"MIi!~~miJ],arli'D. L ~1I.J.;r~ Edur~.43,3<1,7 U.?9~~, gr.1ite: b~,Qlogy 1n'ild ciltemislTY <CO~ce;ptiii,. l"his :ll,t u.. E1af(b.!i!'rhL rI.t_ U!d~ffiljaii!, .<£.It!jl,(ft! 28~. :lL7;1! ~ I (].')98~. ~Oirtof croSl'l-(;{JM(;ctiv(; I:Jtpene'!!Iccis I1lre l~lill1i!!i!!ilI(e~ R;epl'!~~~OJiI~ 1:!1rU!llraUoliI its. It[l.. dl.jlifllt1!"e,IMrl'l, ) •. H~lpirl.J Iks. .~j. :r~~.46;, ~ !Mi. The PEiPr~OI~]CS sn.!ch as drugs of ab~!sc and ·fur ~eco!ld~r:r ~e~o~~reachc;rg A~UlOl!!gh (13), 922 ~lOO3:). c~h~.ica:~w.a!rfar·~arry ,en~O:l1il~. oe'i~ta[,. VJ.iC d i.d ll~t~e ~~ fur '~me~ftbel' of ~l1rogr,iritig ::Il6\ 1i!i~oofhfi!~ ~UPlOOntedby ~{i~l!{le [dlK~tilml)~Q c ~ l Ab!l!l;~!'\!Ir !J!;~r5liiiip.Aw!id (5ED.~:A) ~. ItIl10904rn:iln r ~i1Idglobal rell~v~il~Cr\vh~c~~!liJij;~ have StiP~ dh;,>(~ip'li1lj:(ji> ~l\id.c!1t ~eliuJir~ncn~.thc pha:f:·' o~ lin!;!' lIoI!I!i(llli!tIl1iilJ~y~e' ~llIl)rY'YAlb:!!:>eiHIH. porlJcd fh~ :~uQoes~fiulO!:ltCQrneon~1i~Od~IClI- m~¢d~9gy 'tJJpfc;s:~IU!I'Pwtcdi$i!~,rrovoo stiudJe~lt tj();!I!!!I.in~lCrV(,'lffi!ti.Qn, Simihwr .f~U~~li(l~} w~hie pcrfQr!1li!il_flOC ~n both bioh)ID'fmdel~ir;;mi~try, !iifLiIlP01rl'ing 'Olli~ine ~lhi~lal sU:ldC:rlt~"inti;l~s:ts m.ay imprQvce:I:l"eC'live .. Suclmr .i:nleg:m;liron acr,oss sC1C'nrce "n~!C~pu m:::;; ~s~i.e;[l!:et1I~g:[J!)}i'j:!liJJl~111~!l~JI.i'~1;n~~&!1lI7J!OCl ~~cs:s l)f:SC;lIClloe edl,]cli!!th:mrefQrm ill:~t~adve:s 1['; ~ plJi"O,oscd go!!.]. of so j:ence ed'1:u'::(Ir~ O~I ~IDlrather disci.p]ine:s a.s wd.L Ahc:r~<I1ive:I.y,. reForm e:f1hl"ts: r{.l 4).
J

delillOfl~.lIlllhicchar-

thrunik b,~,itkill:Uy when ma,king deeislens ~Illi<Ol]t til eir dai.!.y mve 1:1 (2'). Altho u£;iThpreve,ndng drug ahu se wmi.I;101: a goal of the pre.:se'llilit s!mdy.mQ[1e howlcd!il~ ,1Ibaut street drIl,!il pho1lr:Dil1i:01Jicology llY help stum dents make better deci sions conce:n~i.~t1!l ~~~icit drugs.

!;;.ffi",

!i

!!I'-;i

.~

!ili
D ~ U
~
':!i ;O!i
)n

i
5,
Cli

& ~ tt
~

l:Ii
v ""

e
...

01 .ie'

187:2

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

PERS,P:EC_T~VES
ANTIH R OPOLOGY

Tr,8'l:eBlemeflt tmd iso·rope an<llysi:s

tldj1)~'!i rlE!IlIlOllwi!ltellOiragl·di~t<lfI~

IO~ ~tlSilj~t

VOYiig ilng

palh!ii !J~t!,~ iii! IEaJH PIolY'nes!l'i31 rigl IbdQrl! Lo En! rDpl~ ug illf![Wat

wher~ tl~e.y1ilett~edtbeprevw'J!,1~ly UIIiIIin1.mbit:ed ,oowpru:iwns. hlbllffil of Re:t:llo,te Oce-i.!m<l: (BllJtcm Mcl:<l;fiC:s~~. D1;!ringl]~e

b(H.l t 41),00 ye~r8. .~go. Stolle A:g,e vQy<lgms flioml:i!~itl1ld Sadidl!~;1I'iltAsiil. be;g~lll!l sajl c:~st ijj'gtoth~Pll.cificj' to

from 'vari:oiUs lllt1iIT<liti,~es{IJlilJd Ci(!Jm.l:litlied. olheT scholffiity sins. N,o:timhe~'e:ss.mellooditedb:iildi,· 'lions, ~m!1~l1cvetlH~ing;brSiopl~i8l:i~red lil'l..b'tli~lic

These ,effortS supi!Poned theby:pot~lesis t~.1:a!t .llJenl0te OCemilll,lli:1S were t.alpable ,ofpuijlQse-

Micro!l!e~ia. and

.P~~ynlesifl)..

As

EIl_r{Dp;(l<l~S

m~gmtioililptJi~18" 1Pf15l centlJ.!:ry,. e~bno:io,g~~ts <lind .a~chflClologi~t'iiooughtto trace these paths by

:!iiQg~:l!ted

bcg,;u'l e.'l(.pl:(!Iring ~l\ilePadfic, tl\ie.~~"\'Cm~urpwiscclto fi~ld d\ll1ltmid· oc~~!}L;;I<\li!ld8 \,\i(;!)e ooc~pied by s~~i!lgly ]lri!miri\l'~ flcSlfarc;rs. \l,lho had 101l]Y i.dilllilliL IC~OOC:~, C'''l''vcd wi.th shll~e 9.d!;:re::;.p(nve:l·~d by ~niS!l ~~s,al1d. navi.gated ~ with(H!U instnllue:nts, SaDie Eumpe1'ln~ eOll!J:ld l~.cd:aoce:pt that sueh :!!eeilliil!~gly m-e"1IUi~I}j:)ed peaple had settled theislands on til,ei:r m1!{[I. T~1ey :hmste~di.lTlagined snojm, t)oe~l<l!l:iosas storms Of ruw:e:'J:l!ts pUslli!lilg cooastalpe;pp]e fffi"
Olut '1:0sea, dle-S]!lilkiUng ofa grea.t oontru..

Ic-."!ItlPrO\l!ril1lgarti'.jJJl;~t$ frOM t
but\vitill

varlous i. d a.nd.s" m~xod results, C1}~loe Ciomp~ri.s()iflS

mrgid d)()b~tes ~\i(;r
i(,~afiiOC

fu~lymakmg lQJrn:gI1I.l.'l'igated qy~g,~s and !5etv t~Un!,Sdi:st.l:nt:i~I:a:!'!~. UlltoJil:~m<lite·ly. p(H:tery m.-.ki,:D1I!!:li ded,~n(;>d afterU;p~1a voyagcrsf(:;(!dh(.-d ~Jm(l'm~d·.Pac:ific:,

beC~I~l(;miredin

typ(l'IQg~;. ~utl"i~er ~ltacibllle:rul", aliiid IT!lI~gm,. tion\1!'!I\'e;!ji. S:lym~1ic'eO~lp!l:rillOl'l:>.Orte!~p]e·s, S!d:zes;~. a:llI;dn~lm:~o()ks famd bener, bW:lloHen fCl.1.1lltde.re:d (WIer whe'~:I':i.mr feaarres from diRer-

en~ isl,mlds.!WeIl.'l· si.ilmrbe<%I!1ase Qif<l.omnlTlm:l oligjlmll Or.'cooverg.ent ~d,a[lt:R1~OI1J, The. bl.'e~kltilin:rougJra,came .Ui1iJ the 1960::; aud

and \,,~S !Il(ft spr,rod rar~here~~ by 'Ihc:rr Poly!1C":(l;i1l1'11 desc~nd'lJit'8... Moreover,. a:iith()t~t~ditlsid~ar! ~()C·l)!:~in NI;\l,f Z!Cal~lld awdl Ea.iM~rh:laml. to(l<I$ l!ll;mJdeflO{m this t)1llC ,of \"ijlC!anic g]$iS we:I'l~:a~i,pa:IretH~yoo~wi,d:e:~y S]'1!~d :In.·muthese Ileriphcr~ isl~!'Id!~. WlmJ 19:20s !i:~dR99Q1~ arellai.'lO~ogist~ ~[~;e then~dbre ru.med ag.mnto Sl:m~e ~~. prnfiClI]a:rly 'those n1IRdiil fmlTlfine ..gra_ined oceanic biElS<lillts of&e: '~I)Dt"$PQtaooh~pela;gos'" ar.~15l

nentllell.vi:ug

on[y h~gDl pe(IJks and

snrvhrU~;lgillil,h'lbi.ullnrrs; abeve water, and d];e S{peCl(IJ[ creatian ofliu.lJmmllS Oilil the i.shlrl.ru,.
A.~ffIJ:eiliilisturi'1Uillf,j. 'Slill.bqrudge

st\afalring sk~~]s,.'i:mt more ·trHnl t'lw cj~i:iwrie~ ,off,e!fj~i#.rch l1il\~~ led to

&c!te:Ilil]ote

Ooe<iJlli<l:ml8

(dyrinlnm]

widesJP:iiea.d a.ppre-ciation ofthe~(ri:aL»tical c:arpalbiMHes. Ol~ p~g,e;~907 of dlhi:SS;l1.c;ICoUe!:w~ andWdsler OJ con·t]rmlhC!lvide e:Xlc!IiIlt ~ifh~ncshall '!,.\O)Ia,gl!lill,g by d'!Cm~c;fliiy rtr act ng b~S{!!]t
ad?JCS found on (lo.rnl a~on~;; spccifk~ to ¥okBJllic soumel>. NOt ~llrH thel:at~ 1700~ dtd fnrciguruexpl!Ol:er:s ornrnl!dd:er:selwrm:lyOO\II!' CaJiI.(le~,eop~e:eotlld ~m~' actively ~et:tI!ed me .Pacific. Captain Cook ,Ullrl Jose~1:I H~u.1ks,udged Tllihimi;t1nsa:il.ing cmll.oe~s j luKiI"EaI!V.ig.uIiollmeihm:l!O1itfor~ong; VOY!i.ge:s, By omnparmg Talliti<l:rm,\\tJlTIS; \\flOl tttJose V,llie:red Ihl:. ~$Imfl& rIlr to the\vesl,~ey r~lizecl~il~t Tahiiiiml, wasrelated to .1~ng;ruI:ges of tirue ·~R.'1si rJllm<ls:' UpOfl~:le...ing froJn tliLeTahi,t~inS3;V"dnt TlWp3illl how ~~MriillJtOf:Sw<ited fot :-OC1l\'JOl,lHiI speHS Gf\ ..-e-Me~tY\.'\i:m.& to sail e.-..st against ~11e trade wind direction, Cook: prescie'liI!ti.y Sl]g~ 1910!1l. '.lihcn U~e d!is>covery of d~sli.ncHvc]y deoorated Lapita 'poUe:ry leI~'$b]cd arel\1!llei"I.o. gi.S1S to track the rapid IEmt:J.~ of the ~Poly~ nes:ua:M' ":UM~estor.s :Wnito .Remote Ocea:l'lli11. The, '1nart!y :po~herds proved rd!eal :fm·srt}'l.i.s'lIi.cCOl'n!l· pam:i:smms., andin SIOll1f: 'Q1ffise~,g!:,o~ogi:sts\!.'e~,e lIhle~o S01!ll['Ce' c<lnsti.tlle*tellllper sandstc isl;ElIKlllsne;<iir 3Jilid.I:'a:r. 1"lia!ewide rEII1I,ge ofL3{11ita. VOY<lgi~ll~\\j<lS: Gienlons.tmted: ,enin J,lil0re draIll,ltilcall.yby ,cl1em]caliy nThCml ()!bsidiill]ltDOI.s ~ovok:a;l1!ic SOUlOC-es scattered ove;r lrntlindreds. fulylle&ia 'fhis lltn'!C~hr;:y MS:cd InaJol'·'efu;meflil ~;omposit k:m~o trac e each pk:ce of 1~:3!~~t b~ck tu its genl!og~c!l] seuree ..'[]]'i!OaJp~mm::h alk'l;!,led ]~iltr<li~ .lICilli:nte:mTlI'lh:~pe~.ago eenneem dOlls. to he !:meed. olVer much pf.P.o~ynm;:ia. bl][ didlu(}lalw<Ljls O!lI[o'W~llie precise OOll]!c~,Saf~.le b~s;;1illlsii'o [dfnrif~~ (i). be 1'0 ~liIQre pl.ieci.se]y source b~S<I~tadaes col~ ]c;:'Ctcd, ove,r 70 ye<llrs ago ,HllI:ong E<1Jst:PiJly~ fle!ii,1'I~TmlJlilwtu <'ttoIlSI, ColhtJTSOI:l1'100 Wci.::;Jer tumed to mere d!iscmTl~OliI:i~tS all,dysesp!)'ss]ble with tJ;<JICC el,e,Jrl:lcnts and ~sotope::>" The

gested ~lmt'!heirll1mce$tors had used.thesewc:!.1~ Cf'!.lC8 to 'S:i:ai~ east intoti:rc (J~ U). Dl!i:fing the ~&COs. 3!maWlJr sehelars c~ll lloe!~d·oraI. fbl},nesi.:nll Migrntiontramtiion::'i. n~(J ~ hist()ifi~lhey prodiu:ecd were highly Slif)pC-Cl,. ~ be~au'~eli1.'cy c!,!!t: ~:d ~ 'P~Jstoo~tl~r pa~ages
:;

aoo ~nsome case'S thoruands ofkiim.ncteros

the We~iemP~cifk;(3).

of

~ Tille '1I.I~hor i:~in !he ~(;I!ll11:illl~"l @f j!jn~ltm~pcILogy. (;j Ulll~Ii'~,~~~ollla!r.lan, 1M OOdllllw, ,HI 9~:822. tJi5ll. E'I1Ili~~ ~ brin'[jJ@,,@h~N~ui,;~u,

At about me' same time, ,oU~rr,eN~f\ch~r::i wC!lCreconstrucU:n.g Icx~inc'! hl;me~i~!l vo;t:<lg .• ins CO'II1(:)<lSll mit~sri:ng :~lm,(;m oyevl~,ef1jda,TY Q'. I''''. ~ .. ~. "1', - , r.:~ "~,",-''''I'). 7"1 ",- .:1..",,,,,.., lJ!l.ll '~"m !)I,e '~y _.w~ .•. iU~!l....'" ~o!lg~distanec ~ilt!lg fOlttes (scelh,c. ffigure) dQ n()l~heil:it,,~te t~r¢]atca~ir.; COt)!leGt!oflIQ ]~,(4)" SHtdy~lg h~ditiOlud ~lal'i.iigaHQ:1) O~ rem'*:: Milf,!ro!1C~iiii!!fIa~d Mcla:l:!(,t~~a~51<1!!nd$ ~ 'l;'h:CI'~ ~!1Jds Qfc~oe; '\tQ)t,a;gingber;,veenl~l<p:jfai'i~!!lmd ·VQY.f!gj:ng :bad Ilot died out (,5)1 a:nd 1!.ISi:l1IigCQnt·· Ta:hid vi3!the ~n;laJJl1iotij:~~alS 'Jll'eUasthe 197,6 pl,uc:r simlJ:laJti(llns to el1!l.ddalc str;uegies of voya.g,ei over 1his :ro.ute. !o:hhc:moliL;'lI'u do:nble 00001:1111 cxplbmdo]1ll !I.Vile:! s]and Icolmr~tion ] (6). CB!!.lQe .Ho.kldrc: 'a (Slel:: lhefigulIe) {8).
.,1. .,. c

result s,~['U:illicatc: the aclze~ 'c:al!iL~IC fmm 1~.1;fit five 'l,~Qh;a!nic~re:hi:pel.a:SlJ«~Surrolll!1dilil-Y~h(l s T!Jl:1imo~s> and top!.uticulali ~f,;I.a lsw:itl,in m t~l(;:SC,. ~'lXe~]a~~lawai'i's; Ka1m,o',ola\li;.~CSOItlI:l
·/L!Il.
y ...... ~. ~._

lNW'N.scien:c:ema 9 ,org

SCIE.Nlt:E

VOL 3,1728·

SE:P'TEMBE Ii: 2007'

PERSPECTIVES
O::m$~EiCll(le (9) bch:vee:lilIl dispru:aI:c ~:eiseareh a:pprol<l:c:tlil:sworks weUi~~, lfu]yllesia (/0).

need to :1001;:rOl:Pdj!~mesIan l:tilliSBH: OOlzeslihere.

ReI'er'~iilGffi 1. K, D. Cllller>Qn, ~. II. \ll~lIer" Smncent'. '],9IO'lt20@). 2. ~. (i~. The ~~~ ~.tlrd·~WT' l76'Hl1~•. .~, ~ 8~!i'eill0L'!:. Ilicl, ~1~kl~!S!ld!l~ 'C:aITobrid~ 1?S5~.~" ~_ C. 6rl!!!ern,.lfuIl ~" it i'i:tl.titt ~«,. :15, l'il~' (1!J?l;}, 4.. (I,.R. rrlil~; ~rnPD.!'jm.!!~w~ rll[r,Ilfll!'I\'I~m.1)':,BfilY~ Wl' HD/l.r'Jt'oJJ(, iP, rmrul',G. A IHi!I~ltlflid~,r ffl'.. Ed!; , (B~liIIlfl Mm. Spec.. PUIl!I. 56, i'lcoo'liillu:, 196,jIJ'. pp. 141.-:~J56" ii. 1)1, l!lwiJ.. Wi:' (neNaKfga,1'D13 (Wnw,.~! Hal'!il~~ Pf'I!:M;. liI@olJJ~!I. l'97.H,

Fll.uilierintegr<l!ttta[l ofo11ellll~C~lsom1(:iiliDlv.,rilh oilier 3!ppm,m:nes., espm::~iEl~]Y ,IDNA 'i:llN'est:i~ tiens of .PacifilC isl<llIJd:e~.'SilliLdlheilir pktl.l~S ,Bile] t iMl~mll~]s.loO:lkspromisi;D1Ig"fOf exa:m,piJr:;,fai:ID11c of1l,~o~nesi<Ul cil1cckenexCllV"dted in !['l'i;i~e has ~,"Oce,lJItl,y ~wvDded aJrl[;h<leokkl~;icll.] slI[lpm:t' few Polynesians hii'!,'ing,lie'i1cliu,6dSmdh Ame-r,iciI, ~lTi, prc~C()'kl.l]lbiliiitltbne::s (,l Now we

1ln ~.ni!lI1l5.:11L

6.. G, IIMliI'l\}, Po!)meslem 51'.l€,'iB. 1,67 {1l'l'i!l9}. ? M,.II. 1Mi!I,!l~~,M,. ,{:IteJJHtOO'l ,tMg4)JrlltlJli(~ lrll',(fftlt",f(G"l' ill Ocetll'l'J\x Alii tnJ~J(ipltOOryAppwtK" (N. :1:. ,!'I,llh~eQl," Jl!l.;'Wt, ~~r. AlllikIiiIMl.l9'!!',I')" a. So R: !1,Mey, Sl:'ii!llt~ !!l'96,12'H tHm. 51'. iE- 1'), Wils~!'I~ (OI'itSilie'Ji!'e-; Tire UJliW(}tl<tm~Je:r!g: ~):~,~I; NMYork; 'll99iBL :][[1_ 1':. '!!: ~F!lt~,. (_ 'GI1!!!Il, H~k~ 8:, MCJ!>tlmr,lI'al~tI: Ai)

n,

n.

in Hi:ltMr:GI{ AIlrJJWpe4~ ~lomoodge 'Uni'i'. Pr:~'l$, Cambridge', imOu. A. II, SlW)' e! m, ~fX.lVruL ,/ltw :)(( USA. :I!()04, 1033·5 t;:1)(m.
Ellitlj'

PHYSloCS T,iI eS!1!lrpri !!<iflg ei:fect~m!:f ad dli ~!l1lOr !'lulbtu.;rtiflg phatoll!i frem .. ~i~Moo,[lm may ~i:elrl tml'fu> lor inlmm\il;tion prob~5~lIIgl.

u.,olrliI1i8r'l arit1:umetic., IUlCtimlll:lca1iollobej!'!! a omn.'l]ta,t:i",e~aw. ,[hati:s. for 3:l'Iiy ~Vio'O - -nl1nn~rs, l"1 and! m,1i11~jrlr,oodllGt: i~,always mt~ equal to 1'tI;1l. 1.T;l, classical physios" IUeElSIure.. ~,nenfS QiI"phys:ic31pl;qpe~1'ies aliso ob~y it Gom~ ~,uWitm:iVlel<liw;Far ,ex,H1mpIe.if ol'f::fnr:si: measurns the :positi'~mof apurtlele aad theuies
~,nO'me:l1lltl!lm. OilitC O!liJtillllS

"

1ID1Je.Ped~I'Inc:d. This ' lack of Qomm:lLl~:a!ti\i'ily of ·qU3.D1ilmn eclranlcal m eperaters, Mcmeovel:, the auttil,ofs preS!eJ~.t the st~'m,lgly 'ao'lJtnte:J]"~llitJL[itiveresldt: tha,t, l!L[ld~u
'which~li!Je
resalris
iii

IC'pe:ra:ti.oni]

plll'!l~pn)' .. ~()lIV .ID U~t1:!;tUl'res tlruecensequenee o:f

str.i~jng GonfilTilillElrnOn oflhe'

frrsi: adding a phal!OlltiO t:&nefidd Jild then :sub~ ll:adiiillg a.photo~ \!/Ilere3,s:mw :J3:iHILls:lrlJlres the sill]aii!Qllln whic:linl a :photon lis fl.rsi slAbill:aded aad ~,U':n pl~oto]JiIIis added. Oae sees that the <Ii maT~d1y duff'erent. Beyond. theccnceptual

the same- result ~ this

ceetain COnd;]tlon:s,tili'aIl'llielIUowl of 111 p]u,(J(m,l from iIIlliglnffie'ld Ciin~, leadto aninCffit:lI5e in the mean ]iJJ(UDI1berO'r:phot)Jm;~~ll.ha,[ ~]Sliutield, lIS t f

fi,c[ds creaied ia these two siruatiens are

intesest 1:1iI the
i"O.5,j!

fi:rS'l;m.ea~m:ng th~, p3mde. 11MOnlellrum illlld tilJ.eJl its posjtion Ho~ve!r:, ql18ilm,tru.nmechani~

rll:c brelIkdO'i,\'TI of th~ ,eo~~muta:ti,,'C'law]:i~s,~:lthe h,e1!~t ~f

rn1.Mtmti()ln[~I:.l:'tioJi!l filet, m<1illytfundarrientiil ,~a:ntli.Ii!Il properties.
~$ t~l~ej~ej'gb~~"'~t~-rnti!1o/prilln!cf~lle.

C:1I~JlwTItiitiesd.onmin q

U). In

ge~.letlllobey

CQm~

ppedi,crod eadier (4). The b1l5i,c ide.. of the cxperimeliit of .Paiagi ,eta/.
and OOM;(l ofthg::ilf reg:ll:ltslliill> !l~low!:'ii!:! 'ti'!lCfigur-e. In ihe to'prm~i. a ltiger beiill1 pfiS~C:S la~.r. ffwol!gh a rl,)t1iting ground ~!I~S pbtc (dl) to ~liI:bntc: 'the: rallcl'ollll1t1Cumtiolls Qf a lhcf~f!l SlOl!!fCC an d .~ detected s by .A q~WliiiillUl1i :uaw ana~yzcr (QSA)" Thefle!>uh~ eftbe mea~relne:llt ~I:e ~hO\\fn Of! the righl:.I:\I!el:e~p{I!}g;uVC!l the: pfObalbiJity diSIJI!~ul:n~lioll the of e]ooh~c: ne~d iimpilrude E. Rows:B ti1l:llI:na.~~,Ei]htstrmtle tiIDe consequences Qif 3.diullg on the inpll!t st<lite by V,<I]",~Oti: qlI3.nl1IDm,1 ~.uecJiJ:mlical opernF
t1!O],lS." [it.0\\i .~ sJiltCM'S Of[enlOI!{,~ll!lII

II--------f
1iIfI,

Is
ana~~r

~a2:

:lLl_1
ili

SllCh

h~ !1~,e C'~J:!iI;p~C ofpos;ilio!'! and fl1.Q.f,;ln~~m,'me laek

where ;1t~nd P are tlmc qil,l~I'I'tiiJmll1iecl'lanktl~ 0lPerawll1> 0(2) assodklted ,!~r[tbpOi.ilior:!. aad 1'iIl00Il1ie!!l1iitM:m"reSp;ecbiv'e]:y~, and where }fis .Phl!IlC;k's C0l1;sm:nt.

Qila ntum .5:ta1.le

A
.
(I'
,~~ -

of c:O!mmutat:ivi ty it'] QOlwe:ntiomal'lys tared b means (I' '~' lie I' "'.. . f tile _Y ,a!,ucnJlJ, Ji"P - pl. ..=. ~_ Ye" ii'.
AA '/"",]-

:[0 a.~1inmguin,g

3IId .illl!J15itmti.verellort

on

j]'<I!ge Ul90oft:his: issse, Pari~ (!~{d. (J)prescmt U1.e I:e$ru~tsof ..,I~bom~OI~ydemml'!m:aJti.cm of whBt:113!ppeMls ~[1 thequ<IfnwMrI, mf.lch<'l1nrnc;@J~: otpel,'<J,tili1i1is, of phottQiIiIi creatti.o:n an do mjJi[li:h~~

Ell

J:lJo

' ' In_'"-'",)'

"~".- i

,,,,.v
;fl

W,A. '[

~2
III
~

.
(f'

~atiQn. whkh
authors

]acks CQrmm!t<IJtav:ity,

l'h.ese

<ltclldii, 5ililgie llhotomillto a H~h~: beam,

melJe5u][

d.rum qUlIDru:mm:echanloo[ ereation opemror at. They C~1l al$lo subtu.lIcl iii. :S:~~y'k: [phooo:mJJfrom t[lclight be:am,'wlrni:c:l.!I cotresPQJl1l,d]s,to the ,l]1l!ll!i~ hUaHol':I openltor ii. Paingi d"J. mcasu!lfe ~lC qW!:!IWIt!i~H mecll0M1icc.t~1 8U!ite:ofil 'lhemm~li\ghtfiCl]drrllcr pm'onni~g thc~!C hvt'l OpC!ia:ti~lli O:ri it:, ~ndU1CY iSha;.\i ~ll~t the fl!lal stal;c depe:liitds Q!Jlithe O!rder in
T,Il!@' ",:u~hO!'~are at EIiI~ 1!I'I$tHi!Mte ,of 'O!!'tf!!;$" IUlI1i~1!r$i~y oJ ~d!I~iI!f. Rmhil!'~Ii!'r, NYU,ti:!:,. 1Ji!S;1lb Ej-IlIUn~ bOclflil@t .oQpti'C!i,rocil:~nw; .. dlui. ~

whiclm, com'~pO:r1dsto tlm.e 3:c:tiO']II ,oCtile U(JJn~

singlep]a:(l'tOl~, from iliefie.ld",,1:lh .<11 beam ~iue:r; C01!lllIrerinwilii,\,.-e1Y. the geilnnumberofpl.mtu[llS. II Dr!!. ttle O'll!l-put tlrsld ~Sif!Cre.'1fiG.-d by' thio; oiPc:nltfon.~w C
il.Il!8tta'l~n'ifll OOfise~I('1'!OO of adding, ~ il!ii:1glc p]1iO!un b.".thc inp~:~ ~ta!l1;'i,vitj[~al:1i op~'ka1 fill p.. nctric a~pliffu:r (a dc"vi~ ~ Ii: ~ha!~sp!]~'sone pI10'l:0I1. ini;Qh~, Q'!.I!lP,U!!i!'! iJriith!i!fldi~. Sdf!!l!m1!rtk ~~[)Q:li'im!llrn~l PI!fIJ(~~~ of .p.~rig-i .i!l',gl. ea0hw~ll!appl:(lximat.e[Y' half allld~orm~ orthe'lu labororwl'J{ ~e!I'!Jl~ts.llile®rderi~ which lli1l9te,1iIS <Ire add!~l:I ~; l the ene:l'gy of the 0I1ginai alrld~iJb~ra(ltmhom ,8ligllUlield ~lmiflg'ly inlnueml~s'the f~eLdI's~nopell1ie5, ~,
WI

28 S,EIP1i'EMBEIR2007

PERSPECTIVES
lil'::5uh:s of 'Paiigi (it al; t:MehllbCI,I~~tory tech:~i.qlml:S the::t df:i~mrifl)e eould pave the'wiilrY ~m\(.aird]iJ;ew llossi.bilitiesrnl the fields ofquaJ .... trIlml! :~nfOI"M!!ltuo[lscience and qlJ!fU1tmn optDC:S (5-8). Theseresu:lts show how one C",1I11 eeule~.lgi:rJieering.'" that ~s, the crefitioll1J (If :states will~ specified quanmm pmpeli"ties"S1:<IWS. o:f this sostare expeetedto P:~<J,Y H keyrolein qll.,ITilIJIl:UCOuputiwg. qpDilum cryptDgr.<JiphYl rnmd [;anl;ilJ>1 of qmllfl!tmnsyst£lns.
Flilli1:ffl:IKfl'.5.iiliiild N:al~S

vert a

plfe

1y thermal

]~~lmiif"ieW.rwhich [KIS~

sesses l.l!oll(}l!iIida!i;s~crulpl1Opertics, ~ntoll.light: f~eld with :s1ii;"O].lg~.y nm1!Cl.<JsSica~, features. This ~l)trk 111m.oonmrumlJeS 3. !l·tep t;Q\WIIill timedev,el~

1. f!, A, M, Il)il~{, PfiM~" rJjOuofilmrl' 1I,1ecilwfmt

~:ailrem!bfl. fil:f,!)rd, UK,l!958),

opmei!lil of i>ec,iwng:ques for ~'!l]j~]aJ!il!i;Um ~ta~e

.2. IR quO!ru~ummed);,mics, pl,y::;i~I'lIViII1Iti~'es Ufcn <!~ ~'" IMm O!rld 1!1!1~nentum.~r~·eb,1i!ine.d by ·!!ppMr:!~~~ ~rO!~ ,,~~:"tO' oil ~tel!'l'~ ~iI~ f~IKll0rl,

~ .. 'Ii. P:ilrig~.A" ZiW~tta, Nt Ki I!!I, ~ .. GeI!ini,. Srienre .31!!. 18~O~O~7)" 4. M, l!f.g~ riI. O!J)g~, T.[Iog<!~ PIr'~.~1t.~4!. JIWl u'?rrI1l. S.l. M:oIl!d!el" E. W~I~. Op~i!'~J C;cher~m'e{f,Il,dQ,f,im'lf!!lll Oplig (C~mbrid\~· L;I~~. PFe:~.ClllllbriD!i>e;!UK.19~)_ 6" "It o"5o:!1Ilty, Ill_ ~iJilla~. Ll!J1b.a~fy, Qwm.miI Op!!irs >(Cilnfjlln~!! IJmli~ i'r~~~1(alnMdge. IJrr(, 1 'i9'1}. ... l .it '.J!Hlikln.\rhe Q'iiI',MIjMtJ' 't1it!:!.Jl}'of Ug1l1 ((Ur,Dr~ iLlhi1.l', Pi'i!!~,llirilFdl iJ~ !i!d" ~, 2:000). !l. C (, GI!I'i'!/. "" L i(filigJlt,. tMradr,n:l(1.ry Q,~l!TIJhtrnl (Jpr.~ ((~rnibli!dg@IJmllil.I?i'@~~,~mOOlilge. UIK,2(00) •

GIEINOMICS:
N!D\!I th."~ Oe ·gemlOJilile~:f a. Ulli cE!lilJlalf l!Dara~itE.' has be'en d eciuiLed, calli it Irr~®hre ~he delIDam OJil

the Il.nigi n !or-IHJk.aIf'Yoces.?

g.'enOM·eseql'lcnce

~,~dght IUl)'i,li,die

an.S'\i\1effi

to Ill.'l.ilia.U!llfU.!estitl.I'IS' .f~l.mllt. t.11e biology ~I:d elffl>h;.I1i.QJmmy rnslnry of ~1 Cluom!:!ivemllie.f •• • c~;m~pl0:~ ('i118·t~s OJ !'Ud~g;~Il<!~~~

Cerc~monadl;

Itug.typilitls
Ph.~~o!l!1i~:(i.!!I:s

Qr!1iilllfDlisl~;l. Alie:tlll<lii:!lve~Y., might 1~;Ye'<I~ h nlore

pf1!,Jblien~U'mn S'o~:utio:n:s,. and itt's 'oeV'dlnc,H.um .~ie-s;inidJe~nifj{inJ wlnuqlU,cstkms to ask, Fleri'la!ps d'le mosthmtelil::S[i:11ig gell,oJnes d'o both; ncy are apanacea mild! !I. PEinaJo:rll:S bmt .. On g_as,ci 92l. in iil:isi ssue, Morrison <It al. (1) describe f,''[u::h~ geuooewrn the dipl.ollil:1)OJlad proti.fitGiaraia lamblia. a hmlmninresJtiJilll] pmi.l8~te. The compl.\t.1: Gi~I:(Ji~ g,eooN!ei!I rop]e:lt.iw.iit'~ ~~lfu!":mf!kl!:'irMgliig fr.Olndle ~m.. plieity ofilsiOOleclllu S)'Nttmm.:liW h{!!WliIDepajf~ ~i~~i~~rn,c~ \vi'dli~ envin:)!oo~~t HowWi,\~r,.

81f1ellenobm
lliilliiptoph!f~[!§
C~)iplDmO".~~~

~ n~l!I[JliUNdl~ ~u 9~enlids'G' Hll!~eroillloo~a, •

t>he ~vO~iuli!1)~l~ry h~SH)[)!' of Gtflldifl i$, rlClt

8~

ok,ad.y writtc1JlJJillt t:l\tcgc:l1iomc~ncigniUliThg ,a Jalkobids smo!dcri~g dl:;b~re !!OOiU~tI~ OO':uginofGimv;lia (')i):ymc;nadls • and iL~rela!tmli1iiii:illiiproo~hc1iCLlkffi'}iUte.~. I . Pi!fO!b<!~~io! (fnkJ1O!Il\(lMS~" The: 'CWhll'ioll ofGitllt/ia hascoJnlllanderl Re'tot~>aIiili)liI<Iru • a level O'f at:re!lHiOll~ll~~ch()d byliew mhe]" ~...... """""~~~ IEh~lo:f'lllO.oodi. (G!m:did)l. orrg~~li:!lm$ beeause it difl"e1l"Sl:rom d'n.e "~:exit~ book" elli1:aryo'l:eilrTh I~ ways .. Mol!l>t not;s!l;aly. tl1,ere !Ire~lO nritocbomxi<l in GimilitJo:iilsl1eJl. IEul!:<IirryotiiL!: evoluion., The h~lpmilile'liGl'levcmlll'i()nary tree tOlil.sii~t'l ,of ~il!Jen'SUlper'9lr'OiJlps''' based O~ "le'o'erra~ alive!'; •. in kecl)]ng '\,vrnth 'Its tolCI::llIJ1lDe low for ~~rlIds:(If 1~'ltid~,i'lOO (ls:tiTbl~ Ibralrrlching Olrdf~ (]:i sUIP~.i1[Iro>LfpS is Ulil ~Siill"md:, flil'l;pLyr.,g t~t Ihe .melatiooisi'liPs B.~e levels of o1ll:ygen(2). The absence !Of []Ilis ~11! k!!lel'l,llll r~1:~~lrthan iii :s,hmJI~t~ IiI~C.u:s r·a;di aIIiarl. ·eM inQlliciles~he pl~s;~,nt;1ll1iI !!;J)'iptk liJli~Qc;hlOllldl,rli~ 1~II1'i'drogellll).50me5 ow 'mi~ooome~. flo. Q,ilI~fidQ~hlfIin~ilcdil<i~es th.n 1;1;(1 QrJan~Ule: ~ilI51fet 'been fmlflld. 0ll:1illrlcUe' flOO" on n(l,W :S~'~li:f:icaj,l~e wllith the Archeaoa :h!ypothesis, which proposed tlil1lt (Jtamia '(<IInd<c~,rtai;n otber plwtists) diverged of' the gr1!!atesrtttransformarions hl evolut[ml. (I:.g;. Entamoem miwSQIJl.e8.). In l(jj.mri.la.pl'CF Wol]l1. .otihrt el]karYOi1e-S before ~b;:;eillioosyn:lbi:. irQIl"!'mlfI.JiI]" cluster a'Ssembly n.~eArnt;hez:oah~oo~lrnes~spr~edtoo good to teins i:mf>Cl:tvediJlil: otic ori,gilil,o:fMirocoo~ldriil.1m.d was ~11ro_erefore bejrue, Nudoo:rg.enes plJy[Oge~Klt[caily rokl.rod <lJlildpriote:l.l'a. ro:lditllg .apiPe: <II elos ely rehl;tOOl to ~]f[itocJIOJlildci~1 homo,togs "!.'ere: d~QO¥ered ]n h) lu:it\Jd:andria~. hom:o[ogs and lncaiize to til ancient <lind ~imil!i'!,~dy .!.miIl:OcimnIClriate (3). including Gir;{)'(;/ia{4. 5).1'.hcprolC~[1 relictmansome (6\ 7) ... fiDestilro,g~y~ IGif1rrlili BOld}' mo:leciUl~rphyIIQgetl!ics ~mp~JQrt:ed U'1i1.5 t\R;h~ l fhe g~trl,(;; eoomnslitlll~I~loo ofidentilif-milk'; l11:il((;products ef'sueh genes l1<:live been ]oc1!~i~cd viICW" pil:aci:ng 6iw·di:a and i~the;r Arc:ilI~oa at t[lC bese of c~k3r.~'o:tk~ iI,l:vohJ:t:i(ll!'l! 5) ... he (4, T ~o d;oulbleme:mbraVile"""'b~deiJ o.ga1m.eUcs ehor!drial.!!~lOe~; No adler fl:!!1CtiO~: lean be ~UJe seemed c~ios~d::Giw'Cli(;j' arose fr.om 'fiiJ,ydrog~!'!oooml;;~ ormitosomes) ];rn: .11.]] ~jO'r plfC'd!c'rod and pro~~~l-i~n(IWrt.eo~p:~~:s are the prokMyo~e -i;jij!(aryo:li;;t!'3:n~;i.ti.(,HiI, one Mhel:G\M .gro~!i; Wiidsimil.aw ~'8~c !:'l.Xfu~ed orh&g_~iyd~~t (.J r8), The other ilU[l!lkatkm of tlIle ArIQhez:Q~ round ill diS~la!llt!yrda:t·ed 'Clikal~~es (~e dIe figure), SO.I;: of 'dle'SC (J\fgmiil~rks at'I!ddlCi:r hypod1e8i~r---othait Gi(ffflt~i~ an (;.;!l!rl~br~rl'Ch1ih~ a~!hl':)r ~ Ith~ Bi1i~a rD~ll'!Jrt!i!ile.mt(;!~adla f'! I~~mu~ 1:r:te'U'l_O:~tC"1!i;,1tlV~t.Lei>lal'C '!o"re~II1..· i 1m n:v b ~I' """. '_AI illg IC~llIk.a!ryQte'_":has anracred ,C'i,icn IriI~Qre . cuaractG1CllZw (.C'.g" f~r.Mi;\<!rn~edIIRe~~rdl~ U~w~>F!;ilf (l'f Bril!,~hCc'lurn'bilOl, 'El'fcilO1:l'lOJl{I,f/ ~lydrogelmo:s.'Olnes~ .•but: the: II'llIlm:::cO\r:tJtl1o~rlly, TI~!e "deep'" position of some lJIanfi~W~r" ~C! 'W'6T 1!'::4 ('an:ali!l~. [·I!Il~fJ~: [!Ik~'~~ga, int.@rm~IiI!lI@,u'b('GlI A:irlleIDSJ h;BJsooen com!v~noillgly n.mdergilE:!(I mas of other Ol'ytPlDc ol'g;311l1::nle's :oont:1!~l.dw:ive

PERSPECTIVES
by sl](}'I~]nglhil't they bc~:O!l1llg elSe>'.lfuiemin tlc phyloge:DlLcl1cln.'ee, the cillCa.re.'>[ ase bei:n,g dlc c
~cI,m:ionsh~pbehve:en micm.~poridia il:l1Idlll]iJJgI (5l for Giardia,. such a ~pecifi.c:!3!HeTl~iflJfu,rles i mlt so clear-cut, buttthe ge.litome may WllOvid:c c:~.lIes. [)~i!omona(lsITI~)' be~o. . '1:0<I¥l)mw of
g.e~ll g.el~.es\;,,iitlln,ClJrII.'elm,1 phylogcm(JiHc; metl~i· ods, Bilild kll~ge: ;8JIHOlJllintS of diBlta tinJilIlt vi.ol<l!te!' e}!lOiuriOJrniBlI)' mooels c<un ~ener<lte' '1iVe:Il";!>I]~. 'pmlilt:d errors (/2). Morn.son (!.t tI/. show l1l.ig~!l levels of d,]'!,i\e~:.l?Je[lce anllu.l.cih o.f the .(Jim:riia !C1iIJome. so rulUwugbtla!e g;eno:mc; HliiiI)' CO]I1.t&~n
dlI~tI toreO(}]lS~llr;t
t!. 'Go .~\Qrrii~~ '11'1 S{j~ild 1.7, 192:1 t~oon, m.,. 2. H.flj~Ili!i'.~!rn~Oi!g.n. ~:I9512:L ~. '1'.. (a 1/ilI1ie:r·)fI1.1th, 11'1£!M!GcjiMl1lGi\\;!9]t It JIl.UfJO!.I!ut.rrf ~rJ"INJS ru~~li'eiit. H. E.A. S~~emk.W, s, Sthffil·~ri.!~le~. ..>dillGI1!Jf~t. ~ertirn. ~e-w 'mr ~ :~~.e3;.l. !i~ (

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kIlCMIl:1.

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rel;m:ed to POlfFlib<ls1l1i<l such as 'liic!mln.emas:{9. U). Like 'fr'.idvUlon'G'S,. the Giardia g;emMrl.1e does rao:t encode l!!i!,q-!y!OiS~11 ,(whkhi:'J ritrely abs:cnt IT9m ,eIJik:iiIi'1'"Ctic gerlOJiililiei:!} and encedes :aJ bll,cteJ.i~ mrgil!J!inem:etotbO~isn!p\\1th~ wa)'~ slilptJOIr1ing.fl ckl'S~reJ11!troi!'l!sbip.This does net wrccllude Oil1 c~rly, dli'i.i~r~ell(:c :Ibr both ,Gtmiflia rumd P!Elliiibf~iilldl8. f-ouhis d~Ji.);C!l(b on

·ex!CtlvilJWs.spl6cificlllLly

C:iilll:riia;'s hioltory;.it

.11 c:ho.d.~.e]I~.~eto 'I!II.se:~t

'1!'~mbe

Ai. ~!ilr. Am, N:af. 1$4,. :S146 ~;li999l. 5.. I£. A. IP.Willnil~U,. P..). ~~~ilii!li.AtIII: ~:StM~
,l,

~54, '9

The o~~tJ:1Oille offuis deblillentfu"ts :JiIi;Qt ()n~y ol.rml~fi1Wlding:afc(ul\y eukmyottc e'\i'Q~ILl,tiOIl, but aliso o]!q.Tview orfG'mlrJ~a bi:ol,o.gy.Sim:p~e 'Cll:ru-"dOl:eri~~,c~ lldd ~·PJ:il~titi.vtl or derisedvia m ood~Jctro!'J!; !dwn:~:tive8 whh\~cry dHferl(;~u
The s.imp~idl:y 'of Oi{wd!tl !li .!o]~··· 1m:' 8)i~1'Cm8 difful'S from(hM ,o:fk1mtr'lvl'i d~'(;d pa~~,ires 13), ]i.Q~,. U. di~~!X,ll~t Unoogcili Icar:lflo.~]o\1ll' d:il.fc:rollt ~dUi!l:tive pl'Iltlh$ (J4}. :50'
I~i~. de'telmin~1g (JJordia''s Qlrigln[:lindel~ndell~ly of its.$]lnpUcilyis 'e~scl1Jti31. GivCin ~hede'p~l of dlese ql~S'lliiOll~ tile 1'IeVl ~Iife MoniSOIl.t:!'tal. d~!Ii1: havebJieai:lm~d into tbe deihatesis\1!ek:mue,. and \:viU 'f;lll~l!lUre OQ.1iIiilIlled .a,tllf,mtion 011 both a :£&')cIlJiI,llngcem;SJIldi ~.e oogim, Qf,eU:k~uyores.

!l. f. I»Le$ilI~ V. t~k;r'.I.T;a~t1;~, ll~itlilg.OOI, s.r:reJXt!' 3:Jl3., .3'H~~a~). 9'•• ~ Q, Md~~~olii. S,!Ill, $"rdii~I'!!M,"',J, Ii:~~r • .M'OI.i!liQJ f~. 2il. M (2:0.05.}. :li!l A. ,13. ~irmp:!i~II"'1':. ,j I1Iilq,!lk~.A. }. R~r:,. MrIi. iUoi, Ev«. ,23., iII'l!5~.20Ml U. i,~, ~mbl!i!t.It R lHili1;. (Ur1. Qpm. (!g~l. Vev. ~" ~~11
a,)9B~. li2. 0 ..J~If(l)'. H.•1mdll\lJ: m.!l1lJ1f(, IF. O~I!li~, H. "li~Lipp;.!,. rlii!rJdS

120(0). 6•. (!,. R¥i!S er,al;d, BtttL Cl'iIMt 2:8[1,3.fi)S7~IlD~). 7. )i.ltw~i'.i\r ~., Wiilrtl~!1IZi!'i. 1.12:

omm.

whc:re~hc foot 'of ~:fuc'ciU]:.S!rJ"(lrktro~ lies,

\vh:lcilis: di:WiC'u~t t()llesolV\e, ~;liI:deed,there Sire' dot~b,tSRhotlt ho·w 1~:iruy~ogenc:1i(,'; eeonsnucr ti011'l m~th()d$ C3n dete:rmi]iie t1~i['i roM,g)lven u~eql!Ul~ ~.".l:esof sequence c!wlution !I.nrl gEBtg.ene:ric di$trnm!bieberu~c:1iI1eulmlYQt~ <I.1iId pill'obl"j9~e!_; (.I.1 ),. There ate also dli.mct:ll~~:ue:s irliiiherent:in recQ'IiIsttlll!ot:i~g t1'n;e bislory of di.ve]j~

U.

Gf.l!tL ,2a, .2:25· t2:006J. A /l" 16e~~ !l(i. MIOIrr1111ID, A. G. M\'A;r!h~{, M. IL. 51l1g']1!!', Ii

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IS3;1 (2iOO~).

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Our tlnlverse A.lliow for R,olbu:st IQ,U, amu m IComplutatiion?

DOBS,
,ofw~\u::th~rlhe1heorern flctlJally holds: inan brc.aJk tn!!}dc:rn cryptog:rnI1h]!: codes ,e::"i:,perr:ilmlC!l:n."!W:$etdug: Docs OMIt' lHli~ aUow (1).Ile'!i'olnt~onf:1.x: qWl!ntil;illlli che.ical cak:1!tla. r'Of' ll)bll!JL<;:1qU;mJIltMm OOlll'll!Ia~'ion? 110ns (2). ~nd overruw'll the mOiilt basic ]:001'1$ to This; is ~ luudql,lcstioll!l! becsusefhe eost (~he IlIlb~lllberQlf experill~nts Ul:leded) of chatO{)111IPutmg (3», Standi~~gi1l!lJ ~~~eway of cre~tti~ these dreaJlD :m~h:rnes ,f:!) tTh'E: flllc~: qUaJltl!MU that SleN~l,~zing the jtllX'llEnics of' q~~I[l.tuJln S;rSlems us.iflfu~fnr f!Rli.t.tol.,er!llm,t emnptu:a!tion rises oOIU[plufer:s dio 110:1 m{eW I:I'Hli.l1im:i;wldu~i:rQlUllnnlll~l:lbell'of quantum rum 1l00:ttblle.bnl ]~l:s~e'ad ~!lIve 9. :~[\OpelIlis;i.ly·to lexl,!Xlne:l1IItill,]]:yw~tl.lthe deca)l into maehiaes Q:beying: the; d;0Jss:ic::l.~. .sys,tmrnl (9 • .lfJ'). Emersonl!!l {fl.~I<L'Ve :lDuw:d. !I. ~<i.w:s of phys~(ls ..'Ihis ebstaele is knewn 3:5
q1lJLJflm,tmn

A!!II ,appn::ro'!!ch for arI;aJly.ziili!!J qUlg,~:tu!iTil dE!(IOher~lr::e m,~ help !!lush th e

bO!ilndi!liii~e!> oif q!.la iiitll'nii ('i:implJi(i
iii!:)!,

o• ".H.' . ... l.PlltC._ IS ... QP.-' ~.- c._fa ...g p. Ui. 1[,c.·lY : .... r;;o.l"d. -ifl. g .. ......_ltf'l •. .. .... (1Q. to· t}c~aws !t)f qualltli,[llli t~lCOry I1ligh~

'I u;unsyst(;m .. I!!.ICH "I!. (1l~t.~,~O\'\fe"fl;)l'.~.5,t '!Ii:

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cost d~t. O(lnitl1u'iw]~. s~l!es p~.~.olfl!ianyin

the ~~mbc:r of qY,iint:u~

tsys;tcms (tha~is".

a mHet~ :~()"vcrcost per Iq~3flitum s.yi'lt~IfI!). AIU~olJgh this md.mdlil.1Wllll'S mvayll oe'lil!l.in
amOU:l!Wt

Qnnftm.ll.~IJJOF% it ailso Mains mueh.of

d.OOI" all

tile :relewalt: :i!lil,f()irg.~Holm. 'rhus, the: t[l;I!thoiiS

IlSJW' opem,'}d. the:

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era. where

quan.tli.IJH d:e'lIi!ce's can be i"pid.1Y ciruEII.'9!oterized IiIS lLISefid air no1: useful tor .!he task 'of ~'ILIDld.iIIlIg

tlwi.sis:!m.e, .iEmef:SOJ1 et a,l. (4) l!eporE<I way to ru13IY~""llrrom.qtlimmtlTllP[\C!!c~ses. torm,d tJ~e

!o1lI~;S~.ruIJt can

decoherence, !I:lrud on 2<1g,'e I 8.9.3. ot

IQ.llIiltlil'tum

'(<IldIHl\. hll1iei~OUii ef (ii, il'r,opD~~ ol ~ ~~ $<iI;l~m~ lin

stand up rolhis clec~. The :so.luti:on to the probk:m of q]mHilih:Uffi decoherence, I1t [eils.]: in tlteowy; has been knmv:nror mare Ulan 011ieCO'ldc <lll!d is ciloodcd d ~fi. fi:amous th'{;l'lreID For fa,ulHiOlerunt quaJ:l~ mm ciOlnl:j!',lta'~!o!l (5-8'). This '~re~h\;;:ldr'.~(}-. ofem~ays~l~tl:nll!itip.k: q!iJlcl'!ti!'WJt! sygt~m~ e~l bc u$i~d to gi~mJmtc: .aI. singl1c c:-:rrow-ltecqU:all.The <r IJthor ij~un Ille Dep:arlmli!fit..al Co~mpL!ite(S",h~r:! ce 8. E~9me~~ ,,~d th~ I~epi!'!imef!~.1f R\1.~r~, nhl~'~l~~ or ng ! U 1Na~l'iil"ul!Dn, 13003:523;50, ~I!nu~.lVA 98[.95, USA. .E·m"il~ i
d~b1!mn@{s;w",l!iliiraglWl.@!Il1J

whklh "he @~ol!Jtiol1l of a q Uli3II1l~ tuml S~Silt! rnis ~li,ilIfIm,etjriizied 1j(l 1~liimi;n.aleuffi!lai'llMi Ilf:Orll1l,atiOIil.. TI'le~~e!1IlC!Homrofil fiLl'Igle

.quhi~ are5~®w~ as UllIliIISfcmlfls ,Ili '" 9alimb~nlllg AIL 192 ~th d~e, 1;lj;I>!~ratiCi):!,!~ (ina: die il!~ di~~ played,. 2.4 roi;at1Ci'l'li5 .arid eig ht ~'E!ne ctiu~ o·~.iii die: ~~'Cli!i9ha
plill1i@ ~1Qi~kh areilll'1possiblUl'
I(lu:rr wMldland
11111

'Wh~

~ml WClIIl't

fll1ldl~h:o~ dim (1111 ,a r::.iil5iII'i,O M'!b~. The p rij(~iJ~ r'!2 01' IEm~r~0I'l1ef ,al.G~ be ffI(mglirll: of iI.GHI ~ot1fIl~y ~~lectingClWl~ ldi,~for ell.d'1 (!IJ\lIIIIUUn1 bitilll llie fljIlitelm flOClrnllti:e] 91 ,dlimla~'5al1lditlilen ap,P~)iiii'1;g~ileIral1l~iCl'm. coJnifspon:d:ilng lioU)1U die to <lmrrespooding quarmjllf1J bit

1876

28 S,EIP'li'EMBEIR 2007

PERSPECTIVES
technique of chafflc~e]"1izing H:.e time evo~M;iiO~l we ~ullly SOOj~, know whether (IWt u]'I,iversei:s of f1q1J.<IJD.lru:m,:sy:stem is kaown :~ quantum ge[le:rou~s !ellmlgh~o allow fer ~8:rge~s!c!lle Emerson (!(,. ai; itis ,comYe(lJIleJat to co'l.l!>lde:rn precess ~OIIIog;mp~lY fR 10]!.fior IJ 'tWO"rnevel rdltli(Us;~qlJm,litl.l;m lJomjpula.ti.oll, elsssieal aill~]o,gy.Supp(),~e th~lt yorl!l~'e' t:b:e qU.aillltl!.m1!sY,lSteilliS.thu:s metiod 11eqinu!'es~prrn:. .. R!e~J!!;ren(~~ imately 2';';; ,experimelilil5 to,clinamGterize a ql.!lJ<lIlrn,~ op,el.'atu.f ora c;Elsi:no~;tI!t runs iI. ~8i!ne using 1.P. W, Slhor, In PRx:offI!Jm~~,~the J5r:h/j~~S.r~~'UR!' s~x~sided dice. Vitll] tn yOlllr g:.1mbling 1:l'1!~si~ tum rnn.iOCes:s" EJii:lcnoll atai. hav,(!, p:mpo:sed a ~" rbe f~~ii·~ru:.Qj (~ffiJll:.ri~ Sm-Me. s;, ~,ldW~~~r, 1111,i~SS~gveri,:iY~I1Sth<'iJt t'ed,~oe ailieoolru.looo.,By newti;:c~hnigj(rethllit;. by ~"nuuetg.'i;ring the qliilm1,· E(I_(IEfi:: CDmlfJ!uI1i~r $I!ICI'l!:y, ~~ l';!~ l~itillS, ~, :iL~~,},Pfll.. r~:~B,jj, ~:nir-o:\l\I]I,lg ,), di.emllllti,p~,e times. yUl'I emln estilum.Pl.'ooess,DiOOnC;e!l this to 1), po]ynamiid in 11 2. j1j_ Jli5jiinu-tiiilit, /I, [I. DIU[oi, P.l- ~~, Mi,.!f,ilIld-GlifOOJi, g~re~he prob."b~l~ties of each of~le six dJiftbt... {see ~]le · fil~re). As ilfil.lhe di.cc ~~mple. thi.s S'6ence 10'9'. 1L70~,i(::!Om.$), ptOOe:5S di :SC,lTds,inrolrlt'latiotl aooillt dlgep[,ooe~s ent 01!il,~C()mlT!"es. :F'OIf 'i!vcll·,b.ll~iJ.ficed diQ~.tlmese ~, L.l:iriil,~r;i,!1,.~~I~ .~fhe ;?8~IIMIl!#lj'<'1CM t S'Y"i~Jlb.lium a~ ihe f~ ,O;f (ampillf"'9 (A{MI'~E!~~, NE!'iii p:ro~babilities wrn~] ,)]1ibe around I,16, but fot be,mg:~~d~ed.l:ru,t Em~roon era,l. point Qutmai
~ ]arge'"~~fu qUflinm:m oompU!te,[, To :M1[1de:r.;ta:l1d the problem

addresserl by

IO!'lded dice. the:-Jeprob~biliti!~ miMybedl:<!stican,. sikex\i\ed a\'lilif frem ~/«" ]3,11' mc.tii()l1!fing ~~~J(:s'e prob~b]'I~t~es, yO"IJ have in esS!e~1C:C six
ch<lj'~c'tr;;rk{;d thcprooess {)If rolling a i'i(;i~ YbU'f~ a casino ~;per,a!IOr~, ~.lO\ll~"vCf, arid s!')
}'Ioo ~re le."itmlu~l¥ pa!i;Uloid tI~t)!O'Ul'
g{l111C:Hkec~.·aps;wh~re ~Il
~S:l>')[r;!lil\OC

!heir 'wcihmqu..e c1!~lbe;~edtQ ut

some ofth~

main <lS~-u~~ptiO(~I(such (1::1 'wilc'IIDtcr :the erronj, .~ indc~ndcn'l:) o-f'lhe thtres.lm,oM t:iitoorommr mil!1~:·:IiO]~",.unqu.ru1fi1!.!n CO~pUMltlon

'n'~IIIi. 19116.), pp, 2n2,..,219. 4. J •. tJm~i'!OO ~/aJ~ ~feJl~ ,'li:t,7',:ll:35t'~, (lOi!l7). 5. [I. Ah~illl'Lml:~.Il!!n·o.:. ii~ Pll'Jtet#ing~altfrt29Jli'

A'fi..r>re devices am fO\1!briiC3!tcdiu\\ibich

dQm:iliii,[3jtc:s:. aCC'lJlrflJt:eunder,. .sD:Rtndi:ng, of qM,!l!~m1m p1',ooesses; b~ooime:£ "iulI!. "he ~~nt1l,l. proCC$iS ~:O.i)g~phy ~edrliJJiqu.cs de~c:r,ibed hete .~.'cpres:ent it first s:~ep tmvd.Td nocu:rntely a:sse$sing, the pov.:ers mrnd l.imits of dle::se .new Gillrn:l1J1llln1.machiilles.l.ndee:!\ tmamd.;s
1.0 the,~ecbu:iqjuesde,yed.oped

galll~ ~f
,!)

qua:nn~llthe(lll"~

ehanee c. be beaten..m:11i prulic~d~",C(llMicle:r

do jllou hm/ciha.t these dlee .aeU;IilUy bdmve ]ml'*iP~lldle.lmrHy <ImUI.ru:s have' Pljombll~ ifies for 01!.l'!l;;OII1]leS A aad H i!h~i an;: a poodtlCt af the [pooballt!.i,Hty of cmtcamc; A 'ii~l~~es the l~r-roa,b~,]~tyfcmttro:me B?You m,ight ~ell, ou!" o y ]:es.re~SlIO rnn f:.iXpe~ri:mellllts.w];lOJ.'e' hvo dklie are mlledlogetllCl.'. 11<1:01.1 has sh•.different OU1? drue: cemes, !>otliIDere'iilrea. total of36 different Ollt\~ cmnesf'or .. roll oiftbese two droe •.l'l:ms ..yom testers will now need to n[JJI expe;rilfl:lclliLS tll ell lIuc:teT.il'Je 36 d~1Jel.'el~tpl'iobabi~itile!:i. And mtere ~sthCl en]:); ,of&e pl'Oblem for cl'lflmc:roriz,.,

mil

I.'\W

d'iee. W~m:at

U,99'd~. I ..E:. Kmm, It I1.ilIrl.arnme',Ji'Ii_IiI.ZilFE'I:::.JiIf~,.R_ 5a".~I'J'M.'rJJii 5e,]i; 11!'IS!4, 3 6~ W!il!i'3l 3. I!._ ~ia!!il, Owmw:r:I' ,(;o~tw]il'nM:.!7ua.n,. C.ru1i{l.lfIII'1\!l1 Will' ~-jJMl!em.!!1iii' m@lIJ~rm! 1r4~~ 'furl 1997)', W.1!l.:l-,:Il9IB. 9. I. L. CljHJ11i11~1"M" A.1N1~~ii"J. M'oo_ Op1.4!!1, 2:~5S, U W.'1.l. , ]Jlj. ),. P~y~t(lS, J.CI~~r, P. ~I.@r. ~ FIft~Il. Ul~,,',8, il9G

Aifll'l\!l\!l\!'Al;t.l.S",Jil'll~rn 01:1 rht! !ljMJf)! 6fCl'J'tfrtJ'lij~ 'Li\CMi IT'i~i!!!~jN@w''l'br~j 199n PIi!l lf6-'l!.!Ia~ 6. .t" KmliLl.. It lill~Larnlt'le. w.. Ii.ZIIr!!':, Sciim!e 2:79, 342.

f!l<)~:n

byE_ersou etal.,

A· __ ntaretie
liII Colier milliorl s of
yedifS.

B'iII

l_

IO~Jlversl'ty
Iii

dill

a~ureYO''lilirsC!lHM:t tl:w,w iire nO cOiiliela:ti,(illS ~mof!:g!itot~l dice. ygu","iH!~r:ldtQ£;:h~f.~!Ct~lI~ lze (J" d:iffurcln ~baJb!ilhies. n'U8, ~rne OOfil~r }'lour p;a!I'~lloi(lis an e:x:pom;:nit:ia:UY'i]tI;;lre'~sing; expense ,YO'1!i" ~UIU$'l: pffy :YOl~rti;:Sre!:'S t~ n:tei)j5,ij;f(; each oftl'Me 6,j p:lDb3b~][tics" In lUaJll)l' g(~I!1I~)es, .ho,we:vert there is ~Il ~~:!!Ul!1lm:plion~hllt TCllltly redil,u;':C:1> U11C costs ~f g l~csH1liilg mnltlple (!;k:e{. St~p~1i()Se 'fbr your that l~r~I:PQse~only the tots[ sum ofd.ots on n dioe :~<IUeir:s•. Far udic:e. U1.Ctotal of the dik:e is iii. I1ir~lnIbCl:'iI)e.nlVeenntl.Ki 61,I.UlllH ]fyourte!>~e;r:s a :mcoild tlite p.roiJalbility of<llg_llivcn rota] (Jifthe dioe, Oililily 5r~ + :1 pl)oil<lihilitiJes Jliteecl 'jiO be recorded. ,lns1:ea.d of roqui:r,ing i<l IlUli'l~:l1e]," of' l~roiti:l1Ihilitie:i> tlla.t scalle~s ,ex,p.0I1Jl;:!llItially in :no Y'GU ,only re!Ctnu~e ii, rI!!lmoor oflll'ooOlhiHties dam ,,"ca]e'sp!:dytlo:m.i,ally (]ili1mrlym~hi:5 ,case) widl n. If', !11h:f yO'M [d~:d YOU[' dkje. you had ran~ cl!om]y IdlOlngeCiyuuf dice sm:lmithat the rollli] <\ltay~d the same" tbis wouldl:'!()1lO'ltl1lC:l your Measm-cd p:robaJb,ilitics. At: 'the saJme tinlc"
I

in_g th6 p,woo~~ of ifOlling d1ioo. If )\'Qli

\\1'a!f!t ti,j

Iro:[ms ·of ~liIlllilt iIll1H:~ ilnilma~ life {Om lbe ImJlml amJiJS:5AllIto1r.cti:~1I that h\8ii!re sUllvhrffilIQliic~,"ll cydes

inf:onnll.'l:iJt'Il 'l:iedllil,pl.'OJ?'Crth~\\lllbes~da~ tho hMil

is averaged away. With 'll\iJii!l PfiOCC:;l;S ()!f"S'~i:"!~ ~e!:l"h;in~"y~~t c>!~l'e'l~i .. te \!m.varii:red ~~f~l!~ ~:~ti(JIf! ~ld IOI}lyi(Jo'k .t1~the· mu¢h s~'W!I'lcf:O;ll!bsc't Qflmiilol:erdewilit ]11 l:brmaliQ!l , Vi,l'hatl3lnet:oon era!' ha'llt: aol1ieved ~s sitn:i'kur but tar q,mnrutmn :>)lsle'mliils. !rhe l<lJbor.:ulm.y

describe a ca.m~ ml,.n~ity .as~e,"bl.aJg,e:, ifl(::;ll!.u!dn!ng~l1d!l'a vegeta!l:ioo aJIiIJdi te'I"IJ'e:st~'ial Sind fi'e'~hwater f31U~:mS, that sl,J:r\,ive:d lheiim:mcal:i.QIl ·Oft1rlC ~uc!esheets and ooYe'persru!llted runisol.alticm feetens orm:il~ i,mtia:ted ~~on::,d'n'~n:;'H)million yt\a,1I'S OlIO b:i!.u .. ~iJilnsOi€ ye.:1II:s.. HOVJe~:eI:~i.ce shoot: mode~rung ort' beC!IiliUe E!{h:nd belwee:rl 12 aLnd ~ 8 m~mo!lTh Ye!:EII[SlIgo. The impli()ati.on I~Sthat theter[\es~ Ul.e Last O]adal .M:.r:dnliU,.1 (-<2!O.OOO Yil:ars ago) lInd prevwO!l.lS.ic;elll<il;(il~11<I.illilhe MiOlC~lllie tri.ai, biota. 'live ;see today cOj,lsi,s,t: olT speci.es: t (23 to :5 IlliUiJOllye'<I1rs: .. gQ). along ,:v.it]nlreoon~ thai h~e lbecOiI1l1l.e eSl:.f1b1i:shed since the [,;8JS( .ylac~al, M <lxi,mum" stn:.u;;lklllS gf pirevlous ,g~:acrnl extent, :6l1wst that waS!! OF :tiI]] c[JITeJilltl.yic:e-"&OOIQ\¥"'OIl~tude A dj,Bere.l1llt lPile11ll1lC eme:Q:'l~swom e;w~y bioslwl!cJes.w()1IiI,kl ha\'C beel1lJ ,co\liered"v:~th ioe Logical 8tlld~ersmd so:merec~eli1tgeo~()lgical durin! plleviJOUN glac:imllTlru.;i:llil.~a.(I., .2). Thae \'vo:rl:. B,ii1s.d~ne '~nt,Qmo]o.brilcflll)esearch C£llf£lmde!1.s lleave tlO ice ..ftee r c,l1ugi(.';S fOT ]1Il:osl ter~ :riJ6d Oll:t in Ant~retica <'IS efldy :as '~hc 1960s ro8ml.1i[ biolfl. and they reqtl~rorecol()ni1.a.tiot! {5~ dCctlftllQrUoo. :m~!C:t1anile atti1Jropod l.1io· afiC!" cacb ,ghlC~al ma.xiinttM;Jr!. '~'!,i\Crni~~ pam!:iculkl!!'Iy fr('im 'dle T:~~Si1J!.'!mr(\f:~c MotH'!'lah'!s1!m1di the Almt~rctich!fl!i:r!~l.l!la (s~e: 'd'ii;figur,e). T1m~e::;e a;uth(}rs ~(')gi:'i~,:;J;;-d:tJmtat 3:1 Po. Gon~@y i~ Mlilihl~hJ!! Ilnli~'h .l!inMmt:ic SUII'I'@'\i',. N'HJ1Ir.!1
l

gcnc:rnUy small ;sJlldi:sol!i!lt,ed,B~ldare popu~ lated by s~.nil:l'l,llerre,11)]:ates, [m.!!i!Crp]!l:nts, and ~tiC['Oifut,es (see:~~e f~M.Ile), R~cel,u: SfjLDd[e;slimve show.n tilil::utthesebiotlll a,re of ~ncie~,lorig~n

O
I

~dyalb'l)llt (11.3% (it A:1:'Itarctica, ls ~roe oifi(]c. The, tcrrJ(';,miaii a.ndfu,s~w~te1i" C>coSiys~ems in ~~lis ti it)' mc t:tm~. aJr,c

Tlhc: h!!Uell '!,I'lC:W has been rc:ililfQi(:ie d by

'the d~scoc¥e:t)' of !lb:;sU]s th~1 YVCf,e refurred 1Q

as thcl;aJS:I::::urviving

reHctsrn,.

prleglada.1

AI!1Iil:a!rct'ica 1[3'., 41. The:lIoss:i])!

IHliljl (ross, ,M<lding!!l')" ROil d" Ulrilbridgil: CB.3 IOEl. UX..M, ~, S~emisili [hill ru~nll!liltscli Ge<lI!lJe('IN Mij!ecul<!r EI~o~og:f nliJ E'lIOtulion, 1n.~tibJite, ~I a Ii,!iQilec'~!il~ lii~Sd~iiCJ~, M... ~~y iJ~li~~r~il~. fi~JiJ~Il:' P 1i~9 11-22'4. ~'.!!!rnler$t~mN.or~h ..N,ewZe~IaI'!.d.E-m~r~ p,comrllW Emii f'JJl'lm~R R@Sil~f'(tiJ (oUliidl, @:b.3Llf...lJk, {P_L] rnc~,!itJ!'l'l!m@IIIliIMIeY_il'C,m

It:as~: a ,roponifm

Qf ~hcse biot~

QO

tbl]d :IiIal

(MJSJ

le~jli ~ be eCl\pl1!:l~.~d aJ5 r'eClC~l~ C>r)ioni~~::t .fijtthennore. ~,n.SQ:meisonaJtOOl»r~s Of'CQ]]ljli~ nerlllal Al1Itarc:mc~ ~col1smtcti()!rlSi of [1rev.IJ()(US g]!I!ciiBJ le.xl:eln (2) dn SlIfpm'l tl~e elds!e~lce: of

PERSPECTIVES

Wingjtess !lnlinonornlid5, Iii,a~ bee!!! ~res:.e!1!, iii! 50"ulh~Qrgia, 5:o'ullii Slruill;iindlII15~ilIIIiG:S, o'Inol!li@ ,Pl:nlaf(~i". ,~niUlwia ~IFlC:e'49 to 68 mMion y,ears O!!}OI !(ill,
1 """.

- .,
o

JO'[

prerGoTIJdlwmul
.~IXI

'brca.ktlp).

For

K1ll1m1ll:tf!i· l1Xt!l'

doody related

Ch~m1ilOln]diuridge;s

exalmple, ondmlllc '~O

..

~(!lIth

Giionj<l

'CliadCi(!e:r:OL Iwtifer5.~rld

'.

r.,;;

c-::---:----:----,:--_:----::--Y-:'~J-,

idiiato:mIl h~~ bQ,1!J1I pim,~~nl

ilil ~a~fS sjlilct aI~ least B(l,OOO ye,i'l~S~CI {U~.

Emilemk. mlt,e<s· <ilIIdl ~prilng a~r~ IlIIl1,w been l!W~iiI'~, en ~i'ilandlmii'iata~s Slii'lCe be(iOul IJh e brnakup ~rGondlJ,!,!O!rn!! (91

redc'Ilimd]y d:istrunct p,:,fIrts.of the J\]iJilarc:ti.c .Pen~l.l:!lll1am1;d ScoriaArc p:]"Sis~ed far <lioont 50 mi.~.~joilil' yt':lBil'S (,1 3),l1eveal.ing <I. bio]ogic;al. siJilmd of the sep'<l!"<It~oil:ilof AliI,tlllfCticiil. aad So<1!Uh Allleri!t:a(J4). Lilk;!\vi,s.e. o1i!l.lCi:eJi1!1 d,iv6I:~:eooes between endemic spriJiilgtail.s fr'OJllEast Aliimoc.ri.Cii 5'IJ~est rnd:~;'iti(m, i1lJITi <110011111 dati[Jgfromllt~Cllst 2l tiO 11 ll1.1iHiJOli ei'lTN '1g0 y

OS), .. EV'ell. Jilem<l'I_S,w~ilich

are cllp!iliMe 'of

a,

.
C£!p~p~~, irl<awe

. . .
, .
.e-

]O~i§-di,~rn:nced.]~pe:rn,d O'IInd g;el:l.e flo\,,' {,I 6).. are e!ild~nlk: species iso']afed \'lfithin the
C:O:I1i~'iIiilC~

NemaUlde r'atlnaanlli~il ffIiIicroi:iI!a~d,';'el:5!ly hot ~p~!s, ~,g!leSl.glrlil;!:al re:r~~~.

(i,6,1lJ!.

been p~ue~lill
birrlg@iJogtOlpl1iG!lTI
Ml<\IdCOl:5iin~~ 1h~~~p;;illiEltiDlnlof ,PlJ'll<l~UcOI~r~m AuI~lJam<l (10)" __ ~ __ ----,L.

of contim~n~al AIlUlncti(::a V 7)" Co~~~crive~)'. these :suId~esptr'O'lIidie c\l~def!c~ tll~t terre~twfal biotl! per~istedillil bOi~ih the AlIiI!tSJr,c tic 'PeliiliilmJ5Uh~ ~fldE3Istt A:l1it8!r1ctj C::!I! slilggC$t~~)!I!l:Sep8ral!eand. allclclmilorigjm.f:o.r· these bk:lIa 08). 'f.~IIS~ reexa.nlil~a!HDT.Iol't'Jrne e:dstiug l~tc:r.;Itu:re provid'e~ ~tibm;I:Sl1pportfor<IlIKl~el1i~o.rigius
of AI1~:arct:i!t;terrestrial biom (I.{l1"05S mQ~i pm1s of [he Donli:li1ieu~ and inw~.V]~.lg MOSl exta.1'Iil

.Am:dIl'Jlit

!$ep:arallon m.elweenlhe

Ali1,t<rt~i( i!'en~lilliulla <100 IE@~'A!11t.J~ij~<1 (lSJ,

':,~

.. .~.
"
I' •

S,plfIDlil!litJil~ mlu!@:l:,

anti ~al1ilil1l~ade'~ 1iIa~e<been pre.sel'l~ In die r",n~n!liIr(~i~ M,@l!Jnt<lins. ~rn,o~I~r(lo~~ tl1~D;r!]"~!lIIHlr Gand'w.ll1Iil (9,1$).

[DWI!~ pfaiil5~~(h

815 ll:dit~ii1Ii: ,i'll'll! <IIi

/'

~!I,~

esse<nA+a!.p,au ,o'f ~ife arr@ssAlntarclijca (5). Th~y Ii'!<lfn p~boo~ bool!l p,:rl!~l!It!h~n! ~inci! D<Bl'om diJ!l' 11IJea~l.Ip' GoOOl'ji'lIla •. cri

higher taaa '~s~,the, f'iJEu,l\':).Und~:stllm:li:n:g~le e!\!io~.uHoll au~d lbiogeog;r(Jjp!1ic<Iil history of the t'\)iltrm1cdc te]'iJ'e:suiaJb~ota;-esped3i]]yi[l coos tal a:reas--req~.I'eS amore clJemiftednl!MlI:i~ d:i~;ip]miaty :sru.diyofthepe;rs~'Stem::e ofb.lie!itrial hab]~1s tll<l!1l 1me Clli'iIl:,'IiIl g,em::mticm of ice sheet mQdc~s pefilni~. Tefre!itri~A bio]o¥~c<lil e:vid~:DIlec CQuUJ h~lp r~searcher.~l,ili!ill:pI!ove u glaeiQk).gieiilfiCeOO~l~tiofi modeling. ~ndlio gainei.llihG1f~rKI:ei'll"!aaldiili.g oft~leevoliiiliOOilof
t~~c Am~c1!c ()Q!1U~"1'l!l
:iI,,, Po
H ••

§
ltI

:[!!

$:

:::I'

~i
~; ~, ~

"" i

~'
!;)

.~.

~cJC-frlec lbi!i)~OIgkalrcfl~g,e:s at lease frem ~J'l IillilHon~o I D;OOQ yea:rfii a:go, Ev~deflcepn:: .. ~:rvOO .fron;I V()k'an~.c: IeI!UIPlillnS bclow ~he ice ~low~l:so~~IQWS for Ule: IlDssibi.Hty oflmv,·clitJL,t'!!1(1e;ic~f1Ee .bllild atg,~cm~ ~in~m.::ima(.1, 8}. 1 MOl\:!, reeent bioiogj!cal srud:i.cs a1i.soPOilIl,tto ~ut~ch OIIT hmre:shia] biota :Im 3iVi:mlg <I ]oil1lg. 'UlIe, Qml'l:i;~uous but ~sQ]aLe:d"Il:istory on rlfa.econt~ uent, Bi9gI::q,'"Il"3ph]~1I] an3!ty.se::s of~'s.r~:\~r~~ copepods and nunat<lIk~:~~d]:t1bi~i:Jm!ll; mites (9. UJ') ha.vr,;:, ide:.JilLli.fied Gl'i:strilmtioD pallenl!! om ...

~igtC:lilil

'!.iIli'i:lh evolltliOllowry

pers,i:stcncc;in

IRefll:I'En(~' H!l!)'bmilt~, QJJm, . .sd. Re'v•.,2:2:, ,2:03 ~:IlillO:tlt 2. 0. E. lit ). Ber!tl,!.'iJ~C. (1Il'<li!lI!, Pt-lH&.s. R,S!l!{.~QJi!'lO\I1' 5'0:>,; A< l64.11601 (lQ()I~}.

s~.""

fn!lll.!;.

AI1I~I.·crtica,over time scales bC'i'WoontbJe Last Q]adal M~xi:~U!m 1!:nd~'efi~l:!Ji~ seages of

{i.,

Cl\slmcrriJ1J,

[t l

("mt"lI,~t~geagr_

GO:llJi:lwallla bl:e'$ku$l ('"""0 to 60 l'D1iUirni) yt;:$I:S, !lgo),Wl~.'eJl AntB!l.'ct'ie!l. hecmneb:ohl.wd frnm

S:outh Am.eri!(m. ,<lindA,llltl,m.li;El. Othe;y studies

at3~ 6Cj, (2DO'.n" <I,. A. (, A~rlln. f. c ilil'llfrnpscm, N(J,t;rg,f! 4211. 13JS, {2003}, El... ~tIL 6res:5itL, Ed.1J Ant;'Qi'l"tj\(L~s;emiCbStri3·JJ''ICiI.l.IO
~/tIf!{){lfi.f1l11cl fJ'(ffIM~~DI.

·oc
~. "l

dC$cr:ibe (:o_mun ities I!IS ~B'!.ii:Jlli~ deve]Q'ped over tih.e[IJ'.<Ist 1 millien :years {j. 7, .1.1 • .i2). ..8 Rece1il'1 mo[ecull<n st~J(!iiespr'Ov.ideev.idJ~.<ce for the perslstenee of several sp,ecies: on IJJInhhni]]io[l~yeaJr time S'Hil~ifHl (eVI;;:J,11 backto

'11/J!~hri ~~, IDC,1:96]1). 6\. K A. j,. ~Vi~~,.L,Gfl:l~i~1;,Nmwe t 11!ll t1:~65}. 7" L Rfl!i'iDili.iI, liI&t.!IitlftfMJt;·y, I~" \11.i'b~'~t~" Ed_ ~(.u!@nl[( f!\r~~~ 'L1l>i1Ii11rnil.. 19'10), ~p. ~·1~3" 8, l~ :5nulillil. 'IN. C, illlriniLm~h,It E':lm, hI!fj~gf!r)ljr. IL .~llreocliillUi'lm P&fJewml. 231. l3.~~~,OM"~. 9'IJ 0. J. M~r~iJl~ L. CMl~eei!.z~). LJM'~S"QC. '11,1

~1!'I!!liitil!l~6e~~~~~l!llJ!~il!ifl,

.zo~.

~
~

i
@!I

i
~: 0'

U'.

:;

QOOO~. :HI_ U!'_ It Ela~:. l~" E,. I'liIl!!!iJ!l, EI_wagilH!lf, Ii'Ul'L S;TI.i~d~f!g. 1 Allti:ll'l:'t Sd. 1S, ~39 ~:i!'Q03}. ]:1, L Cr!lilflj!r s ,~. A IE. 6ilhlioil., K. :M'''Sw.:!d IrJ~, A.l"CilIiIij!lil~',

ii;
w, ~l lit

Ii: §

:lilt R [M!IYrlIlte. (.-(1• .H~ler!llbr,aLOO. M1,!Iil'!C1lill, G. E2I~I1,!~..i m_

J. fj~rx.Jr, 3), BM!20061 ~2. r.1,A. ~'!!'!Ih, R«. 39, l3i~(',DW). ~mf H. G. ~llIlg!'i;ltd gil' I!l'J~ !PO!'.[If );b'~,t~9,..3.20UQo:~>
GNtbem, ~. Gro~~.
U,.II.§,t'~'I\~rl!. P. (i1\@@ru;II,:uf!!,I<.I1).IiI\g[,

o.

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P,.Slfl'l!In~I!!I:~ .M:~.. a

1'-

IS.

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'1••

ii(lll; ill'cr. 2:3. 8::11'4[200~1. ' . U. [1,Ad;,"q~ elm" ~&.airJcJ. 3iO,a09[20(m, ]7" ~,R. fi.'la~e-n, p_ r:«n'ie~,S~iJ~ ~~,~_ n, ;11411..
tlQ~~,

1L:3, 'ii, t, (iflmn, p, 6lm~~.J!lhI1M ~,Jl ]'o,109Ili.if§!Ltil2mil1l,1949 (lOOn.

:5M, .~Mda.!lS&: B;

1878

28 s,EIP1rEMBEIR 2007

AAAS INEWS&NOTES
E. [!I, IJI C:AT' ION

EDITE.D BY EDWARD W. LE.MPINE.N

for 1ffi10J11l-lnll!('l ~()!l1S !IlI,~\i~t!)

I~ 'Ia~L3lrI, Itlil~n;;S!!!~iIL~

AAAS Cal IIlis for Na:lio"na!1 SIa,ndards, As IN'o'Chiild Ileft Behind Te:stiilng S,tarls
A~lerilcM public s>cl1oo]
l~iI!Id!()I[IS\Vill!ldd.

bav~ to be: in," 8h~ s,aJkL·~·ml.0Y h1l!Y'!:;$O!1clan.y 'ot!~ l.l1illl,s on d~ir pllaro dw !hey C<'I!l't a!l-ordi
·~og6~ worried a loo1l!IIi'! is, ye-L"
'Ille NeLS lawreqlllil:es, <lirlUUoU :slateU::~I:~g

nne

AM$'s

fjt1nckmtll."K!;

jrnScif!ltc-e

lil(j(c,{JCY~I1d N,(J~iO.~i{}j'I'

i~. rC:!I.ding llm[l. maHI.elt1tat~c!>r:or grades 3 tllOOiI!I.~1!1 8iml.foo,~liy il'lIJlldcdsciloafu;, Sd,1OO:ls that do Inot sOQ!rc Il!lp I~O s~tm,v:~dc £taDlJards iI~
tI[~S!!l Sl!lbj.~cts ean faca ZI rtI!I1.!1;@ ,()of{~o~{jr'~'l,!I~ actions, ~1iIJm, ct];jTicl!!~<.! ,cll~~ges 00,~chool 010· s~re. The rir~ scienee (~!i.,s.!]]l!l!sI·~ ,oo!NpleOOd 'byO]C'C!Ld ofillte20(f7 ~20!)8 sdK)(!] ye~.r. CO.ll,gr:ess b. keelPJI]g l~nli.'Oil:o'l SCk'Ht1C sttul"..·

l:nol~ulilnpor~;anl~. lXtt1t1l ~II!~I(;lUr { h ~e';ldM~k: calend<rr"S (111:8~te1u'~ II!nefirstsc!.e!]ce assessruenrs !leql!!llred! by lID!enatiC!'lilA No Child! Left .Behind

.&ie1~,ceEd,!fC(;J,'{i.I')'~ SumilarrJs.

~I~.GNatipna:l Re~e;l<!rc:bCouncil's

(NCLB) law; UI]der the 200':1 stil!lru.nc,.sci~(lo:~ (lirsUJicls: IliLM.sUest\ Sl'Ud'ell~'!> in slC.~c:noo 8l kast G!neein CPI;ch,
of ~~:1rcegrad(1: !i1lns: 3 H) 5, ~ 6 to 9" !lndlO to t2~Bu~.ib1 the ..E)s~iJlceQf rnl<!!~i(lI!Zi~ sCin.~ d <'1Hh fOd~ tl.l esc ~ei;ts, du~ e xam s v,~ryfhl!Rl $.( [1']('; 10
s;:U:ltc. and AMS C'Xjpartl> say

SU~P"lf!edbya 5·yearU.S. Nalio:l!lElii SCietlCC FOY_l];oo.lion!1i"l'ru~t~ fwj,cc:l a0611lllO illS (lQ~'~bfr. rmors:rure buillding a daifa~

base of appropri:ole .Ilil.nlljj.·~ p le- t':hl~,ic,eu tams a lila

(lpc'oJJlo{ln~drrooKtkll[lS. f(!ll'

oomsmadt!l'l.e

~cw

tcsls in mlndas

iit co~sidcrs

SO'I!:le oW~i~c tests !J1J]:fliY not I.MIre Ilh.e ;g,ace . . na IS Al~gtlst Of"·{ld in l
tltt;: Ji~J'i:1¥gtQlI1Vij'l'(S

,MAS

mud.d!~ sc;:ilool and ~~rly hugh !\1~)ool SlJI!!:~:rlts lIml S'1mJ1:es eeuld use as a, ~i,de :illdcveio,ping d;lctIiNCL:B tests, T.h.a gooup bas, 11·.00, .. s£tenoe .C:ljjrri)el!l~f1a~d! t~l~ m catim!l0Xp~fIlI)S, ir.li~.et'¥tmvs, 1ll!1dpil(!l:l t~8thtg(J\r hil.m-

roaJlldlOfi2:at:iol'll oftlte: NCLBIIlI.W !BIds ('lIIll Om~ ~rsf.on·o:f 1lliI('l reaillthoriza.tjonbi~!j spoUls~d ~ S~b1l1ltDffi Li~rn~ J~ O-CNJ)j M;,try l.amdrieu

{.o~LAh

lIn1d

Nom~ C(llcn~<!:!!(R-MNl. calls

CEO Alan L Les!~!~elU' IliJrg'oo' U.s.. l'llwmrukers to ''scrap' Uw cmZY"lui'llllal;tMl orw~.MWy (I:~ff~'rit~g~eSlS;[lima p~'ofid£U1cy thiIN:slholds ~muu CI!IITool!ly vary [n:mm, lflt~ t>o! ::Illlte" :and.adopt velS lInl~liImi{lll!l.d slamd!ards in sc.tL:lIlc:e and math ~dm::.miOJila-$ NeLl:) ~-il8l1iffilg ppliOO~.e£ 3 ii::a[1~~rthu~>,~ar,AAAS ti~llik~dR~t¢<~iI'I~ til~i:l{c¥en~on Ehlers (.ru-MI) and SelmlDI: C1ul.s Dodd CD-eN) ro:r tW!C:Lr S,[JOI~S1o.rshil:'l' offl~e SPEAK .A(lt"wbid~f[llvo:rcdi \t.Q(lrnnnrylw~,o:um~ ::;;Ian(laros. Vitr,iatroUl.s iI~ :~aru:lcm:n:illgirutltdams all.d~S'l'!i; '~l1l!.~{lit dii1C"lllh f~f pmm.l~ 2I.td teaCh·
~r:st(:lI.t'a(l;<lLIlingfYiUyI¥llllg¢how wtU d]~jttt,~ildnl:'u . are!~mitngr:Jl",!l!.el:lli~tic~. <lnd ~t~JOO in.OQinpar. f~l;m In (I~eiv ~I}CI[5 ij.!~tcr1!MI(:io:nO!Uy he:re M 'Of h{llm~,'"~lheSPMK.. all!~hm;so~}t;itll!ded. NatiQI~al s~iill~dFlrd$for scicnlcc' edacatien wQtild not.IOeI~f1m ~o'C'OlJIiC b.~. Lc'li'I!lI~cr luned ~.Il
the ep .•Qrl, as .AAASalil.Gotl:lcr Ol'glllrll;Lzflltlons s~u.c~~ th,~ :N amio~~aIR~5~.gIJrC~C()rul~c:i I, tI~e <%s: N1<'!!tigU!lIICQ!J!lcj~ 9fT~.cIll}~QfMlld!.C!~(!I!C~,

dreds of 8l!.l!:dh';l~~!'l lG develop ql!les~oosthat target

S~SC~

fie.; stilllJdlllrds~

U..8." .[)Jep,arunen t of EtilUicail kll~'S Nati (]Ii(UII ASS:CSis~nml~. fEdJu:ca~um~al Prqglit1:$s. A proo pOSi~d8Jmer:tdmGnl~ spunsored ~:y Ehlers !I'liIr1 .R¢p~8efltati.v¢R~siill:i:l)h (IJ-Nn \voI.dd 1ldd !Jt:!·enccl.'?>.an~eoees I!O l!Ii!iC re~di!'!.g ~~dWI~ame· s ma,li!cs scores 'l!IscdLo C<l1~I!II<1i~esdh!o~ils:ove~\'" a ,a~~ yc:atIi\ly progress fCjpoft.
AAAS

fOIi vohmtil.li)' sclenee <lind mmbCHnatic:s s~an.dams based on trocO:l:tlll1LOndatlonsby ~~e

,lSN~8~nH~IJfI;I~ '·w~U(IU~!.y[l!rovidil$ ul.e;al]h~gfii!i.I. ~fO[!:n<lliQn

til!d. 5lc:[e:!~ce

basad CiOOlCC:I}t w:imillcruJ~; s (;QI:IIFI!H;jll,g s~ud.eIl15 "dtll Ulldell!r .lru:uglHI~ ,or 100 ItlUCl:i j!l:llWnl. "\~lK\1iI. we 1~:ali1k.aboUlI the W'Oli'k""'l'l~red:(]lrug, 1J!OO,~l.e~t e'i(d~oo. abO'i!lllllim iIl~ghqi!l,ailily of the ~es~<r(le$~i(J(I~s1!md pli'e(;~skll'l (lrth~<l!H dtl} nW'il~1; :r~~~mJeq.~!es~i'IJns m'cmlte'~t :stan o :DeB(!ICiI: sald •. The sUU~ o;f NCo!.,! science ~:c:sHnl,g hi:gh,~ Uglus: the need! for ~ighe:r~ql'la.lhy sl;f1tetcsts, Pl~ject 2061 Difoc;ro;r Io IE:U~n::R,.o:~~m!l1lJ rote; w iaa :~i)1~tn~wS~~'!IiL1irem the P[QjjtlC~, Slmoo the:

INe'wM ission Stat'llmB'iDt

IF:D'CUlS,IS 0,10 10:loball

SerUI'C'B; Iea dB f:SlhilPI

TI~~AAASBoofd! of[)u~c~o[S :has 1D1l-¥i~d ~111~ .f\sS{)¢!<'It:l(ln.s lfii's~ton iJl.aleimerU~li1p~,lia.'i'l.1.:i~ng

it lh~

betn.cllma,j;s:andi SlandfWds:" W:h,U.e experts: wa:ny ovc.r rC!I.dyi:llJg tile ~I:u:w;s.dae OO\vi:csting ooqlllircmoois 11i'I~y:IUll'bc a pdorhy yet for !>(:bool ~~. C'on.lillLe: Befifika,
p:rogram d.l[CCII:(t!,:l' AAAS"s (I,f .tHaJQglllltl

idem~,

.ar!;::'lm~J<!H8J~ed hrapor~O'
!;,lII;Cb esthose

In: na;tiomd

:I~_defship

QI!~ lJit~Q!lal.pdi~te:ri!1llti~!~ 5ici~n· n ..~

1I.:(i:ciS811!e:'l" the .~~~liXIfil1!!Hl role o:r'C!~:Jili'!~ee!:S :t~ilt!l rm::mbe'rship, an,di :~~s eornm i~11Ie~tto se lenee

oorv:jillgooiCi~ly;
Tbc rulilmtdOO.sin~ll'I~nt.ad.opl:cd .20 Aug:us.t,. :roilccns <11 .5 .ye.<1Wi C'~flnsi<lll 1m,AM!)1\: slnl!l~ic rQ~~i1~~t i!~dY!@~brOO~!l!~~g its ~~li~.GrI~ .. t~gJfl:ID lead.efl!h~ i1C!:i\I~~i~s<!:!l:d il5: !'!;I!e as ~ien~f~cadvloor in a \'<iI:rie.tyQfOOC~elll! :~j!Y~~::;,romool!l!catto!] f to m.wt km<lI silXliIrityio ~~ealih C@fe. 1~he:lIeV'ised S!E1l~lm:n~; addr.esses clDnn~ :im. ille sc.l~I'Ilific also

lltr!,d the NiI!tiQ~t'i1i~ ASj;C5'S¥I~~!'l"l f~{])l!c.atiQ'!1!IJj~ Q ProSNss ha,,"'"e'''{Qr~ed '(If! these gi!Jl !o..e!ines r~r!'
s;ifWiI\Il.'II'"a~ decades.

"'1h~re arci,w.,}dl'l,nl ~~nsesdli!itstfll:CS InIJS~ InCle~,"expl!,\uoodGoo~~ Dcl3:00!f, d~llIJty(l~roo~. tOil (If P'mj(ilc~t2061 •.AAAf!i.'s :\>ei.~llOelitm:a--cy ~nii~i~t;'¥~, lll~ fiml. is to ~,,~IOiP ~n~~.qllal~ty w *,.l?l~d~r~, "b~ ~~·~(I!f!d l!il,b;. d¢v~l~p ~~S~S~I.
!'l!L~!1!t ~ t~;l!t ~.~ ,d~[l;~ed ~:(i!·~hQ\ilest<l!!T!.1;i!.<!r-d$."

Sit;:~.el"!oo,~~I~lCj)OW!g; ReUg!ull, ·w~~~ II J.•~ [J:rojed by AAAS :m~d.!h~ NOltkmal S.cim·.g,1 Boo,rCls Assoc:[iatlall, "ViO£k:~~gwith leeel schoo,1 boM:l!s tomak!:, Slc['CIl.'Qeed~lCffiioa a CQmtUlilllJlil:t~y , pr.io'f.ily .. S:I~(!offered thi'~ Ill~oodot('l: .At II JUflC
1!UG:!!l'lingw.Lth I,Q!ca!, KG:b.ooll!J'D~I:rra:emh~rsi!n. Rma~cfl C~~y" ·'did!lillClt b~ ~~Ol Qfql!l~tQfil!'l .~~~

(Ill

'''mrk:fnim~~lite pN~.ifcmtion. of

flldmtO~ogy.

Md

~w:. 'ho-w,~~gg;~kud8~W.y f~rNCLB :r~:~g,"

~ ,.1'-,,,;111".. ~e _!~~ _l:l<'lMo
--:--'If..", ffi'CrnliJl;1!1'j

~IDl-tB er~!'<-!m"" -_ ."I.n-"j'.' .. _<!., ._

\'i,1'Ii:~

- ,c

d~fI~r.I;'tt:lgss t!ill;ilflmgnty of sciel1cl;l. 1.0 MAS'~"tlili~l(l1i! stal,emeut: ~~ ev(l~~d~ub· ~~@l:l~i.:J:niy(j!!W@its fiJINt cQ:iJl.~il~lti.QI~iFlI SS6~il~ keep.img witil the ,growdl 'Of .he U S ..scienlific

Pr(Jjec~; .20(l,] 's sll!I"'\I\eys gnaw dm;lql!lestions, on

ooct~sed onWilyS: to aUrned"llil:(!I!'e

R::SO!i.lN.eS

'!,o

many sl31te;fi.\,scssmc"nU:ests are urnlcl:arto(l10 ~~e ' key scie~lcc' o,uflcep!.s 11:11,(1 s:k::i.lls ollUiJl~CI. :i.ll

tlileir d~st ric~~pmiticllI.18I!Ii'lY'more hi,gl~~quIIIIHy !)Ii]'ienooteadhm1i, ":1. thiinkil~,'S sDill to<l!,faJli a~

oomnlilllui:ly and the rise ofsci,e.lCi3 madtedulOil~ .agy~n,~mb!ic life, Srnn:: afd"e ori.g~1ilJI'~l1li1lesml(1 ObjClO~:!l'"oHbc As.ooc:i.ati00. sucH! ,:!ISfo.s:terilng

eC!mnH.u:'l~~~ion ~[I~w~n !I\'l~('lar-clmrsalild sup· porth~,I~J1ii~~Loolil:Wle~Plmrpt1~j 1~I~n~ pri~~y+

MlissbJn! '[0 ad.'\"~1111oe science. e~gililooril1g, and ~.I1inowmiollllJ]ul!l~]lirul tire wur!d f(Drthe ooncf:it
Qf~'1H pc<opl.~.
G'i!)lilik

~Cb"_~ 111 ~mm.e;liIit, whll~ ~Idaers h(IV(;nlO\i~ g w...o 1~(lrijhippooS~llQJils i.l~ ~ad~lru.<l!;I1.Qnpr.Qll1t O!l¥lI~iZilti()ns,..atI'!dU'!e 'prl,'ii'ate !lecfi1lr. In.~n, thc:reilve h~2 Fellows dl~S year, iUl.0~llIdil1lg 46\%1110 arc: ~main,i.I1\1l.wi~jh. Ure ,Fe~;; .bws1~ip fo:r II :s:eoo~aJcl! ear: Their ~.Il1.cte~in dn ~ y mate ailid s1l5;1:.21~na.bili'ly lssuss C,Q:fn:lif~lICIS a ~[lillfld;2; y~1I11"!'i~.~Oj .!ii. g!ro~~of f(ln(l!~v~ 11~(l:l monthly to ;;"d!dl'~fl~ ~HU.~il:aiflabiht.Y and W1'!I~JGr

'Cru~D~lm·~!ii,UnlS: Olrl.dil'lllli~.OCh31r13el ·elrl~~gy,

C{llt~re~

:!lind,(iltvlf\otlJlll~IrI!:al p~li~ wH~ItI~d~b;U~d ~.I~ this fa]!, :and UlOWhiooliouSill ~I~!ly .Irnss;ignaled re.ldin.ess ro. illct ~Ulo:re~res.sively

on Sl1,dh. :iSS:lII.e~s,. J.osh.tlah. Stol.a.ro ff lsas done [luJch of ~~is :l"Maarel,l ~JIcHnllat!lpoliCY:!lmd. CO~ :sequeslra,. 'll!i)J!lll)dimol,Dgy"aIIld m.r~'UI"~l'k fOli lfill.~ I.~(ll(t. ~ iu th~ Env! 1fOl'l~l~:rltilIPw(lI(;cliQ~ Ag~!u;:y 'Off~oo

.. Er!ha!'!lcecon~W!nmic1!!!iQ!'l OlllW!1lg sci,oolis'!S. enginws:, a!lid ltle ]'H,'!bl~c;

..

i<s~~;. b:~

)'~"il!

gf>ou_p 1'!'I.e( re;~I!!I1l!cliy ros]mre

"' .. ..
.. .. .. ..

S,& r IFI'~I OWl: Push fO'1

on !l:~s~ainll~i li!y Promote and defend tlileirdegrity ohdenoe PIiQIl~el'llli!!" inchtdi l1I@cI ima;!:e dlall:8.e. "Alltih.oll!lgh 111£Fcllmvs rep~nl diverse $C'1~ an d its 1!I5C'~ fie di.sdplim::.s. I]ffi:Y lylP~~ S:~lt.1lgllll.m slJppon for I!BI.~ soi~ru::(': 1!IIld tGCi11.·· et~t~ ailld ~1]lll~lilc~r.infl; nology oo.t@rpr.ioo; cally co:~mtoW:!L~!li;I~.~~QI~ to Ilpp!yllmirMpGn~ Provi~a ~ioo fm ~eicnc(l iii! soc~nt~1~SSIUklS; isc: OOd;tt;lseeletal cha]l~lilgG~ of '!ih~ rimes," l>.'1id C)l:IUI'IJIOl.RolbinSQ:!U, director ofd1.CFen(r!.!Vshi~!!" PH)inlloteU~e r~pg!l.siti!'le !I,'!:sco:f science in "'Wciie :pJ.easoo ~:oseelbi s tread cm!1tin~e as c!~ ~ plI!.b]icp;oliic:y : liI:lillte cI'!!iingemidi rclatecl suslotln:abi Ii:lYil~ldJ seCi~l~ S~~·C:.II,gthellJa!lldid ivelisilfy the scieuce and ri1;Yissues gailll ~lore fcco,gniliJo:n Iwtllionilily :ru:\d ttldimoloID' ·wo:rkf.hl:l::e; Fo<s;IIZf'oouca'lioll .ilru scicnocmm. ll!clllnolo.gy Ll!ltemm:iauaUy." htilllttlrvie1.'l'S, stNe;m12{10i~03 .r~nO'l!l'Ssaid fOIrl.'m(!~oo.; II\Cm:L~ jY1!lMic eng.!l!g~~l~nlt W'Lllh ~oim]Ce and tl:i~y cwmilte:cl ex~~or,~ iI1Ulltidls(;~p~~lilaryli Fe: to t,Qchn(ll~y~ ;all.t! bcyoind tl1~ t<lb, Tl:iJe:y'r~ dril\'i!Iil~O \.vork thai. Adl\l'anooi!"~[I1i<)lll(}I1I1!!1 ooo~miol1l! il~ :S(;'iencc_ C((l~es djsci~~iJt~_ n~YDx;;"I:id oo.~,l!'!i'l,l\~.~ s~~k Oil" lid,eaUsm, and. some cxpress,oo f:ms'lll(,I:t~.o.1Il. that ~ckyU'Om US. policy :has hlo:clwd. P:UQgfC'SS om .critical SIlI!F ~inabilityo.'lJla;~kng:eli.
Befo:1IC she hCCfflIlii.e a Fc~.~owilil.2006, Adri.~ cm1lL'lHuston tlrilildl~ fmllu ~1;ri:.PS to 11l~!C'l .AliiCtie <lind
~~! (."'\'O po~dool~r.i~Y'~JS
f'Of

~eS{l~.roes ll~d collllborate

,of Solid \Vois~~ ruH.lE!1!l~~~I1CyMOl!lagenH~I~L ~Iee.~pecl!!; th<I!tFel~o~!VS wiU prol!{1de vOl!lWlble 'iZXpoI'iD:ise: whLlel (he lmt~m~]; political. Cnmalie :is
dlmngillg. ":Energy
UlIiill:HlflilllA:

and ,dLmaul: issees h:!l\!'(': b~CI~ fmal hmst.5 Oir ]O~. bu~ Ihis ~Iilli

'Wt!::'rescl~ulilg llliliU 1lliI.~ pri.QhUc .rWlnykn(l!\.\I'~ ~ffi~:;u.

'ihey'treI':tlpGJinllrlil;' Sto!1!:roff ~~d" 'There's" lot -ofl!tlO:!I!:e!Jlt1JU1Il bmLdi !~g.lfs vcry et1Comagi ng<'ls :11 sO!e'ru:b(lo k!~0\:vtim :Ulere 's p'~Mic SUPPOfi!. fOr d;]c'thi n.gs: you've; been 'woifkillg on." COM Mlil N ~CATION

Sci:enC6! An Adlv'anco' flo r' Sireen Publ lshi no

Subscdbo~s fire i1ie~ding agrecn,c['c(!l~py 01'

Sctenee tIDIcsc c,fIJ!'s.I.lHl:i'a.ks to

t'[ciliCI()CHH

swhch

Ilm.pi,Hct: 0 oS IIS:lid na bUlly

~l d1l@Unilfflrsity

iQ!~

.Bc:I.gil!.lll.lil!ll.iege

r~~an;b:

focl;!~d! Q!1!J how

to rm:::y.cl~dplliPel:~or its ,fflgc:S,. IIil:~rodlll~e;J in April., the lmIewFP~w ~lo(;,k is 1~1<'!d¢r(1)l111

On ~le fiml lU'Omtn,g of~i.cul!ab!1 for ~11C!lew class of MAS SCUCIt1.1C &~rool1lilQ.liogy (&&:1)~I~ . ky F~IIl)WS ~.i~r dills; l1ilom.h, ·~HIl;181~ .rnld~nmr:gy siCi~l~t~.slH:01Ilt¢s:f1l1!1nll1l:cJinvheallll f'dl()w s

~.I.~I.ef(;$tediimlelinl!;llr;: c~iH!!llgl\l.~;(;rg)t, ~Iild

eiUl!lfir"()!mle~t<l1 i!l~'iteS

to a

~.lIll!!;:;bt i,I'I1I:CIge1;-

acqlllaitll'ed

UlilClil'lg.. SllOOWGd

tows, 35;
i ~:S YI!;:S are

Of .116 new Fel~

diJoenzynilC-s em~Uoo bySm1;le Arctic baC:l~ia ccm. a:[fi:ct gJlJb!1l'~,CilIIbOl~ dimid'ek:veJ:s. MlII..cl~ Q$'her i:£'s{lflill1:biIllVOI.\'Qd. :L11~1:matiC)l~t'll (llQUa:oom;{imfl, al~d she has bil'iC.0iI1U: ll1i1~ ad'V(I{la~£: ef SiJ:lLC:fiLO~ diplomacy, This J~ar,. she' rml·~rMdl h(;[ fcUm\ishi~,r(lf:a s~OO'l1dy~r tD1.lnllil~ om{l~Ofhlt~rlmdO!la~ Science .& :EJli-!!l~ rteeri.Il£l"~:the Nat [1,]l]al Sc.!cll(lcFmJud.mion. "1. Wfi:n~: to ull.der~ stflnd. how SCI,L'lllC~ is
d.o!n~i.lll a $Qci.~ty:·
H!.iI~.tQ'~ ~N.pl~.]I'I¢d.

30% ~oSI·C'O!l!S!'!!i!lermlJl,er~Z!~s. Th-e !!:lock i~ also c~le~ne!1~a~c,Mo~1ne~.fll'e>e;. precessed wath eh 10 fine d i,olt~de in:s:tead of 'pure ch.~.oririC
gas, wll:Lc.!a. [.(l:(J'lICCS ~~le(00..0.0 hy~prodlwts of 'paper J)1!JJphl{;8.cbLng
'fb{l
j(l'alrtHII

.1 ~fillYW 11b~t sliairner, btU "'~llil(;

most s.igl~LrIc:alil'! ,eh:;al!lJgelha:~[¢l]d(:rf! IInight liOD.ic¢ i~ thM IfiI~epa~r d.oosn'~h.~ .1!Coa.tlnl.!l:,;' Silid J'a!'lle$:D..omdiIY, Science & ipmduc'li:Oll dl~ieC'tor:. The l'I'Ialtepaperredlilces Nading gltJl~il~(I ·'.is easier en ~lhceyes~" Ihe e,"'ll~ai.ned ..
ExcmniYIlBdHor MOIuli.c[I M. :II. search rO!f g[~Cllei' ailt,e:fiIl.a:· '!i.Yes; a1fl.~atilell.dll1l.gll.s~ioril onfii;cyc~~d! rl'l~r
.sc.lenae

B~adf(ll)(I began

l,lI.p-"l'I. c:1~<'lf Si.g:IH!~ thi!~ ~!;I ~1ii1illa.bi~:~ t.y

a :ill11l ~V<l·

1~[zluS <ClI:nce:~nmli" !Ill<l'~yQhbesciellllsl'J ,n~d Q~g~mleerswm.o wfl.lserl,"e.. ~I] 1~YC31i ooitiol~s i.n p

Congress !1lld.fl broad ..a~rayoiffederal agCItCle:ii. 'Wlwtim wi~. \Wsat~ofoosolve," $l'lM H:lli.m!l1le'I~f1.Con:gJlOOsiolt.'tlr:e::Uacw; ".fOf the l.mu
Ill, ~fl;\1i,l@'vehe1lil'd

fmm

'Wher>e de ,l~W<l!lJI t'Cll beil~:20 y.eau, <lnd :hQW d:o we' ~t liIu:fll:?" :l~keHa. ''I:. ikl'" J'c4lkum s says: Utfli~suS'iahn.~ ab:Ui~:y is::rtl,cs wiU. CQiIll~rise a," ~.m$'O[tmd pElrt ofh.er .f:ell.orwii'h.ip w~. 'i,;Vi~iIlId1~ Mari!llc ri.S~I.c'rie;sServioe ~,fdh~ Nfllrl.onal'Ocoalll:i.c8ilil.d
Atflil.QspIDI~i!e A.dml.l~l~istf. t!·OJfl., Her ~setiJ)~tlr'ly . work!'!ad bee!'! i!1!!w;;tr~!!l~CQH!l~rw~.~Q'!i1<!Iild

'~'h~2J.106Pl:~el.ius~f'tI:Kl CQ~I~.cil!!)r&:i~IiIJ;l~ .!Eiiitors."Ow CQrl 00 nt 11TI1"l<:~S Clear dw:\~ ~re i,t

.arI!

~CQ~r

QhO(:i(il~

JIf)o-e4~v:i~~mHn~n~: .: ~lhQI!I,gh~U~al it was :Ln~P"lil'· trnIt iilit;fl~;Scl'ence jp:m,c'iice 'what it pre!lch~ to iJIle ex~CI!Ilpossib~e.," Bmdr'O,irl c~ip'binQd. In Ikc0P!i:n.g whlb Scie.nclll !.>ildGfI~all.ion8il :re!lch, ihe new p!l~r .!Ia·s ~. 1it1(l!i,~li!lful!tlQ!mdIlCdj,· .g~~ Qfi~'S Q\VW!, 'TiIi!~ ~~t(l{:k ~)~I!I!t:!ft!iI;;tl,!~d! ~y i~

l·ead~s<'hip ~h<!t c~im1!]ed¥Ol!'!p 1J~d!muiQ:!l_<!1 ecy· ~ rity issU~8;~la~ed"wm lbeml!jm probl~ns fw,ow gcn'Crul·iotl .. Now\?!'e'rc ::lIeCing. m,()<(C ellrly--si_<l.ge CfII:eat'OO'i,eI~t'~~s .fIIDlS'lWlling tblecalL:' For 34 yews. th~ AMS S&T .PolicyFello!!;v. sjhip.~h~ve: I11iatch.c~$Ol~nti.!'lm3nd {mgi.tl~fS ~[la rlllilg~ .D!ffi,~~d.$--fr04n.1Igr.icu~~Ii;Ifi,} :ato~l~e ~d p!11f~t~s ~o~1~ItQe· ~~tiglil ~ ~1.d &f~I:IJ~t~~t· r:lQ!ogy-with ¢;{~C~~vg br~~d'!Olig,~!tot;:ies !.Iml cmligiIDeSsiorml oiffiiCC-S. inYJ':rushingoon, .D.C., lillm~ allC, s~kifl~. soicinlific c,'>:pcrli.se.lilllJl:mreils of F'cHrn.vs llilave oo!ntimUlcd (l'n.lo build. higl:l"'i~lpaC~

~11l~~d!~clmQ1Qgijes. b!J!i ::;:he !lu.spec~d m <!:~.the plllrS\llI~.l(lIfb~'luI;l'e might'oo Hn1l1i~j I~S. "I: 40n 't. Wairlt~o ~,fIIv'eto COmllprollruisc!ooQ ~nd 5m 1~~rn d.o1ng \wrtlk. 1]),rn:1s,om~IHilC'll:oo re~~s m.e is ~m,lf!!)rm:l~t ~fQm. lean g~t Go\l,IU 11.0 b dO~flS,h~ dl~n!}"l th:"'iltar~ ~fllly gail!lgi(lo !):fI'~:l t 1lIl§q~B~y ofl if~feJr pl;;'Qp.1~ d ~~umllb itiI~~s ~ in "l,igrlld,~'J!;lnki'~5 8<lid, 1II1~eciOi'l\'c'lltimml wn.sd.mn:~sil1hllil federal :sci~ elloe~licy i~inl~:hedoldll:umi5., 1:lIlJltSll:WC!l1oftlle .Killtows .Geoor.ibedHhis as a l~ime·of(llPIIDrlrnlily.

fg!!nis!h lP<!p~WCQmpaJ!ly UPM <!i~thf:1rA~g5b1i,!r:gj,

'Oe!TI~aHY, :mm 'oofQrebei I!£. s'hI[Jped ~\11 U!e jCJimi'" ulll 'slong.4il:Lle US. (H'imt:e!l's, BrownPd~ill'ilrig
.collll[pmil)'

iin.WEIsec 11 Mimlile~s0l11. ,

Browin. WIiIS &1\\ii!llid.e1l'J! {ljrcs~; ~mYlllJr.dlsl~~:p F S e(!!lUldl (FSC) cl~aln-of-e'1!I5'!od)i' c(J:r:I:ifica&im~ ftJif ~Ildlre~of ~tsp:Frni 11I~lion!lilrl. dIe V~irI£d St(!,t~~i.l~ ~()Of., FSC c,@rtifi:c;;u:i9~ ~rI~~r~~ tffil~ d~e pa~~ wrOOI~C~<J ~~dl ~y U!fl;lWt:! ggn_~§ f1l\)im materials ~lSJilNested !I fo:rest Imlag,ed .ru:;ood :i~ ins to fI stri'cit set ofel1l.vimnnlCIll13~ slrurtrunl(ls. -.8'€c1tyHOm

28 S,EIP'li'EMBEIR 2007

VOL 317

SeIIIilNC:~

gf i!~QFv~btin bQYf:ldl

Irre\!iew expe'rim~l~ pmgr~, ~1iI this: '~inlamd add ()ompl,emeilllta~alilallYsliiS based!, M mmprehemsiVE' ~~ardlesilil l!iie (;'niibridg2 StrlJlttulrallllaitabas~ 31ni:! 'he~roteillil naw. Ballik.

2.9'A)], hi!i'lting,alilJ f'i\'oF'Jbl!e: PQliU'irnOOi'a;(;t~om (I J ), di$C!ls..~d ~I!l. diMciiiJbclQ'w, Atti'iol'igh pi!ibli~hoo!«!\tcI.Y~cti'i.l'ily rela:!ieH.\c'5h~ps for ql!i!ID~mie ~n1ib:iGltcs (rJ) such <IS. cilPro'nmmoil"l mlight ag:1li~llhi~t 1II:i1 lilVor:a:Me po~ar' iilatel<i.C!lOIii. of. IlliIc ~c:ntia~ F SillhSDiIi:L'CiIl 8tposilioi1 6\d.te 'f1IlIOI1lIilElsl!JiilmmentJi ha.w OO:iQlTle a wioo!1pr'ilad andl im:~outant drug rom:~OIIH':IiI~fuB1J IJ!bncilJlmOfi absel!lcc of gl:n.mIr1:il31ii~f.onllilatiain U~1liJili>, oonfir ... ~~ad'itate!ill rDy 'lilile de'!llei.ol!lmenrt 1Of'5ai;e 31ndlselective f~lIOfiii1atn!l age!nits. O.r'!lI3Ii1ofru.orine aHM:s n:~~,~.y l'IilatL:oI'l of .<1.111.:1 !\gdJi ffiI~i'l~i~ (:r~[t O~eS!I!m.eu;~ aU ph,y;kal ,an:d ad~!!):Ulpti(lli!, di$lriibllt.iol\ me'taIWUsm~ ,Q_liId~1~tiOli!I P!'iOP!!1ti'~ Q~ ~ oo~d cOIf'llP'OlJIl'ld,. il,~ ·ofcipro:ilQXowi!'!oo!!!l!f!!i '10 'U;1,C: AcrE: ~lt~dfYg i~dI~ctiw~!ffucts are: H~tai~b! ~~l !!!liId~rstood~. e 'imhii!lliIdng biogvaiil1!lb,~~ity,fQf'~ii!ml!d~ by Illdl!lcilllgi t'hi'l eftll,!l,'(pump. see tlhle S l, c'~lm'y':n l~flSi;(ily of liIe,'noorirltgil:mines. 1IIIflG()r1llr.ast, @;(!pLorailicn af the ~p.edfi(:irrnlilellce' IDf (arliloo"fLu()nm! ~~9~!~E! bonds 'Dri d~driltg inte;rijnfioo~s,.wIl.etll£!r tllwugh dir@~t co:ma With, '1ffiIe! p~*in or IIlmoogh Synl1~c Amr'al'lc@'$ ~r·e(u!lemoliliil:; effect; om molecular QordoITlltition Ofllhe d'mlll~\,'i"lilli. omly rec;enIl,y i:I~UIll. Harle, W~
LOil~li]f;I:rn" Mnissoll's I~repar:a~[on. f clenlltml:ll~. o

IF'I:uo,riin'B' in PharlmacBut:il,cals,:: Lo'oking B,e'yondl Dituition

c-.:p

(liib~f:'S~.,limtry
O,fdlC

;~(;I HM(;~M l!le'dtllC~ .2) revealed I[lHII. IDlhe 3'IDl1il:lliti.c ~igaltd ,mpproadlle:s ImH~ !bJrua.ildiilnimn g

sid'c. chain of Arg~90. l[dii>~:rulCC ~~rF·"qNJ)

F:i!. IIffi ~886.

ilS:

OXLreJI'I.i3

ru:acl_ijvily gliMli~l~iilf:ld

wid'es~d~loo/

n'~o:riniltio:!IlS" sil~Th1s

abeJ,vc as ~xam!,les;!he elF" group innl!l!oxcH~e (I~lb~.cS.I, cnlty ]) amcil.IUlc: f SlJbSli~llIelJlS in ItL~nrial F' is Munclin ~usohmlerur:vl1. atONlL'l:lmiI1 mad c:iproi.ffilo:.xOO~ll ll~lumcc pcnlmmy. 11l1.isgain CfI![I. iIOO ('!;:qplain~di wilh COOll~nc~ f biliLdmilll,g lI,pimk~ b,Y biO!ll'lfl.i3.lJlnsll1l£. Ullt~.] .1'9$7 •. bt~~ only ~br 3ilC!lV$l:M.ila,. wl~~chhill> fu;(M;;'11 Slructur.1[1.0 F.o:mt3i1~[ng dD,ig had 1:;0011 dll.Vlllopoo. Simoo
1!1Ill~~,0'",~ 150fh.lOriirJaro" dmg,<:: l!\1v~ roU'!e: ltD ]lldel and !mi'W"nl~e !.II' ""-'20011 <DF .000U ~IKm~~ oe!!!ticals (2:-5)" 'w:Wh 'e'!le!1.I.lgher fiiglllCSIiJ;, ~~r'OOlJ1C!tl~ialls{Ilp ~o ].I[}%) (4). Top.S\1mng~luorifffillli(!d

:~~~I~~I=~.=~l!.l:O~V:=~l~~d~~ ~(~~~:~ F
any
d!i~ct~~d

tig~ d~,ooam!J!!'!d :1970 ~th Ul'I;liJlu!'Oduc~O!l ef SOlre ,uldl sc~ecA:ivc ~luGri!l@l;illl.g <!~e11l<; '~mt
WtlJre0011:1;,palilj!c w~.Iih.o:rdilli!uyla'b omlo:l)!' 'eqlJI~:P" mle111 and.~lmrofore IImmmblb I~O<Ciaboraln.cm Ie..":].d OOllljpOUlads (.13'-1.5,). TOday, an lJilCro.."b.'ljfllgIliim.oor oii's"d.cil.ag('lnlS are dlirreclil), alj1~lablClore~""Ch~ ~ ~Q:Ull"

or

bO'!t!.!lld 'l{) its lMg~L

AtQ~-

rn~iln (m(ldian inl'!rbitoWYCOH"'!~~Irn:liofl""8 riM)

ITIiere:iail su:ppl~ers. ~nples

of nucloopbiHc

~h.!}II]UaCmltl:C2I!ls imdl!l.dro:
dep~'S<lnl

'Ul(;l

nI[lO'xet[n~ (flm:lt(;)

Mli·· (6).

,a~l.:cho~~ro~·lo:w~!fIg dDill!g ,~f\~," I!amln. L~pJl!or)(7), <!.!!.dlbe~l!lfibilCll::riai C cip!Ufio!!!acin (C1p!'Otmy)1 (8) (Fig. :1). ChcmL,>ts have known sbout F's irl(llL1mh.~ d['>llClSi fm decarlesfrom sml&U m.o1ocu.l('l studies (S"I!1.c!h as

r:e~adO'.!l-' ~paCily IIQ erd~i :~ue~aboifu _i~.ily (m~!i!ln~ by lowering the: SilASOOIJliMlily of W1earby
HlIl!ilI~:trM!~li!1.I;;'a.f~~~il1e~

sl]i~, Alw.F~

inno:tili~ ~o cyllx:hmrweP450 UlZYinllfl]ic Qx.tdlil;i{l~) 1:t8IS.~ 11ll~"

F~C.

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· O
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.....

....

~'
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illlg~y door rocel~[ly ~9),fml C(ll1ltla"n.

~!~

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!.u:!'d~~~!.ldln,gof1Ill00w F ..«~c15
mliectivhy

l.;.'i!ldin£,<!mlnltyii]~dI

<'!!] id~i';

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ILl pito.r

CilPr-obaJY

~Ki~eclIl.arI.evel is j1oot. slart[t,g to d!e'i'lcl!op.. :H;~, .~ hi~;lli,~~t t~ceIII: fLinld~mlgs (If .F···protcilli!lllumClio;m;: and oomple:n:umt ~e dis:01!ISSL'Un wi.liIlI. '~imatrla;Iy,$is ·of S'I!I1I.I0Il!lffiSin ~£ Ca:lllIbiri4~~ Sl!~chl!rul[:l\\lt"oow (CSO), and thePmleht!l!taO~n'k. (PJ);).

fi'g. 1. Majt)un.uoril!:la~ i(ift!);gs:tinl'il' ,i1!n.tid~f~:;i!:!lnPrn~c ('t! tte: S:w"~Iinry1),. c.h~li'lmm!~.·ICIW~~!:l1 "1JIg l~iIl'it~ ('b'ble: Sl. mtly Zl. an!li tj;uinoLoliIE! .antibl:oo.c CiproilBY ~tali~1i!:51. e'.~ 3). n.e molecular-medel WiITlJOO1iIidiol!l$ G!refr,onfl ay.sta~~ru1lIDu~es•. Liga.md u,. gl~llII; iOiiltoms, re~~ N atmlll5, oiillrnk l~lu;~;tlndF arto.rnlS, light lillue. UI'1~esliotherwise rtated" .. this (I)I.{):IICOO~a.b{),~~p~l~ ttl, tIiIe~m(!g~ifll Pigs, 3 and 5ii!lIIdl tim 1Ii!l~poni!1;g olill'&1,(lI:lil*ri~gllts(lllll~.m:g;ges g!NI~!lmd I with I'IlIi<ic~ol ((jet il~~ibJts 3'':hydro~y·3~lncil:ytS!t:llary]-cQe!11l'!'jnle A. (H'My,ICo,A) m;!dI.I~, tm e5s-euliill el~nJe il!ldl.e bl:OS)'1nd~esiis Oi~'clw,lesi:erot 1m alii: ,early !>~8.@,e of de\!eloiPin.lIill~. 1'1 s~nG$ {If tmahiihlwrs f~ltl:rij~g apyrmh~ COil;: simtlar I~O I~mle O:llt:l in
~tO~ia!iiflJ W~ ~~n~dL, AAlgegli5 1!!5ed 'IiorQmC~F

bonds {Fig. 2A.)~Il-

S4liruO"!I!l!I;,lIimlfrnmnfltiQH ;is ,esse.lltra1.ifrn; mlj,Qna~iztll,g.F cm~Jtri~tLtiolli!l'~n pmmin lbilldi.lrt.g.~ilil~" i~y., l~inglhe dwt'e pl.IDmii1LO(\"llItical:s :inlmlnomecl: lFmrl:n~OE!J.1i(il~ itlivi&iDm.Doom,,~1Y Cliiern5'lJy. ~. If,@fInnalflnUi, RoI~; (H'~'0>70 W.sell,.SwitJ:erlilnd'. 1:l.ah:l~atorili!m riir (Jlr~ii1i!.t~ i(hei1l1!i~, Em 2Yrl~h, H6F!1i!llEirbetg,. ("'.(8093 zarid!, S."wIl!erla!'!:~. "'11'0 w~o!n OI!'l'e~IllO~~im~' :~I~l!Ild I.l~ .ti!lr!l~~~ed·. [-II!~il:
~l\iiU5.IITiIl~L[(!r@.Fodle.ml:l1i

Th.e: 4-.flt:!J;lIlOflIlil~!iiyl

~1h1.m IfJD.)

~ ..~U; ~ I?cderit~ @Qrg,dJielifi.

aerhralhlle was foumd to be ~ll!~l(lr [0 Uiga!ids wtfih, hydroill)' (!by a facwr of 2.),. Ih.ydrogen {{acrol"ofS), o:r Illcil:IDiKY (f.wio:r of 1.0) gmups in dru~pOOliGi~~Oldy thccb~(iri"atOO. ij~atiild! w.as of i!ii!~tlacpolCfilCY (U;I," ni'l )l.;nty cty~~aJ ~I!.iOO

elude dieillY~ml.r[l;lo5'ulrlJl" ii;rifhllo:rld:e CDAS1) ( 16). :2 ,1""in~Qro~I.J ~dli~le~lIlIy~lmnidflZQlidi.ne (DF!) (1.f),. and bis(l'.J.lHl:lfulo.xyed~yl.J aillimloslli~fl.lr trif1J1[u;lrid~ r[)OOil'll).f1rIllOli) (IS);. d:lC&i;lreagelll .. 1m.1~",ro:[m .t'lil;o\'io'llsinil:) Il'!!;[)notlumicl.es; ;lJ1d Qll'" oo!1ijLs i~1!o :genl~ifh!l.Dri~. A wi,r~de range of
I .'. I rc rea£lenl:s ~1illg e.oolOOp.u"I' '.. .' . '1\. __ ".
.

,0Jj

rI, ..... ,

'~';1:1''-'- !()IO'I"3,1~

D ,.,.~ -

F ~1U'~~h<lS alsoooen d'ei\,rcloped and. oomullietl'Oia!~

ized, ,~l!aoorarti:JcI.lh:i.iu th\'::~.fS:l ,slImlil[l:gr;ml, PJlridl~inirUi:ili. lPo.ly{lIiIyclrogmn.ilI.i1tDlri.d.~) (Olahl~

REVIEW
i~~ibLt()ffit16D. Tille C-F and C-O d ipo!e:sC>lH ul'lde;rgo S1l.n~ilR!I'mllli~~ipO:~ar in~:emo~:iol1swid'! fh.lorclbenmrnc"sulf.ouimide (,NfSf) (.13]. Tl'i.~ n.ei.gliliJolling dipOles. Bioisosruri:!rnl of e-:.r-, C-Oml (19),. and I1:lLIo:rollj'U!dlY~Sl'r.!!.l;Ps oo~.v~tIriMdyifllmdl1'Ced are wilHfi lcim~:th.yi~mJ'!.,i(lmiit1JLlit:hyl).~~:~!i.J'ii,l; (Ru,pP';'dC,... .riM~ (wII1~mMe :b'l"'i~iI,~~I)< :a~~ M\,\ia.'l Pr_5h ~tl~~IJ' {IJ) g:j ~~1~ t!t'IJO(g ~~lly de- ~tOO. fo:t:l ~riie.s .ori:licyC~ieio1~ibu!~ (If I!tUiOJI1~1~'~Gped lti~l!,'(l!:Q<I.cC!~midlSs (Fig. 2C) (l9), ~jl!'i, ol Ser ~~'l'C fW.!'il laae b!ood~oa.g\!kU:ioo cmCli_de (30). :Si!.ni!<bI!'pafel'Joy was f~liInd for Pro!);)co!s for a.ryn!l!Iaelric ftum'ilrl<!lio]"!s <B_1'e also in~~ibi~ors:inwilidhm1i.y oflhe ~~~r:lOO: ~rollJ?S were ~Xlfa:lI1dl]~g (10), Nenlllll&lelcss. most ofdtc:se OO!!lild at .specificpoirilkms.oo dl(;; (jCi~.l caffokl s ~Mgellts ,ruIlil: too t'lXpili~~~fu:i" plMkscali.'l< jp!IDSi) as to ~lmt illito .he re.gklill (i~' 11lI.~eat:31y~e dlwl1icm,. '\Vihere lraditimlll 1:w.c~1od:!ls.ueh,a.q the ~~ (lf~!~t]~I::!I1 IFpl1l,'"I,I<l!~I, b'ijacl !ll~dte:ox:nu:l!i(u~ ~ole (If 1I11.l: rnzyaTl!L):.,C-f" ~
c!]b~l1~l..!J..tl~rod~~bb~!o [2,2.21~<ilJ~ bis(1211mfI:lJo.ro!oomtc) (s.elec~~hl:or)1(13) and .N~ IPtvY5icall. al!ill!! IPlilliilil'm:a(Dkindi,~ ~ml~ell1ilf!~ is tim m,osl C~ClO1roIi1G&9i" I~:iv(lL::~cmJC'ii~l..n}C C-Fooil.di:!! oue ' of 'tlim:g~Iroi:tg.~k!nml;'n (kili~L'l S2}1 andadj~n~ e-.Cfi~ll~h;; OOr!w :~
:FhIDriiU."!:
Wl;<,"ii~~Q

(lJ),

~~l!IP~C}S

{F~s:, g,'[H i!!.Clyde ~~ ~oo~~~d,,1 g~!~ ~!1!!Xln~.¥!~ .gf 'COl!~lep-~~!l K

i!llnQ e~rQ!,;cM~dt~ !!i!.Q~l f~v~'~!e W!~r9!1M'~Q!1! i.hrowgh rigkJ!ifiC<1!tlQ!1;Wh~ ~~!!di~'!gf,fOOrpa nizern!ligand, nooeJXaHllpy loss OOCllUi'S tQ< reoohd:le ravo.rahle Ibdnd.il'lg goomelry, fIIncldncreislibol1.e~. 1.0, f~{l mU tbe d~l;(J bii:tdhng ooniRmnalkm. iii'l. l'91'i~ltliltl!p~¢aU:r [lr~\l'.orahl!e: ;"Wi)!" (:clI.~ft'.irlitilU tiolf4't ·(If ~. ~ilil<i,lJds .~ ~~~ii" ·det~ntliilOO e1i>pet'h~Pl!1dly i~SQ!UI!i:o!~'by IH NMR r11W~ mJmlS, <Jut:! !b~s inK:m'!1ati:O!il isfmqueDUly coonplf\lJ!eD1ted.by g8l!;;..pha.~e tlW:flrctL'cal e<lk:ll~ali:Ol1S lind OOI~r'(ilinlaLkuli!Il 8e.'U:'ChJ.1sin 'du:; c~n'31, 32). (
'Irrufo:nll!l:!i.on
Oil

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o(l!nfOri'liia'liO:I1I

of

OO'lUlrl.

tisan~

is: iL~y~!ly eNJml,CIMfr,mn ~!'Otf:);imI:~liga.'!d

ooc~al

~!fUdu~

Su.blS'~iluliO!'! >orB by if CM lIfOfu!iln<l~y !CI\iU,;e 'd~e:·oonr:om~ti'oRaB p:ro:fur,~ of II snu.n ~:lOloolllle beeausc ofsrl2:e $mG stcroodec.lnxm:ic
A oOfw,parisO[I'D.bel.wcell !];i~l.ox>,ph~n}i~ !i!1di l~wifh,!!{I~H~~ l!~O'xrp'lil,clf!yl ~ro.ll!pS flTl!IS!r.!ll~ U~e: b1iOuJl:l11oe oFF Oil! oClDlfurniml!on. M.ellroil!.ygr.oup!>~ie i1il. d]c plane of lD~ep~lcmyl dl~. lX}CrulISCllih,~ ~p o~tnl arfilne ~- ~fu:ybridJi200. 0 is ~ffil :I!:oonjrug;.::atioiil ",vilh tlmammati~ It \'lYS!~l~.11lisoonfi:H'!'!l;l~{I:~ i~ pru:r~rrrOO!~y "'3.0 kc<Iltaool (33,.34).
t;lff@cb;.

a~sosnr~l,glilk~!"loo, h~~a]lylk: w

d'oub!e lxm& ,~ ''!'<'C<!]!.-.elloo by.F StL'bS~iltII:iQXI(2 l).1ib'le very low ~l:ari2abi~ily o.r~3i~Oflll.oriile m~ ~ill.mrusalSo, il'iii,pa,OI!,qiiMcrmol.oou.1ar inlm::actkli~ (2:1). rtl~llher, lIliIL'lnoolc~.

ere

nF.1

.B

ar~nJ!.l)~tc: re._<;Q!l@n()~NMR) ,ii!(;~ ( I!:ivi:!yof F's S'O~,e 1 ~ h;ompc, I.~!F,is (lO~VC!l!ieH! f.or 'c!Il!~leriZa.~ ~;iou(23)..
fi.Il!lOOllle ornlmn.~pihlOOil M iil. orgsflltc ~nO~!:lCla1ru! 111m ~ bUll. <If.IId sl(!:~lootrolil:i.c ~iIfIlnlll~n~ orille I~V{l 1,lIoms ..e·qj~re djff~l1el~t (fl:)r

Cl~~~sn x»;
NFSI

ln oofltmst.!rifl!lloron~d.loxy gmlps: ttmd to 1I!R. out ef pJ3J1C~beeaase 'Of: I.bell"l~r size and, pre:sum!lb]y
n'lOfC Sl]'b:>lai~tjj[ny,. i>~~C~oclroiMc ~Iffi"oo"'t nri~mt[ng C-,(1 ~~ Olililiperi~<tJiI<!f ~[)drelone pairs 'OIr Inhc !1Q~li.! s,p,~~hyli:ridi.z:ed. 0 resl!ll~ :l.r! ~r!.

lengdits :ilId 'i,I',<l:1I! der Wom~3 rndi.i and \"oil:!l:nes,see ~!e S2)'. TIle bond I!oogth of c-r (l.FtI A)
00,1([

am:m'!eric

!]()""O:"''::'"f QOIdllg<l~.{m wittJl. oot.lOOnminMll lengdlCillililg ofdre C-F'

is aclnally Ilm.om :itmHitlIC to C-O (1.43 An, dJlfl.lil to e-n (1 .• 9 /\)1 0

<rl~)ou_gh lJil~ki!l:g-:mdi~l~ CO~Tlp<lfISQIl.$ are <it slubjec~ of ongoiln_g

re$e<l_~lt

bends Ct5). This clIoot rod.Uoos Idill.': aoojllgatiGm bet\Wltl 0 andjhe

IFi'g. 2 .• ExiJmITIl1e.s: otiiafe and seierniiivllfll!l.mil't8itiim ii3gel1ltll~,00, Nlucleoph~llic ag;mts:, (0) el.E!d~hi[i::: agMb,OII!iuill ,~C) ~eflt; to, lliltmdllltLe (~ g~,~~. al101:rJa!ie
"!):

~ySI~rn @Ild C;1:l!llin'W(:5

pI:Maf,

(24);. TIle VlIlnder WaaJs \IIo:luna.c ofi~11Cu1.ft~omlnetl1yl (CF].) gf01;.ll' (all in. t1lL1oNmiut>l), is s1mU.ar ~n (hat .of the ell~yl !£OOIP (C'HjCIHi;!) bill. dli'l slNlpes ofl.h('; It:WQ :gIlYUps8!ill: v~ d:iffierel~t D~lro suggesli.0I1~ ~tmCf'Jm~ iooPw;pyl 1[(C·~hl!CW] ~ il1le~b.l,lltg~l~ (21},. ioopmp:ll hasa Im'ger VOIi,m]iill'ltld Ls 1i!:X..!i!!lly a!l'l!S:QlfClp!C ("~\ ._ ~ I;'

~le C!'1eti~ic :pref~l1JC ·of a fu;l·p'laJl~oOOlfom~liolll.

O-OH. aml.G-OMelhm ~,i11eafto 00 bio~steric {in 'DMillS of b:[ndlIllg tCl'ilcacy}, ~:f Idan ncgaHvc poi(\S (0. f) kn®iiilCl \"i~lI. tnh.~poS!iti'!llepl1!l~ of lM!lOdl(\~,dl!J?O.lc or a posit~.j!l;(;lty ~lmwdOLlntcr.

t':ol'll;putaJt!onm:l s~lIIdies ilnd searehes: indro (Sf) {~ig. ~,) (j 1. 32) rutddu;;P])]3: (36)wt'ID S Mli'ticd. Glul loiml.vesl.igate: the: oonfonnati@naI

..
-

poorid~.

(h;:l!1 ijle

M~groul1

(l!r

C_,OMecaJ!J !be

p:~feffiUl.~ of a.ronliltlc

'l!~dOCf3i

(](;H3, QCH2F,.

OOHF2.
Q~

.~UlJ!5.

Bkl\~msteris:nl~s an il'Wl?CIf:lruU comcept iu, ~ood: op~jini7Jiilio;ll. .~~ refers to Itllile capacity of .. al:mm~or fl1!nCliO:~I,ilI~ gool;ip8 wid) $:mi1ar sizes; Of' shapLl:S~o 00 i.ll!tL)l'ChMgOO. wil1aqut .s"IIb51talt~iflilly

@.I~ring, bi(ll~ic;l,~ beh>liVigr's!A:h

b.i~dJtng

<wcollln:,iJdafed wlil~(JLM! Ml!OIi!] and ~i'lil ~lIi!eON gr(u.!llfind.s a H.,txlnd .l0ccp10r. A ~~khl:8 cxaJIllple anlitis:mmi~{)gy 'iJen'il'ili."ellC-O:FI:aJlld, C-F has ailsQ been nJ)~cd (.l1l' it~a Clysial SlruCltlire of a "try ~r'otca')eooJ'Uii'~~~. w.ith a WI!lI'id ~pe.ptidic ir:lllilibiitu[ COili1lain~mg :8:. cei'tulml o-d:il]uQrokcl.O:n~ hydrn!ltil tmh (~ble SI, e~(!:y 4), 'COl'd'I}!!'!1Ilartional,!'!!ild
S!l.l:!:rleOeLfld!'()n~c !lrwfil.tNlli!I!i:ElS

aJ'l:boposlillloa

reml~

subs1.i~ulecl,\?!.~'e w,mi:d~, .as two InOJ~·1H onl!o groups lead to ~11hogo:n<l1 o.rri)Cilll;a~iQns 0;1' all. 3Iko~.y :gmu;ps for s:l1'ric f.'Ca?1)ns.. N\;lrtlmr CSD oofP[fB ~~(\Ij; yMd1:d.8iny fi!fii.clUrus wiilll. aryl-OCH~f 1:1!'!I.oli:~s; co~rlllpul.atiO[lal srllldioo

O!:liycasesi!~whi~b.~l!~t (if !!he :aoo'J1<I~c:ri!:!i£

WOlS

m~-

(~~.; $.4], t\l!.lQ

oot!f'Of!!i!.'ti(l!~l

!C!:1J:l!g)'

affinhy (2·(,)). 1'In!S, n1en.u'Q:!'ovt!1yl gOO1irp (C-CHf)lias ooe!!l, used as: ta, luq::I~acellleU!lt fQJ;' 1~ltiJe [}eplid'eoon,Gi (27). '1llIorime tru;:c..s. ~itleposi.~ I~~on (if 11m:rnrbm~yl. 'OJ, and. lh.ep.1aI1!3fi~y ofth..e 'l;'il,~yl Il.m[il~.m:!lk~iJ~ qu.i~e:.t'I good m1iidhin 5;Z~ :!Ill(! ~-O:1l.1~~. .~ ~bowfit in. t!l~inhib~iou (1f dipep:~idyl pepU&..«e I'll. llte ('-F bond 1l;i!:ig:!1~ and Oi~oolllil ·e;.xleHSio:~ ·ofa C-F 1!I.Ifi!utOlresi m~l~
i~~, die

v31lJ.!lcsfoli Ilihe C-O Sj'\O{~P(l3bJ,e S2),. i]1w:: ~CF'.~ fm~nmnhM a:1so boonl .h1JmroclMccd !:IS a ~l1bl!~iliilll£f:'or' ilhc C=O~M"I!ip,. pro\idi.n:g. a

KnrIo'wloo.~a'botll the ~ll~'rn~C3l~y ~lClSt favoU'· abl(\lOOllifmul3ti:Oi~ 0:1' a~igand ~~ Gs.oonli.a,I. for .opoimiIzil1g 1!IJi\;l lbirKlil:tg ~fflCl.l~y. \1,lhic~ ~n(:rua.~ w·rHI, ~l,.·i:i . Iid"s o,.II~gree >t ... - '.,;. i7~:- .... D-__ . __~ __eq~<L _ ..~, '.. G~ preorg~ .~_~., e ,noire closely dliL': ~!llelf)! or IliiJe Ixrurnd~:~gand ~mbles iLlle iowesl~~.IID' oem fOl~alaitiQl1 of the ~~ H~d,. iIlIm !!troili!t'lrIDlull gaii~iri bLlIdiiIDIg fite~ 'Ll'IifI~y. U~'Id ~;i'lXirganirll!il:iOii'i i1.~~Iy lITi'3it!llams

1'l1i!!~~maJw1ll!i! dil~edr<ll .<1!]gbl: ij rC~i"jI.-C'~I.O~CU:!l1!f')lof24~ '~iiEl -0,,0 kcalJmo~)'a:ndO~ (~E.~ ...4,2kc."l1!:1110[)" ·\V,be~t.sdn,~ Il~gh~ll.ergy ·aonfOOl1l.l1iOJlis puClkilcd 10 Ioe ,1lmar wid.10UJI :;m. ilnfiit..m~ e;1f~t. :the tow-oo~ lwi~clJooilfmm1l1i'Dfl ~a.'l Inh~ 'C-F li!u~liim ai~ 3n(i!nrnilt:l~~gemml:. ~fetaU. rLh.e·dhang.eOO!ll OCH3! to oc..H;~!f reduces the ln1l~arn~eo(mfGnllati:mml piiCirel\."lnce. The CS:O seru;cbpoov idee! :sew."Illlryl-OCHF;! fmg,mCli'lts,w.ilh torsional alligles ,[C;<yi-C!lry!~O-C(HF ~Hbet\\'i..~i:lJ 10 l!iit'!'J. 001°. Th.w, lI.tcre :!!C~ilI'1S

1BB2

REV~EW
1~!;lI'

be nQ

9:ri~.!l1i;1liQ11!~~

p:~r~r~~,

~~

'I.~:

QQ~~firm~d by c"!01l!!<!liQ1~s Ihiirt<lfforcledi

enillrgymili;iltmi at (II 33" and, 900 . The orthog" (i!lnal iOilllftlli'Jina:nimlll!a.S: bo.1ilil C -F boudsia an anomeric (CIlOO) oricntarncna, Siill1ri~lIf (.£ll tili'm Iri,~ fl!iiO'mm~dtOxy gwllp" Wh~[!Slt,"t l\,\li~IUeomlh~ ftuTI'iliIliolfi ispmdicOOc:ill 10 :haveo:nl.yone C-f
bm1d~n .til a!~O!~'ieTic p!I$ilion (\vi!llii. a :sUgMly iO!iigeil'C-:F bond I~g!h ~1!!Ii lIreilo:n"i,lm)rhe!!i'C C-P ron, d). '[his p'redicIi01~ is.pru1icl1ihrw'ly nicely 1,1{)1U'e cm.t '~SJ,~ryr;~Ii~slnllCt~ (~Ic S~. '00I1fy S) i~\\l:lIjch, the ~i:l'iilfl~'u'ie I!mi~ Ciilllllairns two im~~ltd~~t ~tIO.t$e~~es; '\",iib :,m:!L:IDp:mxim3l~ OD1~ (lirlh080ril,doonfurHl<U1Q!l (€I' = 8'6~, Witll 't\!V'O !!!~aJTI'eric C"",if

~g..n.~

..

~.SQ

J.;a~OfQ- ~~li~tI!e!n~<;:i~ m:1!i!l't~l~~d ~~ p-!Q~Oll.wOO .J.;fl~Klro"N~_~~lpiperkf!jtfli!;un srul(5 ~n~ C"{l;lf:]f'! i qlla.teImilBJry3~tlflu)Qro~N.N.jj~,~,kylpii,peri(l,lllium. &tIlts" des;p'illl: .slmio aOOlgcsiliom. Irnfw@ncl! of 1~!9g1D'illllU!1 pK~ Eff.ects B!iolog;~1 ab.~rp~.QllJ <lUtd,d!~tll~t~Of] ~ laug.~11' ~O!llronw'by id~eiO!i'iiz~li{;J!~ sbleoll!'id b.aIan..ce of l~pophmd~y <I!1Id bydrophiHo;i~~yin :jl d!'ug nooloollile,. .EnhBII,tooci 1ipophRicily C1l:nim::re.asc d]~ il'lcasl1iit'ld b:~lt'Id:ill1gfooe Clterg' lI:tl"cm~h l'Iliorc fa.lVOOlb~e:"8finilion~l1g ~I.W(.'{lili 'd~£: polar 3q!lIG(1m .soIilIUolll:.1!llIg] Ule ~~'S p(l~ar 'n;1;C~I~J ~~_ A IB

~W-~t~gn~~~tw by .!lJ dgp9!~tim~ @nd ~~!ya~~m 'e.rr'Cc~!J)'dle~Qg:O!lii1X~y Qri~!~ted OCF" gmllJPl pruti:aU)i" sh,ieldims one!!! raoo olT d:te aromfl.tic riifflg, Ai.;o' SOJl'lL""WIl.'lt. $1lI~ingly. o-n'lJ.OO'O~I.}
(3,3,J..i~liIlio~yl)~i~ti1~ am l(pophill:c dl<U'i ~onn~Qtiiliil~ p:mpyloo~ne;wi(h d.~GgP ~ -0.7 <i_fld-0.41,. re~pedi\'Col)'{fl,g. S2). 1l!ls: result em be e1<i:plaim;:d by 'dn,eilnlrodli'Ctikm~f po~rui~y In a, hiWl11.)o'bydrophobic dorna~lffI.!il [hisexmup~C" 'nillc:p<ilm~y
~e8S

be!~I)¢abld Itt~dlly

eiliictMl ~rofii~ct:lbr 0:1£:'l"Wi~.ot1i1o'riitalCclI tl'il~ilg i 3 dl<lJ1l fOr' d';t;: Inci n:i!.Io:ri!!ll<'l'~OO >O!l¢'

F1U'O,rhm: ~!~!wOOU'CtLQn~l ..o,

~<lnds.dWl o~~ler wi!il~a l'Wisled 3;n"ul.~:I'ii,eni~ ,(0'" 58t..) ~md{lilly

,A

Flli~'7

{i!lilC'31tOlllCn!c C-,F bond. TI~1s ~O:'iU(][!!Irepmvi,dru;: C()!~rr:tl1I)IH'Im~ !lI:ldii~t>!.'f.r~~ \'!I'id~ I:h.c hERG ~'I.'id~l1~ ~hat lh~ I~WQ"OOI]fu~~(j1"trJ1tlI~ ~11~r O;~'tJ-If.J-ndtJ,e.;1 ~/~~) K-f. dliOU11te1 a5..ll:X:ial~ wil!l~ I~Li()ftsan!l'Ol be 1.1~ c diWc!lellt ~!'diovascular !O!l!lcit~ (4.~ . :9). illl ene!'8Y as dley ooexistwithin UseFl1l IProdkuvemlies l'k'l\l\c ooen. In~le SR'Il.le 'm}'sHliI. Sev£\l~ s:1ru"''' 1~lIiIresi:1lltlePDB fcawre' ligamdS t devel:opcdl for tunla,g !IDlep}(" W1uGi> {wboo;:l(1Ij iis lII~cacidl disw i.dl ::liy1-OC HF::1; fnt.lli11!iel1ts !>Ocill'tion ;((lIlillttruU) afba&c 3J:I'llilm (t'!blt'l Sl, ,~Irii£s 6, '~.OU), 'rhe ~'i~!i!!1;d! ,a:l00r01 .<lug!~vary c~ro!?l Uool!!g'h o.ilfa!Il-'~nlL~Q~ toom (;11= og~o SO"'. "Illroo ofd1C e:fIioctsof F• .(]I, N, !!nd S nnw'li'O!~liifjes (38, 5"(1), Thm... U]I:: seven: ;';"\mY CI:yslllil !!.wuctU!leS Frig.3:. (A:jl.Amyl-<lCHf;1;fragment W:::: 19~j',of ~olUlmilint oolme'oo pln~hDrd'tesm~",mre ,oom;plllxe!> of 11h~lltooi .. ~e 4 <tall~1!!51, ,~try 1) $how~ 3 multi,~Qltar ("",." "(~O~ClnltairtM1~diIe pK" \IIa!~I!IC st~dUy decreases lilat:khMe' . ~~ - A(: 'r-rp.::!<;!"'.''''''J'-V'-i""'o"lF'3 ,_ c- -" ... "•. (£I ~: Q'~""4. a.!1I. ·hiib·'J."",. '" c~, - -'I t~.,;¢. _ f 'd r tII,panFil~l:WOc!uctL,{)ilin ~aes~ CSIICr8iSiC 4 with re (lulillil:ilst amL~ II! ~ ,~'?"l'm\lI ...n'I' lIo"glfl!,." _ - Q.i!.. ~ '-I! ~ ffili'l... _ .... !.!I~"!l!i11!.!1 ,I) 'I.!!'~ 'e~, CHJCH2NH:l, pO.?) ...... (D~S), 3J drug ag~iilsl ros~J.~ proteilS'e tlYlPlsilli (1a~le 51, en1i!ny13J. Airol:eilil, 'Giame slimwilil ~1iI QJay (a !sa. app~iieSro IFig. Siamd the S0M) .. FC.H~CF[~NH:! (9.0) =iO Il!<lml)' di*~~ Int~!'I1w<'liS 'Ivimh.drowl] ImlM t1De!l:tJrk~1 ~I'I200S F::!CHCH~NH::l p.~3) =ii' (Fig. .3') (37}. OO!1l1\f~lilei!~[ meacw..re of .Ilipoophilici~b' is the 109<l,· F:'lCCH~NH::l(5.7) (J8). A Slllrr'lCj~f1t nUj'!]_OeI' of l'h~w:tl;le!t SI1\l'CIlJireS: \Jt.lilhi !l.1j'~OCF3 frng~ rid'l.mic ,coeffic[icHl {logD) for dM'~u.ticm nea.rbyF ato.w1S can leiill'llle<1.11 nline IlJIfI.,proOO,mned ~ illlOUI.tS: were fm:lJIld,bn. tbeCSD. The rn3jmi~y :fllOOi'l'il.POIlll~.d bt.~Iim. OOiliLli'IO] aind wmrn- aI ~H rat p:1iIys:iolngjC8ll?.H,~lling ~ll h.lglmr bio?A·.ha. g,en£ml, HIF cx.ch!8ng~ lead.S 110 2IJ mom 8V11Halbiliny,ffi :siIIIOWI~ inhibitOO'S (Dflllrlehu:l1~IiI. sh<n,w a p:rorm:~Uloo fi()r a diit'Cmal angle C"'Y!:S~ff[m nwe!lllll" 1(39). Iill a&[cyclk: s;ys:lems, c;~f""()~C(F.3) oHI ;::;:~,iO. Tll'l!lS dlC: O-CFJ bond; I~po'phnjc rnO:!e:cllllla TltL'l ~ogD vflh.m.s of nearly ~ub~~J1~;'i;1 oool"oon;M:[(l!url ;~ldl 8'k.'fflOC~~IffiO!~tc SC:i@Jit'iS p~rer :m orti~(l!!~ ..l~ema:~ion (0 dte 1:0 30Q' 'OOI]lPOYrild.~ ha ..re m~'S'UIlr;,'d.iJ!!ld dtey follb\'!,fl~:d tills I.'!i'end(43). A singl(;l Hff e;u;1l!i.l!~,ge cfilt':C[~ ,<l;OO {ll!l~ 'beg;lnrdn.g '10 b¢idC1]til1e.d ru:!'d <U'O~l']o;l!licpl<iJlM. OlllJ~oo.ghjhe cakulatiQ!lS :s~gg,est I~~<li~ Ihe ~t~etk: diflb!ltlJ~ces lndl'f~ dilwdJ"a!I,~ rn:lse.s, Uw: 1Q8J!) vilihllc by ap;proximawly 0.25. A u![ldcr~l~ (38. 51,D'.For. eJlru~p~~, CHri!J!!lS!11mO~ Irugeil1cl'lt'ruleht :log!) is,l!ISlltlny seen when F is alitgJeratl;,ge ·of (iii' 10 900 are swmll (;-1 kuaYI]lol], efi"ects: w.fh~llC'll'libered (ml:ih as, 1')'1'" iiatrodiuoodi nearby 11 basic N. Alrumle bfl1;ilcilyis 'I1le PDf3: 'QQn~aims, ei.gJln SU:'UCtlllfCSWLth, ru:ylro.n,di,i:OOS)' are o.11lly10 to 3li]% as e:fficiJcllt as thesein siJ.;;·memhm:'0d, ri~gs (suchf1.'i ~ip!':r .. OCF;lbgnl1loots (table 81, ti'lilme.ll tloo ~9); sJx. d.eo.roa.'iOO booat~~ Qnh~ ,o·iiiLdueli.V£: eiltlkt off, I!IIAm dms themtio of Iil.oou:al 10 pml!()j'I.;.U:oo ~:aJI,!IL'l dihmirnl. 31l1lJL'l ,€I betweoo ·81'0 end 8;6'\ .S!) a kliiaeg)" in which lfWff$CI!.y slag~~. C!Ollf(t!n:'l1~ u1{l!leI;;l;!il~ i!:!C!'ea.~. tku~,~', ~Imil.wl(l :I!hose~f :ilt~ih<Jtic,~'ti1~ha.s.'catI~ be h~ ~ \!Ie' see ~. p:~r~H,'~cefor Qct!llog{l!lat However, 'Illerea.rc '~'C\;'VI.ionsw:f!e!ICiwl ~;he <ldopLed. (.M)... ;!,li£l'ln~~~I; 'of liIile O-CF:3 brnld. (fi£j, 3). TI~e:olle SUM!:ltlllfein ~Ie ,ts]) i(1ab~eS,I.e~tr:y20) w:t~h1m inlrOOlIIi;ltlO!t G;f F, in lpa.ru.alla:r hJilO .. lll~I!Olti.c CIa.ai4~S 'Ov'eii ~tle ~<lst: ;5 )'COIl'S, we 11I~vec(1.I1dOOtedi a 3fy~Cf':;5 bond, a~so s1lIows aOO<:l djbm~~I;.glc~ rillilgs, II;,-a~ Hill, l\(ixhJlcllon ~~~lIle 'lio'gD va:lll'Jc.. "~lIIorille !iC!iQl'" o,f tI:[(\YGU';i~b~tm'S Oraaro:l111b'~n a~:ld :F is ((lima!) Inlm Ithromplnj:~icJmy Rn.&or fllimliOphobLci~' 11~ h~~i:oll of ·Fi:li1(o ~~pcridi:n.e ltimlg.'> .togl) vflilrues :OO,.incUIil:m d~~\v1tum iiil!:li'Odiuood!lilearO (4J) Or N al:i(i!J'l'iiS (J',IJ), Sucba ·of ~e CirtiZ"yrm~ 3.clives,il~ (30~52-:56') .. :FlI1,Qrif'i1!: d:~oo;jL'\eS IllIl~ 'Iha~ic~ry (:If 'n1~£ N OOilll.er (18;'

sltmas:ly rod!uce<!iU~~ne basicity. :fwrlp!lCt~~'1gnlIemibr,a!lJc pe!:m~ abIlity (415),. !IDlepo..enfua~~:iiabii~ iruyfuli ~h.o!llpholipLdQS;is: (oiIli"h

em or

mr

'ooen

nJl)l~

1~i1(C~y impmcv:iing, oml hi(ii8i'llailalbl~.i'ly, .~sha.,;; Ib~f:! ~hQ\~lbrl:ig<!!qds 'of .~~~ h1l!!~l S":H1fm ..n rl;!~tJ~o-r. a"j.~ hl m~grnh~e i~her.t.;py.19)I>!ncl ( rQriiUi1l~n~.m of ~,e ~S~HT M iNOCptor;, a target 1m So!;lh~pll~l~ifl thempy (4Q). f:lt!ociu in ~II'O"
l~cma:l£.d. J~nIl!laro· Il.nd 3,5-d~fh.Kl!ropiperi:d~],H!S

d~'l'6

W2IS ~[\~

Qf

~Iamgly ~R\lf~
SQhuuOlI!,

1:1112

8iX~!lI.p(H;;ti(m in aquool;b.'l

W~~~Thla.~ illll:er d~p:irtidO:~a!iiOfi,d.~ F :S1lIib-

sttll!!ent acrolpts ,ui! GqIJ<lllOrial pOOtiO!fi! (4'.I" 4:2). [~ l~iIlea;!dalm'enti.~ion.1' lillie ~ar C-f :Li.lfldlN""'-:H fmgmnenls w~der:go mvoraIMe!linHt}ilI:'a~l,el dl~polru" i~tei'Utlorns. Thcse'iin.~OI]l.'i01!lI!l!i'"ili1tcrac.tiOiiiS ilf@ qiUjt~ ,~lToo~iv~•. !lInd Ihe~i!ll i1fref~r,oooo of

oo!1lIbITrwi~ ·11.:f!lQ~,~t'!ilie\?i.~ 8:A!Jner ~~illl 3.1 A" il!il.d ri])is;fi!ld!!~lll h;oo beefi] ~mat~ve~y expla:1I1'ed by SO'IV:fl~ion ,enec~. onlaae otto~' hand, rcp\l.ace,ln~i~ of ill illC;dl(i1~ygroup 'by .[fl. Im:noom:lfl.~Cilih.o.;",ygr:.oUJp atHachcdi 1(1, 00 ~llU~ill. i~lII:yoo."iI!.tlt inl a 1.'nl8tkcd ii1crn:,1."L;)ii~ l\~phi1fcil.!i'a.\l S~~I f6:1" GN~~p~el ~tI 1I)e: Alogf' ·of L:I b~l. .~~e!'i lrifll1!ow!'ilelhoI!>Y<I!~ lQ~!V'-IC!\e!gy

I~t 'ooe

when

tll!lL:l

O·,;F d;LS1llnO~

atI~dlncdID>(ybeliZeJile [dle k}@~9~ll1Iic t:lart~tion coefH~iel1~. 10' (OO'I:anO~lJlie,r' and. ~D ru;e icllmti.caloor IIlliliOOlizabl.,e :!>olutes] (44), l"his fim:lii~~rnm !bo2. ,exf]a~iu,-d by 3, prinmary HIF

was SY,$I)(m~I:ical~ :inUDducoo at van.'mIS posa.t]Q!].S: Qflhe inlJ!ibi~Qt ~lei.ml tQ ,@;;p~Qre ~ifl~ l!~tet'tii.cdQll!s Qrn~e!1ak,gc!~ wlri) @c]ive,siterunlnQ DCtdr:esidlilell oFlhe elllZ)'al~e. The blll'd~l.g f~ of Itiale ~riC)!lclicimhi!blio:l'S ai~ Ihe thromlbhl IlcElve Silte~ W'~ oouifim1loo. by :!lcl{cmlcrysrnl. structures of: pr(ltC):iiiL.~iganJ.ool.l'nIP~£)(.~ .:ffii1d1s 5:C:&I:~R:I8I.icaUy i ·5ho\VIiI1 m. Ff;g,4 {$O~$2,561 57} Rcmat:bbly,.d.te pKlI\!alue (If the OOrt~'Y~~it~e cml:ef if:! iii€: ~ibibil(lliS can be ~lII!1.edilfroHll the usllilil",aiue Iileaf '10 to less than :2, IlliuTIl!Igho(I·"lmnsm:issioai, elIecls .ofilt.·iiU01~ F:s" lltC1 pk'".vlline oflhe Irei1:ii8ry~amil1e c~t~,irl. tricyc~.tc: (±)l i~ 7:0. 31mill! IMlowd~e

REVIEW
@:p.p~xim~~ ~~m n~r
<I

liHl]iamid@i~e,ll. IUlelhylale<i. hc;.,.ahydwpy,m;jl!zi.~ dine 1i1~~~ Ihe clasest (lOlil'iparisOOlOO<I~;nd is for l~iIlI,c bi.cy.dk fmgrnclfilt Iililru [nooIJ!OJiatc:s Iilil.c Iterli.'it)I-ai.T!Jiii'leCL;'lifililir (3~), Thiil pKIIO l~~i;'ig ms;ullC5from the ~I~!W"-.;"vitl.i.d~""fi~g e!l'fl'~L~ of 1~lIlie h.\iQ~rf'llide c~yl groups, neplieu'i'Y[~ aJll!clhliu:rnmole!y 'i~l {:r)Zredll!oes:~~lep'K:~ vailL'e further by 2.5 ImilS. Ad\:lil~~Q:~'(jF 00 dlC ~oJju·tiu811 fiv'(},!i11cml'uilred rilfl.g [{+J3 10 (+)6] Lowi.'li'!> the pk'"",\!ah.lctu -:3.3. In 'C1acllofllffiu~CCiiilmIPOUIild!S, l' ~ ill!bol:fi~ ~ <lJnd YJXIsi~~O<'l...!l; Qflh~ ~.ert~ary an~i!te OlJrtd titus drniws: el~!r.afl delll-'lily ~1:!'io~h I~'!!JOa l,a-nhw<liys. "W1~ef!K;~ : ooQootlon by OH lre+)'i] and MeO [i(+)8]gJL'Oups lsmn:d1 :~esseffoo!hl'c'. n~ !prolonll1txl dillll!.loti:n@i~t'iloom,l?OOnd" (+J9' aut! (±)lO aN evCl~ moo.Cliat~ly :Sl!li'(un~ .@leads
(pKIl <2)6

(-W,~) and so:iTne 4~lili~

8imple tri<)!kY!1li~~ij!1;e CQ~.n1~rt C~'3S01N~h (pK.= ~lu~1i,~dt~ ~K", Oif uri) M], ,(60),
Elocmnl]J~galiivily eonsideratiens
that C-f b~:I\i~

,$,,~.

!(i =4 ~~ the 9~!';erv~~ ~h<l!I~S@i~oo;!f!!!b~~1!!tiQ!1J. Th~o,: di~~ is wen ~oocl: H.iooJl!cl.ed!oo<!~~.ctdistanoes. b!!lt 'Ihe: (10rn:fOJi1lftul'l.io:nBi~dumgc mm,d:J.e resultimg gain, :~n potency jprovidie pru:ti'Culrur:iy strong evidenee foreiJ1e.rgGIlCflt~yfu\fo.retble dipolar iji~I:~j!:lc!icrlil;g. OOogona~ :1I11i.!Jlinipo!:l!' c.:F··'(:=OumU~~~ tig!~", \lo'e~n:tcelyre""e.deGi (!Iwi!~£ U~ n!.!!grin~ scan of tricyclic dm:nl1lbl!il ~!i~libi~o:!1'i S2')I. (

S~~eClii'.r@ Pro.t@illiFl!.i~a~ldl IfI~erac!tll~1IkS

WQ~~d Slllgg~~:

s;iit~~litrlyki· C-O;3!I1di

C~N

fraSriiil~rf!t5and ;)cMl~5 agoodfil-oo,td aooop!Ol'; Howc<vC!', an ,e:x~~,'¢ .s~. ofiliIC CSm) and UieP:I!)B reveOl!led lmiis ~a! ~. 00 !il!ie~: (,t'U). The C-f lInit is iii PO<f:r H~llolfld! a(}Cl~tO;u. Oii'gaJilic Flm II, '\!I~lo\V' proton. a1ffiffilily !lind is ~kty pa<larizabl:ct NC"iIei1ft1~~(l:S~, 1~1IiI~11IDl'g~ !illJiJUbf. ·of'C-F ..··H-J< (\~h~re X = O. N,. S) as ... wc11 a~C-.P"·.H~,~~ c~n ofa ~lWing.a'C~id~) ®ntlc~ ,,-~t!1:lS: to 'lhe fact th~tit is fa:'!i'~ble for (backibonc ,am.idc) iI~~rn,lCLirnlS are: .a:b~ni\(bmtl1lllhGPD.!B (36) .. On of 138. C-F oorntltiniID4l;.sUl1LCru~, coMirailllmg I~C p. NsG,p!iiI'rat:io!] ~!ow the:'lll!] dewW~1s OO!l~3C!d1smllC~ of d. = 3.1 A ar1.d Iilile:,H1I~C$ [50~at!~d9(1'il ::; 0.2 $ ]5l()O~ ga.'!,fC' ~.I S11!'1U~tl.!res [n w~fch Ole C-F moiety of the U\g3.fJ.d pointslOwrnrd I~nlc H_:N oolild (flg .. 5A).lll Ut£ case of two IIJmOltl~b~1l
0'

Vi}, C-f'··H-N

dle C-.F d1ii'O~elo~!1.dergonluiUipo!~r in!6iol.CI.ioo'lS

·of 6 (MG = -U ~.ea] :n:lor • 'f..t:l~~ MG Iij. i1t¢ diff~nce ~!lllJljur.djlllg~. ,~I.I'!>alp:y ~~WGen p!:U'"4F-st!'bs.~~I.!!ed and '·llIumbslin.lltoo ligru'l.ds) (51~. X"!:aIYcly~lf~l'a[llt)l revealed! (llltr:le S~, enu, 23)
lmI:i1t ilfh£ C-F resirlr~
~.l'l1i(.'f3C1S lUll

II:lib"OO!iID~iol;l·af F fln IillIc 'pampostDiQI1 ofO~e: bauyl rillll1ooc!lIpyh:tg Ihe Dpook~lOf ~fmnb:illi, (Fig.4l ,(\liflh3iOOM 1i11cIbll)(jil~ aJiii.1il~j' by 8.~1lO.t{jr

an~Ylilt sh!.1!,n

dfult3lnc(:: with H-c,. Id{.F·~C3.1 A)] Inll also 'im,

I!II~ mhog,OJrI8JI. fsshtton., \li\llllil. 111m 1b<acJI~OO11l~ =o c ~m:!!!P {J!r A~n98 (!F~ SoC). Sue!] (!JrtllO~(I"id muijti~l!ar:~rHcmclig!US w~ !I.lJ!llJseq!.l!cu(~y~,!(a\Q ID' be: tlb!ll!!MIat!l(i!!i! oolhSfll!ll~, ulOlecllle ","ray myslal stru.clIlres,rnaCi in. pvolCiI~~:I;LganJdl COJi1~ plexes (fl., 5.i~). aI1l:1;01JJ.~iD. l'Il.ey Iliad. nol OOcn. moognized as such [1l'olt:aJ1Mdy' tl;![:!Ibq'lI:t:l,.,soo fig. S4 (62)].. ]lw(jS,(j;gmirnliS of.:iIi I:lilOO~ ~!'lll~illl. c~~mit:<l!]dotiM~·'m!.I!~U cyc~~. !;;rl!!b~ ~ntb' confimled l!he~li'ile m!.'!1we oift~le orthtlgmrn[ c..P""O"'O :jjnlCmQt~Q!~" wii1~ a c011llri.b!l!l!i.on :10 hinclling flli'Cc'rnlllmipy in apo~ar CiI'VVi.ro:llIl'n.cl~tiiiof tMG ""-0.2: 10 .. (Ukclillit'llol.-'u • a liIlI~m.0'.1' dlC ~ilil rmmn !I. lumttal H 1:I00ld (6J], Such .

~ic

~!ilj]ydt.'b~ U is .a:illOth)~$elif.tJ'"l~for

w!'licl~~am(linlUOriIU!e e:ffu~~ em ~hy~i~l ~r'C!per~ I!'~~ <UHfJj biind'mlll e:ffi.cacies of 011~ph~lic<!ind boozeJ'I.fSllI&fm~aJ]lid~oo.._r;ocl jlliil~LbHm'!>bM'C been: extensively studied! (58. 5'9).. TIDe illtIDchml'ioll {)if F ~m:ar dl~ sulfolDamide rRSO~NH~)Ilil.Qicly ilrlcroasooil\;Coo['(Iilly of 1I.~e: N-;H OOUldi, f3en~~3ti~g ,d.cprolot!:atttll]<l!1d ,slf;Qag.~!' i![.di!l~of tl~ b resl!il~i'!lg~l'ioll!O Ul\,::.Zn{lL)t(m at Itt~eacliv,e s~oo of tire e!~ynlC,Tlais poJ~~tis !l~~ly ml.!i._~rnwcl! by comparing (he im,lUhillItypoll::UI!C]/ of wea:ldy

"'i ~

il!lbib.i.to~1~IIl:iltdiJfhli by O:IDJy Ofilkl: HJF!'lI!l~l~tn.U.'OOl (4.3),. rthe .F-OOI.t~aililil1ig .llhihuwr is: m:ornpo1 Il";;!it ~y ~. fa(j~or Gf;; ~'!d ~tg\~<s ~ ~~;l!!ic am:ro!Ul!llijOOl<li! dl~!liSC ]n Its oo1l!Hd ~te when CQ!liIp~;tlCl ru, !lIe IW:nl1lUorinartedUg<!nd (Fig. 5D ElIild fig. 33) .. l1:t~ cr.y.s~l'll .s1ru;C:~ (udl~c31.

addic: ~.11:ctIllyL'>'LIH'onalnldc: (ClJJ;90JJ\lI!H~) ~pK~.;, oom.G.S .2rnaild!221' ~'C:VGa~ fi]'r ~rn.!enl!l!oril~fI~ed .:'Ill<'aio.g dipol:ll!r C-f·· tI-N ill~l.mmticm wMli!l a ~.i[).5,ill~lilhi'~0lil. OOl!lSlnnl (Kl) = 10-'1 Ml ro thar (!Ifill.;: m~e1! m.o~ tiC!dic l!i1~l!)lo!il)J'I!I;etffilylitHOO di'\t1I~~~ofl_S .l.. \:vl~khcould be re.~.lls:ID1¢for

.moo~

OOl~E.acl'l< ,1'II!le. O~ILf'!;I~[tJ;r

!)ad! al~p1iia~ie :ruld

IF
.

Q_ .'vs.
O~-'

IS

i.Fi.-:.·.~:.._...

IIt\ R.- • .•. -, :.

_Fl,~

tI PD~ket
.AsI'il98

'.. ' .~.i ~. ...•.....: .N

.1
H IlR; -I

• .' a

HN._A
o~
NH~

II

INH~

0 F~

..•......•• ~ ~N'

r..

~ . ..
(=)-1 (:±)-.2:

'lii;p.215

CI~ni'D'll1 hcllie

(~)'3 (4-)-4,
(+)-5

H X X

HI
I'1i

H'
!-ill

HI

Ii
H

7.0
·M], :1!A 2,3 :3.3:

HI
HI H f HI HI HI HI f

Hll F' Hli H',

1911

X
X

H
III H', OHl'
OMe F

Ii H
Ii

(.+)·6:
(+)-7 (~)·a, (4)·9'

X
X X X X

r:

3.3
4.1

Hll F' Hll

Ii
H

3.7
<2 <2

(~.UI

tlI

IF

,tAl' p}(:i!i va!~ue~rO'rhetertii3!ry'\am~r1e (emerrll'iitJi~!la,~ iI1rnlbjwrs aftlie 5er pr'D'te~l~e tm [(in bilfi. (8) BinldJii1l 511 oftliile t mode limy X-I<IY clnystam~JWC~IIIN1!ii lf Ipmtein.lfl£lalrildl o C!Ol'1IIp1eiti!1.s.
!fry. 4.

illilhiiliJi~(i:r!l a~'oiiiiTIirmed

1884

REV~EW
A [l~ic!!~~r I,!br lvW~id! <!Iigwl!luwlt is Qooewoo r'hai:08~bondillg:" (1.1). Tricyclic ~amlub:~Iii. i~'h,~biKlIi'S dimming :~oorooDky~,aad alky~ OOISidUC,5 of 3ppropriilr~~ and s~mlilar size i1illOille 1tam"i!\V f ~k(lt {'IfI!iii~!btn, wl~lch .~I~n@d b'y U~~ ~deo11:l!un.'l:(Jot Ttp60D, l)r{lOA,. ;il~d Hh'S5'f (f~g.4). .sa·ve: :S~lilar ~h~dh~g, afthlilies. HoW'ever, overlays of crystal slltll:h!!uesS1!tggcst !hat a
~.

~bleh1!lQSM!sEl!' ;'!",di 5\l.l;1hUne<lr C-X"'O=C

IElatll.cme

a.ml.

:S!idechitim ami~

CiHFi gMu;p in ~fl~e pook:clpohus :P

!Iway .fro:m

l!~iC l1:IOOOOi1i---fichl'i! surfaee of 1[J~eii~doJl1:nn~. af Tiip60D Hi~ii~ ill!': poekm (55} .. Aprefcoofll.oG: fer poRi.liiv~ty ~~~rnz~ en,'!.!'iromn~el'l:nii cons i"'~llIt 1.1: wiOl F~s ~l~h~loc,ltO!1eW1itiv:rlY. nls concllUSion aLo;o fl~nd!s~PI)Q!'I: if! a PUB !!eo1f·dh, C-F inlernc:tio:ru; wid~d'le guml:[difor nilui'l1i, goolilP olf.A:rg;,. haspired by obsm'VmiQ;ll.~ for 1ItI~ !.1(:Unllklx of Morvaslatin. ootlfHlI !!.o HMGGoA r~d~l:l 'tlalil~~8:1. ,@:!l'1ry 2}, Iil'I
HWly

p:f(DtL:;iJU.~i~.andoo!'l1pl~e8,.

C-F

~:OIlds

,allll(

In,~d I!'~ ,~UiOtr:li~i:!l i!.t!f!~ !noicty gf k!JJ; (fl~. £5)-. Howe'l!lel. na :Unc:ar C--1"'''H-N inlcmcti(Drnl W('.lJre obscrvcdli,iilll ~agrcelt'l!]n~ Wjdl I~ibe poor :Hi"' oon.d"\ac>ccp~:ins Cril~fl\lil)!' of f~ JIUlS'~c.adl. IC-F'

oond.q
Ill.Oft):

W'(lUC fOlLmdlP

om:(.'r.il(:~dmr jpw:lI11c:l lO er

urthagm.mHylO ~A~~ guru~cd_h:til!llnp].3I1e:

of 32 ,slrtrohJ.res ,$bo-",,~d ,cl:~~l(l~ betoW" 3.8 A (dle d1i~i!noe cu!~If!:iIllCS in!:o ,actOlml the

willl its d~~OO!Ii-'!oo pQsilivcc'hame. A hlElh OOm!

h)f~gcf'rnlilgl.1: of il~rom<:t'Bonsil1iV,cil'l,l'in:g charges) hctw'GCn Ithtl F :tltoillauadi 1I1Cec~tlml Calrun 01'

gl1ru~Ldif~ium~dlm~ wh[eh d()3J],Y ~~gh.~ HgJni.<i Ute~UOIfQ,phme chllrat~r ,o.r lit(: AI]: side Chlll!f!t, P1LL'OrillC *0 .lf~ n~e <l!roll!~"licV!llltrnc:-timilS of dJle p'ILcni~ ring ~ow~ddi1 ]S <IIUlDl~ed. i[ 'iU11C j?oo1ti'ii'cpOlanmuITn. ofnGI_gI'ioorin;J1l ()ro~Q H 8!HUI'!IS i,s;imcrem,'1'ld\. stmngthmlimg C-H··· X (where X = OJ N]! and C--H··"il! iililt®.IiaCdau
ItilC

!FIg. ~. (,I.) nl)ll{lrinei~·1)ctls· f~V(I~;aJIi~ wij~ peptidi(: Nr!H (tt!J~d (s~!il gliEli1!fdl ~n:d ( .. 0 ~1~i,g~lIildl (~ (8) ,Fluorine una.i!rgoe·s dipolar lrnooractio\lils with sidlli·chlilliiil ilim~de:s of '61.nl liI,iIId M,Il ~ig<ll~dl(!'lru~ yel~low).. (C) The (-IF re5!idlJ1e ~f a''tiir~~dkir;lhibitQr ,nmid'Bl:g:oeJl: ,EI m!l!IltipoLau il!tt~i1ig:ctiO!il with ~~illb!'!(kooml!'l (;:::0 olffAsJil'98 'inl th·~[!I' P<ld(_~t ,(If' ·thromtbi!1l '~bll!1! n. '~flt1!~y 3). (D) A ~ dilXllilll~ N~~I. '.' .IF"'( inter a.(ticrlin[hICJI!S~Il'E! Slt~wfl wll!lf:orllfn.ilIiIii~f1,tl1ff! tlfil'cl'ntlbin 'gl1lfiibit:CIf whirl till! e<W:VI!li1I!! (fig~, S!3i1l1ullta.bLe' SJ.. !erltJny 2:2:)1,

i~ ~~rple)1 mo!mf!'s.

Uponlll(JviJllg f!'OOli be<Jj\~Il-ero he-:~lluofO~n~Cllei O~e q u~d!mpoie mo~'!lClll d~~gC$wiJth

alOJill<lilic

C--f and

are

also iseen.ful" eF~ !f0'Up5.

In 'fil~c srmmottlre 0:1' an illlbibJlOr 0;1" ~m rn~l1ioroa.cctyl. p~p'lld:eiclass; brrl!md 10 poreinepancrnat.fu e:la$l~ {mMei Sl, t):ullry .::l4 ).8111 illiOO-.Fall)~ns, of ~W!e CP.lCO~wlllpi"~r.l(:t :tnJ,"1II! of!t'l'~~{l!.la[ faSldO!~wid~lh~'~ b<K:kJI.'XilJ1C CeQ gl!'OU«JS of' II~
fll'OlCil~ AI; short CQ~mc( d:tslance,o;urI!bmS'lJlud.

~p. - C-0 fn~IQli'acl:ioas

.f1U; m.liIc'Il. nl0refrequ.elu l~llil8!r..IlliI~ "';llcrgctt-cal.~Yf:l'norer.,9.II,!>Qr8ib1c mufparnHc:1. dipolar a]ig~me:lllS {It},. whk:h cam 00 cXil~rilhnoo.

1J:y rrcduoodl :s~.eflc hin~c~. A~" ,~llcr s~!iCh reo!' ,o~o;g:Ofl>'\t -~···C=Oi C i~te~dQ!l-5~!1 lI~eP'DB ut, .f4) ·Vi.~as~~wd wl~I~iil.lIl upper cl~o;ff ~In~.trorinhe .F·"C distmlce o,r a'! - S.3 A (f~ s:A) alld S:llg~css~t ~o villm::s a,fn~~ ~ 140.:0 (e-:.F···Cc-=oJ and 70.0 :S, ~"'. ~ UO" (F~""Cc=o=O),. Tlruilflsea;rch ylc~clcd ..lOhjt~ s!w\vn
i~ .f"i;g.SA.
1\oI~!51~.()!f

jh~

:h;i.~ 1IIsofu:;;tl:l!-If\I;! addijAno'!lledOiy 0$ boUl

l!Imilal ra'\lo.t.lh~e C_;P'··H'-C!ij inre(;aC,tioliSbdow

l~iIle v;;mcl!er Waa\sdl~outce.
I~~

C;..,F-"H'-:N and C":,F··0 0 in~:eI:ao~iOOl:S m,1lI& ·

how' Po:rgaiUlii2~:S:ilro'I!lIiLdbacl::~:iim .:1l'l'l:U,dcs,

\l,Ih!c1~cltwlYp:i'ffvid£IlfhjJli'Opln_ille ei~\i'imili1iiOOI.

llrl-crearsl~glllUot:m;;u:ion Cronl .<l~qo negardve ito a.W:ge positive wJlu'C {6'il-6cfj, ~Il: benzcnc,dlc; nega:tiwpole.s <\IJ:l!' on. t'hcll :S1!l(,faccs ali1ld!du~ poslili'ili('J IPO~LlS en tile C-lill li'ffi:ictl!l.oo;in bexalw..oro~UI2f01]L'l, ~e cll~.'" dislrirrl!InoD'ft ~Sff.'l{adly O!'iI!:Q tI~ Hl"'~ !.l1.Qiety,w:idl th~ p.. N a,ppo·sile. l'bi... diMilfl-C!tICm :hall $lml~g ~.lpri~.· d_iM(ln~e as .he slmw:lest. (d], :;::.3.1 .A.).. 'Ilhe tim~ rtl~0lI_I'a!1l1!lllic inter.a-cl:kl!!6.Bc!~~!u: ould !()"'F-C and N ..·f-C an£lles M~Kl~!iL~ l2~'~ ::::: hexal1llUOf·o'benmu: tmde~ ~g, cfl1cient eClipsed fll~to·f&Qe ~,,;tmik~lilg[ulwr.[cttolilS, wh[cll have OSlO, WI~l~~i}S Ihe C'O«:I"':N··.. and Cc-oo .. O· ..:r: F bcefnl l'IOOd as a COOlSh.clii,ollprinci;p~,G:iil. ~Sl!Ip.rn.-_gles IltfllVle values of 600 .:5: 0:,;11 ~ ] 500' (Fig" .513],.An ~mple .~Or·~!b~s ,dc:~.hM:eractiQn is m.o.l.eol!j~.archcfl!lhmy (67}6In I:l!I:Gdjcimli. ,dlrlmlLllSp Ilfy, ~t. was SJro'!il!ln that f:ace-ro·f~.aL'l stilck~f.lg found lBl. '!!l!(l camp~~ ·(lr t'llldo,glucanaoo 'GoilLiA ~nd!o ~. n!ilQri!~ai_~i!1ihibllm(~bl~ S!, ,e:!lU:y i!'!nI:'ro~lkl'rrn ~!~vee!l!.d\'C pe!~~~fW!oropI1eflJ~rin_g 25<); belle, ~e J"~'Ndlis~a!fIc!: is:;;!,9 }", of li\1,~,,44I!ili;J..diOl!<n1'17Z.d~I.Qgc·basedhl!hibl~\1r !J1II.dyl'155 o:rihc :~ne!,~nop.Nie:~: l siroln~l.ys~fI, .B~yG:m:1 '~,ll ig11li,l]lg ihe :rilv~b't:ech,arn.c!er h of ,000001llogPUtll C-:F·-{'-{), i.n[m.ciloms, i~a.e 1'11110" (t3M~ :~U,,entry 2/6], s~mllsJy oolMiribute10 dle rine &C.'tI!I of Ihlm duon1ilbjnirill~ih~~ors leads lD ~tCl:ilil.':~iganc:l. btlldJilUlg ,ruffiifnimy. Nt..~rthc:tOOB, a varlety of c1ool'iMialic :fQro~ !>mll~ ail d_iiPC'lTh., SQlliiIC generaJeot:IClil!l$i!OI~ OOQI1I fll](uoplho.bic '~~'I[[l1~i:S, (:...,r OOn,d,,,, P<lilairnlg into hi!?ib~y diPQllll, dipt]k:.ii~UC~ d:~!6" (JF{!tj[!O!~uypt;J~e pQl.w m'l'irmi!l1Cnls :,Wo1i,<1$ tbeo:...;;ya!:!!~(U~ lIl!o~c ·of ii!fi!emcH~15 iI'li!a.yd~nli!~ale qwd!1!!pOle-~nent mle<.!'acLijm~souildinduoe oiilcr orie1litt1:io!iLa~p:refUlrombill werelbWl!lld 10 rediuocb:ltnclJLI~g a:i1I][ty. A1loo"C-:F bends avoid! [loin1ins diroot'lyal t:he erenees be tweeu m:tmlillic<J.!lldlfl'iilG:ro1lirorwatic rimg.... 111.1:18, o. iJare. cdlg(}4Q-f;ibce'iin~'oil ~ <0 atom 0:1' .0"'0 gtn1Llp$. TlIl~s.[h~ oolmvior of F OOrnOOl>:1S w~.IffiI till!! I. O!W [h@: .~Gr. i:l'~.Cim poiariz. lWGL"ilPi1'1@n~ 3ud3. ~rlfliJLO~hei1yl riiflg 'Wlli.. no ~~ew seareh also reveared iii. sJlccilliic gGOJ1iI;L:.1rlcPrerere~oo for the: uliWlJ:ractkllfl bclWIX.'11 I rC -If and siJde..chaii1l onmt-d.e fl'.5iclttJcsof Qlu and Asn. hI. 11 iIl!ut of 23 bhs, e_:fpt:l!jl~IS frontaUy

REVIEW
~ee!i!~ndl.e~~~. !'i~il!re QihH h!l~~biro!' ~(l 'c~ronic aQh~o;:e Il (tl.Me :s;~, ~~I!Y 27~
!QmW~,ok e:f!1cat.y

oooo~

h. i,g booQi'nlingclear IImt F can enhmilCebimldiumg and !l~!B(; livit)' ~u p.'Ilai'tll~i,!l~'ical~, As

if
:Sii,ip.

7•. It II. Ill!l!n~ f>t~r.iJS'~ m Mi!dki1tlilI'Qj{~JiiiJI"" \fOL~o, in, IF. Ii). 1I:;;liIg, A, W. iQ:dord. E:d\.. (Eli!i~'~. AIlI:!IBHI'Hl1. :1001), I'IP,jd2', ,8. t. [)!:Ii~a.r~. alik. C~fl'. f~, Il.'!e.d, M ~W!, 3i. 2:~~ (,,003). ~. ~,~. F<iflk,. ~, ~, t;ii'!llleringh<!1]:!" !"'. 'I'J. O'~~il~ MI'IM ~~ !F'JilI~~",~ j'~L ~l.. 4,0 (~iiI(!l

39'. M. I~" \I~'fI ~11i!~e~ dr.•

liD_ Il_
U.

[1_

IIb!i!lu'f ru\J~.

,O'!~li. 3:3, .:1:1(lW'Dh.

{1i1!ill inl.

~!lTI.,iiU~~otn"s ~ii}1~~1~~'n~galiv1ly. of

RPo!luHnt 'ft MUllt-er, F. Dl~!'ii!kh,Mgti!l

ld.

8t!Jttlel!f!ts, {if! Hg<lnds pi!ieferto Qri,~nt l\:n\1<tr-a deCitliOpos ilhre regio!lIsof rcoeplirn: s;itcs. DisfiilCl fluOO'Ophilie en,vfrollilfl1CIfIIS inpm~etns: b~li1lI® the IIiI:biqu.iI~:otIS~t{de hcmds (p:M:tLcula1lly 'nhj}!>c'ii~, ~y_p:1Jlobi.e'CilIV100ilmerllB)1 whiCh I1Ml~~'in.ll.n~

~oi,f;lOO 1l00!~J', U.

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ll

I!u,polltltc-:r ·"H-N. C....,f·· C'=o,~ndC-f:·~H-'CIl. "

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ar~.t

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l-!JookclS. 109 'dle ~~ ..ts gf ~Ii!~ com:;h.l-'llloM,'IlI.f(l slJlsgcsl. SY51.c1l1,uic :~uoriHe ~:lS of ~igil.i!ldlSas a

I?!I"OInisiil,£ 5fil':atD£Y m. ~eEldOj;ilHm.izalioil

I~O '~Ulh9ilCie

.. IIDOl;OHI.y

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l~rev,1mjsvi!lW!l. A broad '~~OIlIdlo'ff.l~liIt 1iIltI,tl'lrilll p4lrm,~.1I1tEislh,~ sysl!!NI'I Imt is 11I0t loorre!a~ witlili 'd1e: Wrel~rmDII'i\rI nliillm~OIll! rings. air wi1hIITIEl emlbedd'edl d'lls:iI: b~1t5 iirilmgedl byth~!JOya9EN" .sp.il£etrafl Althooghl .~ome' d~'ffifer.elues; tilln 00 explail1leld by' thEl 1lI1l1111llltml V1i~ilil~gal1lgJe,. we (·'m~llIlldelilll8Jt liIiIe rdlil1S,t distrihmiol'ilwirt!hin th~ $ys.tem !has i:haJng~5iubs,tlnti~Uv :silil~~ ~e 1966 V()¥aglil!f' I~OOl!!llirt~~ and ~i1it it ,i;jCCufS O:~ m~,i;::hi,gr·gl'lr Si~l€S thg!'ii h'@S~W! ~!!ilJi1 '1iiI,i;jIffii~r plaWi~ry :s~ms.

d!'!~,~~ 'UJ lI!~rin1MibllRy. IbllJt '~i1!~trif!;~~~llg!1ll!~ fliU!!ch lilfigh'tJl:f. 'W~ p~~rn: a gf~!J!Il.H~~ l!lifrnr,ed ilif11ilg;e: ofth~ !.!"Ifltlt ~tdll ,gJtth e lrings< thlrtShQw~ thm: the s'V,ste-;mhes (hirqg:ed drnHil'atic,llIn¥Sl!liC!!

dh;:~~\I~, Th~$~~

~d~

~ ~~ !)iPPQ~-~ity t~ (I~~

:5'imc.e~heir 19Ti th~lf dark ~!'!Iit) ~iid~. h!'lr'~d~s~ rifi;gs w

n!lT!g!!:

o1bsClJmrfiol}of pru:tic:1.e!'l. On as: May 21001 {,u.lruivl.:.'1:sal

o1fltaii~.cclaDl.ili1irDJarod.irilil9ge

fade as a result of mlll~ll!<Jj~sI\Ia~'in@. OlM

~rIX!!!m • Sm Umn~ hal\: . ci~telf a 9Si!>,.SCI it ~resc!l!S !:xm_fenlC dl4!!l~~ in vie'Wija,g groo[~ dluring it'> l'M-:-yearCJ.l1bit The VOy<l~er.2 Cj1COlnr~r winh UraiDwin 1936 ooclliil'l:::d IICN dlat

~~:~f:~~V~=~:s:::~:~e~ fi_lIll~
A
1

Cll!fImll'lUyin d1C mad'st. afUm .tirs;l RPX since: 11m r:i!~ wc~ dij.~\<~oo ~nl(J'j'7 {F~~, ]) (2), Til~e RPX O!fI'i:;P.l a :~~)~:!iI1!i!!'l~ly 00 5Wdl~1 [ealuresnm lL'<!l!<lllroo~eNabh:,l. as ~npHflw

dte U)~1I1 M. K:~k l~ W~ IIiISOO U:le !lca!'-i!~~ C<l!~~a N~RC2, oo'Url~dto IIl!e adlIJI,)tL'i,IIe oplies: (AO) s:ysiJ!tl~,. 1'"h~ny l·ani!l,~'m:l,~ were OOll1iI)l~!led. lltc pix.e:l Sii.Z(': was ....] 46 k:m (01,0 I'), y.h::ldin,g am. c::iI1'l.!Cfivc 'r,c:soillmion of 660 kin. .Abso!ru~pl'llOW:.rn~lry '\WH OOaIS1!I'ap,~. from. Ur.musilSl'llf" will:l d1i!D..'li !!b:t'liil]OOil~ JlJ!~y20{)4 (6, 7), Mcll~I'le ( ,mdhydro~.en .~.a~!'lorb ~u!t]igh~i~ Ig~eK' bould (2.2 .lltD'IlJI so U!'mu:l!~ is rel<lidvely dowli::,aillowil'lg Q1L)r!!nt
releseojiie,
~yg!i'lI1'! wl1nh

w:

I;l~ruml's sm:.udoom rultW(X soL"miro, w~:tIlI. ilS .ooUllh, [[lol¢poilltoo. a,I,lliI!)Sldiitre'Clily I~QW.a!i'd.dH~ SU1I1,.SO

l!ffiI~ wil!lg."~llcre flm~m and fully il~un)!il1,uoo:;t. . 'Vo¥3gerawroad1;oo (/). l'w~re dluring.<I '~l'Ilini<m )I"e<!f,. ~!!eri!~'Rs,appear Gdig;~!llhr <} :brief peried, ~c'femlo.iliS:a :I'h~gp~f4ne cr~~:I,g (RPX), \\lb.ru'e
~As~ronorny 1i)8p>3rlJml!n!,Ul'C:~.rmpbil!l!. !H.3It.Unj1,i1i!'I!ii~ 01 Ca lifDrll1li.a, - Rl!!bli!.\!" a~4:720', U1.5JI!..2:~:pa(i~'ki ~m01' lri~"i~!llte, 47S!O' W<iJlnul: :5tl')lH~t., Sui\~205. ISouid'@r, HI 8030[, USA, ~:SETI$!i!arch lor Extf,at'~nremiil~. In~f!lIig,M(f!) ( ~[;]5l!i~u[e.51S If!jOlrililWhiilman R.oadl, MOw~"un 'llie~, ('II 94043,U$Ii. M. Ked:. OI!l5e:flI~.tO:!f. ,65-11.20 MamaI<!~~ Htgliill'f~:f, ~~y~~a, HI 95743. I!.lSA,

fig. 1. U~aIIilUN~i'i~rd la,tTItllId~!li~ ~grth, a:nOl S1l!1fl dn!l1l1g 2007 and @arly200B, Eiiirlh aofSeli the Iring plalnellin~ time£: 3 May 2(107', '16 AIIIIlglllilj,t .2 00,7, a.IiI~2~Q Feb:mtilr1ji 2.0108. ]h@ .5UlI (~c!Sse~lle nlflQI plane 00 "} Decem'be,rr 20Ot! (requillJo~. 5:hi31ded r~g~Ol1r$ii'iidicatf!the tillft~ wI'lfllil, ~irih and Sun
,ate om oppo:~H:e' 'id~ S

ring Ipll1l11e~ (i.e,~ en Il:ppo'lite sndEl:llof 0" I~tldd~, pri)l;~idin:ga r.;lft'l' Earth~bast1!d

dme:

lookaUhl! II!lf!liBi~@ ofthe: rm,gs•.The! dM~

lOW OOJ

"'w.

imiil!)le is ~:llId~~ited..

'''Til! 'L'li'mllil oonrt!~jOOllI~l~f!!' .~llOl!ild I:i~ di!li!lr~ss~d" IE.-matil~ imke@;ls:trnn.bl!rkeoo!iJldli

~aO'"

,Jll1~

Apr

JIlI'I

IF'ig•. 2. 'E1iIe dark side of the ITii;lIIg!S, U!rraIIilUs:, as O'~ im~~edllby KeckAO. Tffil~ im!i!g;e~iSrot1OOd ~90'~; '5<0 ~n'lil rin~ plalliUil' 150 mie,llItlldhc<rironlially, .trlild (ele~j;11ia'~-!ilo;u1h. p~~ts '~a:!d ~h~ right ,~!! ~mI~!kated I~V m€!~(j!iIfiPi'~ Iros!)'., IEI!€!'~ th€!·f~ufflare p~~~.
of lrililg illltt!liI!ility ve~us pl'ojecilred ril![i~iil ,d~\ruIIlit:I!!'. :HOriilon'tal~ w:tilite· har.!:UnI the' ~liIiiilll[!eiir'lli'~cate '!h!!

gIPiPJ()~fI'!atE!:raJdJia1

~ltIlM:

of th~ii profil~, TWig

ver:rioll5 of sseh lpr,miile dire ~IIlIOMI: Ollie 1l1ltHgwated IIJVrff" mime pfu:els 11II!ll:mlilila:~ m ~liIe ring pliln:e '[i.e" ~hrn~ ~~~~mn$ 'ifllth@ lIli1i1lige oof~:re r'Mati10!il'; lbl""clk l~ine)' Mid the !abI1eM awrlS pl;Jlei:s. (red line). 'Ilie: 1~!'Dader 'il:!.teg,~.;Il ~~l:I,!Jrres !1'1(1f'e Qf the Iri!i!9~ lig!~t l~i.it $liiows SO~~ less: d'~t 1ih~ j',a;(lls j~'VIF" orverlica[~~'liltegmtm it'.. He'rle,. NF ill 01 Id~lrne.n· ~fficmlt~!lI1iIll"n1l]ty; wtlilere J lis. il1l,ten,~jy allld '~i~ 'Ill!! s(lla~ fll!!ll: d!li~sity, Nlo:t:@ that ~h~.s!(g~fur 'Vilf dififermrfhe bN's, ~1II1te.~r.. ls,mitih thE!! black profile's sCilI~esIii!llW1I'! at left: alndlhe redl pmrile'5 SC1Iile

sh~iM'l at right

REPORTS
~~g m~!eriallo b~~\lrOOv~ 'C!Q5e!Q i~W!.e!JI];;j!~et (Pig.:;!), We d!k!Jnot .g!:lr;:ctU'Le ooc~:!]!b'dL~Q<vered (lIlumrnn,g ~ystCI'll{8, 91 bec:alW ·of ~er:e~iIltMvdy short e:llposlJLre tu~. The riffi'lgs sJ~ow su'b~I8int~3~,chfl.-ruges, flllial lIre ~~I.~di;1; (Fig.. 3).. ril'tg;~ pi,;'ciOLtnror\'v,iih'ii (lI!riei'iOO~Q~at~ 1i1Q:~~~ni,aipO'i''<iI:1t.Slii'' in iiil~ 1~IIli!iOO ,~oCl,"5. Tire £ ri~g i!;. ~,~~w~t at peri~ cell'!!.er,SO i~ Sll~~let: area remd;~in a briglit.n,es;s rninilil1mn n~is.a~lows ,easi!cl"clwroc~~IDCfJ1 of I~lhe (I:WJI.m\lfui:nt:er.) ii~nb\iriil~fl. BceallStl the IE luilllg'il SIOilid1iL1:'il t~pwas. -2,$ IUi~£S.:lilIi: ~Iri~t asiu, 2(1(14" and 4 '~n~ ~ brigl'lt ag.i1il21}()6 (~j'lV~

n~.~

fOOlJ.~ Q!!!:ai di~<}St'O!'1 Il~ {)r!(he!l!g!lnh~m ttp' of

1!W!eringS. 'fhemdil:!l exlen( of dill;': rl~ss !:!~~rs nlIllich snilsi~~!l:'in 2007. 11112:E lriltg;,lire dominQI1~ ~b.ature ilfl,clbseI:"ilMio4l!; befor,c 2006 (1:.._13)~.i~ OOftlplete. ~, ab!>~n. 'fhis rime; had! begun eo fade i1ii'12,OO6 (Fig. 3). [Iii Ma'.y 2001, Ibe M~hl~M :part {)if tl~ If:~g s~~n is a tea!Wlre rer~m;.~to as ~he ~ cil'~ ( 1'4), U 1h1liS re~mi"e~ a!fIlbjg;IiI(I'~, WliLCd1cr this fCillinurc! is relaloo, to, 1m! e [MUllbilll.d of dlls:~RJl 9S 6 U 2. lAl\Illieln,was seeain a !l~n8ile,Voya:gerh.l'Iagc, D'm ring lS}ISlem~salso cx.cept'kill19l~.y brigll.t rnl!W IriIDlg'Il which \M1L~ aJrcady ~1IiI(;l!brightest reg{oR em 1!ItiIi'lnorolhern a!!~. ill! 2006 (Fig. 3).

OfJ~icall,d~L\1ik :~illlj Ill: riua,gs(4.:5,. 6, ,C!~ ~. '1'1, y, a, 3iI~clie), du; Qi1'ly d\:u.oo19Mc li~blis tIl,fit. wlM\ch .etd~lli;rgcts Itrnn:m.'lii.UOO d!iml~:gi1Jl. fmlu ~he HI~sicl'e.or is~,,~I1~rodi fi1J;Jn~ liQi~,~e;'$ d 'LXI~c. U:IC~,.II.~ri,~S n '~~!1t~1::.' dl~~,and 'tMrel1!ectivil,Y \wlllllie .Jia I', ., _,!i 'i:j,.. ...." "1 'I~', 'LDl.t\alOOy ,Lb"l ll ... ....... [11. - . _""!~ ._.rol.l!S:~1 OP1:.C<l_~ d~tDl regicms(]lf1nll,e S)'s:lern. A detailed. cmuparis01i'I oJ 1nJ],epmmes: (Fig,. 4A]" hoWoe'l!lGl':, ,ooiml1P~icm:cd by lhe f9c~:lIlilU tlile is :20017 IUiO;lll~i.s: ,oogc,o(lf1, $0, a]l lfilm nn~am ru'~~ !n~ C<'lcb (lih~r; To ~I~l thCf.1l.diaii
u ~.Ji il:.

R~cl:i<!~$i;<l:~SdWQi!i!~h iiliIl@im~g~, (Flg. 3,) s1l!QW~1a!,lhee:ri!~il, I~ been rm'j:~I~g pia;tyycw ~ by ye.1r(f'ig., 4A).11le ~ liin,g,. on ~hc otllill:.W' ~~ill:rldl, increased il1lMiglt11]~ by 8, facror oli' -:U ~. I\VOOI~ 2004 and 211061 as i'l eNipectflcl fOii' sn O(iDlea.l1!/, (him ciulg. O\1l~~l1.n~(!!slri,'ii,gS h.rt~Qf 1.0 e ~right~"~~~lW~'~2004 (llni;l200<6, lIffilo~gI'i (illly b)" afac&Qf 'Oif -LS .U !~Q$t (;6), O~r2007 profUe d~lfers:nlll!t.edly. O~ I!he lillil ulsid'e of ~~e

~~~h.ttmll~lY·Qf dt'¢f!~~t Y-O!l.e-h~"\i~

i~~rJ~r""

mimed!, !ilJ'l'i:! won,

T.hed~oonm~ved, proilil~ fmllil 200? (Fig. ~B) i:):co:rnpared wilhdu~ 2i(]11}4d!ata,an(li1l much IHn.er rcoohJ~iOJilprofile oMrun,oo hy Voyager (6),. DIns b:aek..~CiUitt~t~d g~i'lift.etry '~qJ~a'liiw.l I.h~ 13rg~r (> i -C!fi~OOdi$.l \.vili;,~ ~!lLll ~OOfi1!i. We d~rioo Ugl~,tung goo~'ll~tzy by the pl~a~ ~!]gle¢'- llihe Su~t<lJ;geL~bsefVerOlI'!,gle;w:hldh~s !!!Iea;r~m f<)fall :Eruth,ba!lCdi ObSCl'VlIl.i,cj.1llS. 11\-e p,ro:H1k: frOltl.2004 is aelese ~inmlJhto ~ffileV;Oyagc;rdam ,m::oopt for its ooi:"l~er OOS{ii~u:~:ronl, The 2.007 prome,h.ow-

~~"'~r, loo,Rs '!,'cry diW~~I~~+TI~(l h:r:Ug;h!esa f~31~ i~ !i1QW ri~g ~.lblto~ tl'Q~~~)'~ylht;l broad, hl!1!f!r ring ~,
'01ilr ob5ervatlo!1!>

.pro'be

optLClli[y 'li~l!1 s,'heels

of l1I'19~~L IEI!le\vh£re ·ilil Ihe !iON SYS.tr:lUlt, oplieaJUy Ibil.~ r.lililg,sar{; akn:ost ah'lil'.%)I'.!!OOJ'lMIliStOO: h,Y' nruiorolrt--s12Cd dwl, 00' \\!e Inay '~. !>~.m1g .fu.ian dU$l
dolJ{1<;: ~Ul1d:iilrlgilw: ~ll(!!ilt lri!~

,~f U~]US.

dis.tri~.i!l,m:lofl mn~d'!ese @

~!~

wehavea;~!fGd an

''o!1im~-pecl'' dcco!1lwilulio:n to U~e:15·p~xei"w[de scans {fig. 2, roo plUmes). 111is l-cel!mtqlrehru; booo slmcess.ifld'ly a,PP.l1t'C:! to a vru::iiny ofrlngs: in IIJ.C'past (5, .15, .Ui)., 'Slill'ilil:lig fm:lu 1I1L:: (!UJ:~t':r ll~e, 1I~e.ituf:iIlsity Qif~~~(i OII!OOMSl2,(}jilEl :~ dCIBcffiil1l1ilrod .~m~!.!!.b~tW fFl)Ul U~~ ~n~il1e r!,!1JtlN whPcI.l ~

disLi~~<;:hod §rol~l ~<lrg.efbOOles because it :~ ~m!i!JllJy 1bf'\:var.dSCi.lJJt~ril:l,g.\V!heri Voy~crpassec] UrnlJiUJ> ~ookcd bllIDk!owmd and. !IDle Sun. 'Od~h, 'til),. e:IDt£ll'iive lanes of dwl\1i,'(,.";I'e sct'flllruroD.l~IOUl {he sy.'>lcm.{Fig. .:Ie). One alher Imuag,EllMmallil!~~f9ger'~ RYX d!~q,,'C1nda failnl, il1~t~{1r r!ID,gRII'!\l'86 U 2.
C1!in! be

Dust

IFig. 3. Com:~ariiisoUi of Whe [it ,81mi unmit .sidles ,Qif tile ring!> ,of IU[,;liIlIS-, (A~ Tl]iI~ Int$i~e ifl,ea.rly J~l!lly2:0104, Wh'M tb~ angle :B to Earth "", :mll1'allld ~Iil!!: lfilflgl oi~i!!lf!i~g alfI'gb! 80 til th@51!!n .'" 13 .2" (5). (8) Tine I~$t!Iia@ IQI'I i. AUgUfit 20QI6,wtblmJ B =3.6010 : gllild 8\0= 5,.2'~. (,e) f!1~ Il!Jnll~sicl~ '~!'II~& May 2000" WliI'M :B= I(U~ ilIrid Bill = 2,~!", The dotted Une:s show ~hli!: PO~OI1 '(If lunlll'gll ,~ (to(p Innru ilnd ~ ~botl:Qm UDel'" n.fl peri,Oenter of s W~~ !'IIe\1!Iith~tip Oif t~e' ring if! .~OQ6,wai~~t ~OO!!!lt·tJh~ ~~!iI, o'dt'l(k l~tlsiitJlonliIli201N. and W.as ,at Cilbow: tliie' twoc,'ci(u::lk I~Q!iilJinnlill'l 200].
l

B
'~J

2 ~~~~r.l~~~~~~~-r~TT~-r~~~-r~
M~

.~
'~

o ....
..

1~5
~.'

July 200<1
VQyiB((!~r,;, rJi.... :l8~'

20G7

Y ,6

6
~.

T ell

_.
'!!I""!I

";::;:, 2

CaJ"

415 .D.i;s:l8iril,c,e' ,( [0' .km"

oro

50

f'ig.4. ,tA) Rl:.ldl,a~pnJme5,llr~I!I,~h.fih,e nerthem allli!jiilofthe maim ril1:~ synem (frlom Fi~.3·). 'lla~1 (all'iliip:ariseo ,(Jf' Ute de co liI,va~ved(ii.e., olil~imll~oo'l~d) rgd$~l p~or'il~ of~O(l'7., .1W~!'i!gled ,g\l~r both f!O!tbaW!d:SlglJltlih ~iiid~ (roo l~in!~5mloiltll.edl fa,di!ally air/ler -,&5~! i~m~,wilttiithe nortme.r~ '['(lilli!~e fto.1IIiI ,2000 ((lj'.1rn t]ne) arid the: Voya[l,llr pramile in, b8ld:sC'an.ereci I~igh~ (bl:1!ck n!ilE!). WE! shHtE!d tihEl;V'oya.ge~ ·13ir~i1[l1'00 m:m:h ,th~ KeirJl!:

C
.::;"

:], 16
C2 ~
i.;l,

ir""'T"""""T""T'""I""""I!~~"T"'""I""""I!""""II"'""T"""T"'""~""""II"'""T""""I""""'Ir""'1"""'T""T"""""'T"""'1

B~

b.
'6 ;::. ~
-

IIl"rlolli'~e, ()(!Ifl'ilpern !ilMiilngl forr .~.t:5. I,a'r'@ll!' lE!(!oen,tmrdil~.ne I~~ft.¥ ;1lixi~ SI'lIOW.!i ~h,e 11f l1Jormlallto 'TIfu,eri'ilil!g plaine ,of 'dle 2007' p,~o:rnilej. Th,e ~gtut y a)l].5 ~hi()lIiI~ th,~IUIil€\1!Sl.!lrr~ lfff~~ ~~~a,~)lM d~,. Th~ SI4!I~~f~r ~h~VI~'itger data is ilirbt~rt!,1Y (orild orh'Cl.ite for £). (C) (omli1ar~solJl 'ilfthe doca:litwhl"oo radiaru prrofile olf 20!Jr7 hed tii!le; .s~ale· Oil! 118ft f ,CixD~.~1

t:;
~.

.'" '~,:.~."

~~

:~

to
mslltnoe

wi1lh 1h!l! VI,;i'Yi:!g~~pf!l)fUe if;'! f'(l~~rd'~C'aoo~d t]igiht frornim@g~ 268:52.1'9' '~blad~: line-; ~~Le alii riglDt, .a;::is:) aillii':lthe 'Voyagll!f ~railiiWeo~li!e ljjI',o'yager diart1l Wi1!'N1: sliIloo.ed m IiI'Id~dil thlE! Ke,cl( p:nocel.Sl.le.

Oo~'~m:)

45

ItIl.986 11.1,2 ~lIfom image 2l61N,6.SiQl 1~I:due- I,ilte:~ sGaile- onl left: y a;l~).lihe

REPORTS
'1!fh~\~$r
v~cl!~«~nt

~fQfiI~ Wig, 4,~ ~d C)I 'oo'k:

OOlllQ1l!!'1';, bli!t <1. re·''''~~L~ c!~ ~y iIlOJiiii'CSpomdiro'ktm~!iI'1][ri~gs, Swl ~ar oocUi~ti.ons l~m,l'i,l\e il'feV.caled that 1\,.'0 !J!I'Wlb1i1ril~ have hroml, optically dJrimlooJn,poments (J 7),: Ring "il lim.'i a S5~ :lI::mo'iLllw,an1 $X[r~skll'i lilld ~J!g 8; ~&~ it 12-1;:111 lioil1.a~ r'CifQ~ (il4lh h~liitg,-R~TlNOiI1 amd I~~aq!itl dt1lg,.t~I1lJlOl f{lm~) (21). The tiJtl.i}'ii\'<C~ ~mw.m;l ei{lC""<;:t(l!~.the: t'i !lUllg's ,~reiL~om ~ifOence e.i{pecIOO 00, represe!~ta .~teady~tu:coolwOOr! v i~ ·<!.!f!a_lw~ ~p~<i!~atim'if~u' ill'; I!!ap~dg_~"dl hi d~~ creat~(l!iland remol,l1!1 :p!'OC~. Ha\'!r.~v«. ~!ri~ll!i.eSS OlSB' dccueases. :P1!I!rtl)etuiiore, Fig . .tiC ~ll.Ows!l S:lIblic:: ~jjdlootiA:m c~ose~y ool:ilgnGrniwilth, 'We IfIOW 1i'Cl'lli.z.e 'd~l'1t I:lile.'>e stales are far fl'roln ~\1I:ll! be dominalM b~ {~Ifreql1Cf11 ~~UlgS, stl~igJ)."~:i~guu. ies op~iclIUy d~if~,oolm~ !>D~a.I'IGli d ,('J''iI\(~i''IIS, 's~ell .. 1Mii l~iitii~, ~8linjOOI .hi~b~.y fillillicmiS~rowimlg luighMra.t SJn:3J~:~ R~ng 1 .B.. illu[;Lr:;L'~~ !,lotv a dl;h~fy 1If!ml;El: Shouhl ~p,~<U'iJ~ "i... qU!llltbliil;lS (I·f dh,:li.~1:, i~;le 0lS1~'1;: ~~. di~il!lS~~ al~r ,t[~1a! (fig. 4LC)\ [tis visibkl b~t $I a Ieve~ fa!" &uum't\1 Anng {J3),
aoo'in

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REPORTS
~ ~"!;ly m:,;i:ri:\'i, P th~ t~ b~a'd ~(l!~!!.cs'YSi!~ ;I. ~lIh~g ~e~U o fthe O1pp~icil:!iQ!1 Qfdw c~m~ (aminhilllti.cm) oPCI3I:o:rr; iil1foa (dP&1'1Intll~''P;lOrolll.~ added" ,r"..su'li:mootoo") sln.kl, afrorproper Ilon't'lal.~ i:mt~oma. 'DIns Inm:k;uey derives :~ln:tU 111'0f3Ci~tlnlil~
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~aII~rallli' 1!~TI!PlOO '~pGct (2).. FI!!!!'!hef.mo~, to ~dh~g Qne pll!1!ic[e [0 !he system by ~ c~io!l (JIipcmtuf and 'd~cl~,inu.1Cdjm:dy a~kr, :iiillb~tmg anolher by au iu:mil~ihnjjJ]I. pcm~:or WlOt.:lC!l.~C'8d!i~:O ~ a liilml. 'pooMbi~ily diLttrilmtocm (if lbemm:::mblle C1omp~e'!@.~y diJfc:rent :!'roOm 11iI~.(J ilia! Ol~~. AIm 1~IIiiQ1;lg.ll (:O·l!nlt.~rilll!~li~ thilio~'avi()ris 1lIL';h't urn~,l~;,ffltC<l~ daes l:t{ll P!.!I.t energy ~Ol'!Sel"Y<lti.ofl <It ;;u~d Ih!~pe.an labor.litolYl~ NQrj~l'SpeClr~y ~UE.N)), Vi:a. ~,~Uo a"~f<!1 i :50(1:19 Se~.o :F!orer:Jti~o, ~lo:r"'!1IO;::,~!<iav, lCep~~ent 01 f'h,~1~ !Jni~",'lY !!4' floren.~~.t--SOoo. Se~i) 9

cre.a!!~ a ~n.ttc di:lf~~H from ~hea,vigi~l~Or!~f!.W~tiQle!'!lpo~1 mooe. Ulc!'!'IlOre, dille 10 Idu:: !l.'O!lOauml~I!i.!!<1IDiVily of <Inc! U1e iwn~:ooJ~U'1lio:tr! ofphow!~sti~c!ian m\-.a (:i.e"j ~~,at) O}, dIe reverse seqlilcnoe (]If OJ)" plies ~e oonlrolied relloolkm ef asj!lJ1c!,h\'littm ,~mi'!> ise..xpccted to pro.dUaC!91,to~~~rStDI!!IJJiat is off the riglnmnooe by ~.bMm sp!'ilOOr(i'),.A "'c~ic:k" dl.lT:crmnfir·"OI11 botiI~,a.~'&,?l (itt)*' .~. IIil.a:J1I ~m.tof:fipllJC!tooetC'CtOiii :p.lacediin dla.~rcl1oot.M AII.umml state ·is· Jl'h~I'nMi cJa.~qical ~smtc of path 'iJldj~ the: mJacc.~SftIJi.sll!lb:tirn.cli()bl of .'lJ gUIiIli~Bit, f(Dm~ il[)y asm~islical !i'ttl;X'I~m:,pC ~otle"~n~ ~I~ ~ph~Il)J~ fwlt! ~nl~it1~ux f:iL';ild,U~.'1 00 ~j(plieil,. ~~. Us 0018[1)' n~x is ,dJ~"O!'U!a1 il'! Ihe flock ly pr-C)\tcndlal!dte ~ne i~!tJ;OOd!llIres fc)f"cQ~dijH(I~ snarta ~0l!Si!!'l and, aocofdiiV1~~Y, ,e.Xhilbiu. !10 ~!U!8e desinWe·pl~o«m:add;i~icm ,mdi!l!!b!~ir.urronl a~lgl~t pelDlcli:m.c,e.. [~calil.lh~s 'be c;OI!np:I.e:lelydl.-:s:et;ibed lickl. lire faitillli~l:ii~iliblP.liernOOlnlfiOOlS, o:f Inh.Ci ~l:iot:om ere.ati(m aind 3JlIl.ill~i~rilli.oJn, OpcratOfS U;f :md [(If iJ~ terms of its P~flClt.DWllllLli~lbenli!1i11irill)ll~ioiili. TIle ad('!ul~n300. su.blmetlQll o:l'l3i :singre ph.moo from rutliciCl1il.ly Imll' clji"S1lllIPOOlnt~rieg.lliln8.1ilcl!oo.qm1I~c: J>p-all.o~imlprual mod.(': (lool:a.[Dling 1I1L'::1I100ill~~ splulUl.r mfl!L'lt!liviI:Y (2)~ COlil'lhlnilng .SJlI1J,gJl~"WJIlJC!t.mm. mld. sl!b~ti.{I~ by ~Il ~:l~U~oo.'i: Cg!1~ !iglll ~mca!:I be poclbf~l3cl~n a o~:tditi:o!m1 w~y. ~ilign U:l!Il is, ~2i' ~~flodl!!!c[!l.g t~·~!pllQtO!'l.i:l!ddJed.o.f the slill![e~<l! ~Tll!ldl haroer e"'lPcriW!l~ml d~1J[h::r!ge beeaase irI requires <I, per~ec( ~naMling ofOliIiOre ·sl.lb~_cloo sl<!!ei()!l~Y~ '!he !1oO¥ili¥e OIllil'cOH'e jlfl:wi~vcd fl.Ci.cIl1Ilooes an.dimpln.es a dotlbl~ CO:In~ of II. sc,p-nmrrrc: lilI1CMlli't}llilent ]npan:ncl~lM,.nIICOOU' Ironed. !I.d.dl~lirrlll of'a $[ngle :p,:hoIDJ1l.ea.nbe ~:8iliz,,"'d ditio.lll~llg, w~,tffi} IIIWfI!lOll. hnwllf SIllCOCSS ram, tOp:l'n~ by lthe t'lOJild:i~iQndl sti!ltlllJ~dI parmnc(l'l,e dm.vn· pam. 111(;lliul8!ll~g~.~t slale. 1:Q~rforan I1t'(; o~rarrLun,,~Du. il)II,!'Q, :IWO s~p~e OO:IIiIV~fS~M :um.a fl!Qm.I:1t.t~<'I!r op~ical C~:SI:at (3-:5). WiEle!! :1liIi! I~ ItI1lViOrel p~l'!lIp ~;hgroo[l i~:I~el'llc~ in ~~~ "'~ have oou1lb!ued 'I:I!I('C di~~~tmtr'!oo~ UleC"ry~<!!. i( :my !I»,mUtnco!!!.S!y decay ll'llo ~'W'(I ules., e~b ilJ1ple.!lm~~~tiffilg a.CciOl.J of <! specific .be

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~iQ"rl'lilIDFIO; Fl\jlHm~. Ila~y,~d1odl of~\a~Ih~I;ra<l1ii3 .all1llli'ilif:li~ T~ QIlI~l'Ir5. IUln~i;oi!f.~lf, Bell',ast, Illi;' INN, UK.. ~!stillilii INli!!i!iQn;).~~ iii Ot!l[.il J\RpN(~"I:.;J rei'IJ!It Largo II!. F~IiI1~ 6, I~O1l25.1 ftoH!;liiQi!,. I~ilt~, . ''1iJi I1jhl);mtlj)rr~.5jiKim~nre shool.d be .addr~ied. [~nfI3il:

be~i~i@i'noo;irt

lFig. 1. .Schemilltk oftihe !iffiJuMilnm!of mool!l:~e:s 1~~p"~~illtIiI,~ spociffi:c '(!llI'anblm (J!;D~iigltO(iI'S a.aJiflg Q!iI' ·aJ QUilIlliIll!1illI l~'lgirtfield (denoted by its density llilllilU'b;: y;il'i\1~' .A modulefolli singlfr.p~ol!olill uwtJiom I[d~~'w~b¥,~'t) b: j!:!1:amdllb~!!lr:l twg, mQdi,!l~rgr ~ffIii91e,~hotoo ilIiiinihl1fa"l:iGlii (de;ifietedlbya).1lhe: finial. !l:tate PtJ~ Is; m.mdriliollally lprep\llJed ,8In:damla'~¥zed lby Hi!.Il!' hQltiodYJ1et die'OOdor wilrli~,Ii'I~li'ef'a :5(pooflc ~'eqU@'lllee ·c;f ~dli::ks'" amiIiEdro::m 'ithi! l~o!il",I~ CiftdilS: l~aSlledi m~ bylbe Ilbgk ciuul~ (0. Sim9~eo;[)ti~k ~~!'ItS h~raM ·thet l~ro(hilm(lfll (If g "ph!(ltnn"add~~ or "lPho'tO!:'l·:lIlIb:tr.am,d"· :~1lare. Double-did; e\i'lelill:si • 1~'E1iI:aldhf~ fl\fodurno:1iI o,f <I qUidlil.tJum ~tllre that 11a1l t 11l!f!~~rgOO~th~~q~!i!t'!!l gf' pho'OO!'ilI!l~dlitio~ and Subtuiawolil ijf'l/tke,wr.sa Doil!til! jIICli1Dlilewbfimolii IIl!v'!!lrrlll in.a mot cDIlI!iidllrriE!d 'ifllhe pre!llent.~perim!!\nt

W!lip.. PWes .a:t alwaJww.n~ sf 7861i1iill ali! .!ifl.iittmail: (ilrepeotij.1i:iOI.i we: ora.2. MHz pjc,o:simond l1:s<lpplllire· Ia!ier .. They'i'lNl ~1J1.i11y 11IlIIiglill-tral1lsmlSliiot!ll (Hill) iill1Id .:I ~,hb f,~fm~ty (1Hrll} ~~Di!1 ~U."·iOO :5!~~ ~s (~, th~ Pl!l~~'rb>r para~i'ltfk.,d~wr:li"{~iI'I,II~non ~1iI 1I.3-mmo1hick. tylP~1 b@td"':biUili!ffl.borate: '(BBG) uy.$Ia~ ~f ~~~I!I(1f'dcl.!bt]nglinl ill tii'l~lim1fbDfilm WSO) 'C'I .:II; (ji) Ihie!>eedli1l1i1Bmrillli!l!~.lie,rdI~ a.filEr .!>ca1:l1Pring 01 <Ii rotMlll1lg gro!!md Ig~!> disk HW') anid :~pi! gl by al singb.H!'lode O,~~ca ~.Iii'b~~ ~h(ll!Tl~';aiildUii~tI1~ lo,,~l (!!Soll.amrfireklf,or bal~g;iII~~dllno.m(ld~n~ (!11M d~OliI (HD) cllfiter mi:dlilQ 1ffiith 1heililVe~g;mdstaroes~!:'l1l 50% beam 5fl~ii1iter(IB5). F i~.a wmWJnaoolli of SiJedtal .and ~1Iil:i8ilHlh1fli made OiT!ii p'air of J{1ta~OfIil1irerrer'BIilIiEl fi~rer5wiil!iI Ii lfIarrow (~I GHz) ~c:.tri3il wldth, ami i3I i single"roigd!!l' gptk.al fl'b~f dirn~tI)v("{i(!f!f1~tOO ''!:g. ·al~ !g!1!g~~h9~d~d:~r p ~fI~fkinr~!!lf SPCM .AQ.!l.~l1l4. ,denoted by 0:1). Pairs a:~hlalif,;w:al'llle:~pl.ates 01./2)1 a IiId pol.arizin.g ltiIeilim .~plitE!irs (PieS) sel'W tio im\pLem~ltttile fiig\, ;2:. Experime\liltlll

Jroll!ll

11m.odJf1~lmjk.'ed'

ptJ,oWlII-Sl.ibtr:arn(mmloolul.e.~ tOg:Bthe: with. :liber-(lOllI,~l.ecil omloR pi!OtoderteclC!ll"l]

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REPORTS
qtl!~~tnl!m.\1I~~'Qr Q!I~ I!!i!eU~~t~i{"~(fig, QQ~nb:~~<l]irn'l8 ofl~r-w<¥Ve p!;ues ~!td p~;:llarlz~n,g beam, sp'lillcr:s,I:og,etb:er wj!llil Of1VO:ff"phot.G<futec. I~Ors, dl~ rel1lJ.'Jo~edChQUlild, fonn dJep~llQ,t(m~ til !lnblmonion nlOOol(lli IfIml !lrepiaooclil~ Idm pill,11lof I!WI~~~m'iB!1 Hglr~ .fie.ld, ~gpe~!i.~ly ~r~~ ,mtru an:~i",nt~~pa~i'1'1~~i{:~ry5t;111h;'U:, ..v~d'i 11i¢()'iii/off pho~ocl:e'leclnfi~ !he Iri£~f cliJa!l!lieil. f~rnls lJ1~e [llwfrnI.,addlimioll rlKldule. By rcY.\atillilglhc' ~.\!;'Oli~df~ wave plates, w;e ~UI, cOl1inro:lll1~cbca1Iu~s;i'Um,'lu& 1 fl:oou,vi'IiGSto :a:~~cn\Rtc<ly ,s'Witeh off Oit~ or both of I~IEI~ stllntrnoliou ltIiXldtlil£s, ll1ent 'by choosing lit'!': l[jw~[oo~nbiIDl~~iOl:l·OfCl~~OOI'mililS: (rami ~~('l I!!!~'(': e!~oo~, \:ve .C;U~.~cl d thedesin..~ ,q1larqtrYm Oi:pero.~iOl'!, Of any seql!lc!we ·ofUlcm. A sir!~_e eliek slu:uply oondlitimlS 'dm gcnem:l:iofl ,ofElpfucrto~,~ added orp'hoton.subur8()!joo. liimlm'l9l stale, whctea.') a dooblf: iC~Lek 'MIl ~ilhC(prOOl1e~9 fLlrsit·~~lOOr 1~lheUl.·oodcd.1l1cnnl!;l]aru: rviC£'!,!I~8, d~(lndiumg a

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by rcpeale.dlymcasunl'lrg Ilheilicleeuie ~idd q um:lrolll:li'CSarncli buHdil:trg u,!?, ,q)tk"ldmtufe dl~stribu,. It\too.~,nc refi1r:Gitleeflcldi (USlLI,ilIiUy 11\'11noo. ~1omJl QisdU~lQr") for the: h,o.modJ.yn.e m:e:ilSlIlooniLj,ln~s
SIn.res

i1= '1,.8

oomes frar!1 th~!!mTI:e pic~sc.cond p~l<;~ lal:l.lr,

wh~(;b ~l'lro'i,l'ildc,~U~ctlle!lnliilsoedfi.eld! and, onee froql!l!€'.I!lcy=d!oub!ed, liIl!epullup pul~lhrd~e prna'" ]ll(\lni".icQl)'SI;~~ (iFUg, 2), As I:h.egcllcrmoo Sttl.ICSa!i'C~ bY,Oo:lil!>h.elli!o:Il'rhasc ili'ld:C;~lldcml, \~ hll'i;'(l.ao. qU.1rodi !lro!llt ] It qilladrnJDl.Inl: lln~tl'eIlm!..~E;gPLlf sbJ~. lea~'il1ig m~ ~hmH'l ofl!1~l~roc.a!~o*cillMor tllii~oclb(xt As l~heooiU~bi[Jed! <!coion ()fo:!ddi1oiOJfl ,Illldi .-- 0.4 ,.,

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~.Q!dl~gll)li~~ distribl!lti!o!ililhirtogra!~s and th@~reti(a:1 {l.!!!:'\1~ ('S!llIpoerpoo~d ~~ldll~i!1@'$) 'Clfi,glooll!l1,e:nili. ,sUli1»; ~B.) tliJelJhDWIIi=.Sl!nma~(!I1 stat:@,; (C)~IilE! l~hOliOI1,,~~@dl stm; (D~tIt@ phomn·<lJl!'d,f!:dl-1:helil·~I!I'illr..cted s,t1~('; I~E)the lphmoo ·5lil:dr,i:lClOOcl,.;thBl'Nlddedl~ti!l11e. tine' ~~Dilildi(!,dlllnlil . the·~(al~ (f!~d b~rs) ;;;md'~lIPe:rim~V'!ti!~1:y rfiOO!i!$,tn!!:tOO (sIC!t1d' d~ wlth ~r~ We have Ill:'l\t li'OOa'IUroddl~ IlLlilpertu'bed thef~ show's th!!l !l:)Cff~Jidhi!!iI bi'lffi)'ph()'tOlll IIJl.lm:ttle\r diS'tribuibloolS" StMe-s re:mttl1'lfIgl fRiOm alHrnll phOftilfl a:dldion prl~'l1It ill very ~iIIlll r!1<'!lli;gJlt!ie!dl; til",,] ille 3W'¢ !l'eSwt!i!!igrrom s:iing~ ~:ho':on ou:ldition, 5~ul\lie-m)lwt'm~8111ib1.!!ra_c:!.ion, ,iJjm~ lI'<3l~UUlmlCOililtribdiolil,wihkln make:s them highly 1iI01il(hl515icaL'lrh~ r,esi:du\8JI.~ru IIImoom derives frGJflil fO:li ~an bomb.he @_dditk~!'l"sub!racli(!flomcli~1btrn.cd,G!n~ i!l!'lJlPerli~M. illl, Ii~'pIllPiifatl:l:ml of tli!~s,tama~dI 'is satlsfa(lOOfiy ,acool!!!1:ted :b'V thet!lilloof'~C3!ll~()ci€!I. ,M.so adklioo,H. iSeql!lCI~Ces;Flg.Lnrc 3 sho\,>rs the e.xperi~ (2). ne 1iI'I:~IiI'I~hot:O:Jfll1ul'lilberilfl thE! £tah! ~~; sh:01M1i .~; 1~1(I!Il!atedl homlilil'E! r,@l:onstrl!l~dj ,~ai5'l!nbl!litio:Jils. :~n(;ultal,ql~1lIre dh;:mblllkms 'or all.ilID Sla'l~ The: expe.r.iUn0~nfll.~~yrccmruS1LnB}llil>di d,e:nsity (!I:btajmxl. mm,lnan. miUlaB.llli"i~l8Jldtismlhureioll wi~, tWI) fimll SlaliLlS am differelDl rmm ea<:h O'Ih~ruld. foom the {)rigililal.l!Ilmm.lf:il$lff~!J, .h~. otib eases, d.~e b n'latrilx elmuelill>:: fQr ~e s~m;rt'Sl~al\l\L'ldl£U DeOO w;t':cl ;:;: 0'.51, togc.tilt'f wirlih, 'fil~ccrne:s cakttliated = : f1.mcliaJII.'J WF le..\h1bil1l, .. cleae c~nlli1;;l,i clijp..,;il~d~is; <!!OO@9(~!! wl'li'l!;l :ke~h:l!S,a u. ei([l'~~leD1td, im:A:ici~n.c~i!~~o 10 ,o,b~in. thciroo~dil:!,gW!~Ile!" I!le WI grOW; Ul'f;)fmillk:~d. S~J~ a cli'p n:acllCS (\-VIF!!.) {I 3), Ql!ac .. &·~rcthabUity 'd!iS'!l!'ilJudon.s flUny @..cwl,ml: (2). 1"\1' e;o;;lto ~~~e!J~, he c(Y,f:aI~:,sP'IJm;lin~rhoi d~be ~!bet~ ·of~ qUjm~l!l!lw SY,S~IH hlph"ll,,_'lC· ne;gadve vililllJJ~ f()fthe slIibtract"'lhe'!l.".ilIdd ,S~ s ~'Gnmnnlber ~r'\)OObiU.ty distriblll:tkms ~p'loUedl as: daeOl:eu:c.lill~y Ci)~;CIl1300d,rn!ldl .asr,ecO'nsln'lictOO, qm::nce, WIl(1fCflS it: Slays w.cUiu, Ihe fIDsit~v,e ~~ sp.Hlce {dl~ Sjplt:!.(i)e s:pa~mcdl by twoollilD~ogml~~ Sioo tbrrll:ic- 3dd.idl\,:I:l'-Sl!lbira.o~sequ.\)I~Ce (14]1 TIds o :[pra foom lilmcx.pcnilil.Ctlilail dati byme.SJilSqf alJii~lilffi~ qUQdratl~l1~f 1Ji1!3~'lcctoom~ln~l:icfllild d-',re m:~i:llrum.likc1ihoOO a[gmlthrD] (1()~12), 01)£:silllgle.;m(lilc $'nfltc' 0 f la~:I, as iu II.lds CflSG)iI~Ilffil~ provid.C$ a diflLliCl C1IlpOOllle'ntaD. vooCCeat1o!ll, of dIe :Sa:flri!C: miUlilfl(;F ail. liI pos;live:-d!~!lin,~te proba'bii~.i.ry lroc~inig,[Or 11m r.flt~e d~~~llQIl.efficiency (2,~, I1QIlCOmrliJ.lJiIllIl:iv:l!IYOlf d:H'l'll!l8ill1ll!inloo."l(I!I!I~f: oredi5J,ri.bil.!!iQ:~t Q~<!~o!ed~;es !! c!.~~.t;@~.~:sicm., ..~m~..nd .a!~!l!~i~.. d.QI[! otpernW!1l: <!!n.dg~.~ ill, vi'ru'fI1.e f~ int~reslin£l ~iI!lt ;;l!~ wl1e!~oomThe inep~ivity Olf'dlC WF ~s:iIKl~d! a good ln- Ill~y 1il1iW,U!lgth~ me.U!i p~10!im~ !I!rnb!ilfS: or ~~e stmieS: H 'OO;!~¥!!~~h~S, ®!]'!Of!S~tro'!1l~hal: .. sii!wple V!~ of cl.!lSsicOliI [)mfli['c:lc:m.1r.il:itt.,Jn, IIUd! S'IJ~trncdml is :r-or9te pllQ~OOl"<lddl;)d! state Olll~ fl liI.ds, qt~~iIe11!rn,~ <ii.ciltiolil. of th,e: I~~g!~ily'11I.olllcl~siCilI Oh<lAo1~O'f j,llCO:liil'oo~illl.h.is e..'1~. 'Jhe IKlllomnnmlruWity of 1~lI!Imn)'.,~~~ ~_~e 1l1lCiUai.~,101i.01~1iI.UiI1l,lbeJ:s '~arg« dll! I.>lillc. i 1~IIiI3!UI iu,ilw: .Qri@l~l th{..:I.,&gJ~tigh~ slam, ibtll iIJI~i" t .A d(l:af negall.vily of !fineoooOl~~I.ed WF.s bosonic an1ili.l!li~lm.tiQn nd ,~iio:ITl 'ope;rutoli':\il i~at a {w1~iCl~ ..iillJ:1iliVlliS JIWi'ln wiithOlJl ,tXl!!lmCling for d12· I!~!i:lbasis .of ililUl!ny ''\v.~i:l'd'"ql1ll1.tnu~I!II ~hGnQIl'!eI1!a l'Xpooled;l~i' 11Ilc sallOO mstl1:l. {)(lOOm, for InI~e~oml~~tuOfil t{1!&<liil$),i$ooiBlirnedl~11:il!UdlI;.'l ~(lS wl~fI.\l of HgI.t~,Uf;i ~]~I\l; ~",il\ffinl)i:\l I) f ~ va()l!l!.l.linfi~l~ S!l'blrn~too ~ llU'l o~rM.iol] IJiIW~~:lovil.1f!, {JlbI'l o!fiJhe (with ~!tlal'iOO~s. enlis.st'O!~, IU~e~lfib sMI\ or ( [l:hofrnl fr-oHlIlheAe;ld ba~ i~c~ (d-oub!IOO)1 ils pholQ!i addilioll i5:lh(:~t gpel'~rat;ti~g ~~e Casllwirefr:ecl as S'Ofl1e of lis m.liill mOlnif~rJ.i!<lIIW~<lI1l. ~h{l'IOliII'IUllmi:t, Such .alII ~1.'1crt\ase a~.so .tes,IJiIUS sh.ow:~ng lhe.J.iItI]~gb d\:i@Ne of Iilon· tLoII!S)is <l,dJille.Cl co:~seqlllem;e (Jfdl~S:,.F'urthemwre, i dllassica:llly. Ho.w~;. dlC W!fs of slali!ilS iIiC-suiWu! I!llkcs ~lao:e: for tllle seq lIIern.oeof cpernkl:us that dil.e difl~iu iI!Iu.t': 1~I'iil:g $1:atGS®L:lI!inoo, by SIIDl:Jil~ iil'lnlri!i.vc~yooilng, Idt~: ne~C1.bacl::. to the ~'m;ml'ike two SGqOO"tCCS elf: adll:liulln, ai~.dmlMac· 'liio.i'l ~h.CiWolhoilf jmlt~~liifl1g fe.aJDlIilrn.q {Fi~,. 4), TiIIII2 ~m~t1;alSlam. awl,~iBg lIiIMooa.1IiIiUunin"gerlLi8;iBlUrnla.pamlofS tiB.~

su'blrac:~o:n is rather !illfe (w.hh ol~ly.a!bOII~ W dO(l'bie~ltcke"..cn;1S every seoond], !l fli!1n 'q,l!"ldro~ 1~!llu·lildlimoo~iQll lake up to,S hears to acquire IlDJaY i~l ca..,cs, s,~r:I~

four'W

Fi.g. )~ 1~~rili!1~
tliJE!'

REPORTS D
~. lIL. Z~<Jttl!. '5,~[mlm.M. e~IJlilll P1iyr. ,~®:. 111'2., I02:JB211 (2005). s. A.:zav~t~, 'il'. 1i';lIig~1M. EleHilli, Phys. Rat A 1~." ,O:!i,:lililli

~200,t

ICoM

i'"

6.C, T. l!.ee.. P1i~ il'e!i; it 5~. n~'4 (];5I!l'S}. 7_ J- WI!'foj~,R- TW~UE·BrDi1Irf\ P'.. (jia~giej. rW~ iI1.~Ltlett ~!2, 1~,~61)1 (J:OM)" e.. ht ~, t(ilm, .L. puk, p" tL i!J"i~!Jlil It !eillD9. Fhyt.RIN, A '1, OJI~~OS (2;OO~,). 9 .. flt.. ZltlfoJUil, M. 8elfini\ ~. IL Aamazzll. F'. Milrill, F:, 1. JIr€'!i!(h~ J. Opt SM. Am. l!i'19., 1'J!Q9 (200~)' lOt !t ~!liI~lli"" '(i ,fll. D'AIii~I».U!.6. A, ~~m.\\. 1'. :S~~dli. I Pll~ !le!i; 1'1 ~l, '0m3(!4(~ U, 99!.i'1 :n_ J'i" 1_ i[.V{!Mky, . OPI. !\t' ·Qucnr,!lIm sem.~;li~1 Qf»- ,6, J
5.'5'56. (2iOD<l). 112.ii:, IiIF®J!i~~. M.ogU~~, ~.fIi~'II'j(.i!l~ ..Mf'ii; .~i?J!t 9~. SUililf'oj iigflt

:n.

:230(,:0][ ~HlQ6J'.
U1. L:WIl~rdt.M.oo:QIliJ19

(c:a.IIl,bridl~ !.llriil!'~~ty freso. C(jm'~ilI,~. 1997). 114. N~tl: ~Q~Uhe j!lQl,itivit:t 04'IJiIi:'WI' ill ~11Ie(;I~ ,(if Ihe <ld'IlIf tl'!ei)"~!!ib~~d seq,~no:e .t!. ~ d\!e !.Ill eiil~fIi!l1eo~~I. iMlperl"el~il;i~~ •• ~ !"!ilr $q!lee\,eo;!l :~rate5, t~~ l'ei!J1!Jj1llQ ~"t~
@!~

rt1.2 ~fliIJI

t~ ~iJi!)1'j1l1 ~~ ~~ 11!(I~!';la~~1

~~~I

!I~~Ur!;! p

p4:Slilill~ \?IF • .][5. ii'. n~tll';lmn~; S_ !Ill!! S1mot If. ttlwln,iMtl .P.i'i~ k¥_1l2.1I., ss t~OIl). 1[05. J. EM;~rt, ~. S:ci:Hlili. U. fl..Plflll~. P~. itw'. ,d.tt! 89', • B790.3 ~200Ill'. IFig. ,4. IEX~trim.eR.tal WtF.~(c:1[JTediedfo r '~eteutii:[lnt lliletftkTI@<lilqr)((If (A) tiile '[lfigiffilll fuerlDlilii!L stilt!; (8) the ]'",l. W~ tlii.1~~ 'F. 1. Al'Ii!tdl~ A Ml!mil~il. <100E. IP~~ (or l~hoton,added,.thelil·5il.lbtr,a(bHi slmJle.; (Q'th~ phlltH".5IJlIJtramd~:mlile.IiI·add:edl5ta~. (liil') p:~elilt; :o;ec'l!iolfl~Q~ l~elpf~:I. cl!)l!!l!i!l'l:m~ <!ndi~cr ~ tritK.1l re<d~!'\g ,C;j't!1e ~h~ C!b~~ Wigner fUinmoo:s (blao1{ sql!a~e>s C:1iJjiI~espo!l!d ' the thff!ifla1fi~~di r,oo(l'dif..$ and blli!f'm'illnglt'S w Inarn~~npL .;i~ ~, I!\og!li~r tiM! ~mprffll~m~ ~f I~Ofrl~ond thll phO'tllltfhJddiedi-fuem"5lJI,bh.iilc;red! elm:! the p:lllOtoni"'i.iuhma,cted·1hel'l"adiloo ~tI~, felipe"· ,di!t'l!(!lilili1li!!~r~ics,. liIlJt.s i!:I!ll~11 ~~. pJ!,rti~tJ!I' !l!Jp'potiI!~ furELy)~wg;e~hif!rM1h the m~,~e:spondi1gtheo~e:lifl:al priOOirnDiIlis bolidl wrves) !'2~. b:r EiIIIl!' Cassa III ,iili~pa fmlllo,~ tFif~m anI!! Iiio! ~I~ m;a'iltall ,Mrllilitl'ij ilIl IJllrIiI@f~iL'l.~rnd :5d~lI'lmf R1:!!i!!3i'(i11,iifl~r (lie l

~i;iI!lill~lf!Jt.a~ti:u~iI9~~.~~:rIigl.~ ~

to,

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t!lIlie Helse!i!be~ Uil1ccfla!irny prim:fi!il'I~. 'Be.'\lide~ m~!!' ex:peri!'llCn~<ll res!.!:tn.,-.: O!l!S~tU!le a step ~~l!'oud C itsrimrl.MlortilIll~linpo~:aJlCe. l~il1ec'.Xperi,llllet]tB:~, da.eflllU qlliln]J!lIrn, QMIro~ ofillfield md, dle gell' inlp:~ella.eltultion of slJJ)ch, ['I: !!CqjltCllCeofba~l>ic lenui.oin of'higbl.y ,oolnngled SI:a~ilS (.1G), qU!llnmm optutions is al]: cssfmtia! wol for !he full-lS(::!llfl ~~gi~!%'fiillgofi!l. qiI!Ji3iffi1rull:lligl~t SIn;,'lII~ I!!f~r:e!!(!e!li "'!lid Nlrtt'!! L P_ l\. ,M_ tlit;;l;C, nrePllf!Cipk~ # ~_:tuJirM'~~ru~ (i!lp~'tI[l!~ [i)f a !'ltil!ntv~ud-e of dilTi1lre!lt [aSks {151 ro~liDrn Pfl!!~ 19S,4l i~dll!diRg ro~l!!.~ qM~li!rn. ronool!lnicati.o!!l As, .2. Mall!rtil~ <lml mtlillo&aF!a~itlbbh~' Il~~IliPJl!!lFllmg anY' 'tlI,Llanll!!~n 'Oi,)I.'rt!lijm~,~~dMdi~g iIiloo·G~,U;_~i!l!~ ma~1fIal 00 .~d.!t.]!Ja! O~tlne., s, A. Z~catl'd, :5,. VidJn'i, U. B!llIirrn, Srjfl'l(lj' 306. 660 (Z{tMl (!I'PCm'UiQl:lI!>,is,OOIVl~ (If ~lLQW:1'n addilioos aad

lis

case, ,~ tlbe .~

es~nce' eJlr $illbtra.clioruJ{i.e,u~ '~n ~ ,~~~d

M/(al.a' ),

ti'RIN iflilf<lltoj\~. Mi.5.1(~~~.Redw~ Illnflll(~1 5lliPJlort. frolll UK: EiIIgj'ne!lfiI19Ii)f}jj rlT>jsk<i1 SGftiilfe 1'le;!I!<irl:h Celll!ldi. ~E!r'Sf!!O ,imd lJu.m!1.Im IIfl!ri~rlna~lIfl t"H!I~>!:~iSin~ 111'1t~rdijW~!miO!'Y ~~5eilrch t:!:n!!P~ ('QJJPI!!R(). .

ions

'~It

Sup'ii!'D,rtingtOn'heMalt:erial
'~,~iI!l1i!.!!!'!EQ!·o!l2T!!;g!i!~n!JtIl~.~?J~1!46I1e9il'!)C:l Ma~M.aL~ li'l!!tMdi! all~
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'l'!Wl1il' .:!i!l!OO'; ,ll(~l!!p~lId 10 I!ll!!Ifj~ 2007' :LO.1126ls(iell~e·.U<l~~

Sy'mlm,e,tlriiz:led Clhalll'la'ctell'il.z81,tioln 0'1 Noiiisy' Du.ant:ulm PrDCe~SSe's

]IO!i@plii Em@f:$Ofil,:!!'2 ;M!alf'(US

S,i,l1;tiii~~'~ satmla O

MDI!!Ssa.

~3C!lllm

R!flltn~~~ MalD'iti:Jillakl,I'@SIi;2~

IIh~Unresh.okllnhoo.rorl1L b rl<l8:ilt-to!er.tilll (Ff)Qri;.l&1Il.", wn~ cOrl.lp1l!bti(lft (3-6), To m<i~ use !I;IfqU<l!I!!IJ;!:!ll

hro:Hce <lioottllg any ph.~i~t lrea!~do~. ofq,~<l:!'tl~ul!nfO:UIlladan l~roce.soors(QU?s·J' Ap~mlfll strq> im Ihns d:im.mli.on,ca1fDE 'wid~ Int~C'dlli,o;(lO'IIC1)' ol:"~I!I&m,., wm. ,~ rorrediOOoo.rlllS (QBCOl) U. 2) 3i.~.

]!Ol1la;UJan Bi!.ug~;~ ID01iwlilGi, ICOIiJ~~R:aytmlOlfld I!.irililtlllillnrle~·t~

A tlilll'li.jor ~oa[ of ,al!¥elopillighig!h·prl!c~s,~llrl (CmIICl [lif Im'al1lv~!lod¥ qlualtfltllJm~ltilli!iis; ta f@ilt~ ~1iIe'itr-patellltil11 as. q,l!Iim~lIIm- (OInlputetr;5. It ~I!I bttatliltiill~. ob5t1de to ~liIi~i!i tin!!!' e>i:t~erne fril,gil:q of
quamtu.1iI1I ~ys,telms to ·'rle~ohll3renoe.>'" frem envire:rilmen:li'all n01:!lielltllldlntlile,rr m.rmtml. ~'inillltartioDls. Althmlglll qU!dlliltiutlflilCllllmplitarlffiolil i.o; po~,ible if 1!iI,ol,sealffeJC:tilllgl lie qll!l<lntmm ~y$letlilll 5atiisfi~ (ertain oondii1k,f!iS:, ~istililg Iili!d~od5 J'(!r !ito!is.:e(]hatrraJderffi~@fI are ililtract'a'ble~ff'(lr prt!'Sient lifllIu~'tibC!dy syst,~rns.W@'ifiJIi!fQ~lil(@ ~ mich~I:q;~1!! ~~@d en SY!ir1WIiI@tnzatlliorn thl1l,t!llnaJll!'!!!i dll~@(t ,e~pelttim @lIIta~ rneaSIJ[l!:!m!!rn: lelf sO'tillie' key !pro;pe!litliies a,f 1IIh!! decohelme!nci!! .{Iff@t:tilUg) a QjUiltliltli1ilfl,s.~ml" tOut Imetliiod r,edlu~e!i the' IiIli1li111b!!ro.f ex~er;jimel!lti requir,&i hom ,!!)!ponBtilti~~ flO poLYllomi~1 ilill the till umber of .!'IIIb.sy:rtetrll1s. lIn,e 1!e(hiniq,u!eiis d:emonstra1!edlf,or ths '®ptim~ti(lilll (lif (o,nl'trol O\I!er I'Im~e'.!Iu ~lPili!.sil'l lJIl,e .~olicl $:tai:E'.

me

el'fO< oo~dGn. ,a:!'!di prodlllCe fa\!il"tgl~n~; pm1;00018, we need, 1.0 t!!ld-cr.sl_m~d Ole InatlJJ:e O'fd.1e nO[:5o 3fill'ecttl,gd~ system at 'hand. 1ihctl'eis a, di~l 'Wy to If!]l~ych.8!mci.mire 1iIlI(l IfIlQi$C 1Ji,'iilflg a pR.lOOd!n1roki~OV.~.as p~Il)J1Ijogfltp!il:y (:i':__9). H")\\!Ievll~,thii p~U.~~qlI1rog I~~ Ithat !SID'-'l,I' ~!J!~~:r~y ,vJ~ ~. !l!!;m~b~ (if ~1l!OOys(e!r§ (m1!it!y" tw~eN'llli 5}'5tenlS ~nedl '"q~IbJ~"}, <lnd is h~~l:ilc~O],~!eror Cilliilmcieri.zillg the mflllltio;qubit qlI@n,I!J!lll sysl:ellilsdmt 31\e ~resently realized
l[k~pa rlrm!Oln,t ill Appli:ed!Mi3tm ~ niv.eJ:S.;I/i' of W~~EirlQio.. Watl1!rlOQ" 'ON ~2L3G1. '1in\ld~ ~lni~ifiJIi~ ~:o;r Q,ll<IiiltJlllilii ..

~dJ~l1g ,of oO:lIlIJulliliomalc~npliex.ily. H<Jme..'lSing dfi.e adJ\l'~l1l~ges the qiuaHI~u;nvmli~ iUieqllilires of k~c!~V'il Gfli~i:~t soJiunioft. in Idm C1.mi.Ul~. dl.Ci abHj~y 110 oobllSl1y OOiMrol. q~~llinl sys:teJius: . WlIr.ld, 3it-dil h~ :i\LlSI.litpedOtlr l!i:i~d;~f~ <i.it~irli. PlM'ttrul9!".eo1lli1~~l IlhL'! iIlCl:i;,'ic!line!dooo·
wntlJm~lilrOll:r1!at~m'l

~Iiable-s e:ffu;ient soh.!lti.ans to certili~nl~ dWltha.\'C, no

CoIfi:~6ii~, .uri~wei"5il1jo~ W!lterloo, Wii~~;lool ON N2L. 3G1 Q~idll!, ·lI!!1)aFlmeUlt ~~. fh}l!;icsanlil AsIW!1lO,ffi)',UQ~dit.1 @! W~lt;[Q.Q,W~~tlI_QQ. ~2U~. ~~~~, ~O!li~~~Eml1;,~I ON

N~f~~<!rSliemitl'!'anlll tEngilfll!illfling. M:!~~cl,uS!!tt!; Iftl!itI!Jt~ '01 'I'~(h:oolt9" Cambl'idg@, mA '0\2]39 .. US/I, 5Pe 1i1l181i~ IMitute fOll'lhool'e!liGillflllrfiiC!i.e W.1lf:J!r~oo.CIH N!2~ 2'1'S., C.m~43"

REPORTS
(UJ~l~). W~i'!r!!n'OO~;l!ge~emJ ~~'!nl¢ilri~Q~ 'rilenl~Qd dliat at~q\",'S tgr dJwc~, ,~perinl~mil c!~
l

'!q!;!~~~!,

3c lL'illwlti:O'n of SOl1li!'phtysicillyrelevm.Il ,rea~!lIr:es dooll1~rut:I'IiCC'and awly i~.to develop an e.::'.....:~ .~] ........ ~ ~ " Ciirm...."1i."lll: ~pml.~llbJ.l i!'~' ~.ormt:tea!Ml'lng nu!l!LIil.~

Q,f trn!!~p~.!ld!e~t p!1!~~OO!'8ref:!~ci!inlll U~esep!,QtP·~Jt!e!; {!Fig,!)" This sym!!!ll!~ri:tl!li.(I!:l

is aooievoo. bym::mDI.I~~itl~d~e noise (Fi.g. 2) will~ it UIJlimry Opt,nlllll" dm~1Il mDldamlylhnn !lm fGIeva'l1t~nllT.l;OOY group and Ib~. a!".remglllg ow, qiiibit (jgrroil!al!iOltili ,mcll ~ii1(lry e:1f~em.~i[,ill~ i'itti~. '1I1¢$L'jrmii~Qlti I~ci(lills {U-Hfjl. W~ ~IOW b~l~~'ii .g~I~~ ll~t j]~~ CQmp~dI""~lh ~i~ti"giIt'ii~lihoo~ (J.J), ~h~~iliO- UW cig.om~~ 5Wli~~t;'iJ1 I~oodlyie!d.5 ~!~exPO!ie"~l !'!<I",i!i~5 :~!'I!.iliiei~l:l!tlber !~lJiPllber .orex;peri~)tmlal ui~1lo;reqyiliOO 1.'5 indept:!iidetlt ofllJ.e dilfuens!c:m ord~e gJUl!!p.. Helioe, l.1I,f ,ex:iJCri!M1l~ ~'lI!II.ired l'G C!b1ai~ s~chtflf'O"l'haI~:~. -In d~€: COIilt~1 (Jfaw~ie.i:litLoIl&, Otis iltf'Of~ om" i~ind(u1l1b.;8:~iOO1 n:KlOl(icil~ It.'1IM to (;If~cicn~ IPl1Iir~ lr.l~iOll ciii!lbh:;s opt~i~tiflalij)~l. oil' ei'mf~01i'ii"OOlioi~, ~al.eihai'ael~rizati(m ef t'Iltl: :1i'J1ap A w~~ooe\oleutho .grollP dioltl!ctllS:a<iirul ~r]ieieilU oimtttl dClOOi:lii.· Sil!rutegy ailid Ill!lIil:; OOil~ 8S!Sl!Ii~l,p(kmsu"&r~yi1i1.g of ~tUlI~ru~o:W illeR I~b~hofd. MC!f:OO'!I,~r.lI~ :pos1cion~.

a,r the

11~

fI, X;, .~ ZJ ~~h,fyingd'!~ Qr~~~g~IIl!l!!ily~~"~Q!l! Tq;[Pi PIli ~ ;t' ii' 'ifhe C~i~~Q!gro~p C~ L5 defim:ld as tIIlein~llllilizer of Id~e-hull SmuP '1',,: j~ (JonsJ sis of all del'l1l.ennJl Vi ofdne- llI1lilmy group U(2'J)Sllli~isfyi,llg UIjU; 'e'Pll tnr Cii/C:ry PI ,e ·'P
II•

'oo~,1&

11i~ p:m~I.~~~~

~I~:un~~rizingInh~ cD~iMfirn.e~ A -0.3\ by ilw~gu_n,S:.o.VI~ lria3~in! 'i&'lIiiichihe ch<Jf~~le:lis OO!~~galecl, by Ilr1le dil'.!iti!~!i! gf C I

!!pp!ied. incieper!den1ly to eaCh qlUbil (P:i:g. 2), AI'! a\{cm~c ovcrool~I!Ig,alioiiiIS: is: kili'lowl~ a '~wirl," lIS: V,O), and. we eall the above .:1i c.~0!r"'~w.id. S~~ruat~r.g (Jut Item]!! :2iOoo:roiimg110 thcdJr Pauli !;"'~Vsll'n'1iV~ tvh~~w e {O,.,4lJ :iN Iiliil:l 11iI~I!lloor~r
!1Q!tide!!~iil'1 fucLOI'S :~n P,. leU:v~g tile il!ildl,!,l{ V~. ,e .~1(N'il ~--11; '~' 'wli' ·"""'IU II',,. nu..•... · v" .;i!~!""~n"'-I w,.,..., -.~"'"" ~_M_._""', .. IQ,II:,l~ 1!1a;~:w l~c!nidcnt[I,y~EJ.1JI~:tO[)CI7I;lo:rs an be diS!" Im1iI,m.ted o\'CrLhc ,~ ;factor :5\IPfl.tle.'>, 3I1.ddw:indc)(. ~ "" {i.~.".., i1!f' ~ wiJ~h.~ E {I. 2, :3 } drulQ.1C whicl~, .of 1llil1l11'QI~id~llri~.:y Pt:lIiIU 'OP~.to:us ,CM)(lUpt~ d.~e j~~ooeupioo $i~e. we OO!a!IIii(,SOO SOM~n
·r~ _~~.JJI(.~,-

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for C1p~im!izJi!!lg ... er~~I1ental oonl!ro~ !Mcd:ID&. e. p

0;1":31

p<'U'~~I~

:~~n.l!'InOOia~el.)i rcgeva!!'!t

d~rip]i(ln

Foc,usii~g on a sy~[en~ "'II!!Ib~Its>EIi Ollllljl>Cte ·of C

g;ememl neise :~nooe'~A rcqui'l:es

0(24'") p:3JnnmH:crs. ClrCrn"ly' Ilnappropri.:.u&c C();lfS(l:..;,gmil[ling 'ilf thi.. infoilUliofn.is roq,iLlimd; 1!1tilL;: dlaU~Jjj~~· to id~lfit;(y (llli~i(ll~t !m~UIQ~for is ~:~n*tin~ ~~lCfea!!l!!refi. ofprno!~c:!!~ ~l~(,'j~L llw~ :~llen~oo. W'C:pmpm.ei.'l ba."Cd on idl::nmi~yill,g a sY:~'llJ:l,~associated. wid] 11 pmpoeny 011'imere,gl. and !I:tu;~~op!:r:itniQifl8J~I.y:sy i.mneb'iziilg lire naise I~O yh::l!d an ·cffooli~. map' A, wi~~ a lucduood,

p<!~le:!er:s d~a1 del:enalne dUlpeI1Ql.1a~atIJlC:e o:fa broad class ·of rQECCs ariel ~ililc:8f),p:liea'bm~y of ccrmiln, ~mp" ~(!IIS 1Ji~.dill~Yill1g; Iililm<ilo[ids, I:~l FT g.ooe~. QEGa proteN q uannnn inforrt1aHol) ol~I~' ag~imI:f>~ c~,,· will II)'pes (I·f !lO~l';. A d~.~ta;n.cc-(:M..;;.~) ood~ '!ieters 00 cedes t!!<Jt ca~~ .IllI e~i!S8im.1!!!l1}.ncoClSily, affoctil'l.g ~p 110 ~ qlJlb~L8. rH~ncc, lIllie disHIiIWCof ~Q'ECC de~em~iI~c..s. which. lemlS illl tim noise w:@1 b:fJoorr,ec4od3illd~'i!c!I. wi~~ :rollili'Ltn lI.iIi1cortromoo. 'Wile ,lattl1:rcO!llJuriibrllu.l W 1I~l1: ovefiil.~1frailulll'lpm!bilibiHty. Ttl estimam Ilih~ f~iI_-epron.1l'biliily.!l1<u~:yfilul~~o~~!·l,wQe U'!corems ~$9me d~al the !f!o~eisin.dCpe!lde!l;] from qll!!birl ru, 'q[u'bltor ~~\'\.'Cen b~ocks ef qebits, Anolhc~r rol.lilnlOl~ .:lISSUl.1:Up<UQ,rI tS th'am. d1Cl:~.oisc:'~5ml.mmo:ry~ess Imd ~,mlCll Marwvirul i il'l Ilinrm~ OUIip'oloea~ enables mG3:S:IlI:romool:s oJ dle.~ ",(riNC QO'~ilM!on,<i In:td~f 11.giv~n I~X~ :

\lVe;l'_'p~y!bbsl.;lI;!1eral i~ pro'bdem ·of cstL1~la1i!lg IUae noise

IrQ 'Himi!l~hU:i.1

",r .

( ~I )

w b~oo. the :roducoo fl'... .r:lllim:~.·. ets F~"":I;. ..are fiX. '.00 'l'1' I:f' A '--- /1,. = ..... v...1_I F I>'W'!1! 1Ire dm: ~.ro_._ 1• 1i-ha~ -'I .- :ll!1.m -- - ._'!

7}~~'

b]lili~s 'of w !'>i!T:l!11I1~n~oU!s >QIubit lerm!!!'> in lire noise. Some i!!1!I!I~t[io,na'b{)lJi~ho\:\,' .!I.e ?tl..:twi rl sil:l1IPH:~t;S, lllilelIlSlk. oil" liloLsec'l~ar.actcri.Z2L~trn.l is alntaiiroc1l by anal~i:vg Ol'ccasG .of a :siinSk: quhil

(SOM

le'Pl.t).

1:0 m~,Iil~ '!he.ile prrt)!oobuli'li~.\JIo'ept'Qbe

le!I~sembl!e Q'. 'wi'd~, ~'hly m~lilcd SUl'~.es U 9').. h . We StDrt by e.xpan.diilllhc neise opernlors~n II~.C:iJMis PI E Pr:l' ooi~.sij8uing of lj-[thld tCll,'~or

,ex;PQl'lenIi1I!1 oVC'rI~ead o.f :prooess loonL')gw<!pi1.y~ TI1i s protocol is effiCle41t also in the CQnte;;o;;t of an

pelrirnental

A
p!iO-

~lTIllqgenill~l'lt'Xlith.Ql!.Il !he

\,!ilhi"p~t

Sl1l'!C

10> iiiiii 111!l!}~,rl)Uowoo'

by

<l

j(divenl~!L~lThe!n of I!.~emupl!!t s!~injhc bas] s:1l}. 1111;<;yie!clSM J~-bit strb!(g ,l~ (I]~.]] II. Lct(JIi!' d~ tbe rm:fuajMH~y Iha~ 81 ran<iO'.nn SlIIbsct ef w bil~"l Giflltc blllflfjl' S'llrinl1l l ~~ C''IIem. ~.

produd ·ofnhe u.~[ 8ingk:~,lIbiIIP01!J..!U o,~raool$

W"" > = 2qw- ~t wld \!i'eO~l:alU

~~sgJ'I!es_ the ei~.~~?ll~l1£' a;f'A~-'I.()'"' == P,L" = ~,!"C'~''j

I.",.

IFig. :2:•. Qu:anrum drcuil:.

rO!iI'~ e:lperim~liI@l 0: m:n_
flllli.

n~,J, S

!fig. 1.SdIl!!QJi: ,of COO~9'3limm!:i Ib~~~ 1tioo Am~~!tlile :~s@ A 1tryt\Mil1fuqgll~_a ~

11iD~
,aJ

P:1lO()~: If.. l1h:e mll!ldial~d p.li'Otnml l~u~~oojll!.g:!1iiCI'l

oofiislim, of g! of 1he~M,ille

~OOj!,!ji~atiOi'il

afillicleJl(!lilMp~~f5. [}i;t[1ilG.: symn~JWj!Jlm '~IIIi1ii 1~~~*dll~ (m) re:JI a'ld 00 lbllll:~] IJInil'ormjre daffel[em ~'l!Ibsets :Oif param;~ter5,

gJoup _ ~d~ll~mr'

ani e.ff:~

I1I!ffiepmc~tmat

h!C15

Iqperi3ltors IPi,,,,'

d~rd Ili'r~gru. r~QmJ~'

wilfma§,tihe

emflll"1b!.e pro1D(jct
(I!1[\y

lreqaJiIiH

,on£!'~~Pi!lt stgt~ I O):en~wh~as; the ~!iiI~mbbl:protOOlI" ~rlites 11·d~~ct !1!:1)lH:

~or1ll1!1l1ling A ak:o by'iiI lpemlilli:l:ll:atinlll

'!!:~ of

I~y by

t:!!f!'

me 'ql1lim.

<I.n ellemel!ltClr

Thf5ta.:111-

sQmd~w
INo.

Tillb'le:J!. I(three

sm Oii!

SIL.IiI'Imaryor e.iIlipeD'i1nffiltai~ rl~std1li. tlmllir~5;t fiOI!lf sets,ofexpE1illlimllmts 'lhetlMrq,!.Ih1t l~lq,l!IidcS1a1!e: ~ii!l and ~l'Ie ~lhe' th~~Ciliitit :~m) Mr-e: des!g,!I!edro d~ar@ct~e ~~ P~rrnrgnQ.l (If 'IW!!! KmlUs oper,atOiI'S (4.,) (JICI~ CIHCI~ ClHCI" C3HI~O<l C3H:~O>! &iignlflBered II "". rO'~iO], ~gnlfleered: p '" rO:,O,::H ElnignlfleerlHt p' "" U;r~.~J. ~~mr:i!~ ~~:'S!!i!
~)

O'.ClClO""I!lI.II!!i!<t 'O'.O,Cl1. 0\.254 OiMl~t~

W9q~~!1ld; p "" rO.·l.Q,IO'j\

~tur<l [ Nois<e- (]i)

Q./OQ:~UI1

~HI4011

O,~4!~~ O.s4;~~i

Q.Ol~;~~ O.OO'~u;:

1B94

REPORTS
m.l» ~!.\" ~is .. !T:I,~~ ~f ~!11~ bilmlmiottwc"!Ql'S(SOMwxtj. .. If :trl ,e.!iIil~1rl Hgle~ slm'l:experirn.cnt,. Ol,e C~ilf(llird 0iFH.'iIiilJOmflre chosen UlI.ifomlY atr.mdom:. InI~,rnl,widl .K "'" ,0 Irl(llg(21t)fS~] c:I(pecim),'mu;:we esn CSltina'~e eaeh wlmed.~
a,f !:he.ooo:rliei~il~ (~""00 [l!~iS;om 2), WLU~ con~tant pll'6biibil~t!i" AU iIIili~rfli}Jt'iI'iol~~ijj 'I:h~:pro1~(lICgloo!]b'ilbUiOO: ro !he llJIOli~p!iO~:.mi IHte-s
M1M'~Qvi~!l ~n~i:gro1l!rpm~!1_Y A~ .. A~ = Al'~ (23), illm w'~,~II-l!I'!e ~wMed !~<!pI" "'A. =,1\-2", C(lli1.seqllJooliy.d~,e ,ooefficifllttli: e...(I\IIt)1il1eas.ured 0'i,iI(M' 'dl1C ~il~11C n.l.t ~:u,~~iSIWC,,~'l~'.) ""c..(t]I":. Ob~ d'c\..iotimilS rrom this ooaling iml]li~Y ni)i'I.M~rkov;ait ~1T~aijil'i HIt: li)il~.t\l,iicl!~ lii.Oi~L\i. Hg~~, asl1!~n the co:tflVCnJ~ doosrnQI hold!;

elmr;

1'1~'ii:p:irOtOO!O~ c<!ln 00 i~ufl'Cr,recti:.cms ~nlt~einp!i.lt lr.1GaStli:'CilJ1JCn~, and, lwirHllg :

!n<!db lloousta,g<li!iSl S;19!1~ 1~llCprmlti,o:n. by r:acIMtng m.n the

.or

W!L'>i5!firnc}, with

iil~Lssca1~~gd,oe.s~o!g~ntee
'~.rl;;QI\,.klJl

Uial fiie U!!ilwir1.ecll!i_oL~ olJoC)fs the

\!':alll!.l~ t\~O)1 i:w.ca;;)[lr,OOwlISl[ tile ~i'Qtoool LSi~r~ fQml¢idlwithol,l~ 1lliI~ l:l(li~ ,cffil8irilutl: 'Cw .-;.. (:1.Jc\,~ij).
11141:

c~,=

se~tru~g,roup I;lImpcl1;)'. WbCll~ awlytHg { c'" 1 Ito CSI.i.1fll&te {p..,.}, tho !>DaJmi5niMIlLlnee~:ali1l1lyfmp,.. .~~W5 eXJpo:n(:}Ii1Iii.3U~ c\.",..rnl~ (SOM t!;:!::Q. 11ti~!;niU allo\7I.~ f()1' d}~e· W

,c,.,. cal~ beapp~ie.d dirootly to ~.es( SOlne (]i,i ~e as~!l1IIlkms. 1!liHnl"ecles!:h"mnes: ·of the a nU~[I~~t)lcrnil.ee ~nre.<>h·old.(21, 22'). Iilflparti:m.liru:; a IUloisy chfli'li1~e! ~lI~dJlan t1i1.oorrdmoo. d~strilmt~{m oft'U'ror IOc..'1iliOO'l]l, bUll \'Vilb arbi~ ·co:rro~ati{m_;;; im diJ(l etm)f I~y~, is. nl(1Il1~;d uifldlero1!lr~~roolril~llio1i! 10 a Q1l!m!I!le[dlat~s .. 'lOO¥oc~Ci! o:r }J si~~s;1lX11u~.lt!, d'cpclla;d!zil~g cl~H!lels. Adimnne~ !l3lis:[yi!l'l1"l: dllis P,1i'QP!.'11Y will exhibit the serui!tl,g c.., flCllCC', observed dev.iamiofisifo.lU this ScaJ]inlil i1Dll~Y:ru 'ilio~at[m~ of lillie aoo,ve 3SS1I:mp..

I~~i.(li!l g;fo-nller ir!1Jpa~fua!llI!~~of t'h~ !!.oi~ Sp«:i5ca1:~y;. ~e 'prQ'I.)a~jH".tJo is di.!'eC,(~yre!at!,ed 10 dle~,wl!n!!g~~C'nl 'fidelity of (he ChanJle~ !i.Q 'dru~,> :pr:otOC<l![ fmvidc,.,.,an expon(;mi~1 sa'\!'bJ:gs over' recen;tl, fmposoo.nlednools fur cstiJtllfMing drli~" gi~gl~ figure of m.mD. (161 14,. 15) [Fo, .:.iJI~LW aWfO"'~~j .900 {!1)]. Hcn~~jb-J' ~.clll!id~~i im~le~:ne;.!ltl~ .. !]~ given! eede, we C~ln bO'l!!nd dlCfuH bOlibilU;I dUll code 'widl (Dnl),
OI[liGg( cxl;mriml1iClillS 31DldwiliboUI m~k.. in:g, any lD~oorotic8jl as!ll:lil'DJ;l'Ijrrru;WQIJJIU.'lC noise. MbroO\ll~. on ~;h:yst.cnl~l!Il:'1ds, W-iil iIl1Iay ,(l}';:poc:~ th.e l1ojS(l :!O~Cmtill ii:ocJ~H)n('h;mt bf:nw~!1lil q~br!S o!.l!tsid.e oorwc n~ {IilU!! '~lllnQ'!\IWl)'oc.al.e b, ~d~ w~lich. lU1c IJ,., decreases exponeIMialTy wuJ!ilil w. The ®cEllle b can be dC!emlin;ecli emdenlly widl O(I,ro) cxprn11fD1(\lnu .. , s A~tboogh ;2IJ (!bara0~OO2l'JIi.o:ll of du~ I~.widoo. dbl.\1!lil.dis lIS@lIl!I[ gi'lmi[ die rul@"I!'8JilOOof f\!,dd,cd

oon~e f<M!ll·~Q~~fil_lll p:rQLOO9~522), ( il1e r'ttH'u!re 'pro!iJei~iHty of the tM~~ed! ~liili!~nel !!lives lin tlJ?pct" bOllmd II.ollt-e: [hElme rro'bill!bi~.i~.y o:f 1!llmo~rigiiuJllll lIlIi~tw~iI"ilcdidumnal ~Yhcnevcrd.lG PQffOlml!li~OO of dIe .C<:!dc h.. SlQJ11e I!lol!lm:ll[lfial~s as jni/:!I!riant ~I~.d~tr 'ih.e ~'iI'i'fil;ti1a!:ooe:~d! Willli 1Il1~hiiirl TJfiisholc:l.~ 'q,uite ,g~n~rany ilike CQifiill ~t g:f the s)1!M'ielry con..ideNd aooiVeoocau...e ti1e failUille prob.libl~~l}' <l. generic disl:oiJi'03:{2~+ I.) of t::OOL': is MUIl:ded.Mo"l,!'e Iby Idbc'h:mliprooob1.~il:r of COOl: OOrnfiiil! i.tth'l. P:lI11.ti\VCi~1'It~I:e, w Idmi~ 1", aid lI1~is;wni.gII~li'iCi1llaillSii:l\!'ruiiMt I!Ind~r comjtiJgal.iolfl b}' ,MY Co',e C i@J. Oi.!:r~ro!oco1 is. ¢f1'tciel~t also in jj,leeo!~lext ·of all Cl;1._~H~ble n~(.19), \Ve p,refWC aevilltil!"lrllS Q :foomlhe klClllli~y ~le oflhelbn!l p...- p ..® ch~!~!m':!i~
'-1 e(ril~";}

'.

. .,. • \1!,Ilu.~·W E

f'~' ,~"

-! ~'.. ••• Ut:, ~~e,IfICC."uie ("!~101"D~

seal:iliIG:) ~~Illil'at['Oi~ o["pse~oo.pl!lm !>nattcsis 9\'~ld!OO.A:~mi!ElnUd! 'ii~Fig...2,. IUm· (In&il!lb~flp:roroco~. CC).Ili)iSRS ~f (lO:iilj~~!~ lIl'm p~~ A~ A~ wilh a ramkwnly d;J.(DglNrl :~r (C~J in ea~JiIn:!I'!. w'hcre :n:.• is: a I!Ol!ndo:mpcm~w<Mti,m of !IDle qubits. F([( iiJ!lp!lll&1pClrntor P.~.Idrc m.~~llIl is t!.;,.{p,,,). Av\uagiillg Iilile Q~rtpnl. opemtor.s G~ .. ovcr i ruld.,:~ remms l.imunplllto;pmmtor sealed by c..... \i'lkPITIJlll]l.~ allill\P~ml'll!lIlfia:Dioo of!U~ 300Ve: pmmool o~ rod'! .~I\?i.lo-q~bt! ~cl!~{lm:ram'l. C_HCI.~) liql!!id·~le ilnd .aJ ~llree-qlli~il( (si'll.le-<:rysml Malanic.rokl CjHfI(J,,~) :soHdk;:I:!ltenlicleOl.f m!.'!lSrn.cli.,elleSOnlu~oo Q']P (26),. 1l:te Ii'CSl!IW of

or

""cr.

a:.;,.....

1~[Ot:l..I1~V(l';1'Gr. I[I~~~

1!~!l!!111800'gh.'~ri$e0 i1Ii!~5:$~ili!r.& so the ca.J1ve~ " implic"UOClIU doo~ mot hokll. FyrihemlO:re., 'We 'C<il1l !!estlh!'nQ~'!M ..rt!lvi1m l;lIiropertiCS: b¥ repc3mllg I:II.e !.Ilbove ,:>01!lctt1:e for dislim.:::t urm::intcNals, IJtt 'WidJl iJtlo:roa.sf:ng .rll. U~ ovnr dlG: IHine: seale '1'., lilIm nelsa :salio::llcs tire
1.0,

am co~l!a.ted! em:ii rnnod(\~s

Ill£Si3 c;1(p,~ltlmll:s are' m]ljj:n~ ii[ T~'bI~ 1. S!oa~istical. !ilmlys:is for one: I:iqllid.statG: S(lt is i'iIU:HVI[i. ~11i til} :s ~I(llld f(liJt I~ifi~ finilI two S!)!~ld,oI_~ : !ie~,~i~. fi~.,. 3 f!1I~!.\'i.!Q set_..,of (~!id.~) eli:p~1lit!eD!ls.were freirfonl1.GCI to. o'li!~cleri.z..e jhe

n~

lI!rI_klIlo'wn re~sidml noise ocou._mu£undOM' onc c,.rcl!eof ~0I8 ~tlilse scql.llcn.oe(27) will~ Uil }IS

en

0.2

0.2 . O,O'----...._-- ..................... --------------------"'· 0.0 0.2 {),4 1[1.6 0.,8 (1,,:2. 0.4, OJ~ 00.4 (1.. 0.8 6 0,6 008 1 .. .. 0

pulse :$pfflC'lllg, and. (ii) t\VO cyolc.s: ,ofc:48 with :5 !Ji.'~p-IIL'>Il:~oo~Ai'lg:. TIm C48 sc.q)l!lrnlcc: is dM~OO OOs~pp~ihe dyna:!HIC,."O doo10 dl¢ s~nl~ i~l~c.!l!il<J!1H<i_m;il!:O!1!an ~mdrol!!ld be: ~d,. for elHUl~I)le. !hI" qlll1l!rllll!lll rnem.Gry. 111l:l ,e'!i'ollUlk:!J~ of the sySlle!lulII,ndcr dlls pulse sequmJ.Cc cam,00 Gvallllfl.tllld, lilearotically by C8~.m~la.lim~glw Magi nus c;:,;:p8ill.wn (28)1 of IIDlO russocia.tllldi {;ff~Cliv6: H,a1i'l:'lilJt111'i~i:aJlI. !1l~r whrdl 11m lresMlual etw'e:c1S U "Pi~r Il.!!. a ~J~ll of ~1I,,'IU!S a.5sQci~tlw:idld'].l;l Zee~l~ .• md di.p!Olilf p;u;t!s 'l')\f 'U~!: H<lImntoniau. Incl~dJmg C~,W~'J!lll!~ l-CJ1.IgI~ly spe.ill;!.ng, eftbc~ tiVlc Sl~Pp1'essrol]~rilll; l~rHI ·ofille Hamn~ wi~~3n 1t.iJtkt'Splac e5 when: "f 1:: let« 1 ,1,%I100r,(; ~s YJ; 1Il,11flsLlliJIIi'Igl!b of' llIiIeroml.8JodI. ·i;~ Id~~ rrala at is: w:l~ld.~It is rnOOll!llal~ by 'd~e wulSlli: S"C{[lW[Ice~ G~~_tallJj 5h.Q!1!et d~l!:;i_y1!;!eadlQ g~:n~. . per ... f;rnl1mmce ].!!~t:eS8 illi!,~eis ._.COII:lIJoetln,g prooess: at the SltO,rliCii ti.lliIie scale, A~tlIDUSh, two, !~.pe~ timi'OllIS of ihe seql.ll,e;lloe,?,r!l'h,jhc pulsespflCii,ng ofS ~s, has l[w1ce :!IS nlimy I;mlse.. 9S. 'd~e:stllgle: .

t,

~G:q~~:(mloowt~ih. W, ~J! .s·pa.cing,.d~(l proM!" II;lm biilili()s 1;).f QUI,~.i\~·, and 111[~e·~dyrnoi;!l¢ ~. Pl Po tern"is~II decr~se s~bst<!lrgti<!lly rr<l!b~e t!~dler Iilii,e 5 ~,S. r<ll.~s 1F'~g. ::1,.. IReslll'~~ for (1:.., fmllin lexpeflimelllts5 <illl1ld 6~in 1Fill~' 1. :ShOWn! a[1I1: pmj9]onlllo:l' thE1 fw!~· HO'l>'l~ever;. (he a'\~erOliSi!~~ s!holi'iliol' i:d'eal p~·:fbmlillllCC as II, re,suU Qfill.~ dimelillsicllat Uk.'el@lQQdif~Dlctiolil IQlilto'IJa:l1icU!li5prohabiUty' pian.es. the ,alsyml'lletJ1i~een iliiSQme of the ,coi:Wffil~!~~~ (ll.l,';~miru.C!lMr) doootipling o:f the (oofi'de.Ifi~e .ari!!a5i$ aJ r'etlui~ of1!hJ5 p'Iojet:::tiolli. lih~ IUe5I!i'tl;s~cr one !l:ydi!! wilIii110 1i.l15, gJi!ii~~ .splllOilig !(e.xperim~liIt S)iue ~n fed, iI,ndilihe m~U1mti.f'o!, 1IWo· C)!Ic:ibElS, 'lII!ifrl 5 !ills ~pBldng (expelnimen.t 16) are b~ue. ql!lhits (1I1iIi\(j'Cea:moiii m.'U.e!~i)fronl lillil~ Clwi-

n.

in

REPORTS
(!~~y :hy<!rogen. :~~l<:~~) {SOM l~'J, P'Qf bQih ~Al1u~~j the ~~QL5eOIJefficile!1t<;c", dQ Iilot sm,lisH!:mIl.y dm!!lle from ~illle scalin;g, im[pH.edi b~yIlInOCJol're,I.!lledarrol'!S, (fig. S]), aithoogll\a.,. flowdi .arove,. this ,ones ;ilO'Ig!;I_itLec drl!il:~, tire
WQ~roJi)!'i! ~tl'O'.uN a~ !;IIHoomlaillb'd ~J!ili ~!e !;;11!O~

¥I!!!cl! d~:

!~eCQIH,~itkm S,i~

Uw.i~11!1iw

~!:l!Sfg:ro~tiQ!1,

Our

~~nl~oop!ll)vi.d~

;l11

c;f:t'k;ie"t

fl!l):!{iOO~

f(u' dte: ,dh<l;t..tclgr~!fI gfng~se in CQ!~re';l!t8 wlme the'l1Ltget ~1'lSlimmlti{lnis the idle!,t~i~y (lIlperatar;.[w' ,e:x:SlIlI~~€,." II qualJitl:llt1oomilfl1l11!1iCl'l~ l~iQn d\mii,el Of. qlllantmtl aucltlo:ry. Ho.wever, the f:~~ also Iluovid'es 8m, e;m(!~mat ;1l)2aJ:'L"I llbr cll~~ci:;:i'l£, Iili!~ ItOis!~ ~ndl'.lr 111:1~aoCtu(liI~ {IIF a ~Ol~i~!r~l:I' 'l!u:l!ilm'y'~!Sfijrnl<1~Qn:. One Olp~roiid~ 'is to diecml1lUnSe ~lllle IIH~i~ry ~l'ru'I~tmnat!i{)lm illltO!l prodiYC(o f basic q!l1lanllllm i!7lares drown:
fro:lill8i
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IRll~refU::e:.s NGtIl'.i arnd

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blilt 1l1sof'((J~llWirilltio:ns ,~f Ilhe e]~l:!FOriJ ~fa(:tnf. g lcOO:iltg to difll'eliClllspil:l Il!ib'te.~io" f~oo'bCies;_

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1

lea1;f,~Oi su~il!~lfall i"hlclil)l'!of d~I~Med ,el~imr! ~p~M. 'Wi:Kl!:liepreoossiO'Ji! rmqU:~1.'CJcs do :!lO~ s~ti!lry
Ihemooc hlh~g oond~iJ!JoH:S.Vk.denl0ns~

I~hal:

l!fIoclei m !llilflgly cmlllledqll.!arltUm d(J1$ act ~anstrum'lle~ by Kllil!!!sillg ·1h8I!leClNilffl.sp.f!fl p~eces,'S:tooabout.a IlfI!IilIl!lIn~tkmlieldimo well-deHnedi lli1IIode~:!i'YI1d1inall1i~@dWilffil laser pl!Ils@protomii. ~11iI dot wiilia ,a ,a ~ynduon~~ed leffiedm:n.r~e llig:lilt:·.mnfndated fJ~udlllm:iorns of 1h~ hypemne rnlrn;~ffi1r 'fie'~ amng (ui![he l~lec1roo areslIppU!5IsedL l1heiniformam'CIliIl dlbooit ,electr'GIlI ,!iplan prKesSilolli ~ ilil'lip'inted 'in the nlude] (!lind 'thllrel~y ,cal!"l be· :St,oredrll'lf '(!;!m; 01 millillltes In. dalrklilieS;5. he fr,eqlJlel"!.cyJn,ru~ililg d'l:iille~i;ln el~OOrM T ~pir:lrE!Meli!'lible'intCl d~ph{!!'~'b9·!fr~e SlJlb~l'l!!:Swidnth~ I~~fli'ml~t~, I~l~ii!l'l ~i~~~!!bequ~n.cy

spin prlM:ess:i:on, fmqmmcyin ~'ach.qUllJnltl~iIl det such tl~!n~iIl~ \,.mlo~c ell!S~l:llblebeool:uiICS lookoo.OOI
very f~l,!i'roqOO11C:Les, Thl;l '~peri!.m:;!1t.., weredont;)Q.(Il ..<I~ 1~'5elnbik: ofsiiJf-as."c<Jn'Meicl: (li!l.Gii!)Asi'G<l!AsQDs (/9.20),

tile nuclear Sfli~ poh:uimlIDn adJjml'> lkee~ocu'O.m

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.. Jmpol'lS;iJbl ~ify ct:ooodillg Qll!i:l1fli.mu if.'lf.o[~ ·of .Il\<lt~_onu III Ilh~ .sp~~soir,qu.~lll~ den ,(QQ,) . ,~te.c~:fQ~ ~;l!S mmr~~ed i;oos!de~b.le ;;tt~ 1~~:H~!001(to 2), U~e spaio.{,d ~:~mr:bm:".lent pIDlecil:l ~!he:spins .~ii&msl ihe plib'mlifyreliil:X1l1Pon mne\ll~r.ismsilll.ln,dk~an. of wh;~d~ari!>£rrOiu cOllplimg of

spi .. ruldrnbimllnoJ.WL'ltlj~li,.~o~~;
~ypOC.fi!lli!lillmfOOti'(li~

tim e1cctrrm

wt~ih,lirl~Ia:li~ia~ IIltlQI('li~s c:lil.~ b<il!:lC~cl! by ooWifi!~e!i'ie~I;,,~cadh~ !Iospin d,~o~ ~~!~e and de~hasi!tg {,J:"J'tO)<li!idl dn~spOsung

severe dlfficlll1lies .I'br ~ro(lessil,g qUI}!IliIiIl1Il illf'Ofi. nmlkNl. (leneral ,S'Chea'l1leS frn: sliIiPp'fessrng decCF hlei'Ci~ bwebe~. di&~oo.ll!roady 1(11). Elecbxm !!pin, relaxallQ([Iin QD.S:iMy 100(lv£'room(l: ~:Y Ii'O-

larlzililg Ill~Cl nll.el~ar ,splm (1.2" J3)" rrlU lb~high d~.goo~ of polarizatioJ1l ~Ilin",-d, do~1.() lO()O4 ti~ .~()lllti()f1Il(21). Sp:imcm1LNie1.tc{': ~s .gell£:mllli:!. (12), h~ mJlooe:!l !!chieved y~ (14-1'6), WeA~~d ~1wiiiihe 'hytpelflne in~~rno1:ioH.~e;r IExp@'rt!'!l'!entelJ)~ Pl\I'sik I!, ~JniW!ffil.ft ~1lJ'I!:!rnJ!!., rr:t.-442:21 dilan 'behl£&;:idril:ntlll, C<lID: be used, as a,prucision fiIlIrtlimuni!; Gef.lDaJ1I1' ~Nt<i'i'<it ~l'"rdlt Laibmr<l~:oI!)',Wa~ingtol1; lool.by de~m1f1Smt~ngd:m1 ;vD mooi:~es lffiIeoon· DC 2~375" U'iIl. ~ool mr Coitnp:lJi3t;jfm~I.~efl1Je1~GeooJ[;! lim~ow ]noo~ SlPOOirtllWl of I~hclL'll!eCDrol~ rnnm· Niasoo U'liIi!.r@'l!~t~. i'aiJila!l:,; '!i:ll2:20:30. U:SA. 4J1. F. l.~~~F~!iica.. iW'~n ml~si{i!'l~,n. a QD lfl:m~'II:n,bll!:imto 3. fmY discrel~ i h~hIlLUlI~.lnsmu~~, 9'4102'1. re~ersburg, !!:W~~iil, ~ nsiiilute 1 ~t ~r PIrtSK5" St fel.ersoor.g 5~ati1 Uni"'ersiily, 19Q!BS,1J4 St !i1(l!des.11le lllil)ontlatio!'l G!~~rn i~tals~WlI!!~ (!:EltN,sbiL!!~, RLMi~. ~Mg~IlIJlldll~ re:5~k~ifperphflij·k:. RUnralJ~ be ffi'ored im Uie !~uClWr sp:ll!!'isy.sle~rQ'r i!OOS Uri!iW!!'sit&t BpMum, 0-411·700' lS,ocb.!!f\, CEr!f!lalfirY. ofmiootes be-calllscof [he i~g Iluclear Iwernoty
lialiliCS

eadh dot: COJJllilll;]~~g on a:vernge a: si~~gle 'e~ocll:an (21). 1"hee~oo:lro:ilI. sphru lu'ooessi.on alboui apc:r~ pettdlm,~1!ar magn.el'ic field \Vfl!.'l stuJkld. bya.pl!ll~ poo'be Paliaday ii'OIill:,iQrn; (Fit) ~niquJ; wi.th .piIl

lim iii QD ensmnbh;_ [;ast ~~OOIi1'Onl !lpii~ dcphas. iil,garu~~ iilOit on~y from ii11tc!MIi't.i~id fliuot!j[!jl:io,trlS

(n, 18).

'I'il"~'iIo'hail:rl,c~rr~~Jl'IIn~l'II:i~ $houldl be .addr,meti. E;oI1'I10!'i~ E!~rai!i@dil~!!! ,nl~l;mlV",.mil;' . Ifi~mrre!!lJll"I'l'~ r@ph.~~it;,llni·

i!lllI;tlil1llllflllll,d~~

·Th~ ~~tilQ~ ~(jI'!lj'~bl!!~~dI ~q!ll~llr ~~th~~~t

REPORTS
!;J,yci"cl!!I<l!~ly pgl,!W~·oop1l!mp P\.!l~c~ '''':~~!'1i,'.1!i'ii'~ I~!o ~ ~~!lOO gF!!"R sts!~ ~.w~ic!~ 'fl. 'ii'~oo!'pa.ro!le! 19 ~le~c]tI!'egfQ~:vtI~~is ~'rods) ~!!Qt gnly at ~)e l1itOll1ll.~'l'is:gf p!!mlP P!n~ arriv~~ and d'emoted. by rottFltfan onillc lilliC:ill"pGlmizatU(ln: mIl aJlsopcriooicaJ1y befa:c' and. aim lhe PJllll ..Ie.. I.n . . . <I!.. ~. .~ • Q,fPJiO~ pllIlses. TIm excimiciOOl laser jf}nu Isp~..ds~ ~lJIlliel. 'W:Illn 8, ..i,""' ....... ~ ·'1' !!D, 'IF- •.'"1]'., ~ese ._j':O '~M~ wid~ 1.5-ps.dural:im.u1,fj mtcof1S.6 MH.z, Gq~ljv~ from ool:'l!.OO'u:cIiVl(!: ulLl'Crfl1OOooe oif I~cssalis~yr.ng 'll~ l'W(lpl!ili;~pmlg.col ..PSt ~F 00,= 2ltKtfl} (23), 3.~!:ii!llt ~o.~. 'u]~l't Si~@,ru;a:li.'rnfI 'fLIt = ~. P 3.2 :ri;~ {s~ ~kctt:~hin P~g. l A}\ -n\~ excilalio:n is ~GIil!allil fR 8~gllialpaU~t c!l~lit~~ U~ ~.",~. ~)I pl!!l~ w~th Ilite ~l!!!td sla!!e cI~ed ,e;.:,'I;M!rnl w!U.~stia'ig pm!o<;;;olisiilenlg~dl alIter n'fii!~YI~ O~le wot!ld oif two eleot!'o!liS with 'Clppgs.iJte spins mad a Iwle. ,e..xpecl:dl;Mbl!oCki~g Oir!lies~o~dlpu!se in :a JlUiI1l1p iIilre (>OJ' 'nfaec:iu fi,f,l" I A !illO\MS·fj FR ,sigl1~~ of d{l!!lhict" wouild. dcsnroy ·d.mpenooic fR bMst 1~a4· 1~IhB [); OOllCivilbllc1 Ci\M.hi'QI bys. :sin8h~pt:mlpp.1JI:ilL': Q ·lMl.o:n dt¢ ~ts:time scaDc:aflllile e.lecJron Sjpli~ ee1~ii'aiil1. hcsi.g.i:Iii~ at positive dcla.ys skows!I, fast T .hklil@il100 tiillll~, T~" im lffiI~oolS (./9], Oll1~Y dle FiR d~y an ;'I !~S ti]l~ ~JI';! due 00 cli;1;p1iI~"~ng ofLl~ si~ml'Hl)1)ll1dilli,l; fll'li:t pi!,ll'l~Pl'ihO'MkJ~<1iilil O1,li~r

pro~OOQI. T!~ ,~@_y Q:rd.l~ btl~t tamplitude w~~ il'!e~!1c!leMg!!:g li1l!_rI1l n"m~~il; d~e ~o ~~e !!1!.CreM'in,!!, tiltllC ill whid~ lIIle oOli'li'CSpon.dling !>ig;nlll 'Will. reeerded sinoo s~"il:o'lllil'l,& ~U:ll1p 2. off \eVe~m\lnn::oordcd.m ~ilnl 9. sh.o~ delay
t3JlI@(;laIDi!i11d bi!i~t 0 r~JtdjlT~rerU Inii~

spi"ooh.erenc~ b~ 'lI~e~!k<:e!'!]Ib~esp~d! ,of p~ cesl'5lcn. fteqju«lCtes. ''fhe modll!hltlom arises from ne;ulml ex:crton oonlfibutiom: {.?OJ- The signa~ at
dcl!sLys~s due I~O,crUllSU:'UctiVC imterfcr:~ cnc~of c~oolmn, spil~ [l"I()~e;sskln. it'l(ldeslUl fIIlumg 1~IhBphasc $!i'ltcitrol~IZllill()nOOlt{UtiolilS (JPsq.: ,{d= 2ro'D'¥:Ii!, w!icI'Clf is ar!i!it~~ (19). Mu'Ch mere f1Cc)t1M~ tl!iioring Qf !!lIe' m~
1~'~fLti\'c

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I~:wopunlp fll1l~

n1!'m.~] a

p:rolOOol (2 J). Eac\l~rrumppul!>e

was !>pUIililllo.:ill ,cl'olJlbl~~widl!l.delay:rD "" 1.8:6 ns ~ TRf7 lOOL\~'OOI~ IlWOpru~Si~ (Fig;. lA). 'f1lCOO[~ llilm 1~lidlng FR :sip ls .sl:toi.I'.iR by Inlnelrudm~ Im.OO i~f~S. ~AE~ioom!~ by ~dIi! ~ p.b!nw doUblet
iF'ig.:Il." 00 trIIo~ a;s·mlflctlOii1 ,of de~",y' time be.twee.n pnbe ~~'Hildl

i~gthe .s~gll{j pl!!!~iP"h~Iilii~ .~~. {FIg., l~), !;,\I,eo~!'Ve .1). ~;lro:!lgF'!R signil e¥i."l ,<l!ITh~j 4'(i!iliml. Bec<lll.!Se noplilase sh~f1Ille!:weeo ~heF'R I!it.l.ces eeeurs, 'W~ coo.rooor:d lIIle d1i?JCi3!j' kin,e~ies; a~, I!j, f,Dijoo. dellay of rn.S:S? 1:1i!> oo~ndf[l,g ( 10 'I.h£cifiUflXi. iml1lmfiJ FEtsigtt:l~~J\IIe:~ '~i'W.C a.tfur ~llit~hin~ 01[[ plI,U.l1Ig) 2: rMu~el!lf!.!'¢ ilI'i'ig: l C), TII~ ,o'b!j~OO~!'i:$niCS (<Ill ~e '~n de..8Cribedby;'! b~~P'(»~~j~iija~ U1C; 8COU~"~ !~g~ g frump~Elooood.~lays'.R.eooro· in:sofUle mid die 'b:ace in Fl~.~ A 1\01,(1 :!1il!n1IJle dcpe!u.lc!'Ioeo'JfI ,e!01psoo tillite $.t'lllcXP(-dti)' !he + n.h:nninated. IfOf --.2:0 :1I11.nb':y the pump.-dollbl,e! a~e.\llp(-I'h:':!),. as S!llOWrl. ~'Y~1>C!roCiline ~t to the !min:, Dllfllflloo.iott:lyaI!tCir Idais mC8SW'eunmlt,. lhe :sec· data, [roLtl wt~~chwe get {l, nUll'l10r~' ti,ilD.e 1:1 of end 'P:l!llt1p'\vilil hloo1l.!oo,9n~. a FR lii'I:l:eaSllIUllIlClt1 1 :m~[I, h~l.c ~. i,l ~,.o.4 nnJll, '-11l~ dlceay, liIOWCV~', w 'lI~ng oflll), tile i>~mgkl l1WI'P'I~1I'ailil P """as SIal1:Gcli(I00'I;. eri~MII:y d~~.mdsen Ithe li~n mmnuli1ation. {)()IlIDnf!nrao~il1. :F~~,] A) b~~il'iniu~, fr.cJ~n:ne:g<'l~i",,~ di~iO:!il\l. "Yllii~!l ~Jill'l~jI~Il:l1lltil' hcgd in 'OOrklll~ (iOO'Ilb deIOlJ)"s.C(ll,!~t!'ltr:Y ~o Ihe Cl:xpea!.u.io:!L5, thitli ~1$!l1!!i pl!!rn~!! .~([ ;are' blocl'>ed), 00 rel1!;'Gl1tiOl:! occum ,.n 0111mil <1111IIDur t~!1I1C seale, Th~ is i~eJlll" slllOWS: Q'U<!!il:ali,\'elyaU fe<!!!ure.8 ofl'lp1!mpooub!et pro~:oo!().L A S1mllilg FIt .!>i,gll:1l1 ("'hursl 0") appear:s pli~ed. by lire red.cirotcs ~Il Fig. lC,Vl1hi(lh give <lili1),IHndd,~c:dC~~,s wbct:e, th.c~sccoudpump was 1!~.cFR amiplUnudc, WIU:ll S'\:viteh,wg on. PUUiliP' I :lI:S .Ioc.ainoo .• Fim:tilCl::\l~13.1s, dmollted burstl 8i1l(].ItR~~ w;ctl ·as I.impro1OO aiRier 3. dark pCilliod. ~'. 2. else 9pp~r.n~~ s~Brr~!be,~roro lrul.~Gl1nlhm:s '\)'lk havcalJlo !!:':llIml!nOO i:H)\lI JasDiIl. 1\)"10 P'1!i11l'iiP p!,d$e !fmn crC$l~ iilile perio'IMc bl!lf:ill p1U!lem i!ld:~ tor· ~rnnl)!l~'l:i!Spn;yuu'!!"" ~1'!~ure to .~ [WOO PUl1l'

n~

a~rel~

~r.

1m

:first pump pt.I~ m~I,!II',~d en an I'lli!i"' ~mdJl!e of Simg~(Iltar1Jed ~lo,Ga)~: q uamulm doitS. line ~ffigrn al~ wer'E!i Sl4}rnn:oohom ~U1,~ W ~osiij~ d~ ~ays. Detajils oftllle op:I:Jli:ale'l(cMIilollll IProtolldi are given inthe slre"«;h. The top traoe w:as. I~l:l:rrtkld IriOr iii .slili'lgme:
IPUmp pulsettai'n. For liIiIidrJlelira,~e: we u!I1sd ,111two pDp pube ptmoool with tlvi!~OO!i!d P[;lil'1lp d.~d by To"": 1.s61f1~ r'~'l!a'til:Ve· m tl1.@fir:il: OlfiU!'.• The Iioililm UillOO'W.8I!i taken [or a .~irnQlI'E!i IIl1'U!1!ilPuls~. Rllloordiflg stllmd miight p SOlIIIIe' tmffi at whffilil the di~~erent IfR. sffi!rlJallbursts 'we~ !IIl~roo arE indi'" cilitedl. 'whe 'p,umpililfi'id pre[IiDepower dens~:triii!!sW'flre50 i!lnd 10 W/tnT, I~~ctill'~. !~ie:~1 s.~gn:a~ m~g~u~dl AI'!:
O¥(!'f
!CII

.A

, ~)tllnpl1

Omin

too

GiJtt:er'Ifl~Sll!~mJl\fiU: oflihe middle t.are. I

·1

1.7.5

HID'

'USB

Tim.e (ns}

'1i1me' < ns)

>i'llfOurndlhJ:! riJllrst (I -lIM'IIimum [a5in:t:i~~ !cmoo ~. tlitl'l' 'b:ti!( m 00] Ir(lr ,dlir'~l1It

:s!lilIIa~~ Walllgl@ of

'a l!!~il1ytiiml!!s

•••

".

•
sys,tem hold
ill1l

dark

,<
=

. "1:'2 =2: min

times ,aftllerdooll!lQl ~he se:~olld pil.ll1l1iJ:; <lit the: !i3ll1f1e' time, IPUllflpl i!lllilol j:nobe

W!fj!~·aMays 001, (() !WlalI;411'tiQ~lki!1rii!:$ P',~ 1001W/c~ ofiili! P,Rililfillpliw(ie'ilit ,1J ,a'e~of l.8!i'1' ntll (mmmtlllilifl Cliff IliUlIir:lit0) <lIS 11 P2 10[]1 W/crrf D 'ffif!Jii.d1iOf1 ,~~ tim~ ,~r~r Sl'ilb;.hiil:lii! mf , I~ump 2. Befcooh'afl!:l,th8i ,sy5,tem was; :2. 8 o ~liIe'atedrior t!.(]i m1t!il by the 'tWo pump T~m,e(min) 'lime (min)' 1~tJ!llsl€ipmm{Ot The< bl~e OOIIlIl'~ was, lflii il!ClISilllre:d Mt~p!.!!lrlllp2 btocked at t =, Ill'. iFh)E1 red lime !>lit ow>!) i3I lid·exIPOI'I,entiill~. tirnJe dependellioofitt:ed to,liIlIe da1ia. from the: ~ingle to' the '11M> PlJllmp plJIlllie' prIlJtDm~. Uine'.s-ingle IPlJIliDP IPlJI:~W Th~,d d~tW5$hgw the' F~~igifl~la~lr lke,~ifti!ll th~S!yst@!'iiI ffi~ darkin,~:; fo:~ expDsure l~d:He '~e switili ~$tedFcr 210 mmlil. IFor e'a(:b o'ff ~liIe IIii'ump5 'the E!l<ciMisn ,!iie'Uimy Wili51.1]:Q Wkml2..ihe red Line is albi·'~Xip(i(fi'i,emi.al ,nt. Fi:lr different times .art!J then a;d'dr!!!Ssiiil!;j ~ by pliilnilp lind proDe .. (D) llIe IlCine'tic5 a:f AR.[flmpl~tu~'1!!'8Hhf1'slIllTIe-delay-oil.as]' !'IS wh !>!lYiilIcMllIIgl <lit t allll.ll\1I!lU~I~!i8= 6lamdi 6 K.

~o

is

=a

en

r=

REPORTS
IFig. ;2:. S,~mellileof elem Ieadingm the ~l!IdIIE!!l:· hila:~~M r«!qil;l~~ 'focu5ilil!J of 'Ih~ etectr,1}IiI ,spim ~r,~ (@iSSl:J:1fl mdli!S. The penoo1:i:: rl!!ioo~lliJt'~Ui,tioollbY;:l1: Imlol'ie-!QJdled dn:ulEaJrly polilriz:ed It:aJser,SYIIfI~hro:JJIi])~5; lie pre:OOMim1l5 of e~E'i1im1ii ~iniS wIiIosJe ~q;IlI~riIcie\>
~,'1 (iIOO

iill

::
£

1100 -

110 rnlJld~e<lrrea!fll'ilngeliTumt ~ntJllase' QDs" wiliIich do., ,II ! lrilot$a~;ry lie PS(.viaopticaiiy ~ldatMe~ooI;roni· liiiudear :~~i!fi 'Ojf'}'l1.op pr,OC'fiSlse'S" Tihlii re~ilJQ!fi~m~ntt I _ I A. lliTmdffie~ the eter!ilioo splllT Pf'ea!!jHiomifre~/IIe:lI!~ sueh ~1iIi<ltit beI:~:me~f~Ii!,Me~th~ f1illei;l!IlI~nry readhes t'h!:l IPse. <A), A:wra!Jie: !!iplfi1lf@laxa~ootim1~ of the: ,As Ilimdea: l,'erStlslilile e1.&trUiliT spm, Pf8wsio,1fl fre~/IIe.nc:y IL1I1IOlllllltedf,or' th:~ ,singl,e IPl!lriI1lP'~rrm~ .lInd the twa, IPump (b'~llI.!el'~H~wooLs;. TI~e: :spiliJ r~~a):i~tJf:01il1tim~ l(illlo!lll .. tOOI ~III E:q. :n, iml :!NlMooi;d WCiS dlerwedl b)' II!ISll1!g '(~i!J,;li.:n. (I,) Itlelill$ityo,f ~lertrCllil5pin prel.:~s,iQ!ii'm(i~ inl ,an 'lWe~ll~e ~f siiii~~ char!J~ IQD!li modified' lily thEllrill!lde~G8ladated fmllle! simglll! 2. I:)ump (r,!!d~li[I!ld1 the 1IMJ! PIlflT1J' ru!OO) pr,i)ttll'i(l(r;~. De llii!la,OI!;.tin@ !~imws m@, t:l~niS,ff¥ of mi:1lws b~(!f@ rllfetlJ!!II!mcyfJ(lul(\~~ duel to 'BrilseliDl:J~!! ispersi:m ,off d Ili!iectrlm .9faonr Qlltd I':!udtoor poki ~~iIII i100bua' tioo. (C) A d(l:sE:li!~tlf '(Bi~'fc[ Ilide!ll ¥ts,lbl1lft¥ ,m ·Il~ I~t)w density of :stlte1i ~anQe. ,AUca!loola.tiOOIl hCiVe lbee:m doo.e< for B ::' 6.1[; l!giJ ~ ,~t55S" Ag~ =0.100:37,

sGtisifylie PSt. ,Ai; the: ~!IrI~ tHe. the ,9dta,tlof1lll~.d~

~an.dom

l!iP-fk;!~,

1b-_Ii'!\!_¢_ !_:~_OIir_$p_.c~_!'I!i_:
" [1'"'

_-II

I'

'I ·1

lwJw,~~

1 GHz. Tit. = l'3.2: lliI$,.T~,.~ Tr/1 m$,.and ~~ 0:: 3 !J:s.

, wilitOl.lt.~'r~l.Ie~~ (U2r,OOliSing

FR sigl!al. F~r tI'm( 1P~,dt~ sll!llpl!e\%'~ first l~h)!I'l1!in.aJOO{)!]Iy ~ypUimp ] .a!rDdj Oren pun1l2 .~~
s\'1;1!c1il,ed Uotl~ pumps: had apo'Wcr of Qn" Wren;, Th.crue Olflhc fR sii~rml'wasl'l'll.e~ all III ~naJ(h1ilmnwItilin ~llID'5t:1 as [u1ilOlioll of tum~ ~I<tpsoo.aficr ,ifw'lto1~!l1;g on. ~l!l'Il'iIP:2 (F~ ~D)b Th~$!ow !D()mpilncmt of 'I.hUi :ns~'(:r:t,i!li on a 1'l1IlinYles ~ime8C<l!~e.<'l'U!d! 'i( !jlu~nell~ w;!!IiI e1!i!c!UUnOri

mo

PO~1\fOC

1.0iF""~~~~~~~~'

OJ,.

c::
-,0°,,6,

The ObSC1'\f\OO kmg memory ·ofexcim~QnI, p~ toco~ must he: ~nroil:uil~tc!C!l Illlm OD l~lflC~ei, for III whud~. 1o,I1!!;spIIll r,eiuetIOmlliltH'S in~ighmag~ Itetucile:Id_1;o u,tJ!, to hurn or ~'O!tc;1il ,dia.lfShavebeen r:epofliOO (24. 25).. 11~{: I!JUldel in ;l parrk:!!!.1l;u'd)ol mnst iilaveboon i<l!]igned.aitongd~e m"'g!l;~:k:r:liCtd. lJ;, d~!xu.~g~. hyper.fi Ire i!lle!<l.C11\D!~ Ida.eelee~ili!e 'l'li~
UIGI~ dwinge.'IipO~1.Ire tOd10

:p;1r.t1Ilu:ain. 'Ihlsala:gll.~

:~

0.. 4

IlHlfil:, in,~lml, ci:L8f1g,esIdl~ ~~GCtroI~,s[nill ~(m,

;1.5·1.0

.0'.5

no

O\,.a,-~~~~-~~~,
0.51.,011.5
QJ)

[1.5

lime (ns)

Pu:1iSa @faa (1C)

1.. 0 0

US

2J]

IF'ig. J. (A tl), C) 1~R.lraIOO$r\~ralil '~fllS~m:bb~ af .$i!illg:~!fd'1I!iH[I.@dQD.~ !S1Il!b]€!(ttIOa sal1l1,goo 1~~liiIlP IHlls~ f'~:tlliti1oliJprotO(:OlMI~h puii:s,~area (7) :;:;:n:: at 8:::; ,6 T. (A) F:Rm'a~e$ it.iJJb::lili[ated wiith~tJli! tter!:s,tty o,f el.emmm1ipin IP'N~(eSliiDm m.odl1!5 nlIrnc:h'alm g:edi by thl1' nudel, l1he I'ol,tio, of ~h,e IFR am pMtn d~ before,., A 1M!~)iillndliilfter, .A,po~,"the ~lJmp p:r!Il$e~hows;l!IiIait ol'l'~ J(!ll% 'CI!flhe elecb'oli!$ are ~PlVQL\led illl the lifIlIade=kn:I~t!d sp~1ii P:re(e5sia:lfi, l.eflidimrgt.o iIIl1f!'di.i~ed fiR :~igll1>aIL iil!i!'9amre delair.! campalr'ed with tJirilit iIIt of ~oc!liTIii\i'e.dela,:ys~ (B) FIfib"a(E'.~ ca~!lJIJI,affidl 'wilh '!the: delil~ity elf e~eCilJ1(lI"I~p'in 1!lI'iei:eS:S~:i:m In"lIClde~ IUIi!odified by the' IiIl)1dei.n~ 1~@JtiO af the All gmiIflU:l~di':lSAIK!(A!J'l!~ shi!)ws ~haJtt90.010 ,~f €!1~drl)i~S are IIi!'CWil"vU~wt:liilli mcde..lQotBd :PfiSCE!SS,]OIiJ.(C) E;;,;p~~lmi!!lIffta[Ua'c@' ef tlfr'l! IFR S'i!il~i'll CMa~I1~ .:rIHer e:duBictimgtlire IWIlIb'ibultiiio:n from nJel!ltlrtde:.:uitlllffil~ whikh Ile,lIch ml lliIIIodl!lh!tiome:f~he IFR $iglliltll aJfteu IIfIUIiI'IP puls~ !1Irri,\I.a1 O~ig. lll). 1i~'e! ~~lrimleJiI:tal ratt~ Amli!rAiP!I!~ (O:!IIfirms ilat9'Oolb aHh~ ~I,~trt:lrn ~r~ llf1wlved ~n the mode=~o'dk'Edprecessilorli'1fl OUil' e.!q:l,erimem. Gaiklil~atd raiD ,of the FRo iiglmatt <llln"liPUtudElli A.rIi!:JA'INl~' with •. andwilhout (b!iuid including lliIUlde:[lr reillmmgellTllerntilsfl!Jlilctlon (If jlYIllil,P 1~liIllse al'.ea. ~E]I Depen,d,e:IiI'Of: o!~ ~,e l'eLafure IiI!JLliIilb~r,~f' eledmlils.. RpJt), 'in ~ OIl) el1lsemrtd.e involwd ·RiItne' milJde.l.ad~edprE!cessiolfi ,~ fliilfiwol1 ef ~ump pulse .area. 'iI1te same S:e<t ,e~ p6:ram.e1l!rs was usedl M im f1g~. 2..

freqp~,ffI ee ~ _,_ @M,."., \1,Ilrere !!()~ = ~B/(/} ). ,,*13 is Iii'"" Bohr magt~et(l!l, g~is 1ffiI,~ e:1~lro:lil. g fa~CI!\ .md d1~ ml!c'~CIU'col.t1ri.b\ilia$!" Ww.", L., p~ pG!tkml!J. t{l<~h,e!~1i.Ic'~ear~I'llJi1_~liou. Ueslow wi'l1ll ,md dOCOly dymmlVcs ()ifth~ 1fR. ,S\gililotliill fig.. l j!ildl~c..9Je'bm, t(! ~~nwi\l optical plllscimln st~n.... ~d u11l1£5 tlae; Il'l!lclui ~Q ~,Il<:re~ lI.e ll'l!ImlboJi of 'ODs: for whiCb 11ih.e eloonJ'Qfrlspimprooossiorl r~(l~nai!3S i~itlry IIlI~e PSt for 3. pdiiclililliitC:i>idl:3lnol1. prulooQI,

{retn

~m'

What Ill!d_~vi!'ligdlC; p:rojeo1!iQ!~ ofdle nMcle:i!lf mll,e'l~gnetic f;kitd to .~VllhJe itmtL'IJIon;/ifs an '~:'~eclrOnni.o ~ Siltis:~ Itfil.e ~C? '1]lfe nuelear PQ,I:ari2:a!ti,00l. is c]I,an.ged by e:1:BCtron"I~uc:ll!:a:r spill. '~1~p.l1op[lfQ(,':~l'lS~ult,. imlgf~rtrilF~i-(i9:1J'1~~ b~f.MI.11il' illJ.m:a~tr'OrIP6), Sue;!] ~iroc~iSes;"hO'wev'~. Oife iSuppre-s~d it] <I Sltolil;g:nl~gJ'lettc fldldooCOlU5e of ~he C'lletg.}lrnisl'I1ili'Lkih be!;ween Illile !3\l,ec~'ron ou'l'd, Illl.'lclear ,Zeelill<'UiI
S]!ifll po~<lrlzd:km on .. SpLU~IDillllllsby iiOO'lIlt dll"OO OM~i'S Offil18,1lJMtl!ld'c. F~i,..:nllp IrafilSiiUtlll;'i,. whi:ch MG ~~sted byplliO-

REPORTS
C>Ol'llliP,~~~~.;tti!1gd~~ n~is~~~i!)h.h"ve ;,l, ~QW r,!~iUty iOOcau,_..:e otl!:le p!m~OOl oolt!e~~kin QD.s {27, 28},. This exph'l1LflSihe llribuS'tIile!>S of the ~n.wle;J1CSPllll polaciizalio:nl in drin.css to mrCir an
~iQflS

{Fig, tCJ COll~lli~nl1}1 IU~i3ail,c~Fia:nlo;plicat e.:i(.c,ilalit'ii~ (ji,r urn~·!i<llj;~~l'l.1'ic:Jti b~{Ililes (1~1i'Kil~ C!flk!~ril "l~h;,tr:iis!"!l iii! ~hen~deat Spi~l ~t.m:l~'ttiOll dy~
mt{]W'

Uked:~~~-i~~tlQ~.Ev~~[~~ny wlwl.r; Q!!) enUl~ \Wmlb~e prutidlPa~ tn I! cQ!le!l~~!t ~~SiQ!l P locked on Oldy 3. f~! preeessicn frerqp~fldcs" 1.1Di mggcsl!;. thaI alassr pmloOQl (deflillcd, bya s '!lUbe scq;UCllCC, ,Wci'tilD,. and mm) c:mr !be des:ignoo.
h;I fOOiLIgl.llil: I'lI~ti!QIft~~Iil.

p~~;Oi'l

lJ!~nios., The: ,~cii!.atiofl process raptdly har!i5 "nff" n.h.e, rnlyperfi~el'l~M of a Gicfunt eiectron,
aclmit:l~, 0:11. d~e tm.1cici, and dilcl:ic!d is sl!.lbse.qi1Ci~~I'y l~iI!In:Lcdi onagBlim by the IriOfnJ lradiativtl ,dooay.

C'itltlon pro;locoL TheOOI'll@lex e'!{,o~ulionor~~~e uloo;e dClllsity C<lusooby !ihe ;g,wi~lJhi'l1g bel~eren ~:nnpintllProl:OOQbis d.esrnibed l!.!yEq;, ] 6 in (SOMm!(ij. SOlin~of ~Jllil fcarures ,oh!lCrvcd.iI~ tlile FR. si~8iI. ean be er-1,p~.ain.cdi ql1i3lL~'3.ti\'cly•. Fo; whc~ S::(!i.IJ<) ;~ the' cOJ!I!ponelllt of~he ¢1~1~ '0Xa:tII}pt~..,. U~~<i!in1o-..~ il~WlOOi!.lS FR s!Siraal ~ 8pil~1 poiafi;t;atiQ~ al«w; Ilhe~igl1lprolP<U-J;.1!~iM di~ W~~(;41sMi,fi~ooirtgrrol"!ld~e :sVut~l!e WI·lh~ m.woPU"~ looalio'll 1!0l~1 <l! di!e !h'Onl;~n~:of purnp pu.tsc Ol.r~ I'Uls-e p~~ if! f.i;,1 [) CI!!~ tmced. to d~e:m ~. hellOIll, ofQDslhat. ~Rcr: cxpasure to tine,single rivllIl.11:1Cil'C'[0:re, rI1~c' ex.,ci~~io:nrn~e rl(OO~I- [U2 ~ pump I;i!tlilli;cpt'OIOOC)l, atu.dyfJ'oHill th.cfSC for SJm))ITR;. for Cl'ooUUliS mrisJyiuS 'lim fSC (H}}: dmlwo p'1!llillppul,oo Iilroti(]OO~wil1l~(},umal1J.ynud£arr S''i'M]' :::::. '-;~12. Idm 0xd(!atim~ proooMliry is 'vmy ~«~WOOeS!lIS41lofPa.uHbl(ioC~d.ng, :Bi:l{l2ll!le of:3Jvmy ~lIIl1g(llillml! (Fig, 2B). In [he oppoS.i~L(l:C:a8~ long.d~lm~c:~ time. T~,i!lOll!r Q'D~ d:l~ ·e~.~ of swiLCh~!li8,fro'ln'l h:v'{']' to S~IiI.g~i") Pll!!]1[fD' ~rl!!b~ ciboo!l !'iIl~fOt la~c~ecleCltltiln... Ls ~I,!oed [r)' lwo iexc~~tocm, .aJ~nl~ai~1 QDs,l?!rlilich. 8lIti~:fy(he PSC (]I!roe!S Qf ~fI~..g!li~!lIIde fi~ fi'uJiI]I/Tit .j., ~1T2fur, 00,1 'bdooe llike s'wittil~,OO!l!in'll!e 10 be mooe-k~"$red ~hc ~ of moolro11ls Qlru olllCe:q).:.-"'Ii1fllelllS I1Tg ~ Elil[erwam (f~ 2!CJ. Chrung.cs (I fn.uc.le:ilil" ~inpo. 200) [SlIppo:rn.ln;gOniHne Mated!!l. (80M) UY..'(~].. .laJrizailiOil arc .!>1II,ppreiSSl,,'dil~ tiJl!~c:: Qns, li.\ifldhn:g 10 a ,dlYl1J!lmiesil~ !~lllG Jml~nl!n~ time [aI1Igt:l (80M Because ofr!{oo),. 1ffiI.~· Iillm!.ear rulaxaliO:llra!e ha... 3. !i:1I(U'Igend pmodj(; dep¢ltd~m.o~01] r;J), Mlll~ I~XI)'~Uld e:i(~lll'iniillg ~h~;slow FR s~gn1i1 d(l(;~~ in Fig. ~IC. I~lhe period del~fnnil'i:OO by lihePSC (If da.e pol_flO fOCusi.!!{,l of~oot!JG!~ !J~I);) PSC mode-sis l~iol!l1!!!" xcit<U.iom~I;ocdl: 2:ltI'r~ !for il~ :S~l1iglie c ~'u'lse tm]m m~d1 2rrorTiElb !be ,dGub~e tpuilisclJ:<Min dBC~~;Ynll<t!ljf'C-Sted by the FIDt s!,gHa.ls ]~~ fig, IA, OOauR it C;!IlIISes o:~nparnblc' Alamplirude.s o 100· (Pig, 2A).inl'e ~1U1geiifclIDIloo in"dlf:: 1fI1I.dear. nip d fom and! afiar jhe Pl!lIlIIl;)pulsC& 'Em MlooialiOOls nne expla~ms'\~by6iI.w~in. each Qn ~OOM to .roach. l~iI'I~ value: 1lI11,0\'\JIl.1l,g c~ootmfil spilTh to, [Uilfin tiro 1I~L'l deflilo~stnnallm.t" wI'UIJJ"ulfrequem::y fOOl!1s1.n:g, Iffim PSC, I!lQD~ \\igdl dlee~~Cl(D'!CII] ",pin :1Il)'~!.]1<l.lChililil,!l, .. FR<'!!r!lptiludl); al !.I\I\m: dleiLo1.ys, A,Iilg,' d~ I~()i~

n~~by it <lllo'l:w,::IJ fli:p-~qpp'm~~ d~.w.g tl~ s~vlltl~U!\gw!lill!oU!l.e~~y c(l!Jtq~.!"\!'a~i()n. l1le f:!llIc'le!iif sptn·!nipm~emrlh~rnlecl\af:!ism is jpflOfIDrtl(m<ll. 00 th.e roue of o!lt~calex!cimmjQn of InlncC!OOll'llU, n({l}). AeooMin~ 00 l!~e selciClioml :rn1Jcs, I~IDIcPro'b8!Jryil:iJ~y I ofcxcium.g the ,elcetm:l~IO a !ricm IJ~ e:'!"poolrui.:redI il:ghti£ p:ropooru.onaJ ~L!1!2 + S::(~)

To ca~· c'!l!I<J!!elhe!!:pi~ p~'O~lon !'i"iOO¢dl;l~sil,y h~Fig. 1, wel~vellif.lpHcdl <I" "00x rllode~"(29)j in whidl d~e elcclrOul ~SJwr:tJncti{m has a ,finlll.': !I'1l1p~i. IliJJdfillv1'~lIfISidG the QD 'VOillill:un~ R sud ~,szero ooll1~id~ (90M text)" n~ qi1i~uMit:Mticvl'; 3!lIP~itr:'llaCl';(/if II~ .~p,i~'1 l~~·
ii 'll~g~elll00~,

il!! OJ,~QD 1')~~illM('l 10

r~i1i:eI'lC;~

p.roi'l1li!iii~lgpcr.spootives 00 the luse.of an!msem1li!)[e o:f charged! QJl}.j; m.th Idnc :si~g~L': doolronoohe:rm~oe'Iilm~r~.,
Rl!'&:r,i!!ilU1!!>ill~d IN9h!~

q~!'fhJ!rn bii, whioo cx~i~ depl~ng f~e 5\!I~,!;~e-~. TI~isl~;l' g~rI

~b~isih~s .1Iro~tk~~~~~OOiJitc

:1.5;. JJ.. W,c4f ,i!! M, .•. firfl:i.ll.ce, 2", 1.4£18, (200m. 2,. liD. ~!lI~~.I).IP. DMOOlrulQ, ~ Jl:1jI~.~ !;7,]!:W (:1:99;3.). 3.. UI.,l&r!O!!illl ....AL l,IHr,05, .~~ M Rrn !i'6il, 2.0!l~ (:20M. 4. J\.V. tIDOI§'l~kir,!i), ~~~ t G!"~ITl.~, fl'h:y$ •. fI.ev. WI, 1~30l W)OI!lr. 6, It'. I'll

~a..

oos.iJi~1!mJd-edm'iilyd~pend5

8!ro!~SlyO'.!'!Ole~-

5. A, (.liQhl1$~r! et or•• N~'e 4:;15, 9'~, ~l)Oi~. L KiI.F\i!En!:e~' at, 5c~e 311&, 1}.16 ~:2ro~ plilJll!ll!dMllrli!!:l:llll~ 2,oo.~iM,Il!26!!liMlliHll!:3ill '9l. 7,. J. R, f/(!Ila ·~tm., ,S'~~l'C~ 30~ •. 2:11ID (:l'DOS;!; Ijl!ublhllll!d
u

[ji~IIM ls:t!iJl{llffibt!r2005 Uo.I1I.26~citfi!2~,lU'~ri~). 13. W, A. ({Ji!.11, [l, ~n5"PIlys. fIe~, 8 12 1:253:37 (,Oost 9',. W .. ¥<lq·,.Iii;"~ liil. l J. :5'!~!'Il,Phfr.. J!e~ ~eli. 98, IOn602: •. t.200'). ~O\ IN,~. 1Mi~~, :j;. I!lai~$aJrrna, Pih'$. kr.. ter.~911!, 10.77601(
(:i!OO7).

:n,. fi" ill"

[{lriTl!lii, G". ti:~rlilt~ fitlys. I).

~v:

U!!l't 9:1, 1l()..1,D6

1l'fM, B:

n,.

(~,OO4l. G. BitIikaru.

lG:!~; 0. P. IDtVlllrm~o.,

2070' (1999~. H. W,. A. (gill~ [l, ~I)i~

ne

M, Ill, 'G~!"flIl'I!Ii,n r (Ii" s"{1i~JlI(eil:n. as til, 997). e 1(5, ], M,UOl~ii<r, L ~,~~fl;~ M. I). IWIlkIIl,jJi!~ ./i!g'v• .igt, 9a, .2:1)6303 (2:1l1131 lii'l•. A. hlMffiID9l11J. E, Kfl~ll. L ~'lif'l.. P. Zull~ ... Phys. nfl'" Ult 9~1, OH4J02 t2:llo.3;). n,.p,t Klkk8\.\\9. D.IO,.Pu~!4~~ Scli.>n~ .2111;01,13 (20001• ],13•. M. N. loil'lJIlIlOOr>Qllf. 01, loo.!:.M. P.fl9!Iio, [')., [), ,Awl;.{[)Mtooi. Ph~ Sell: ,~rt" &9', 0l0760l f200i2}, 'li 9: )\. Gf~j!.iCl~ Q~ .. ~imr,e ::!i~, 341 (,,006-1. el ~:I). fli" fjr~q[ijcl~ eJ' ~1" ~" ~Lt~m. ~60. :~V<1'O'l
(~,ooo$)_ 21. Matm~I!~l!l'Id I1'IMhD!ili!
OI'l~1Ve\, ~11e'

PJtr.$.

ll.

'59"

~!t:,

,8 '7Q,195,~4c!

(2004l.

~Y.'lilab:l.l!cm 5run!M
ji~,

~2. ~3,

J. M,. KI»:~wa'.D, D. AMdtatiim. <!!~n (:l:99f~.

flj, G'r~qli~l~ elQ!I,,~.
i.

nIN .. tM'.

81),

l~iI!ePSG, ..he

oomribUl1Ufl ttl m CI1@J'lges IrandOluly IOOccrlllSl:: of'!JE!e li~l s'l:l1n!t~tccl ~Iu!!.dle.ar fUp-"flQP Il:uooesses o:n ,Ej sooollds Iljn~.esca:te.111'0 pulsesim lhe !eJ!i.peri'lilcll~ adl:Jress, all QDs. and dleilr ti{)t.a~,CQ:lillribulioiID. :sh.OOId.~1ak:c tilt; .flit sigJ1~ai~ 1~.ypi~i.'I~ Imng,(l:tMDNx of ~hi.s OOiUlln!rIll!)OOl 10 Ilm,is Ilmdl rsnrong_(}u airer III'i':PU1.S~ Ibhanl oor"(!~, ",,!ton HmLloo. by st31isHcalfiluCIl1.Ot1.0n G!ifrtlim IlJllIclcar spin, (lnly !!IrlL'lnlOOc·limc.koo electaulS aru mlevant. ~l!at:ii:mUOl~,.fen illfl !S~udJioo. ~II1l•.GalAs QDs) ~,.<: .
!!I.JLtC~eat

,~I'. i! 75. 231130'1 U~Cln, Ill. ~<i>!iet. ~$, ~~: B~.U",!~ t~51!!i,;!~. 25 .. 1;( l ElI!!Ihi";IS. )\_ I'. it"'iJIOV 'Ii, Ie Saf.a,fIDI, 5tw. f'lry:t lfIP 'exceed 3 O'i~or~ron:::poslti'i,l\e delioIy sign<!! a:~lp'~~· lit 169 (1.9 :t4}, llll!de,. ApiM ,(Fi,g,. lA.). l'~e strOJ~g olnic~. pump 2:6•. M. t (),rilk.<IIIIIl'l', 11. I. Pffd .. in OpJJm,~O:rll!~i\lIiIf"iil. ~.:l,

F, Mieielr"

8, 11'. Zi!~hardle~.i:t Ed:~, ~MQr~I·Hil!'ILiiOO'"

is on

11.

wiml~ lhe se[J<I:_~tl\m bet~!~ !lIi!e[~lm~;e"S)"!~chu:Q!n" !t~gative ([clay signal (0 ~.~. !cbilll!l OO%,{Fig.3B) .. ~dI m'Odes2:Il/Ti"t ~ (MS·GIi:b;~ As alfeS\!U. the Tkis ls l.n ~~!'II;.'Cnlen~ iith.h~ el'qJ!efbmml<l1 dal~ w nlilclear c~nltrn.bllltioll occasionally dln'Yes {l,U, ill :I':ig. 3C, wl~tch sI];Q~~' on'I" tile clootl"\:mcoll" e~Il~ll 10 ill, P8C 1llIQdC', ,vilrl('.;1'i(; ilS pl7e(\e.~Lon, Iribuuion tOI.h.e F.R Sillllli'lfliL Tlfle ~w;ge 'I!'3illl.lco"f froqruoocyis 'Vi[ll:u~~ly :foo.mn. .on :am:inut.es time A'J.....I...I1'1'I" ClOOl:i1f1lii1S I(hal ino'l!.l:r ~Kper.im.ClllillmQ.~~ J Se;]~e. Th~s l~~ to Illim :f~~llC-Y fOCUiS<lng iI~ .;in ~locU:ou, iin. the .opl:ic.lUy eNc,ited Q<D CI..~tlilb!~ mme il!1!VQIV!}di i!~ ~iIleCQI~eoo:~t f.~sstQ!]l. ~in ~~b QD ~!1:d~:o ,WOlilll~I~,d<l!!iQfi 1f~he'Qll~l ~br Q which ·eh;)cl(Q]! ,spIDs umicll the :PSC. The C1!~cubiiQ!!$of tll~ i!!iells!l),' dependence gf
'fhe rn:q~IMCY foolllsing

OH.z ~~e (SOM ~~l) @.!'!doo!¥!pau;ili~~

.H()l~V"e\'cr,d)e !WJCk.'af @l;'Ijl1!..sht~~u1 h:t~~:

~b~

rumLerdlam, :l!~S41. 2:i!.. M. b~lIto;'ar er M,. N'alm 43:i/!.Bl WlQ·¢), ~a\ ~, ~i~~~~k~i',¥, ~~~,,~v, y,~, ~. ~!.'; fJ '~,'l" Ull H (2'OOI!.il • ~~', S;. M.. F,t)'Ol~IH;:rlI'~ Y\I. r.;;. $~!!lellll)i>', $~. Ph~.If/Ji' II!!!,
lI,AU (l~rol 311\ 1ft II.. 1lyO!JOO:fIll!l, V, L P!!I'o!!I, Sov:fhys. JErI' ,155., 3;62 (TI.97:9). 31,. k. Abr"~ilm. liM fml'Irfpk£fJfM:JrJ,rf!(JJ' ~,(lff~ll1 rOj(~rr:l, lJI~iw. li'ra~ ll.oodOl~ l%:l;I, II- 2:i~.. 32. We' ",f~ 'Slr~ti;l~l ~~~, EMi~" i. !(~f!Md:r.~~d II. J\. ,rile~tu~~ lOt ~11l!;lrUiiliC.a~~gi!~iom~ i!.~t~~, "MJlIl.I!olpt. fll';~ W!IIill; iI1\!!~ ru~PIl'rI!er:!i bl' tifle. fHii1J(;I~~lnJll'Ilst~;fl!1llin I(UlcI ~1'Id 'Fili'SclliJmgpr6!l1~jJ:f I'Rj~ ~ ~miilooq~it,.~ tl~~ ;DI!!!@Il;~.~ AMOO!! ~5!Ni;,c11

ce....~[,onm.ooe dellshyin ihe I()H) ell!Seillible (,Pig,ZB ami. ~tsclosel.lp, in C), W~.lIrotJ:~. foclJlSing. lt1m dCl~i" ~tty of thi'l eh~'ir.Qn5'Jliml Il'mc~~ioo ~nooes,u8 G:3!~i!l~:ilI:lw:itlh a w~dO~.

m.oo:ufie;s: r9"1e spiN!p~

'Piul~

dle mtio Ai..,jA':"""sbw

oohi!:rolJll $;Pinproo~jon
Jl'~I]! 3~~E:OOt to

j]~at.th.eIN.cle.iilllheushag incrcascs ihe m~k) or eleciroms~R.vo~:veCi l.n the

It.o

A~FIqi'

dmir

Ilomj. ;ilJltlbcr.,

!lliInty,

rn.r'~3i

IQW~diMion

h}[iflfilFl!ltfon ~·alI c>eoiIOO VtdmiJolr>gj1 prll!!ltiml, !ille: OUif.:e ,,,r Niilv~1 Rli1~r;l;ll. ,ilIlKi tiM! l)et;liL>c!1Il I'w;iCmq'5oQ~m,e-il'!SctMft 1fi:!~(l!Je~I'r:!~P!:' '"ijUillltWi'l OP'tiC1 !J! Se!liiOOndi;!t+!!)r N.!ing5i!~J.(~!lIe!:'l.
~lJ;.;mt!illll

iI1.WI:I~~Y (F~l}

3~ Damdi E},
that U~.e!~iu,c'~ciinsiW'igl)'

Sup'p!J!mfl91 Olill~ine .Maitllriill.

w'fWl',.SI!ifjmtnli!gl,000'luM~IQiIf1lnl\ltullV:3,9JJ·'{!i34·6/lB9fJ1DC"l

Wehave~:h.ow!iJ

dI~~,ed QDs e1>i:posed0 a pedooic p"uls:c:d ie;x;d· 1 filion '000us ahnosi <lII~ ek\(1irolls:illl 'd~.e ell" j]~e
is the g far::lox dispbVSkiUl. FmqUCltcy l~nooi[iru;d~eQ.Tili:ili1i'i~ooltuiliLl!.llJliJlJ} d~ly :fOO!:IiS~m.g
ID!li,'efi'I~b-

M;a!.ei'll15alld h'IiI!tl",d~
50\'l,!i 'T,~;t;t

sctllli,lbIl.c ~t1Jli(); !I (jo:tlei'!(,'I1le~ootro.f:I ~~n froccs!>1olll. The ('lXe~lillg l:li..%lr acts a.~.91lit'leltroilti!lmea:iJlcll ~~-

Et~er'~~~

21. T", lie ,Zoo1 .amlpte~ 2:9 IWg.ust. ,2.0011 1!O.1I.12~ck!il~!!.:n~,6!B50

7,

REPORTS

tate ArchleSln B,io:s,p herie Oxyg,e':nati On, 81nd Atmospheric .EVD,llulion.

Allan J. l{all.lliman.,.l", DallidJ "Ii.• ]lohnSllntl.1. Jalm~~ Faf~l,!Iliia~:/lAndl'i~w Ii.. Maste:r5:olt ~._ nmo.th.y ·W. 'Ly~ z Sleve BatE!:5,;i!Ari,eJj Il~Anb!lr, 3,IiGi!'!~ll~ Aimokl .• ·]Ie~~i.ca GaIM!Il,5i 1R!i)9eIiBl1Iid!:5 ~ Ifiligh-re·.oohiltiillfl goo(~l!mica[ ;anilil~)!':Ses f org1Jim('\J[idl shail~·an:1i:i C.afooliHtlietlilntlllllgiil th.t! o 251001 m,i~~iCiin·yeiu-o'~d.M.ollim .MciR.i3le Sliii'l~e ilil th.ef.'lall1rlell'~I.IlY IB.alsin o~ l!ilol'ilhwestelTilil AllI!S,frii~i.a l~emrdl d'l:allil!ll~"lifll !!Doth th.e ox.i~atian ~,t;t~ ·lh~s:urf.a!Ce' ,oteal'll a.lild tilIe atmo~Jlh:!!ri![.ml1f1ipo:ll,~~(m~ af 'IIhe' MOl.lnt MciRali!! ~;cord of §11.I:~furisoMpe5 (aptul~. the widie:5!,prea.d a.lildll:l'''''l5;ih1,~i'' permanlllllilit

,,!II;

~Q~ly

~!,~rid1Gd~\~

i!1e ~!~Gr<ilQ8g.cil<J~-

5itim~ in !:hernle!!V~~ bctw~n 13 S <!~d!IS J Ill, where !l;P to ~€I wt % C and S rn"etIJoSIXwdL ~:n. theintnrv:!I1 betw~m~ .~30 and 135m, '!fisua~ ~ovid.enm of,pyTIru 1100l!Jles, lamllULliotls, alild .guado1 bi,,& ~~'l SOIne~~a.f sulj~d;; ttmdp;jr~tioliii.w1!iich
!~

tg~l S

<W1!!!n,da!i;Ce

h~lp [0 ,~pllal!!i. the !!JliUp dmp :~Il im'i dlC: :1~(I:~logcf~(JII!ig~~,ale

hostreek,

,of ·th~ oi.:dd"t1iv~ ~'l)Il!lI~c)!Idre for' I~~~aps. ·tih~iI'i~t '~lIiIiIeiii! li.a!rth's. liIistory. 1i~e CQ~lation !C!f 'th~ tim~·.Si~~~.$ Siillth~1!i !!')top~ sig!'lals~n 1!i'I·o!'ithW>fl$l~m A~s'tralii!'! w:it~ ~qlllli,i!'!I~~m ~ strat1!! fr~m SOIUIIii.. Alfrfca slLllllgleru~~at (hang'E!5irilll@!~ogen~'( ~!!!I!fur (y~i'E! rE!wri(:ie!d illl mariln Ii! sediments activation
Mi'f@ gloltlalrlil SlCIJipe allild We!nl l~illlkedwi:r!!IiIi1OiS~heirk @\[ol.l!li1ii'DrI"Th;E! (l'i!tI SI!J:ggies;tllat 1lX!i9!;!I'Iil'ti mil iof UIIEls;urhlce IO(;!l.i!11iI pr~wede!d1 ~en.lasii'lI!l il,liId 1"!lll'Sffistlmtil~IfIiI0.5:pheln'k o:tyg:en:i3ltiolil I~y :50 m~I~lioll1! yealiS. (liU I1Uliue.

Thchj:~h~roSQ[u:~iOOl SisiOttlper:oom.Il(..'Verus oousid~i'able SInl'Ii~\llle va!riatcojl ~IillW"s iliI"id A:lJS (l8).illlelu:dilng s.u'bI>l1tnl'ial.lood,.w-ood 00" eiQja.IJiom, 11'1 '~""lmI:11i,~s Ole t~mt~·~ri~ .S isoto~

data, IIJ.e

MClYI~i

McRae Sillal¢ can 00 divided!

S~S 0lf:'idI

(19) info a ~Q\!o'Cr ilt (> l:53m), wl1m W

.8?"g sh~! P!)S!ttVC CQRtlltuon,. <liPId! n L.~poer a Uini:t«153m), whine ~O!:s: values become .~I'a~ cre.as:ilntgly m::~uve. Of pillrtLculru- ~m~lBntisdll.'! IID'It~NaJl above BOm, \\!lhG<C posiu.vll: .A~3S
",.alu~ .~ ceJl(lplQdwid'!J r1e.~ti""'~

:he hi~O\ry ·of &!!!'fiI~~~oo QX'y~e!1@t~O!~ !s\'\.rurollen in I1ihcs:eolG.~ic<!IIiOO()ifd of redO(l!.-seJaSlilivc !ell'\lne;!liL~ iPilleSen'ed ln am:itmt sedi.nl(}Jilts·. TI~c: d:~()V\t'tt)!' of lru-gc noo::lill.:ll"S.dciPClild!Glnl {NMD) 8isotop~: :anOl'lla.I:im; ilil. Areilllflill~alil.d.di~e· elilil"~i(,:sl.p,%~{l'Ofl:~ill~o:ic s~~ls: .~ bel~evOO In ~ cAl~g~~i!~ almOsphcric Olt~e\lIelS, as Illest': re.sult from [):ho!oohe!M~! !~timus. in .OJ! low O~ilI!nlOSl)Wlere (1~~). l'odOOmVlell~. lell1l)Qral cimnga: in the ~m~gll[i~udcof ·dU.1!ii~ iootope ex.ctI:l':!>irDl!ls,. we tocu~ on ~tlgh s.nl~grtllflh.icH':SO:[1I1~J)n $ijII;HJ!y.sGlll

snr.ttigmphic VaciOllio!L5 in Q:]cmcnw @bl!md\;lnccs

[wel:i'i1t -peroent {wI: %)C and S]ndUJC conl}· '~rlioll~ (lJJ cmbo!limtc .aIIi1ci1 nl1'l'lliCll~alrur 10 ad"
dress IlllilCcal.lSC~s) ()~[ Jh1cJM1a1fonil~, _NME'I ciTeCins :proseli\'&d tn 1iliI~ 3mcicl1![st.'tIl~OOI1lI5.n~"f; rc.."-UItns \'-'In)loom.pal'lt'ti to 3. p:~iOIIJJ> sDudy ·of I[lne MlY~nrD Mc~ Sl~<l!te In and to ~ew S ~'IO!~ daW! ( frrnn ~e ~~g~l[lCllI1y cg,I rivalc!lilGOl'lTIolclm .

.aMs

",al~l.

lilis Sioom~e reol<Ilior! !1.'!ay mcortill <Inhrl1pa~l ern.'\!'!ro!l1nle!lt3~i1incl ~iolo¥ic..al event neal' Ule ArolilemvPro1~ic bm.mdruy. The lower half of dllC Mmu11. McRae Shale
from dim Amh.M1ll .Biosp'hm'ii'l Dn.Uin(l1l .Poojci:l

aJlJclK!1I!!1.l:ln~

h'O!~ mnaTions

in Soul!~

j\Jtk;1!

of org3f.~ie.rich

s.ha~.c

!.WIt!

e.wbolmlC 1irom a

1~C¢!1illy ,dlriUed \lciel~tHlc core (5) jJIiJ!'O"'Igil .he

",2500 [!~iIH(m~Y"eaJ--old Ol!!~t McR~ Shale o:f M lI!oml\?{cster,nP.!!II sn_m~iiil:. Pn:,'I,f;t<RJ!S studie5 IJl'C MOllJill McRae Sinle idcutiJmCl 11ruuaaruU bO. m~ttla.~ 'J I. ImpallcJ,clS (6~\ pr:OOll!Iood bYe}'~liIlo'bi!lclnria Ihat

V 5)i~cill[c.tl~eslhe l~reseJ!~reonwo depositionall qdcs; eard~ segiOOllC1G stfll't~in, c!lmnzliln OJ :sinoicda,~ltic nubidiM: or breeeia and.dcejpems i~nOOI. :k.6~y gc:nc;lll1too O2., as well as ~Iil.lmlYa!ic UP\ilfliMS ,~:o ~id~~r:~I,agicsha!l~ er baudeel H sW:m)lls (7). whi~ are. bi(lilllOI,ectlt~ thilt rr&!Iuiro imlfl·fol]l!Ialrton (Fig:. I). TIm StlCCJ~1il has m:.. 01 for Inheir S)"rql.i:lesl!'l (8');. We iJ!\'esti~ U~e perie~ood (D!~l)'mitd re:llli(lml!lnle!a~ht .. !n I~i[m,·~ri~s ]~l.s~ozy -of e:lcrnen:ml <!1U!dI~SOlOpe (pretm!lie-jnllmpelly~liC tac:t1i:S to <JiOOI~) and
mll~imil d!elUml,nkm {gellll,o fokttlilg
to,

or

(12~J4) to 'C'ii'"hmlelhe spatial e"i:lleill of ,Ihe' inllCf= pm~ e\'nI~,IS, The Mallin McRae Sh:a:l~oor~inll.':fllicel:S Ililm~I.~3Lt~d \:vIG.ll-p:ro®@;jJ\Ioo. i>@dinlellts I:h.a!~ and <WQli!.nlY!~000d! n i<l! l'!!Iarline en'!.!'ifOl'lrnlerl( ~eh:)I!iM Ihe wave base, A regiomrn :roc:IllC!]'c'c<!J!<l!lysis
m

(AOOP)-900m .~ fnlB.~rGhld Itoh3ve8icellll.~uhuooin 11 d~p.. a!lol'(ic i@Q.wir:Q~~I!I~]!~!l..orm: ~ sedl.!~!~$ ru'e dominaledby skleri!ic iilwe ou'Kil muhl:!ed m!l"R:n'111<JiDO:n (13, 14\ Uepoo!Sl!i ..'tl oorrda:liOlll 'Ibdweel~·o:lJlg ruKl.ll.:ljSin tlie lo~r MOllltD. Mel:.a£ Sh:llilc has been .inm:crpl'Ctcdl as ~ith(lrll pnr:ttnary <l~illo.!ifl~mleMli'ay i(1 0.1" Ittn:~~flg bet\~ atn~p!1:~cally dt'l'i\l\~ NMD Switli

1~a.\jij:-dC'pendC\!ilt ~err:eSlria;] i!~y.1!S" 111is nitul\il'l.f}, m~ 'WeU e11<p:tu:ll!)llJ~e loog-(ernl and bed·ro~

vUJ:iab:m:tyiIl S !so]:opeoOl.l1!posI~i{lus (f~gs". aad ] 213).. II is di[Jffim~,~t10 inlCiependcmly ,~d~c: ql!la1ilt~l~livc: con1[jbt1J~i.on OfllUiIDSlrialil\iplits
[wilh S;!4Saliid l!!:1JS... (I !~r m:l~ ,(%g)]] ool8ri'(l\~ to

(1,6), .Rad.i.olnlmia age QQn5~imllS; l800 rlil(l p MOIJi~tMcRa('l Sha~cycry nMrI:l~eArohG3n:f PfO'tLm)1!oie OOIJilildary (...,2500 mimmlJ yron; (llMl (9) ;md jlh'it 'mefttre 1111(1,dli!lawoorun~~ ,(lif .Im;g~ NMD' effect<; ~<!1l.~t,~fe!lWf;ldl to n~k dl(;l ~ in .a,h,lOOl:iheri,e 0" 7}. GooCltelll[c~1I dartanal'l. d1ie Mmm.t MC:llae SI:Wlllil(fiS. ~.) S1!Igg~~ il, l~ghl ooop1idi\!! bctwOOtl 'Ll'iIir~llla~lal ,MId biological .sigo3ils,. with. a S1!IbstmlJti:a!~1~!iIll.wni,oo ~~ at -t51 III in I$I~ ~~CQr& (&3'!S,.~~3S,. ~rnd~3GS) h] COf!'C§!1: '!,,,~~~ OON.A..c:id ~e,'1ct~bmJ .f e1'>!f~@.b!eijro!] g oon1 MwntM~Rae 'salI~,p~es indicates that 5,i>d.crite ~DepaFlR1.en~~ol~G!lolo9V andlE<ll~ Sy~wn Scfenai! dO[l.lll~iesln ~,e Im'Ve!f Ihililf Qf!!ll'e (Q'Ji1lJJ.1IitiOIl!, ~I'!1Je.Jdi9;f;ptitNII} (enerr, IJniMeB1l)! of ,Maryland; Co[\~~ P.ark, ",~~icllis 't<NlSfsl~l~t wiih iMI,e 3bs~O::Qf' O:~ in M!iJI .~74~:::!'tl, USA. ~O~JlariJnl!'J1ll ,of Earlh5ctemc~,~, d.eepLJrdeposilimla~ (1;llvironlirum.ts. O~~d~c onllimr IIIml!@{l;!ly or !!:alifiomia ~[ R~\lg!tid:~ Ri\r~J"i~L!'I. 92'521~ Immdl,,~ldl£ i.s :iI. primamyMrOO'lmt(\lphuL\lill.li~l(il 0423., '!JISA. !lS[hooi o:f ilUlnh ilndl~pa(@' E:!plID~a~, M~Qnil S;'liIt~ll!iflivero~,TemllE,.ra. 8S28i44Q4" U5.l~I1le!Ji'il1mellll !ip~r MCl1iuU McR,a.e: S Il!a! (':1 iud.iC3ullg I~ihl$ or (ihel1fl~ry ~n:I Bi@chemj~fI)1.A~iiI State IUlnnversiW, :g.eneml a'oo~]]c:e of~iO.1w1eu!'Of:I .~ the sll<i,~10iW TIlii1il'e.!f1. 8;$2S1-14l!M, UM. ~De~rt~ent O'~. ~M and Sp~~e5de!'!l1e$ .a~dM~'b[dOli~ f~af'l'!,. UIi'I1'>'eliSi(lJ i1!1 wOller OOh.l~MOli~. ~is: titwe. Ca'moIWe<lmill hJtai~ otgllHic; C ~ I~e ne.s increase!Xo~essively vlli up Wiil~hi~tDl\! Seait~1ljWJI,9111.95o-13:ll0,USA. d~~. oor.(;. T;o,tll!.O:~Mie C and tnt2il. S va ~u~s arc 'Olio t~nlll1ll rorresptJllId!!IlIQ!' :~hol!llJ!l ~' ~!lIre5sl'd •. E·mail: b hi~l~!.hrol!lgh(fii!l~. tltfi .Mo'l!l:nt MeRa~ S~~a:ll(') blJ:~ ~il.IJ~IiIJ<lru®~!!II.I~md@du
<:5~)

'ifall-mtlolls thr~sh d~e SUQcessiOOl ilnd 'hu:erp:retecl I~~le!!lppl%~~fI~(iif 'dle ~blill:na~ion f <lISc:ap~luill:g lire {IIxygm~9IlM .of Ilih.i3Inr:rlliim~~Alii'ChC8i~l sIIr,faoo . lIHle..1!m.andi b[.o5pht~, .3 ~~!llt fMlmr ~PPOfffid: Illry aC(!I'rnfl3!ni(lu. 1ira~ll!Il\\t3.l .. sl.uKiy (9]\ :~!:]~lIi!eIPfeSe!1~ stIUd!y, <! !n~ified o!m~ill!e \i{lm~ Iblllst:l.m~ ~~:Je~]mdj, Nl~'ro:rrl<l~Jidl OIJlilysi:s or ( wholC"IXlck S alld iii htgh.~p:recis~OI~ thJ(I~h:lfl~ d(m toohnn,q;l!Ic :[tlranil~y.si.sof d!m:~niCf'lny cx~ I~mclfld. $lll~fidL:;S ~ appl:i:oo to sru:n,p~.es: from I~~ 0000. '~. IilsOO llI~p~i~\ti\\D1ood!,hj:gJrt~~l!Itl.fn~

d1ps

a-So )

poS:!~hl\eA.:B8d1ro1l~1I d~mstmli~pl~icil1u:crval asi.n.dicalll1lg IbIm p:~rm'ii:;lI1lfial ~noorporutimlJ Qf mdUcerlNMD S (ITmlO$,Phen~ e:lO>ll!l.en~@:ISlin10 !.uwe ~dI~'11eul~ tPro:b:abI.y f~cilijt.ll~by ~hic~ bu[;1,! el'eJlllO!~Iiil:~S!W~cdO'!~. ThJ..,m ic~b:t<ll priGCtl:SS :is capabile of O'aJ1iSibmng ~e .~n~l to pyrii.l~, while hl:lpali!ing Ih~le ilil) IlO addi:Hou_al. Isot.opec .fracli!II~!liio:ll in. S3Ol!S. (lllO' el at. {I1) prev:1-oUiS1y ,exptal.llecl yooati'OI:b" il:l :N ~D stglta.W!~ w~M!l~ifil!II1~e M01iIu~!McRa!3 .S[~'\ ~¥ phySLca~. ~'~Q! ~kilbgl!l;,dm:t;.; i,~g ~r U~e ~bnQsp~~~C w1I!fCe.s.lheiooloplc 8ImH<!1!~~Y (h,]. a,:l4g. <lnd 13 ,:.,' 8) betw'eeill ihelJ: iQQ~ Ilnd oYU"s.p:rt-senUy J(lO Ian apool. po.1ttllS to 11. ibilsi1ll~sca'le pheU,(I:lJ1ilem:ulI.
1imk(ild tlWOllg!,l
~\ler, raiPj~

I.]~ked to ~U!.",es·of s!!.!lfa!e Olnd ,e~e!:rJimllll Sfroon tlle iillI'lto~lrorc. Will hm.wprel. in1n,e dOO1~1111IJliJC ot

NMDil1pu.l", H)()!w~~'~u,!'lQrn::t~''\Il1h,:L¢S: of .&.3~s: (eHher pos~lhre(If !lC:P_u \l\Cl) !li!,~1 lI!l~nlllwly 00

atmosphcn,~inp~ffi

(10) .. 1[0\"'-

boo·lo·boo. (o;r, t."ifCl.~wullh.in~&i) vari.~1!JHity ~~flII3n .dl~lT(l:oolil~Sin. th~ m~itu:ti,e gf the post~i'l/e .~~3~3 'excW'll'io!ii :probab~y reflect loc<)1 C(Hlitliols ilfehded~o 'i,i'.OO"iol,Me mi 1IiLqg ors fron~. dis:liJl.CIl sUlrfill~ I'>eseWO:LIlS, :11iulh.ld'ing
the d£ep' :wd sh.&Hlow
OCcailli.

asweU

!I'S

Wi:rre5)..

tria1

@iBvioon.iiftiiliii1ii.

REPORTS
Afl ~gt~d (li!,)Qv¢, ~t'i~ !l!fP~:f b~! f ,(If ~~~~ MQU!!fll McR<!~ :Sh,,!e, w1~ich is dolni!1<!l~ by i~lIiIrbi'dii;{e,s ff c;:~a1~ o and! sha le dlat OOCl!ImlJli" :illk'ldi bclowlhe storm wavc' base, is: d'Wil!CJt>er~ i:md: by ~llIlfidas: 'Wiltih, Itc.gali ve a,;J;gs ¥2I!lues C!otip.ko'dwilh ~t~",.lS AJJSwliti~ {f~J.l, l ,antru 2A)~ TheS,1l'lS an.d l'l.~J:S\lalu.ts Qf Iilli,~ s~'lfud~ .~~ s\llf:ak: ircd\:.mtlOllin!l~.c, wa:tlJ.' oollJlftin (21~. lpossibly Cirn!lpled. widl tfulflg sllJ,~f\l.kl:oonocmJ:ifi:~ion" (11). n~.i'l iitrl~(;}'tIfre~miiOn~s QOO\5ii'll('J~1 ~th ~~e;I~igh, w (lI.garcie COO!lt~til'il'l ~di~Ji.l~'Ul'l~OOVL';~:531'1'tiu. 1!1Ii!~CQ!Te.\~lic~ are !p:]:illL'5iblylinkOOlo hi~ r:at~ Oi,f prinw:y I~roducbvh)! Umt lretcase,d! ox,i&mls il!t'o d~e slmllO'wllliilirine eU'l'iro:ml~~I. On the OdleF I~wnd~ l~iliillXl!>il.iw~,:tl:S valucs re:t"iool 'ililoor~ ~li(m of Ii'CdU.oOO. pll<itOI:~i.c S" To 0000lI1ll f:or I~b~ fooll1l'eS, w@ :pro,~ two 1I\at. ~e :s ~oot~ ~i~rn!ll~ in Lhe ~~pef MoUII:llM~ Sl'l'(ll~ lrefflecl .he le~1!l!l<li5l~!TI:~n of :S!\iI.!idespr-caclia:nd ~~bl)' ~n:mmc!iI! oxfd<tive Scycle,perIlalls b I~k:first tillle; in Earth's hislO:l)!';.in;o W'ln!.)1j'rolutl:ln 1~~'mI\1llas strnufied. widl IUCSJlCClto ox:yg.lJI~(13], ]111 I!he ll:lLl:e: .AlI'Chean, ,a.c~. O~ woold aceuIUl.llllil!aUlil~ h~ghlypn:Khlm\',L'l n:)g[~flS9i!ong OOIIQ.-~oolOpi~ fui.cLimmtiQ:]ls,

iT!lply micmbi<U

8Y1t..:!e ~d~ctiOf:i~~19~

lesser ,~);~~ 'v;,we high t'!lI'lOUgll I~Q sttlllUliat'e o1>l)'"\!}.elil]c pbotoSyn.tlIile5~S:" P,'ossib!e exlP!~.lIIatiCl:lilS,to aOCO'llllr~ For d~eiisolppic OOsc:rwlions aixrll,'lll ~S3m.~i1I.d~d\::eli()f'lHlff~gl S m~;du.OO[$ CilpaMe: ,of pmd)i!J~fuI,g latg¢ 34g d~pl.~'~o:tfis(a.'i~!ili'k~~}'~I,lario givg!~ ~~~e ~;)jU !)I;;-dblt c~~a!lge~8SO!Ci<!itedwilh n~i~~lWetaoolic
~Q,~

ih~'@"~id ~~~~~!~"5 .md! P~~i!pl,'l

5:wf~tefQ!,!~ootI!rQ~.gh
a,),;1':\)

,();t<;~1i!~iQlll

(wll.'Bl. po~it!.,.e

if! dislal51~il!\igs, w,igefe !!1U1trl~rwl levels

1!!m~ tl,.l3S}W<1:~

~·!'edtil)~i~d by

I!!l-klm~llll

sl!Ilfllte tedtlctio~loifon'l1.

sulfides d:e~p~,e~oo. ;~m.

~:l<l"" ar..;i ,,)JS, OJ ~ ._ ~Q

6]"'8 bllllrct8hJLi~g POsil'ive' ~JMD AJJg vlllucs (fig;s,,~1 aud :2A). n~m'gan1i~ C 311(1 5Pi1l'<~~tWOOiil 153 mid IJ5!ll OOm..~Oltd'ii 00, am ill~e~lW~~li(l loo'fih

s:

'II',1I~!JI'" i::S

t .,; . ;~R ·_I~'s;;!··e\.'" . . ·wca_~y II' 'I:~v' t1

ttl

whichlli<t!yreHec(

p<lll~'W\<li)') orlhe

<lotiVO!i!ionOf!~l'k;robi,i~dispro-

:P()]'i~iOl1i'!iLi.cm,eaclk):I1:s (2'4). Bec.a!1!>Cllllie fomle:r r ~ i.'l_~ful, I:JiUlkr1rlOWf~, IDihc~aut;l, arefl,OO and, clcar.ty ,LWi.d'cfrut lImli~. dlC; u~id·P"C1Cilliiolc (25)t C!r'il~ $!.JOOMI ;'IIiI 3)t~I'!~~ti\1¢ &I.rnl~Q~. ~!~IOO 00 imc!'ea.s[}~ ill) ,~ i!nitiatoo during dIe prwl(!cthl'hy 'ev.~ml recQrded in the co.!'!::aoo,ve 153 m, InOIII.mic S o!l!ldal!'LQ!iI ~.c~lml.nyroqli.lir,es hisll 1~'IIIels of dissol VM O2, whereas m}icmb~o,1 S oocidalli.ou, wl~i.cb is tlUJl!Ight I~Obe ~~Jeicl~~. ill oogi!n,. WOl~~c!. lroC(l~d 31 ~oweu (or ahlUlf~t) 0,2 E oomOL.'Olmratugl~~mn st:ull 'w(l~ddl ~IUlil~ill!l '~]GC-

the IlJ.!pper Mol!;nt MC'R..9C Sbalc [uu.'Ci"'!i'1Il, dlese !iCdl~ilt1IZlilU; IjlifO'll'iCle

Wlprirl_l

AldlOU£lh b!Qa>dly binnoowith

C".\I'.iirofll1neuuBiool~l:u:s

on

9. Sl:J.Uf:re

of S (\Vid~a n~.ative ll..'l~ OOf!!lpos~li.(m) IlIiiddle . lIi,,~hall!~m fl:¥f :~ns:sil1killlOO ~LWi!welr~.Lo.w

A!'cl~ean ~:n!#S~~~ O~ le\"eL WQlldd S~l1er.ity .. lin~t a.....i&nlve we:r.ljhL'l.rh~g> ~!rindIJ;ilsOiJrce ~e of :su~:fllle to Ule ll~odmlOOeans, WIth rn.ing alulosphcfii.c o;! ~£vc~s, ~~owe\ler, so:nu: n~.cta;ls
S from 'lfMf:CSm.9! SOllroCS A.18}" Ird.e..'iJssd, to t!~~ slrtaUml,1 tWar1fte ~m\"i'ml]nl~1U (9)1 but connribl(!t!oll.'l: frc;ml jU"'\\lJli.l~ S ~.6,~JS= O~IOf !,,~l'!:~'iti:q~ sed~Jmml<!.fY ~IllKK~ · (8. 35:> 01)1COlmHlt O1coounl for I!~e Ineplive .6,uS value oil' 'fiI~.c, fmm dlis ~nl:mval. 'FilIUS. a major S SCfI!UCC' of Si1I:fililelll tire ./!;.JI'(lIlC3fru ,ooe.lmal rtiljs llm:l1l would havc:bL"flfil. 3IJoo.sphetl:e~iIll or.l:g~n Md \VoouMI~.:l[vtl caMioo 3. ~lmga.t~V1(JAnSsignatrtre afild havf:bsM

.~-oo

If-on ~cce,~tOf 00 drive ~h~:lob'Q,p;Jrlcoxida1icm. [n eWhclf c1.lSej the n13g!~i'ludeor isotopic tirolC· ~,OJilat;i.(l!ln,3§SOO~RtOO with Qi:dd8itim~ 'hl; srruall (16) af~dI 1111!ikc~.yto a,oooUfU fox the in~gMivc ,8.M8, v-3J1I!.I.cs oil" .5IutHd!es tn dlC: I!.Ippcr Moo.11:1 McRaIL:: S!oo:if!!m:flt!i Thus, W~ pUOPO~1 'fiI~al Ilmm

.j!.
iii

"

.
II!

i.. rai,

: ..

"L

. . ..
'

.,!I.
i~'

,. "

\,

'11

' '",

. s
IE)(IP'LANATIONI
grey 'i:;atbO'!I'Iateh:l"!lfI~1 ()o:l!Jlplet:s m dias,ui:e caJrborli!Jte ,org:ar1'1c r!Jct! milr,ll su lif!i..lr I£OlOpe al':l<lllys:ns ~!~~k~11\l~!:l.tm~~~Q/ll!;P!!:l.t~ b~aek~~mi~i!!in:ed :s,llhale SF~. Blf (s~de:rite]1 :50 • BIF(~de) .

b....l!.".., ..............

4~

04

'D
!,!:!.li'$~

:1: '~l:

"eg,'l'

.. :fim'allchen'flodules
,0 .(1

in Gad;lQJ!~te

:z:o:n,ecof remotiiiliz@d 'br~oda

!and Jl'todr~mi'lf pyrtiteMcurnt tl.!kRae S,1la11eareoCll1liel,ated JM1tfil ~lents: i'Iilla Slepa,ratE ((!fe. drmed SOIifli!300!tJm .aMilY rrl'i:lfI1th~ fi):Oie 'in th~s $W(iy (U~.IJ:P09, Vii!I1iM P,et! he bl:!li:!mPliti€-;¥Oc,. tol3l m1g<!l:Ilib. (; 'llCDT" Vii~nril[l C8:liIym 100a:lldoTtrli:~lite,.

I.F.1q•.. :Jl.,._ M.~.·.'.' . alb.gic. and. ti..1I1l~erh~~ el.emen...~.. U(.L and $). ~.IiIdl r~.',.pic:'($.11.3(, I . 81~O, S~~S, ."IIiICI tlIBS)In!ii1dsm'i:he ~2500 m]j~ti:OI1i,.yea;f.-o1d Mount Mdtae Shi1!il.e,. Sequel1lce sl.. dKlNrisiioo!5 "ue basedl 00 (15"). lmrutll1l .A~~.5'iril ltie' lower

REPORTS
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th,d 1lIiI,e:5!!:: two SlIJCXlCJssions,(mow o'l;'cr 8'000 kilill alPMi~) acoomulfiOOldlialo:ng l~iEle argins oifa COIlm tlg~j}w OQC:furu b~ID1. iJ1'!'::lHnSJl:!L~t'ic ,ii'Coof~sln:rc~ tiO,il (17) of th~ '1;\,",0 :Sij1lJb~in~. {il'i ~m~~~is: o:f b
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REPORTS
IhF(ju[j11 tlili!' ~1i.1 ~~fOFd\ aiild, Uml!-~@n:~~ 'fFOiIl data a b~oalfly' ,eqlli\\~1~III1:~ClIrtIQM,rlc~i'I' 'OOrl!i'iHl ,~y'oiil~~lt! (Q~;I with ~i~i:.iil!ll~) a~, ~1JI,PJI(Hl~~'!J milterf~ Oil 5cim{'I1' Ot![i~'Ii', 6. It !;.s'!!In~s. t, t, J~~rd~, " M, "'~~~,'G, ~. ~~~I'lI, J ,M!i!'i.ife 401iJo, $ 5<4 U !JUl, L .~_ BW!:h. '(i It Lmgali'l, It itliiid:; It IL !)1I11'111'1.0ii!. ~ SO!!l'la ~;85,•. :i.m<H (199~)" 11:. fl. ~.SIllft'lmm~ I!!I .mI,., :P,lil'las. 1rmlS, iii. .~'oc1.M...:IM SIN; III 3!l(1, '1Sil ~20(6). 9" A" I), ,Ambou ~l.ti[r,.5{':ilI'1Ce il,7,,:ll90!~ (~Oi'), :1.0. !(, A i6~I.i!IJI;!'io,S. ID. 'G!lI~!I!g. ~~ ¥O!l~, as, KiI!lI1ber. ~i!~ (~n!ffi.~~: 5J1«~If!;;. ::ti!ll2165 ~2:oo4l. n •. ~ Orno ej M~ £i1IJh ~e.Isa. tot.!l:•. :2:1;1:,~5 (;2(){J:31 l!2:. ~L j, 8!!!!J1:!i!~ 'edliwntGooI: 54. 1. (198:7). S .U. C. Kh!!in, N_ J. 9~wk~.!.,i!:~. !I'i~ 84, nsa ~,]99"'), 14. N. I. 8~ul!l~!o"C. ~j!!l'rn.,k J. t:~lJIrimm. ~. M. fI!"~~, M.oo. @',~\, &5, 66~ 11990). is, B\ Kf.iip"'i. M. E, IB~r~i1)'. t, ~(~~rdl ~Mii.fle.;IlUij),!.W :!ill, Jr.,

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~~!icmari~ ~i!l1e!'l,t<; d'1~~r~oo W'!~'Cfg\l'!;1g§!f!~ dl~f\cle!1~ Q:~rm;!J)ili,Ql:t'il,W:heN MQ b: re!llQwd! !h:Im soI!lItiQn ill [Isrociat'Lon with orgal~~,C eaebon < 12, .J J), jp robQb1y afm. OOru::1in'B W~;d1 H.:!S to moll crXyd~irualO~ybd"ifi:S {MiOO~s~2-) (J 4J nUl such ~iil1~ml<: d.Rit~d IIOOlil:y ij\it!liiElb iilltil Iifllueh. (l f 'nh"elPlia.~emwLci Mo OOIfi.~Ifl~ a~ I!j!'pll;;<illy >100 Pi'll) ¥e~~ s ~I pp:~lin:~v~~ge crusr (JO, 12. 13, H, }',6o), By oOlil'tj}miSOOl, 0:111an DliLoxnc ~Eardl. Me! wCilllkl be :l~~y IICtaiuodi ill I!Ilto:~idi~. ~al
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!l!ndaf.Q:l!U1ic·lrioo~i~IiIC',I¥l~ WQtl~d ~hQ\?' l!i!llle ll1!~i~lic Mo enrichntCilln as QOlll~ 1.'0moo~ em 'e<Jl!I,bi'!lle,ms.Shll~l;J;r loSjcElJ~p:~ies o stllfW'{SJ ~ lin fool, sllllcii:es of Mo and S OOIR'lOOlrolim~s and, iM=illc ~m~opcs in blacG!:!\hal~l'C'I!Ica:l ~tCl1n:atLC sillifl:$ ill ocean buclgcts lliitmm.'~h£~'mlmlllJiTIlligh, InhC ptl~"l.ero:~L:c lffiIa~ ~. ~roOOl;YOO'1.~b~jl wm~ 1!1h: ,(JOE. and wiU~ <l!~dl~ rise iml Po, lMer WI. the P~!m'lOic (l'o !7-19) (udj~eS l), Rhenium (lte) and Ur::1l.lIlnWnl (U)are a:lm pOlmisitng iml(Hcsil:ors ~usc mhcir a.q11'OOlIS gGOO1Cl'WIiJ>u:y ffi siimriiar Ito
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v19f'!Jlittl¢ d.m1ugJl. tlUIi ~cliOI'lI. ooh(;'~.~~~h~",idir (if M(l, Re, a.:id [I ne ct1!ieilnd~~cled l\cvomleNab; cG!~A:ah:'iing m'.es it [ioosiM~tall!se ReJOs gooCii!tmQ:!~]~try pte!"'ltlasive ~I~:C carlmna~o'l!s shale, whidh we I,Qlverify ~~l;lI.!t1elJli)km!'!'d<mces \\-ere um'lffucled. .r:coor 1:0 as: S~, (:fi"OlU l2S.5 to 53.3 In) aM, S2 by m'lliObm~Hl:m. Poslrn\;:pas;iilio:nlllil additio:U1 or {troml 171 .. Ito ~.&9.6S~inl, Sho!lesii1 oolh in· 0 lass of R~ (or O~) wOlli~d fml~.t in si~i~i:~CiIDll reN:!Ils Orulla~n .Se"l!l~i:'8~\~~~t % (wt %.) S ilIHd iflOClwil scan~,.We find! 'dlOtsal'mlpl~~'1~'lnrID:11n fypieatl~ >J%lr'iJtal o~n:i¢~:li1 (fOC)j WIWl:ch 128: 'Il) ~49' lin cle;llmI~a~ :L.~l1.r(,l,,! \''\l'iihlt~11 i~,co!'L~~!t~ wiUlmO'xic {md!~!JI."IllillU'y s~UIdicJ 8q;1l!<l!re \II~iglw.'dd~\i':i<Ut:o!~ "" 1.] (202) {Fi~.2.u:K!l ~blc S3)a:!ld a!fl ~ge Oir 2;5,0]. I ~ 8.2 !l~:UUo!a 'ooUcuu\';'l!rers <1f:ld. the pre-9e'!!ICe or HiS ill! pore \'i.ralers dW'irnS!hel!!C d~sltiollal :lllllrel"\lals. Ye!lfS. \?!l,hk'lh 'l!:; (lo:_nsiS~C\Iill wllh l~revim.!s <lge:'l Ibr TillIe lllost IPro:Il}illJ::u~lfearure of lhe dmaL<> 11m IilC Mnun~ M:c:Ra~ shale (2(J•. 21.). The: c!muool !e.'li.i0hll'Siouil~ Mo oolntel,t~ wIthin 811 (Fig, 0 Mo cm;,CillinJb1li1ts are tbC'il:'C:[Ore: ,riimiary sOOlln:t1:ooial'Y fM~jl!l~ (u is theiaek of~da.lGd U ~,aurn~) oom::mttn:JiIIOJIIS~I;GW thi~ ~ycr .am r)l~!eany <5 :~r1S ~r ~lUJiU~QIfiJ(~l~!~l)which 'is rn~ Ili!i~ c~'!..9!~ dI.~ilOO,n 1lI~~ oo!!lnc(!1ll!)' ~rthe: Af!dh~ mJdi ",alue and .~ typical ·of Al!I(;heru~,cruixDr!,.~l)m! Pm~~!!ro~~ OO!h'l.,n I~t 50~li~]iO'l~ .YC1l!lSoofo.!'e 1I.1C begi!Wling of Ithe (l0:E. sllmles. Cm~centfa!l.ions I:rlc~e Ijlr01dIJlIIU)' Ill!p ~he secu,O:IJl froJ:u InilC oo.~c' of 81 1~:03i peak value of Thc Mo cxcursLL:m: CIUl'llOl be ,e:x:P'l8iI'I;OO by -.40 ppm. all43, mand liIIloo, decrease I~O' <~O variillble cal'bonatedlillilron,. aJ> dOOlill1iiiCm:oo by :ppln by -] 25 Ill, ThC!S~ '!.I'm~tionsa'lldl th~ Mo C)<lmIE (lnn!::hml.ml faCIal'S (Fig. ]). Imlood,dle oorm:lmio.lI1:$ '(lrMa w~t1h TOe .am !ll!ro~, ~vld~nce :~~n -143m. aremore profnJ)lmc~1 wlron p~ltcd a~ a~~m~i~U!ll{AI~nOfmJa~i~ ~!!ri(:h· ofa'!!!Utigeilllc ~!W~h~l~~t(Fig, 3), $ydl !r~l1ili.~ U'!eUM:acialS (24]\ Vle~ f ~~i~ I,;\\i;l!Y,. Mooonte!l;] ~ol~:[!mJili u ~dk!l;e!'!ts fW'!ll !f!Kldern an~Jo!ic
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and! S (lol~I'm$. Howcv~. U OOJilICill ..

hl~~.N,~~ '\')ir...;2 U1!. lhe

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Org.Ult'; (;81'00111 (wi."'" ),

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""l6!~·"'WI~ 4'fl1.o.M! .. ViIlbl@·Jt)r In. PlO'ltto.lCI~,

_.~miIIIlm.!!1lWa

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.r.l'Il!!li!:t@~! ~~I~tIi

6iF~~t!el
I1lFlr~l;I)

I!1.Mik 1Imin:MJ!d ahrillt

:mS9,'7 iV!'i1', re~cti\fiely.. [F(!I~ (~:!i!l!parilsr!)o~, d!:!sh~ 6f!JIiilS d~fi!OIl~ fi!i!~I!il~ MOl «J:ji!" (Imtr.mOO:~ ,a.lfld:EFs in hdeillfl and PiIotelroro:ic Ipyritic l!ilill~k :sha~e5, ;as indk.a.tedin: 'liIiIe ~BtI:~n:d ~~ .a~ '[18,. 2JJ Il1raJlJ~es S[ilIl~dl :52).

1'904

REPORTS
!;J1Sh«!1!Il-'5 we ~Q~~~~tiQ!] gf I'hS exeeeds w!wre -~ (I ,Ic!M, [~m!\lh..~ed.h.]"Ie!1!~'l, Wf'OC M scales '!vi~~ M.G< ·oon(le~tmliomsilll deep 'wa~(;m; (I2~ W'e ~~oogmljze two tn:mcl6 \%filllliml S rn ,oorres,oouJiiltlg I~Oilffile :ron!!: of inersa s iinlg Mo cn;nehlllCnt ,(-143 lID ~.53m) ~mdIllii~ (}Vt;"El,i,~iS~{]Ili!;til wlti.chM'i'} l'i!IL", t;!.t~1~'i!¥i!L5e!~valtd a~ :iiVet.'i~t;i~11iJ vaki~ (~US to ~43 ~tl). oITOC sl(llpt!s.;h~ these ~!lle8 M are -3.4 ± 0.5 (::b ~!O')pp!l'iM'O!~"'~ roC~lcl % -L8.:I: 0.2 (Ha:)pplw MoIw;t %'OOC. 1:U!i~
'~ively'(1.i) .. Byoo'i:i'ljlatiS6lf1, .MotrOC is 4.5 to 2.5I]i!'p-1t1i MoI'i!i!i~: % TOCin ll~riJtkl :i!G,d.trtl~UlIS from
'btg.

si!~,

JW"~~,

UteIO\-V' rol~bi

:sm91i ID1iI:Oil1:lill of M'o 'mler.; seawater 'moon), as ,rerull of lGw",~rn1llJl'C'rat!!lre ~ydrodil€\m1a~ ~a l'loor wC8l_h.cnl.1:&; fl3]\ but ~JhisMoisp:i'l:IoolMy di!n.vM.
frorniNrtW~m Ma-rich ~~!l1oor ~~mt'iJ~Ig, IlifiS[~d!, th~ g'~rv~li,on;,; ,~ be snigM-

f'Q¥ Mg. .1Ii!'!d! R~:ooC!M:l..eof !it~~ of MQ~J~d .~ Sl.!~nd~ to.

S'! d~~~~~~~i @!ooe Qr~ooi~n~1'5· .<lJ.IC~~!!!Il!~.. thrl,g in lite m~~!Mk S~,w!~ld]impnes ~~.. t Ii:le oo.noonlm1ioil of Mo incol11empol"ru;loou,s se;a\W:D.l'f. 'WaS of .sil.wilali"ma.gJllluv:i1l as 'fiI~.3tiltl d_;.~ drop wareus of~hJ!' Blaolt Selll,o:,';;:] % Illi\atQffU_Uy
oxyg1l>"ii:IRlIG:d.i:'I'iOd~m aoC~nil" Th~ ~fil~ pii'OOe5-5OOl!iM have OOIii.lttliiJte(j ~o

fOf:'!;vil!tdl}j lrit~re:~~dI"s

ev id-ct'i'Ceof O:l'ddatlrve
Weh-Yp'()lliin,~·

!Ale cl'CI;!':!~()n.

if:i

~llod~ alililililc; b~imls

MiQ/\\I'l % (1,8) (~~ble

roc ~~. A~<u!elV;{oic IPrci1ic btack SI1aJl~

SO.
He!l(le,S!ll!!!l

0 2) andl3r~~~

-..,26W'l'!

!but :s1.!~sl.mt~a!I

COllce!rt_lWItm~ of diiissrilvecil M~ Vl.rere Ilreseinl d:urlJlflg Si de~oonl" Si_mi~aI:' reasomling esn be

ll1e iang..te!T!1l S~ rooordl ofsedial1l.efI!a:!)!' Sli!1fides:exldbil.S a mll;1itu've sl:i&ft ~DWC((\ljlV~ tlud. simdltU Oi~n. Ole slmllo'w occam; Rrl1dpoossibly il~ d~,e ,all:tlosph.ere t1:nIrlRm.Old ID'hc ra:D:e (l:f dis- 2.3 ·GtJi l1l!llis lfilKill~ln Ii) indical~8JI'lim::rease~lIi. !loI}1i.lJti(1fnJ of mbJi'l~a.rid:'le and ,sUMCl"i"l1. :flIlU'id.~ 0003:111 i>Iillr!at~oollcm~tm~io:m~. This inc~ is <l~nbOO to O'U~ililc~~d ml,L'! of.(,»:,idhli'i,ll~ 'l.l,'!;..'1Irh!11~1Ili;)fal~, s!JdIl. ,:ac~ ~]()~llM~llJiIH" (MaS::::), 11:1:31:ati'l irnm:lartaut for t~l" 'Ii1udgets of Mo and Re ~!'! ~!'hns (J!rpyri~ i~,c!l!L~idrOCks dUrllf'ig and ~~r igtlOOl!1!Sil!!1!di ~lg!a~oorpl~ie ,cllIUSttl web. Mo Ule OOE (1~'.110 !l'C@tlV'i;: shift iiii .sed~TIlei!~I<I'!·Y 1 :at!ild 'Re r,e'reasod flll ~llilis 'Way 'would 1!!I~,ttmarWl~.)' ~3~S begiulling!!l, "':153 m in tl'he MCXIUHMcRae ha.vc:produced ~lilJlhigcm.ie: .e_nrioill:weu1lS 'in 'OOeaJ} S~ilaJ~e:UaiY moorCI. lite: c:l:TeclS oflJess C:xtrcllile l
w~<!iiherifi£l (hJlrl~g 81 d~itim~.
gcdiLtll.m!l$. o>\yg,Ctl~a~iQl'IarI 2.5 ('121.

:s C{Ulm!itt ~!id $~S

ifI S~. (2J).

3:M.]I~,OOI(0, .Re (fig:. S2A)~ l1_tes~o'b:>~r'iIa!lirnt~aro nat ,~ty exp!ajmed, ~y i~yd!'Qd~~~ .in.p!!U,,~ ID lfilm ,ooeafbs..!EI'I!l;)nC~ Wlydvad'!~nm]inp~l $ihol!l~d ~ui~t. ¥i!li1 :amlcW fare--

crlrichrllel1lS G'f iron (Fe} ru~d :rll!tnpncsc (Mn),. yet liiIe 81 1.I11i~ is dep1.'tcd i1l1 these e~Clnc:nt:lii li\'!j]_auvc: I~O' S2.~I~ .m.y evclJit,lrtig!n,. ItOJil:1ipcrnnure midJ.ooL1:3u l~d~fJ--.r~ sysll:ll:t'l!l shmJilcl,
i~lOst"III

~S1uHid('l mnirtcrals wCilinlnllffa[l!klii)i' in In!UlPre.,,'~Of'~i' roPo• 11~~dnO'~havcoogn. Ili.git.flo;r 'e:x.mlple,.~n if'P9' ij__~(Kll!ly ·';~~~·~Al. a pyriliOl crysml .(11" !OO .lJml vol!!lm.e w~nd~SSCI\l~e OOlrJi· p.l~tc!yin, .;:..;20',000 ye.mrs: (26, 17),.lhis is 11 :!i1l0liil '~~lJifl OOJft1!pilfL'A.1.10'~]DC Inkeily dlJri'ati:ol~ 0:1" 81 (28),. em:t5'istcI11~~viil~ mlOOlow POt' M,of[1OC V~lll.es in

IFilg. ,2., ~,~Mmmlllrmm dim! [roml [we, ~Is, witffli1 sa {i28,71m l~,BS m and :14!5.22m 1483~ !ld.
On]

'OitI:r ~.YlP01~~(:Sl!i: mUd {fi'lyg@~Hd!niOl1l.: ~ ~pof POlled ~y the ii~i:!{l~ (J!fU ~fi"lln~c!ltooh~cid~l!lt with MO<UlcW.Re c!w0l11!llI!!!~ (Fi~.!) ,a;IlcW Um mel:: of c-~l<1~on lool\1i!CC!fIU and IDC in S:I CI'l~. S2B), Ob$erv::lli.OIllS i~d!['C1IIi£lg'dml dissOlved, U OQil'Clmhti'Ol'liS \'\Iime .VllrY low. U iI~Iffilcerust is prillJaa::i~y hosloo. by [cldlspas, ziiroon,apotiAe" !ltd sp:llBillC, bulmn 'MiIIIfid:es~ Th~roro dlL': .i'1\It!': o:f rel~ (If U rfO~11rook<l is. oldy w~ly a:['~a!ooby {)'.XY~1!!!iOlf!,llID'llil<ie Uclili1·of Mo ,m'" Re; ~~ m~lI<ll
SI.u:dies S!l!~ '!!ial !.'he !mw: o.fpyri.te

th~Mmrtt!l'(iRa~~N~ ~

A:g;e;;; :250~1.11± :a,.:2: lM'a, MSWD .~. .1 ,fllli ~. gl} 1

devi:alTIiOli1c,1liIe

M'SW,

11II!M11I

squ_we'i~hd

uxidatcol1 ID!:CGOOsOwt of fddspal' min.cmlsw~~II. Po.. ;;. 1(f'lli !PAL (29" 30], U ulIay !tisobi.1:' .I~ Inob! I~ liha:n. MQa:nd! R_,e wliUm 0,2: is low (3/.).
H;~iIl00,. ~1:lil~lln~I!:Iel'lll'\; ofMo

;J:S01,1:!::
l!l!I;lQoiL~Q)

s.a .~

ritelOs - <I~,

.0lJ4 :± ·0.06),.

(iil,ltia1

out U ,(iilill~':!Iii~e!'l:lCntOl:l'e~ ~
!1l~<!lI'l;IHOO'~

and .RcL':iiifiJI!.!N willl~.in M!'lepr:e.~~ Qf

of 01'-

:~;j15be1ween pOOr 'BI£!E5 a~ 2479:1: 3J .Mafbr-k~~ [n:a~ Gm-!ge ME!1iI'W'00&

'Brocli!r:ril1lli1 lrom f.ommtiofl I[al} a!ild2S,611l:!:: 8 NerOI' ~liIe '!!Ildedyilllli IBee '(iooge Ilrielll'1loor pf 'lheWilmn()OOl'l Fot'iTIiMioo (21). ~.5 iiffl diKtlisse.dil'l (22).

iO\!rr i!1tcqll'cWttkm. is[llsooomJ~ent 'Wi~~~d]e m.;:tn.muely ItOlndicgcl:liL-cimi~ialllfl'O:il! ~~S~IiI. Ii~('l M'OOun Mc:Ra~ 8Jbahl: {fi.g. .2). Sneh I.ow valuL'fS,also ~~l'IIiill :;\lal(l;s ..,.2.I:ffi lli'iIiII~Qn. ~

ycu,mg_~r {J.n·lindi~¢ tI« Ilhe ~~

·Oil ~!.ldg,et

wa"! domiil~aloo b2f hydroll~em~al. OOt!J!f(;es mUre!:

(hOlH by ~cliiQg:eni(; Os derivoo.foo!ll the Woeiuhcr:w.g Gfliligll~R.c1Os C:1lllS1lai mb. A~ 'm. 1 U, ox!d.a:Dive: 'Wc31'lmring. of sulfidE, In~!:l(;[8~.SUIi. j:gl~oou.\~QI" ml'ot.9lll'lioqJ\lia roots mlgl:rl ha!'-'e ~md Hi:~le 'l'lffeCl~ (mdle bal!aJ1;Cs belw~n hydfOt1mr.ilJ.'IIl)~ ,md ca:u"til ~;un:~e~·gf Os to dlC(M;l~Sl •. because I!le Os COlllem (J.rC'~st!i~ mlfid); .IJ~i~il~b.aJ'r ticui~ady m.ob~ntte. c~m~ low. The ~ow!ev",,-JsoJOl ·dmt cam ac-tlmJlil! for O!l!f data. am simtlar'~o dae lIp~r :Hmlitof l(rs lPAL for lyp~calIAro~l~~Po't derived! fr.om tl11i: )IOOefV31lcuil { ·of !IlO;n2CfO l~P"'S:illl. AKb~1'I ~d:llfMn:1S (33, 34), po~s~~Y' ,ex'p'1..1ni~g tII!ejw,\:;i<L.;pooi~~o!] MQ ~ of Roe 'ef!ric'!llne!!~ls with i!~e Sln.~J~ 1iI.Q!1.~m:! ~ns: ~~i!ils:seen ihrotl~I~.olilt SI (1.3), .A,llerufm~iv~~;y, Po~ .a'b-i:!¥ell.ls ~oMooui!d ~~¥e ~lprnse;!n e[phcmemlly wilhimtgcQgmp:h.icl'lA~lyrestdcl:ed. 3fl;',M i.rll_d~ ..~ biOllfl!'ai.cally PRJd~CiDivelJil;,gimtli o<f III ~ (I!{,:eml,". h1 CQliitB'II. to dle observi!lions. i!!f! S~. Mo coliICe4iU'l.ltic'RS and '~~ridhn1enl,factors Olrt!. very low below -~5J In,ir.chadlh~ig in dle GI;gill~ic '~n-nch,amd ~fri~:ie 82, ~'!llm-reM~ is ,~ntian), fUlv~allit\1II'.ifl~ 'fOC [MotI--uc -= 0.15 ±

IFlg.,J. .R!~1!ati;(')!:!~"Ib~" 1lWE!i!!r1 M~ a!t~ roc 'il'l or!~:aflil: Glrboo:.;mm ~Ytriliicllrllhll"l!i3!~ ilillhe: Mrull1t: Mc:RilE! .5ha'le.

'[12:S.!i m l~~.~ m,)", lillie liliietat-enrh::hed~@ne ,(!f $.1. l~e~Gw 143 m (ope;n d~~res) i~ diifl'ere,lII~iarted fmrrn,l:IiIe I!!IPi'P~~I(!(IJIl! (sdl/idl roci!tsl, lifi!ilngl.@~ a r,e Ir'OO!l TitE!rv,,,l S2: ~:i73Ul)m. 189'.1 tlil1~ 11"00
(QII"I'!Pii!·'l:;;Q!iI,lh~

(ides are frOOl inteNa~ S1.

of MonO( ~!rC)p~. (tflllrc-'I1':dl thri(!l!Iglil 'the !ori!3illll_) ,()b~ SEiN\edilli m.od:enli ~tlllfiide~
triiCliI lItlllO'-'iJiC

~egiooil1drcates, the Irange

:s;t!i:!d,ed

10 mefwl:%)!

1'5

basim:.

REPORTS
1]:.3" (.h! .g): p;pm MW",;1 % TQCl (fig. 3w, W~ QQ~ .. IiQN ;:i!PiPeatoolw~n MQ ~!td Ai in $2, !;l]ggesLi.ng 'dml SIIi these deplliS lhe M.obrn:i,gcl: wasinitll:10Jl1oo(l Ib.¥ denriial oom~,lools: sUld~, Cl~:]8Ikms, areaJbsml fromSl. n~csc,observilll=
l!tDI\S poi'~IIIOiiiilw1~
!~'Il~i'ltin

G~l!l!~r-GN~p-

~~ S(llJlth ATriCii1. fQ~dd:]

Re'tn~<!!Sed:oo~\¥em

.. t!i!!g·
~.'64
liliO~

and :2.5 OS! (4.0)" ~ldlOl1l£hd~lal

U~~1bl,~lk;MQatld

2~9,TI~~ oor~Il(i~ ~f .S1. i~ilIllfl(llllt '~o@~~rI1!M~ bllit i~ .;16 Iflilim !It~r$ bilse:ll QI~ lIh'e ~1I(tI1:iljnw III ~It ruua~
i50d\ro~, .A:i6Umil1!lll 'ill~\Pir;a1 ,it¥IHil~ ~I~ill~' 1i;('{IJfIT!Lllilli"m r-~te !!~-2,$ mfmi,lJI!an: yeilr~, 'tll!e' duriillHm i~,~n millillm y~~~, VlI~e ~~i!ll~w~ ,~re CQrnoi~~\IUI10fIm~~I!lL1i~i~n, ~~~~ iI\~iel1l1i'i ilild Ir~m, p,ri~r 9~h r~j)ii'D9Y~f ~<lifl:ipled

s~dy did.

I~

.a'i!iLl.~ig~i'I~.c ~ncidil.MQ

Im'l,le~he slrrnt~g~hli!c n-lSo~,Ui~iOll Itoc3pture rmlm sc:!ll.eof V!I:riatIO:!ilS mlJKlrtecil!I~(!OO" lm:n~!'ii il~ S C ill(ilt~~ S}"gltLl;ITilatic:s Gk~ Itl~,~ ~H th.~ M(um~

l!ffllt~ {.?,J!!l,21~.
2~9,. jIj, it Blum, it.. l~'liH~fIoJg,
~i'l ..

:52, d'i~li!~ SI, lhe: d!ffu!'e!!lcC: iliMo C1mchr!,iC!~t sti~ts l!ffii1lil: ~eMo, 'i!1!¥e<itofy'in oV'erlyii~g, wIJI.er.'i was I~mlch 1!I~r during S] d£poru>imiOl~Il1lIM dlllrilo,g,
82, dc:posilIDilil, as.\1i,I'OlIBd, follow fOOlll ajll~i~C~L': i~ C'mVi:i'OI1rcncnti1il. oX,yg.ct'k"Ltl(in, I!.IP d~Gl !;OOltCIn, I!l~ilill:intl: i!lI -~:53 ~'IliI, "fl~ :rnl~.n:;tl!li:olrnUs oO'~np'lit"'tQd! 'by U!:~ fact that Ih~ MQ' ,oo:!!c.eu'it~I!'!on :dt fferences bell?,!'ecll'!:I'he u!Ii!ilS wewe also

Shal~ abe, app~1' in tU:ITi~·cO'~liitiv~ i.I!!~itsr-or!~!!lt1tdh A(clca {2Jj. "ID'hoorelical ~¥ldeL'l f

McRiil~
I~h<ll

.MiMml .. ~l, 291

t19~'ID.
~~~lJmre~ :pH- !i .all!!! P(.Q. - .20 IMl H'igltler Po. woold lie req!Jfr€'ll if CiO~rrere ~lgl~er. liI<~LIlIl reldi;PI1r!,!-.e;r~!!li!ii~g Jii!l~ .~~~. flfe!'!!l ~l!Iootiol1!'lif pfcl. ~,;tW1~b'~ Ii"" iI<!~ be 'Q~!""'~~ ,~ i~f1Il~t}ieq)i" ~~r ,t·~rlditign$~tf!'li!41 ~o ti'rG~~ t~ la\l'Of Ired~dM lIf f'>e'~" im ~h<!t il:. ellMroJlfiill!l'Ili!: ~~t ~r~ ~lI!lr~k or O:~l1ilIiildC.· (H~.By '(Dnjli"~ tlliOfl, ~fld~iIII: imITlllblll!atim-1 'Dr ilil'j)@illt.!, 'li!f' 'OO:lJirin ~I!urfi!l~ 'lint !Ire fl~illi!::[jjgl '~OO!J)~ll tlililt Hl~' <Ippe.il r:~' remlnefll [XffflW~Jter>. III 32,. J. L. 1lIi111ll'~I~. B~kk~, 1lI,~. :tteill,R. J. ~,rk.~ A H. [l. Hlimillul, fffl'lil f1miet. Left .i!!',zs:, 43 (,004t 33. J. FiiI~!'!<!ir, !t A. Wi~ig,i5i:r'fr)! ~~j. SCi.~eN. :;!:l!3, l[~O(3). ~4. fl!.. A, ~lM" ], f. !@~~~,g.M,!I'q.tJ.~~ ~ ~1 (;10Ql.t :35, li"iC<r~J.i!.trrpl~, Illle !.'!!i!l.lJE'~ll'aU"r1 of MD il1'li, l'If!iIUciilS ~i!d~fll@nts b <lirti!clJe~ by Ill'.! 11w: 01' 'oFgarnk aIIfilrnn andl wab!r-06IIJil1:ilI Ji;i!j Cllnt:!@lilti1ltkii1i!, ,~~ ,tMlim'Y !Ill' MD 'li!f, ~@!iI~lrI@n1:!; :!In, b!t .. f'rtcl.tdi by cl'la",~~s ill IP1IInulY C prll>iIu(:lij~I!,~uli~1rl <A'aillilliilir1, lit' the vigQr 'Dr oo~t~iill nl!aDli' redlKlilll!.. 36. 1IlIr:il\le~lUf!i5 ~~r<l'~r~pfri~~!'ift ·~~i!l!li«!ti!tg., '~!fiange in e!1'li!1t~!i!len't~II)1t:fflI~~!ffO~ 'Willi! ii!l'!~'.!l i5 <rI111'!1it\3[W!!IV po:!~b!!! Iha!. !!hoe,~Ii'i~h~~.!8i!~fI1!!!1frts ~"'lIlrr~ailil'lg' llIt i!Ii'I'~lIremt wn~i1 ,di!\[Mi11S i.m<I H!tlml.· ~Ii',!lmild W.lill!!r '~J!il>imln. Ilffl '1!1.~i!il (~~, 'Jlij,~,MO:li1lH'l Iil.@ ~micIAlnr10111.!i,~~~ '~~rnte of ifl(i;1~l1!;'@ wfhl~llflfl mg

Stiiow

shi!l1l (O\'i,lam ITI)Ore (!:,<ddi~i!i£ condi~iQn!> ·CM. OOCIlIrIlefurn Itl!!!: rise of an Q.~ygoo.

a.

~ 0\ 'TlQi~r~!f!'

atoo. at1ilIn~lmre {5}. HGUlOO, thi.'j\lJ,h.iff IOf'O'Xy~.cll il~ '!1m MOlIilI M.c:Ftrul: smm!eln1aY iP~g.:fl l:'ill3 .ti'1()i~1 amd ilTI;"'f(;;l'$il:lt~lro1l.~ti~l:1J 10 an OX~l· <l!tlo'dworhl
IRJl,tiE!refl(!~!l:alild Nml!'!l
1. A, Btl\l!if!r,~nn" Nar.iii'I!' 42'jl, nil' (2Q04). 2. I). ~. 't:.l!!l~~ld, An\!i,il .. RI!!rI. fOllJJ' Plan~ •. ~.f. 3:~. ::It (2.o01;\]:, 3. R [~ ~p.~ J.. L t:lir.dw[~i:::~ A. IHfj.b!,lf'f!, C. ~, rtil!5,jl, Ii, IWK- WIl'&'A!:~, 5!'.i, .uS.A, 100,m,1~ (,2)005J. ~. II,~, Elrmcks. G3t Ilogem, it IWid:, R_ t.. ~umilll!Jn~ 'l,'ffl!ii~~ 285. 103.3 !1~')g.), 5, M, 'Ol:tln!, ()it~ng. Itt J. Ziillnl!!. GtMMologyli. 2!M (~00S). ..

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l'!'~

a~octed b;y d iffuoernces i,~ ~(lcaJ detuJs~l:iO!'!Q~ e;rn~dition.s {hat iI~crelised tire CiffictCl11GY with, wh~ch Mo wa.~U'9:lilSf0U!t'Cliifroon ",:rate, to :s00i.~ i~)lmlS dllrll,1i,g 81. Iri:lrI!l: (35). Howcv~r, a dif~ r~,,(ln~: in the {!Ii5.5Qlve~M(I tl1~'l1tg~ and i,~ (ljreaml o::w.~~e!1:;J,t:io!'l pm'Vidlf;$ :;)j.oo~lllPCl!.iH~ ex~'!a1I~01!t~onor dlesh!lrp ·dJ~ffcre~!!Ccill! MoffiOC f be:IWo(m ~~e '~m£~:s; (3'6). Od~,(lrdB19.~00m the (lore 9~.SO po~m togrcMer ~llIi'f3.eeoemm (lx.ygcl1ar1iol1, !Ibo::iV(il ... LS3rn .. ilrlcilldi:ng change:!: in.~4S",A":liS. systmutics d~3t ~na.y rooo.!ld l!Ile O!L~l (If a.!'!oxidative ~'!'df!1ir Cll~1e {ll}.. A ~::t!ihil1t eaa a~o ~),;p!a!u~ differel1ces in Fcomd! M'!1OO11'C(l!1l!ir.itim~ .aooveamil bc'low ",,]601'l'!l. (Fi!!l.~l e~ow lI~isd)£pn.h. Illost B (11,[ dJleF';cls plU!>Cnt as s.tdmile {f~OOJ), ilffild boo~.,e~cmJooUl .am m.l!lc'll. ~.O'Wl]r in S ~ d~oo.iI~ S::t Fi!:: .(;i1ild! Mo \\!',oul,d' have ~:I ~iiynlQlf:JJjtizOO dlLrillil.g ;lno([lC'!;'\))3jlteri~lg. c!wichcdi!lJ @nQ:)J::lc ~ S [loo!' ,A.Jdle!lLl ooe!!.!~i1I!:}d I~er!ce <lrvoriilable for ~w!oo!pl.]m1:ion iuto, sedi.m.ems,. Q,x;:yg,cl1m:iOl'l or :illtlfaoeo~.vtroll.1il1l3l11ls, wOllJldlhovc: lI'eillIoodi the a:vaHahility off oo[h, tl:IClillmUs. J\l the satn::: I~ime,

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(21)06),

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10. ~. '~~ 9Jei'lliJl!!' .• IK. ~~ 'r1J f!!k1an\ G.f«Mltit !L~h1m, kftl 3:l', loU'S, U. 973)1. H. It W, !coll~er" ilinIIIi~ Ore!l?ll\l~. 3(11,.HSI U~S5), il.2. '1'. 11!!1geo, 1 W. tyc;m~, ~_W1i1OgrD;fIy 21. PAWlL6
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(;ro(l6),

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.~IOOMfl4 .. , H!.lj:Iool1;'@ly. bi1a1.i!l@ ~r tlliil '~~riflolltkHl JIll fn!iQlIlble ~~lilYl!rl)1ijme:!;, Hw~wJ, ft!2~ i~'Dxidiiiltdlilt .a I~~ EilIlQilIiIU1l2~.Siegl'tgatWni5, (fllia: Iildli~lii~ Ill)' '~h~ ~[g~~r 'Wlidilti'lrll!arM! 11l)'d'!llb1!i~ ijne!!its !'ill' MIl~"' Wr.~~ f.~., 39'. F'iJo:r~~[lilpl~jhl:!i~1L1, rI~1iI9 Oz~oi;l!dilli!i;il!l'! ~ t~~irnFli C1 lim~l tllii!' ;w.aiI2bltir:f"'~ 1iifl,e!5.elt~iail. F~, thi!-rf!\b)1 ,r~IIII'if!9 Il'Flldlll{llil'lty1!iiIid ~liIe' rM~rnr O,~ pr~ll(iiL NijnlM"lugt~n~ ,o.x1:diitl1ftlI!rOOOIl (If a
m;a:hallt '~eli!!1$,

111•. G. It Heh. el ar .. ,~difli1'_ ,(,osIl'liX:rtim. A(w 60,. 3fi.3.:li (l9l\!6), 15. II, t MIil~oro. $. IEJ1'I@BDII. ~'f«llIMol, Cru'JIlO(.I'IJM. ArrU! 63:,

crlk~~ ~'II~mg~ya~es
l!iJle!le

Rcool1c!l:nU'atlJ)j~srure

:s~ighlly ,t::i~cvaJncll above dtli\!lugllO,tlt d]e;co~; ,ilIfid

ilH~~U'!i'l!n lL6. !iI. R. T:~I.ar, ~5:,rt.1.M~lef:l:llilfl, Rw, Cie,~, (1995),

~3, 24l

05 vleU :as Sl (~S. 8213}. ftc 'COlJ] oorn.mre nlooi~clban Mo .awinsoxlCliltV'C iSWilfide\"''C'aihel.·~ illlg {J7), so 'dl:ls ~islmlRc mnr:i.cltlfl~nl S'I!Igges4s IllIml S'OIlIIIC $Irian de,gt:"Ce or (i(Kidmiv~'!MC8dteri1l'lg

3:2.

is I;l, pt:)!ild\l\eoa~ ..tiQIl aCRe whh TOCi!~

17. G. L. AlrlLlld:, A. I). ~llWr, 1. 18arlin[t T. 'iN. ll)lQm:, Sroienroll 3(1~, 87 (~o:<I); 1~. (. v, $l;gU, T, W, ~YI1l~,,,,. 11)_ .l\nl;i;lr,~{:Mm.

n:~. c.)l~bi!itt,~ [ll_ ~ll riil~f:!, f.. rlM~~ p, m~H!I,. t t.l!,J<!gl.~r.

~O. GtMrhIm (~.difm.. ,..t&.tII '~,9,n97 (2065), I). ItN@!i!;(II1\ I\. F', 1'rflrtdii'16 W. Alle:rflll;Jn1t, i'«(1i\lllillllan flies. '91,. ilO5 !i999}, 21. A. f" Hend3Ll O. lit N~I!' J. K (Ie laet~r;,5, W. Ha~~ler, 4r$~•. f(r.~ 5(l; 45, 137 U9ge~, ); ~~. ~~n~~, milUi~ ~n(I~p,j!ol~me~lij'l. tfiali:a ,~re ·~!If<lIa~t.g a~ slI,pprnttlf19 ma1l1!nlllllni S(rtJll!'e OrlliAi!\ :U •. Ill. i(auifpafl i!'t.:il~ SdtiMe 311, 1~ t20l17). 2.-1. fml:l~fI\!!lWl r~JIlm (['F.l '" IfIM!talM'J}-W(rnI1!!l:ll1~",_ .. I'f~f~" tllrt 1~e:I~I'tIOO~ 1~ ~m~g-t (1llI!1 (16). nil, lil:lrm<tlilati~1I c:ompilru;ilI::e~f!Dr wrialltii diuli[llil Ly ~~!bar!iJte 5ediiMII~~iom i!Ju:l r~c imte:; 'o1S;uiOl~!io!h ,~!
<r~~~[~ ~quijc~!m!n,

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g-.filif!I'II~il'Ii!e mlul,!! Lud lowe~~ fio,.

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'temper;ilM:e~., 1I~~fo' l~i911l!ef5Dlub1LiLy01 O~lfl Mliio[~ : ~O\. Ill. ~~,~ gt. ,~l~~diim. C;N.!it!l!:;"~. ,illg'('!'i!'l, ~)I!i 7 (:2007). ~,l. 1m!!' illjllliF~ I.iiail~ It. HI KMIl ~ilJliI~raij!ln a a,nr!l

OIC£tIImi'il. d1i;,oUgl!.lflIit 'rIlli:

d~a.'W:tr!

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!1\."OoW.ilJ

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d.!UP' l'n 'lhe;dI)~lved ilhri~ Jnlidalrise, even dmu~h ~Ilile Sl1fffa1;leQUlvmnm~Jl ·~PfJanmtlyliell'llljn.oo, ~e6~lndy. if miMIy,. o:~gmnHled (23). :Re atld: :s also ·diecreaoo.. :i)iagcl!letic oomp~i~,xnion:i1 [II.(ltw~:.ffit~I;andrlflg (2Jh' ~ti$ tll1:rllpt~lIi1gw ~1.aJba Mio,iR¥enlm:y
I~h"i;d.l~e
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R. GI)!i1i ~ '!!l~ l!!umthlllQg llu!li.!;ttollilJ.irllO!i:t r!iilili IiI!I ~r~[ll; B~, a.~l:Im'l>efg f.Dr gJ[:Jpc;rting the tl.ti~5il!n I.D IE<r!1I,V Earth rO(!Jj GrQcIp o~!he WiSA ,,f!,ilJlIbi~!~ IInLillJl:e; ,~Il!d J. ~:arIM!~r, R<li~weU, D. ):rnll:llDrn, A, 1l~~~er;lI. It t!l.g:e{I., J. K:a5Crog.. ,~rMIm. f,1'~ooil11iIDr 1lt~lpM dilltl.ils~icir!s.Tm <l;!1OfI,yrn~!1!> reYi<;i~r~ ~lpl1\! 11'!![1lfl1lile the I11<in~~ripL j,.~ !l-, !:i'IWI)p, I!" C, 1!(l~!'1~r, ~. 'oran, !Ct~~I!Irii~t" A. EilWtlllarn, ,~fjfil ~me':GB!iLBgI[a~ SLIMy of \?l~!ti!tl1' flI!l!!iIr~liaa!!!l,illl!!t!I witll(lW! i'ea:ril'~1. f'uildlJlJg 'Was proo!li!'d Ilti tll@ iIIJ!i!lA .1\!.IroIiiool~ IIfIl,lIlllli! alfldi
,j!,fK(jilfag~ntI~r1l:; ~ ~Urnril!g;'lf~i'I'iI

ever,. de<:~[uaiilflgumoe IfIl(liW(1, ahllltdSLIil~ooulm !>i1nlP~Y :rofIootdlee.>d.1JI1Ili.lmOll (if ~po.'iedl .~. ~1~.dB illO!lrooo. Of are..~~~paL'h~(n Oif slJilfi!,ili[c lJas:[irlsil~ Ih~ ~Il" in ~"'-~ Imo lio;;i!llg lialf~ INd:~cIIOO,drll'wt~g dow!'! ~~\%~ MOl Re; atfld S 'fli:~ OJI:m of oxid:vli.ve \1I,!Calheriillg<II .2.5 .oil: w~pmbaibly wi.d~-i!lpj'lc:a:d~ A IUCOOlt~. ~)(llIl11il:19i~ 1~:il:!ilJOifeonl£:~1~[.ail'l.oow> &ed~lwclr~F,; :fmin 1I1~(':

iuvenlc:mk:s.

kj\!r s~~ S"3 0(994). 27. 1tih ,!ili[;!;m~DII ~1i:1l1!Imut'lill~ ijl~1 <IId@tMI",1 r:rY,li~ (J)\!illal i~~1:[)01ied ~r1 ,11~ :~ide~ oot~r il~ ~ilj;Uililll'i~m tD nilll O~ ,at 1*11,~, !j, <lu:!! 't~lper,3111rEi ..:: 'O"{. lll!e ~tli!!i\fi1i19 r,a~eil, ,{I!l'I&':5!i!11I(1,V£~:~ili1le:t.a, ~1]!!~rii!t!Jre ~. ~"'9m'jy~~!!,I,ol~~if ",,,, if]l;l'!l~~~ '1;1 <r !,}Ipi~~ll~'ri fi!t i;'aliil! 1If ..sJ. fi!li!~ f~l!!~:'f~ I~f ~rr:rit!l I!.!!~a~~
IJr.e~n!!l)lert. ~lire'Ir<l.~~!!m~iamc'~i1g ,f!'IlMs 'iiP'c¥ML d!!h!llls ,a iId iirinDIJ~O!Il ~~iMl.:)\,

jiI!lfJei'i!.il~.a:ll~I,il~ iIl!.!l('~~~iali*iiii!ii~. :ll6, M,. A .. rj\!m,i~fmljjf1l, l D', ~iin5lidt, G:rochJ:m_ (~OCi!rfrn.

t~ N~F !I3~lliol~ prll'gtilm,

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SIlP:pil,rtifl91 Olillhe

.Malterial.

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ln~ ~," ",ll~3t:l, ,'liin~ m,,jgra~:~,:(m,til' h,n, Ulan hlSt(l'~ Ctl!tlt1~n_di 11I11ih!l g~ml~mL';mt o:WIl~ 1 _ '~'~(';IT:I n~ar:~ilt" ~r llihe Pacific: OC~Iq, dle]imi~oo!by Hlawm'i" New .:zcal;:mdl, ~.Ea~~ l.slOlud, Ole la~; Irlliion G!]Eanh eo lbe selt~eCl by ~UlnmlS. 'SQl'lleresciil!rdl~ ha.vc :s'I.Iggcsrodl d1ll!i1 sClll~i'W.en1.was 900idOllffil ,orli:!y drill: 'VD)'IlIg.cs:

p~l~eslal.,

'H,~vaihu~ g~] ~islories (7). To ilN'~Wial~ !he ~~l of Im!e

llt:Silll,we ~~I!Illd[LOOtine:trace C~CIl~cutco:InpositiOillS iIIndisow;-pc ch,wstty of CX\Ot:lc s!nli1eadms. Ml.GcmD:!.tmm ni~oornl. Molilsim, 1iI~ Tmnliittrus:d.te
l'IiIi1.I'poJil!lI e~~ O§Ea;IP~.ly!.~i:'), (1) (Fig" I, A .u!!d. :8). .a~ <lire of 1ba'M11!~-fur wldch Ulcre is rno loo<l!lOO~ClI1 !he ~ atOlls. lln~s)liliIeir P:1!01!1'(l!l.<l!!l.'Cecan be ~ Ito I[r.WC .Po:~yl1{Sian rm.\~l3j'li!:IIJl'ad::. e\!alt'~c sotllit't'CS, liII"C <!l~ To vOOptda d:u_ (lu.'lifiain:~ugmajor, elCnlCll'l. I~

m ea.~

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(n

al ~~bni~~~ (4),. ~.!l'r~~w of '\Ioyagh~~Ir;;tt· 'e,!i,li~ (2) indicaoo iU!~l.~,Poly~arl! rol0JT!!z4!llioo W'i.U! p!1!~SCifuil.p;c:rll@pS ~a_idns: O100l!'t ~i~.hll!mIOl.f! gcIllCr:;];]iOlli!> lDOQl!olli2e ml}Jst~lit!ldpoe~t~oes: 00; fooo 000 CE (5),

'ISchl)!)l of P!fJ~Sk<iI~ '~ef'l~~-~~1lI SQ~m~~ nfilliJp~(~it!l' .. ~. O~en$lilmd,. 51:.II,1;iW .oW 4072,./!;I1NtfaliaL ~li1l~'loll •
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·~{I

whom {OI'H!s,poodill!D(li! sllmuM !JE!' .allldF@.~§;I!'Id. I!·m<liil: hol!lE!rs!.'lfi @ma~tJ~uq.edu.i3UI

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e~lbU:;;hed '~:I;;~rime!llitQHv (4). (8) The diitri~

ixpeii1mElnmll . Vbyagi!'1!g Rtlw!w Ii'lUlIJiOIilIef ad~e.!i ]rll"ll\~ga,tlld fin oUlrs1aJ~.

·~lMmMl!!:S

Ar-

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~~~and graI.!lJ~. (C) 1i~e Hawai,liillill ~~!and!>"Mth COmllil'ilpDramyverns !O1l1 H!aiii\!!iii'ia n~l(l'ih~ desfgIrJilImdl 'with b~lc;k drdes. Th~ two· Inlllle<if 1lrll1m:i~

Ch:ean

Volea'

Il;land n! es

~~tefl5)

Rap;! r.lUi

no~ and l(ea1 ,c'erirte ~tnctive (hel1ll'i~l and. iSGropt!:: d~flf'l',lfe!ll(~s ~1~if!1 1h~ l!1i!iIli'i:!ii.i!~ 1!il1!1!"~

Iplurnll11' (27)'.

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'0' '0
'!I"""I

!i1
r,1

ON!

06

,~ 'q. '0:1 ,~ U"i:,~ 1L;i\ ~ 'NI'''I" o;.i PI

'r"i'

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~

1;1'1' ~I~Q

W'li

'Gil ~
r1
~

Q "i1'
a"A!~

'I""i M, 0-, 'Q

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~ '!i;:f;

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~ N

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d ~ d,
'lIlJ110110

ci ~ d ci~,

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.... Q

i>I"I ""

N ,F'I' '.0 !;rj, ,0, ,0'>

ciAei

<:I' 'M '00. N

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'!w,C1:~
~I~

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N'li NI ;.:;0 ~ N ~, 0
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IQI

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s 23 a s ~: F'i ri
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0' 0', 01 'Q 'IN """ """ Q Q;j. '''Ir

ef.i;;~

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ci ci~i

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N

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m~~

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!iI'Ii .-I .-I '.-I ~' 'N it<- '!:I'! Ii'<.! 0 "","",0' 0 'Q'> N ,;,.;; ...,j 6 6 ,,..;; ..:id ..,j

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REPORTS
<lind i-sQ!,gp!c OOr!~6Offi Q~ ~ VQ~~!ctlOO~ hn IlllPOlYlm~l ~'~!<\gQs, "\1&!~ootOO ~y ~ (8) fo:u ocealOO ~~. basalts (O]Bls~ r-ille~lne<l; 1l1!E1S31t adzes and dluirnfesulliug ~rml1illilililclmng d(\\bis:ooctLii'l1lIfOi].~'IlmIl .Po~rniat, ;[,Ilrn. this om])i'l]Oi1W(joeh);,~il.~g 1J)011f1&~ h,~t:i iI!l~OO 10 [&iuify [i!\~hi~:C~iOOJi'i~6Qri ~\7i,~.~ isl.iild ~ps {$I. Hljl Es]iud <lit:VQ~iCii: (lAV~) <lid oms .~ cl~~'iiC.ill,y disliftct ·lbecau._~ of diffe~~ iRIll1infl'e SoI:mrres nd 1fI~lItng lP~~ a (11). Tile .[AVs '!.'.'eSt ofd,,,; Alldes~l€: LiilC (Fig. I A) orullp:rise volr~~i:e I~d~ U1g~ wIl.h im~I:l(f,~1:~ea.rmlu basalt It{)~~'W. d<'ICil~andl myol~le. 11~ V\V$!hnll'!
ihe T~<t!1~:l;nloo,Ma!lqIJ~,.

Soci~y

]~I!l!I!~.

"!ild

'COO:~.-A~tf<!!.~~I'!!ilds, {!P1S~l~) ou· i!'l1~fIf~ook:l h.<lVeLcm1led.by lhili> process (17) .BQc.ausc: of di~emllCX:S ~n R.lIln,(~e:5O"l.Iroes nd a

from OlB~ (18). alfld I]jn~di:Ir~IMi'bO~ p.m~otI~:li.

Ili;;ibugt oon(5lt;'1iliJt fM ~$Iat~~~qg

im1t~ng~,nAV

s are c'hci:u~h:::ally dislimm~

;;l.nd i.~9~~1}ic diff~~~o~ <}!B I:!!lC!tipe!<!go.s, soo~es of Imsill~liIlSed i~ aoo.e mUUfll'Ilmotme C0i1il be dcter~ Il1ililnl.'lQI\vidi.ou.t mq,uirill;g: k1mwb:lge o~'specillc romllrions .oF ~lIffies or "iI.twtics. !l1;;;l,!"qt;i!li!I-..oo
e]~ili!V~

between

di.l'e~'!~~

\\~:l!!1i1l.~

I.9 ~

(:01100100

by EliI:lO:IiY

roy mel!tng of
wlb&iclio!l

'~t~I~)~C1

!~~d~

<h:J.ve

:wnes: H1J'. "I]l~e ,•.u~ ·of 8~lCOl! ~!ege :h~ :~1~ru!iS ~n~ fm::bmw aysi;a1I:i7:.atiOl~ Wilhh~l lili.gb~lcw~l~il18 cll rullOOrsand Ith.c .~.mli~aHon, of ffiile~]YiJ1Llgfl.1~s!i~. Sl (13). By iOll1fIlrn£l,lIml,cfi~ ~ ide :md ;alb;Uc OU3;s and .3SS!OCiall:ld silk~a.. . 1~!1.d~~!1;1I;li.1!,(ldlkaH!1~ ]3va~ ($)I (f~ SHihIT!'! a
lJy ~~a~ n!C~~!Jig ~f!!~(lc :aw<lyroom si!bduci!]

Jlh~e ~QW Cora~. lo!ls(.h~i!a. M<ikal~.N"p1i.!bi. a Ta_k<!!"OI:!, KatilU, Ma!~li!ii. Ahe., Tajlli!u.~, .LndI ,elkl~'OOl1t:1lrlCi rndiogenieilwlO:pech-cmislri.es (i9): Nukllm~akc) {fi~. l, A illIldi B)I l1lCjl ru\'l l~.ruIl nell. dam. cai~also 00 I1mdl to den.milc ai'lJfncm .Emt .P:oIYiE!>~ a.&re footli'l {Duff 1~~16A.IIE, ~ !!O~" Majo:"el~ml1t ChCd1nismcsi~3y (linm~lul.O:~ 3A., 3:13,. A!mtd .:5B)1 (23), wilh, typr:; .3Aat,ld 4A 4 .~. di!l.IV:loolie OOL::$.l;kW:si:ll:li:l:)J'~~i ¢11M:listriiMi ~~~l~iua~I!!!IL;; ~l1!hiO;kni:ie r'm'i:l\i: (:6;S, $iJ 1rnil~ cam !tie Ilrodut~d. dl!!cing Il!i;~ fracti(!i!!a~e~m~I~artifuclS, 1!!nal}~~ by .i!!ducli"'~ly CO'lfIl'ed Ifl~~nla laOPl of simiiar'minero] pbase sequ.e.!I!ces: ,cl!wi!!~ Il%~ ~Irometl)l :OllI!clI witb rOO!~{)~nicsoto~ f<),. i tLi,'lii; <!IiID~yzOO·byOlCjl~1.\ll imglJ..km :C1l1.l'ilS ~l~ ooaili~lgill"! higl~"IC'I,!e~ u'!!l,gn1ia d1;OUnoors .• a.] Bs arecllili.'lmcten.2ed Io:y :sup;crell~Qndrilic elry.requ1ireCl <:~I [) ItIg of SIlllrlpl.,e (8} (lBh~c82). O Zl1Hfmlio.,> (cboUGritlc I~io, 343.:!I: 03)8fn.d sub11~l;l md'[ogmlic~"olOpic dSHI (T3b~.c ~. a)ld. d~Ol\dritle Nlb!f91:3ttQIj [clmnMlic :mll.o 19'.9 ± 0:6 F1i~ 2) al1o~~lihm('l3M~ 1'0.00 .a.,'lSri:grnoo to InbC!" (2'))). fU1l'i~'!Jm~ OIH~L:;xhuM~ low~d1 disootl~1i!~ ('2365 fro!IlRll~"U, OJ !9IWol];iPtrC<iir:n.

Inhe: p~!V¢I~llee ·of P.·O:U1!i.e;l:ial] ~Il .dz~.ba .adiimioo, 0113 ~ii,lo'as f!'rnn d~tr-m:!1i~a1Cliirn'lela~ @!hib~l. dilf~!1i~. rLtaoe

~~~~

~929 iil.td 19.34t8, 221 ~'nabl~ ~lQ S~.)

Q\'e'.I'i.rj~,g 0009n.i.clidiiosp.1iIeric p~a~(S R.mE!> 1:mIl1~C upwe1,., ~h:tg!> looi ofn:k'ilrnillig; 'CXplaiililll d:u-;~uamn or of .~iill:JSm wkru:as, ~~ili. om. a3$ii1crea;ing~n. 'dro dh[lrnJll~ of pia.!!': fit))1j'il:rl'nCnl 3.\vay fron!1J 1i11('l et h ~t (151 ;E 1Mriaw:~'i (J6). [11. ~'mliroIY!lcsi<l,
I!ion miles 1ill:(I!i,I'e~le!~t of

O-fJ.'he

,md (:Tr17 wilffil :a:vI.isoOOpi'C ,ooillposi~gr! ia'!dic1JJ;Hve :s~p~~riJticZffHr rnllO$ ·gf 3S..smo 435 [d!OI~~Lijc ~iCl .34.3 :i:: 03 (20)]. Au lJd!i~!I.')~~~ 'il~S: derivIIliOl!!fi;mll Ka!m'ohn:ve" HaW01ii'i. IllclIDd f« dii5crilnimmcl:IgbctwWIllOas..'lItts is ]pm; is a.pht'lliloorysl",l'i:l:le ap.1larurutic rock (:6.ll~i!liled. wh~re IWlnCmlphl1lscs aIiC' lilot.d.isCli._ablc\?o1ilbd,u~: vided by Il'Mio~mic Sr;, :~\I, JIb, isolOJiC ,ec.:vn,JiXI" and :sill.om&,. fO' whrtcilil lhero a:e .tl'(lm_~~"t:: dala.[ilr naMd. ~Y€) I!Irlmis typical. of rocks .se~~c1 f()" adm Pl:IlYlmiaffil vol~oiN{8~.1.l) ]rnilial~picool!rDplml3kiilg. The: mlradiogmlk Pb~lDpic oomposl~illi03'1S of are dij\rerse (6} In Vi~l';' o·fllihe tiom gf C,'i1J i~dli®tin.ct ·ffrojif:l t!m~ ohll (lUrer

C7na

oms

Ifig. 2~
topi.c:

ItA to D:~ ~:iiD.

of

2oepb/~lPb
·.:lf1
F"""'""~"""""~~'"""F~~"""""'~~'F"""'~"""""

CCHililpos,l1tiiiOIIiU

a:d!rns ~ttd

dn:fEs)' alfld
'116.8

(omlPcs~fionalliields; KIf diftr:efilnrt flotyn~ O~8!~

:So!'!r:l)~~l& grlld\lliiiilOO
~y m1laiil1 t:J}frlle ::15 and

,40

~md]es mool in (8).\I'ilriOO:onsin ~In.pk~.· 1~00Ii0ri l(itfiiioo the: Il~' <lmi ft,','!1e of C~g blt~m!JlIIiI~ltywij~in !1i'I~u!" ~le sooff.i:!S: ef alBs; (11)r. RlIdlio g:sl1ik Il'b iliol1:opk (~liIi1positio.~s~,f ad~
~hlJilIirlilil

i115.6

.3;8 ~15.4

A
2:1 ~PibPlfb ~J1I\7Ab7~OOPib· to.1850 n-~-""""ii-"'""F-""""'-"'F"""-""""''''''-4

1t!/Pb e()~IP1!:)1;;;041IflbJnd a
2\OO~bfO<lPb) ,r.1iitJIo.Silli.d i
<100Un'1iMb ~~Ab;)

it reHect \1.'1IlnatnloUlh.

R;Q. 3; A and

~15.S !l.,,_--...!----'---..!L.--...i!l--~ 11ffi Sffi 9 .i:!02;1

I~alb~. Fi,gl!!~ 3C shows

(ovariamlfl b~el!l Sf isompk rcolr;npnl~itijiolil gl!'ld Ndl ioott;)~c (~po" 3D sliJrOit\lS l~ovaJriation IlbemlHllliI

~mlil£..

'~()7P'b"'/~0.6!!'b'"'

f.~

111:5 rfi'~s.I~rati as. IBased I IOlIIi~oropk mm\p'o!'>ifIi(llil~

gr!ild

I~i! i'i:~igll!led t(l thei r

~()II!Cer>:(231615, RliJlrubJ;

'thr~eoad~~5

C1II!i1

10.450 0.70515 T.g)b~

I
~~~~~~~~-b~~~~~~b-~

IC~:31'9. Flitcg:in1i~ and f.77.H; Hla'Wairi [using ~he aM,wagE' oflilu:ee ~ID,

IO,'{I[)I2O

Q,{1000

0.7040
ai78r/~1'

0.70501

i~oo,W1~ dWl!fri!i1mi~:!ilS: 9il,[,00 'iill labk! :l !:!ft!dlm~s<i~h~g();mmill

'lldesiglliMedl IDY'" 1i1e lillnra:mtlQimk Pb ~ipk dimnlrnVll'!'milomI1l:ii2iltof .a~l. other e8lsterlll Il'lolli'n:~iallll

I~

~ompOsitioo a,f (7727 ~5, mB~.alllldli~~ilil'iilartl} loa

tthDleiiib1~ whelm C7?2J. I'JIJ haiN~ii~ (fiiig. Slj, fifwrnJ Kalia'olawe .. mer wrll !Illnow 2:0: CI'I1.aiy,lliml ulrlClertailnties in e\lldlclii<lg~.am.

tnmd b-.il!S!l!tts fig,lC).

Atth@'lI!gh'isgtgril(g])~y sim~!~f. Lar!~~ ooX!tts ,~

REPORTS
rol.)'I!l!L;)~I~ O!~~ ~!i!~' .~~~n~~<!!!"~CI'~idt~!' K~Q'O~~'i'~ Of boo'l U"26)" Bolh of ~l~ isltt'lds: lie in Intne Hn;\71lB1uisll Loa ~ci11 {27)! (F~g. Iq.AJ~OIJ!?JliI :umi,'ibasa:!l$am jsoroiPical~,y s;mi~.oc 1.0, iIlIO$C.oillKaho·d~\w, I1nGY lll;'nh~~tic:,.~lm1J".as am en17; a liIa\~il~, L~alka1i~ $2JA~ 0727 (t1bl~ 84) ~lj 5imi~~SiOl' Al~J" MgO, TiO:~, F~O}. ~d Pl0~ oo!~lia~ 'Ioh~waii~ ftwn \~; lvfdlokll.'i and Haleakrih!!,M.vlp8. 29) ~bibikl SS} F~. S3A :sbiJWlllfihat hawaiiM1Slil'Ol1Th .Ha:lJc1lkrnl!ii lIIiiid "\'c!1..Mooo 'i ~mw oons:idem'b~(l 'VIliliali.oi,~ 1i1i. (SA 10 -].0 wdg;llt %). A~ Crn,"ll~ sill1ibt 00 and 110:;: OOlO posi(~\()t'.l to 'Ca-:rid~ l1i;l,wai~r:ron1~elkaila, cO'~
~~~!TI

1'000 ~r-.-..-..-"'-.--r--r--.-~..-~"-"....,.

ROOJqCih;o:OOrti:6S,

11000

S!3liliIp~J\P,rirni:1f!.i'e'MilIDtile
r=ir=irT' "TW"1FrT""F..-.-nnF'I'"""T"TT"li"T,-,;-rrrnFlrl""r1

.14.

"jij~

·RlIiiiILi~'l

11

-ii-~~~I

+~!t~5

-{)--AdH~

cso

rif!llin~ a 'OO!lUliIDfl ~ftk; evG.1u~(]('iJ,iiffi.'I]I.'t1l nOIll hmMli~ fl'l(1m MllittM. ,Kea~dI \Vest M~~~.

A..m. C777Jftllh Vlilntltn 'lll~fieidl of CiO\l'a'Mliocl CNilldbLood by ollta' haw3iirrrcsfi'onll Ha,\?il8ii~'i ·~~.p'1(Dt!l ·o:f MgO w1lth. Nb. :Sr,mlcl n. (~.g, 4) and wiith. 8 "il]~e ~IJa'i1

....-.........~i[ml~I~~'~li

·~~.n.ij'~,

u.Of:Na~;. N"b.!Th, 1I.Vfa, Oill~h'ltfla ratioo (~ S5). a ~!]ui1lfOtOfi",b..,o rnIb 1[0 ~j~fi hil\wj'rn~OOln Hruieo:abllol;Mm,!~~.lii'?S~ H{Dwe\I'~, itljj .P.bisttcpic rol~i~om, exclums 'W~Mobb'i. (28) (If' Mooi (Jt:i) ~m\aiiilcas .:3J !>titLi'rn~Mr dtkad2c.
hD.Sr}Ce!''nI'lRl.~P~O::s flpace, :.'i.dzG:C7127 plQlS widlbrn. 1ll1~ diJl'UflCU'!I1L:l l:9t'Ii~fl of corllpalSlti(lll£ ex-

[E

~
= ~~~<l, ~ofl!;-~C23iHI

4-~lenj~

~,Ii'lOl.g$JI~

11IioiOOd l~wniiW,l !tiro~]1 Kalm'Q'law!:l (:~ :$6). ~¥, S!!I!oll v~lJlon. ~!1ecns oo1!b si1lOl.Hoo! ~Q'W1"~~ ftacti(JJla!~iOOl orp:~gvool~ (a.5 ill!! !H~eak.,1a. Afllaui 1~w.ruii.leS)and m.me:mtG"presiH.lre bctLl:lImtocm of clJiJ1iOpy~Gi1le (:os il~ West Molokai'] and Maullll K~ealt9.wa1LtI.':~i), (19).F'mherm'Or~, Kah.o·(l!~awn IKtt\!'ili;~ .:i!iN') ll~fIi) c!:'amct~ri~ by hUgJmr Ni. CQ:ilI·, rout<; (rnl!~e 54 ro 226, ]43 :I:: 71 ,~jjl/g) (24, 11) 1l10lill!Ll@,willires ~ 'liVest Malab'i [l I!O 40 Ie'WID (lSi, H!llealwila (4.5 ~os.~,I-lWg) {19), ·iJftdMWJ!!a K_,ea (400 9 IJg/g) {:l2JI. Will~ ~. 5 .1JLg ofNilrg, .adze 1
C71.27is cal'l&iSI~oolwilln, dcri \I',at[iorl from. a Imo.:vflJiilflsOllroe an Kaho·Q]awa

Fi.!:nlIher~1!!~:toI~r Uw idea d~ crm ,origulatcd fro.trr! H~<li"i Is provided by bolce cicna'OO( !'Iuio,:;;; nd by Sf md Nd :tsolOpC tlltiOS given :ur!. a
~ IUi!iMII 7~,~ TIil'ioi\i:1OQI;!I 'W!!!,ll!,m¥

~~

1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 ODD ,.----,,---,---,,---r----.-----.----.--.----.---,,--,r-,----.----r-;;;,

0.1 !b!b!""'-4I..b..!,.!!-I..!bI-b.!"",!!-b.!...bb",b.,!l."b,b~b!""!~,,,b,,! 1000

I

,JI

l'

l~ ...-iIH-,.

.-+- '~.l~~~,nWl.tOld 1.!i'f111'Nb~~'Ce~ lH1~iU _TH_lb',!~~c_ 1 -

Toole ~, 1~ru:rJ.e.s84 1bnd 85. ~~tg tUtti fig S7. OIBs . .3, from Ha~val'i almTh 1II~liit'i;oot a.l1OOsalifu; frorrruil:vc: .E\lUptiWr Sea1il1Ciill dJmill!, whiclln,";!1!rr&~1:S HmVfflUiaJil, m:agtliil;ti"illlt.il1llgiln.gil~ 3gtli fronl 85 to 4:2: mi~nOl1l ~ ~" h~¥L;lB<IfIll ~ttO!5 >-] OD ,(53). D!~~t r()IYi~i<l!, ~1tl'>hH~, R,,'i<!llea. ~too.le :5::5)1 ou'!d "~mi'a,(J4) .un~heSociety Isl~J. s'bQli!,!'1] &] Fig. 3,. G and :Ii, also ~im'!fe~lihm'lioo >l~ 1:WW'c¥eI", !walls i'rum. iIllileS:ooL1;:iy~sbml~ mw. sigmlirn(;an(~y high~ r;ad:logcnic Ph iool.Oplc OOI,Wposlil.ioru llI~an. 1h~·frolll.Ha,.mi'1l (Fig. lB\Thbh: 1• .nd Ulh~ S$J. A~~oo-J#! ~.Yf'Vib, I~i(l Qf C7iJi OiS) ~~b:!e co .. ,' bllshed 1.. .~~,,,,,_I' "'1.,..._ ~~, IS IIk'''';I·· iIiI~Il [X1y~-!W W!!i!Ie5 Kl',I """,_lQ' Q!O!~ ~!~~ler __ la\>'aS, ItlU; mile c-arth ,e!eIl~l!i;s ale' ,~l~ 1:1JO!biie beesuse of ai1mlUOll1il~ SOiml€lposkhicld!alkalnc la.v-as {J1}Tloo .L/Vlb,rr1liio,is .IDJ~~3I&:tcd 'by lfilffi: dL':gree afparo,rd ll!'Q~.nng; tI~lL!5, 1I1¢ higJlefr..1Jticn of Crt1."loof!l.'lcls :a t(l'1l~r d:~roe of .rI1I.Q;'lti~g.[1il 1l7StflGSra:!lcW ~4:lii"l'd!I~clI space (fig, S7)., adze: Cn21 I~I~ wiO~~1iIheKa:ho"o:]awe meld on a mhdng l~nC:l (oorrela!iam ·ooefficicl~t,R - 0,97) d,e.. r'iiflOOl.by 1\!\W.ii~ :ti::oin~:KfI'Ciiila.ve, ~. Moliabii,
am] HilIleat:liila (Marui). Tbis tracllkarus d* a
00Jill-

IFiig. 3. M(ldiJli!'mIcal (lJllilIIparii~Onli", '~A.find B) Siilillili! my l:!tet:!Neierl '(235)5 dill:d Rmul'tu tm;aU:s;, U:ilndliEU Sililililgrity Ib~elli [)4'i!i5,ail1i~ 'l:h~ eiao SOOI"(!!t i'IAilHil,lI~::;gS, ,mE ;gnd f) Simi:~g:iifltV b~~1iI (1319a!ild Tautarn:al ba'Satt, Piltcalim l!Sland. {G arid H) .5]i1IIi'~aiilybetweffi 12367 alild basalit~lTomllillllililhilile "lIfld; rahill'a ll1tliJeSociety 15IilIlUj~, ith h~ghl saffIIiJ r.1I,ti(J{~ (I ,[1m!)) CO,IIIiIp!lrli~OOi w liletweffiOOO'J~ (.7Tl.l ,i!llliUjl hi!lWiliites, whh ~fflilil~illar ,i02oompositiCl:liI rrOi!l1!1 West MoI(li(a1i (ilWMa~-4) (2;8) !lInd H;3~eakala. Mal!d (IHS~Hll]'(29). ihe S 1 sirnJ~ruatii'bJ betiiiI:!,en (7727 and lHatea".ai~iliI llwaii1leWr!,rj[r:ites h th.tt tliJey lfJ\iildl.a GOlflfimo!ii, pe1nigeliielir,: I9'w~umm.

1'910

REPORTS
:rI:~~~~~C~.ii:w;.\c..l~¥Qilvoo

i~ !.~w,'!iiJ!ie

oorll!l@j)iQ!:\ °flhis nltOOtl!kie:ly t!lvdl¥l~d f~l~i@ INI~wecn alii.·elllidwd. OOl!:lj1O.1ileilt \?;,.ja~ ahi,gJlRhiSr mHo rudlow 'SrWNd l!:1ltio am a dqllt1!led iCOOfIpo:noot with, alli'\WOJi' .RlbtSrfalrlo Illioclln:ig!u SinlNid muG.. Wi! i,!L~d~1Iii~;SaiI:i7l:ill ]lj~~fiI~('id()&I]~frilbwl .antru

3. M, Ltvi%D, 'Ill. W~Fd, ~. ij'jI!.'bb, rll~ ~/rf.!!;mNII (j/, PoIji;I1il'!lf!1',;A ('(';JI!lpuliO'r ~jjJl\lI!af.ioo UJnrt". 01' Mifllnol:",,[a

F'i.f}~2. arid:n I!Oidel1h:fy il'i~ SOUl~ .or;ltti 1'9 ]!fiJ addjti:mill~o i!!hl': .ad.7.¢!l:rOOJ!lKa.~o"G!<!~...e, Hav\,fa,l'i (u ~ '1 )jlhe· !Pikaim Group (~J~I ),ami IilJUnlltJllI.(IJ'" ~I)",~ were :11150I<t~.tifle.d Ithm were lr.la.[ll1tfDC'~II00di froi~l b~1t WlililC.(SQjjI Eiao lIfl1. the M3ITIUt;l:s;as~lr ]);Rap~ifiIJ IIW.C Awli'ilil!; (Ii = .~)~ = 1~1h('l Soci~lyb~~lt{ls\"i[J,l BalTh r:Mi01>: >1'(10, ~,uch uRai'WJ.'C<l!, Ta:h",'a, 0.1' HII!~!'le (.rJ = 7): ~ the Soci~!y!slru~dls w!!hBafI11 rartios <100, mlC'hM Talhifi. (IJ - 7,. Beca1ll:Se adze c.n27 was eel 11e<l((ld.lfrom Napuka, 9. lm",ooral ailoll. ~m~dle 'Wl.'SICI'fiI. T~lmil:tollil$l ir.. Ci.:!i1IlralEa$l.folynL'!S:i.a.(fi!f,l, 118,). ill(!: li!C!ICk from whidl it wa.~l1~d'e wa."l lfti"!.'qlQI1~.<11. ~1i!'1ininrnm distance of 4040 km f!fO~~]illlS SOtltroc' OR K alli1o'o laweln libe Hawa! i<!1!fI C!l~a:ln(PIg. :1 J A nc likely m,uJtc betWOel.1 Ha;wa:i"j mel. Tah~li\1la I~lhc Tllill'ITI.OI.tIS (3.5) (Fig. ] A) bas fa.vorablewiIM:ls
a~,.

I'lll~, Mi,oo~po'li~ MN,~n:~. l 4. I.R. FIIltIM!'I', SfiIDl.e lil;9i\,ll277 (197'7}. !I. I'l. V. KiWi, Oi<t rh~ Rood &] ftfl.~ ~~~ All An:l\i1!M[)/~kaj HiJl~ of .rhe imrlfU IllMdf> ~ejrJff ilfl'(\!l~1I Ca<filti(l ~U!1ii,;,. ,~r QllliJ",mia,Pr~'l, e~rke~y. CA... 20ooJ'. 6. Go h'Wllll,,. Pd}~"j,2:siall So(. 107., an rtil9liS:~. 7. (. ~K.Ci!~IQl<i.J\m!l. N..l. ArtJ\ae'oL A1~. t.Ilrm. li!9.• 1:3.

2~9'. ( .. ¥. Ot~.iI. ~. A.Ft>!!)', til, 0.. '~ffla, ·furjvitl; MJ:Mml .. l'i!trol to!). 1~97 (1'i19,0]', 3(1. H. [I; W~t W'. p, ~~~~PilI!.!~r~~Qm,!; S({;. 'eU; a'\. U1L

tl~11

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myag,il!l. Ex,eu1rncm.tail nr:iliim'nM~ iItIfiJ\"iga;ll.m~lmi$&

lllere i.'lmudl! Wditkmal cererllOJIY mprupara!ic):n Il()ng~~]lm~e \'O'N~'lg"lilind tOOay" as I?ossib~y in Id~£ allcic~ll past, c8II:lOOisls olku S'IlOp at illil(!l,,,"'CSre.nllnmt ~ip ofKallilO"olal\,!,'t:: Marndl, Lsc 0' Kccail.alkahm1:i (til£:m!lly~ ~p(Sl or ~K\a.dll~d ofdre W;I.jI'1'(1 TaJiliti'j (F]~lll C) b~fIil'~be,gil'ilniiltg'hcir

rot

.6. Iletail$ .ltr'~IQurilll jn the ·~!.iIp'p~r:lnfll!j Ill1il!1ieria~ S'ciell'fe on O~lil1e. 9. :5. B~n. P. S1u::pp,m.l,!t 6rftl!. ~. fl<lr~~r,.J. f{jI'.Vm'M~ S'oc. ·U)1lJ.45 (1'!l92). liD. M. 1,ll!Ie~lie~, ZAr(li'aeOJ. AlW{. ~~·on. ~H'!ll). No :ll:lI. U. A. W. HI~frm~!I!, MlruR' 3i9!!i. 2119'n!~9il 12. '1'. l ..Gr:t!\I!l,lIt. O'a,uel'j!lili, S.w.. P'HlIl'8In. C\. ~dml\ fm\!r .~It~~ Sfi. ~e'll; 249. 1'4 (~.of!!i6~, B. 1'. LGID'i'~ ~'IIl .• fMim, ~m( ~ :L>t!i. 51'S {2iOO31 M. 'i(. l..lr4illll\ M ..], O'IiI~ril·.l.!.'ie~lj~ .~j. SQ/XrUmth l1!l9. 2'2J0I9WXm. 15. W; .~'. !)r'~II.AAI, ~~.Gl:(tII. ~ &1,[ !i6.003 G'9it!'1. 1,6. II..A. Timdillno e1 al~ kfm,Al' 30Cl,11!l64 {~O~. H.A. B4lImll'Vi~~,L Ot:i1S11', A.IHlll1!!nmraoo, &lltir PiI.~.t Srl'. !:ell. 244, 2~:l!. t2·OO6l. lB •. Ii A. f'e~f; l. It Canm. IS'ru1.i\1:P1tli'1et :I'd: ff'I1. 19;.2'!10 {1'91·31. i:9. C. H~ C. 1Il1. IDew,(, c (1IIilUt'll~(JIefIl'. 1iIeru" ii!!, '1' (19'14:~ ~O. II..A..ffilnd!~r; C. Mu I)):{f. A. S!filcke, .1<. M~liQtl<r.,farlft iI'1mN!t, 51:$; l.elL ,254. US I2@Q[,lI'. 21. A. ZiliKIIIll, S. Ii!<fl, AlUm. li'rI': .Ml.tJ~ :PI11l~t; SCi. '14, 49'3 U9a6l 22. t:. P..Emcl"!/, .:'I1cr,ailTl·CiJ.IlIlTe Ofl1t<f: 1tmJJ1(tr~ i'lKhjpet~ {P<icific: ,I!,~tl!mt!j;!Ollogit!llReCorc5 ,'2, E!o15!'!op~,~I.I.~!.Im, HQI~I!l!!I.~ HI, lW~~. ~3. !ll!)!!!~,~Mr~~fi! ~~Srwth ~ 11.1[1, fr~f!!<![11~ w, It. ,~tI;;.~ &!~..O!i!'IIr:)a!. tw'ffl!' a. ~!fil.. ~~ f\!~Yih. 2~•. W:. P. U!!fiI2Iit,. D. .: G!lHIlI(!li, .M" 0" Gi!rcJ\!!. fl. r:IoW!!II. Ctm1llb. . Mfm:;ml" AtJrnJ, :Iili'i., 62 (19"M:~. 2&. A. R, Bd!1!l.\. ,9 E. J. F'i'H}I)il~till f(/f'r/t ~:!:~f\::1I1I'!Ig .• r1le ~r"Pj'(M, A. BilSU, S.I1I~rt,.Ed!. ~meric<lfi ~Cjla~i2L !J1lilrl~ Wil~mngtom.l)c.. !9'l'6~.pp. :1.~'9-U9, :;16. S. Co flLrIlI1i9l ~r4l'~G~ G~ ,~~. OOl~06
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37" 111"It 'DiIlk)~~iI, Mqrog~Dgl. f'W~~'fjj~~; f'bIiMOf!(!():i,,:!!1:l 251 (~OONt 313•. M. I" W.e1~ltlr ,ill GeocJ'jO£{rlilc:a/.f~de.riit:l't.fM fu~j)il:t.lIJiIm lull~i!; I'!.l VI. 6LmOlCk,:EtI., ~.r~IlI&. Gi!~. LD~~ffi. 2002'1, 1ItI. 2Si!=l.'l'.!t M. J. H. Chell, G ». 1. 1jI,"a~~~,~~.Con{. i!i!Jst,.. tlli~.f na~. 1I:i'.Ir. ~. ies ma,u 4(1. F:' !lr'~!!!~oe:. To 6i:!'i;.!:!t c. 1!i!l~Il!'~ Co !fl. ~. S'll'io~ . .:!,t l~!1l1 '·4.j! m~aot

[j/rlli ~G~ llilJ3.1 [19'90). 3·<1, W. M ..\lIlait!:!. R,1\" Elu"l)!;am\ rirI.~ f.'f~$;R~~· ,i!'D~f!;{9~.A,i!l~"". ~JI,m, I;~f.(A~Ci!'11 ~1ll~1~~ IlInl!oo,W.:!IIiiiliglli~loc. lW6t ~p, 100-.2&. 3:$, 8,. ft. r'lillli!1/, ill .!'!!IIj.\ii'tM,:r Cul'hrfe f:MlimlJ..i; ,B!f<!t,i'5 .fll t1MOUJj'K:trl~rli P.~mat.V:, itl\. Hi~I~,arl!ll, lit ·W. ~'jJfa~ it !!I1IiI\\t~di. Mi. Ktll¥. 'It.. iii. S'iooto\ &Is. [Siihp M!JI~IHI!l'I P,r'e'~'t Hl~oolwlll, HI., :1.96111 j:!P" li4:i-li6i. 36\. Bi. !l1'Me::y:. ~ (ljl'I!!kOl't!y, A (llII'wmIO~~ J"q{~ {Unfo',,![1~ (a~f~lflIiO! Ilre$:i. ferM:~ QI\, I!n'4L

~:!!" lJJ~pill1AI!.fue~ ihi.a ar>!! ·lrofD Riit!! l1Ilmrd1y; MWJ .Malm. .~IOO WMllif1l!loofl St~~, UlinMf!:~r1 M. "" l·~rnalll; ~r!i;ln.:ll
43 ..

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111,..U7.

,oorl1nlfjmic[llll!iln~. 'I. ~rl!£il\j).at'iil 8. t'.a1lll1iJl!;'l! Ipeflltiisl1~ilIMHft ~!ii'!~frOO!! 'I!ie B~p· MweulTl, ~i'i. AIlreili ttl ~Ie IVW<Ii~Ill!1til:i!li~r(J Ge!!~5 k<ro~ 1Il~~.ili!.~ WI'~ liltiLit.<!ll,ed Iby J. 'ST!t~ .~IIK! t 8~b !l!i!il !!t'!l~!!) li!!«it!i! UII!l!Ia~\li.le ~!l!!!r'~ d en}..7 i ,~~ ~!l;,i<'o!~W!:r.~ ~ljj~ !:!t $, I~~~'W. P,.~I:lO!I[l,

SUjIlipiilitili!3J OIli'Uil'i@!.Mi3Itl!!tial.
.\'i\1w.Mi~:rI!!'@lIla9l.il~\I(~Qm:W.nlJl:tll1l3]J'J$~.~fl90l/DC.li M<llflflll~ alld MttIKld:!.

vQy:mge\l(DYi~t S<I:Rlple (7727, II [)~I"I"lype 3.A !l!:dil.:e, is ul<!de froa]1 rook tha:1 isc(D!I!Sisljei!ll;wjU~

~~'WIljit'cdepoSits fOl!l_;_llldi <litonly .~few ~l!)ces <lJou,g I~~le Cotl.'1tof Ila~lS i.Siland, ·mlC of w~lich. l.sdooe ;t:o Lae Q' Kealaikalru~~::l. 'nll~ arltm tYPCLS t1mknown. from H@i!I!l3I.'I. bUI i~ COmJ.lmlili~ iJl'l am llUa!i~lOllll& ~. froUliK;'IiI(I\Il<iw(l Hlay lh,I!J_. I~v.e b~!li lab~!l . ~: a g~flOJ' nlemcn~0(as; is done ~ 'by modem 1~!rndill;o,1!<l1 oyagers) onlSk'li:l <ISb"~a!Stj :aI!~dlhskv !o!ledi~nt'G .adzes lndlC: t'i.wU'OIiUS. 11tcl1ll31ooltls,almng wiil) tlro:Sooh~~y I~~[nds, Clo'uld be appmfllchc1m' from aU qrlllfl'l'~rs .an!! W,flS
l~iIlw;; pmbaMy

21". '"'" Illoou!!tl.a'lirli fif tit, Wa.tnIre 41~,1!iS.:1. (2)OOS.J, 2B. Ii XiI ~. tit. GMt~m·. ,~t@J!j'J& ~.·.B,
]!]).'I!!Qi2')1/2:Oi:ltGCOOil~S,.a (20:07).

$O~'rm i'ig;.S;11J!l~7 Tables S:l. to· 55 ~~r~[fiQ!i~. JLi iii'! .~1OCI17; ljidOO ~ 2:8. AIl!i~t lO.112tlJsdm!.U"; 7013
;l,£,

:~J)JJI7

lilfIJpoUitain h~ .P{lily.uesnoo.~(l;
T'IiJ<)1l10~U, Ol~a~tgil1late

Our &Ib 5ihowdl.at

I~heM~ue~.

(2). [t'gm

:P~"caim~A.-:r.1II, ...:d. Sod:eIyISlZiJ*" ~Wm1 ~~ml<St is. oU~eis~aud. gl'Ol'lJS SIiIJTo1!!!wing the aJrilli!Aihitpelago..Funhel'il~, ~Cru;liSC~lite ~ow coml atolls Qf~llileTuam(i!llk'l (}m:et'geClallIur tlOO CE (3' 7)•. aIld ~ae SliiTIYi!lildii1gislr:blldi ,WlYlllpS "l,!\~re QQ!onired v,'C'lll3eoore dtco, all ~m.!)OrlJOOa&es IreoQVeNd in .~.~ T't~mot\~re~ ~<lI'~o,liQ!1i~tiQ!~ !n(~~dQnMiI~ @.dip;crn(..rddpe!l!£.oes. ''Ie ~e~ fONagree '?r~hbl"~n (2), ihat ]X!S~oo!km:tmdon, 'iiloy~iJ'lgllJU;1112IVIil oolmnou l'I.lOlltg.btt'orvo}''~rn agingkiloQwloo.go tnoo pas.~ ~CiD(lS .gcmClJiiltim~ 3J1ddltlt it OOi1lUallJiOO Uiliul ~I M.50 CE\\ihcliL iln~ '!f~imlg ce&~ irn,E$l.P(!I~yu~ii3J{;?8),
Refer.ertl!!eS !lndl No~s l!" A.~5ar<!~p,4r!~~ V!,1~~ii! ~~!l (Urn;". !)r.Gl~~~ !?!E!~ Eli!rki!l!!y. '0\ 196111. 2~.G,. I'I'I:Wn. lIiil!! P~mfstMc E~a.rtrl[M aftdCol.,nJsClfiOO OJ' .rIMPMQir ~C,amMd'gf! Uiililj', ~l'~t(:!ffibtili!~,l!99;l:JI.

Synchlrony DY'n8Imics, During' I';nitiati:on, FSlilure, and IR:ISC:U'B' of the ,Seglm'elnI8Itlii'D,n Clock
IJilgmlilia~' H •. l!tied'e,l"Kl'1u5'e/'-'t Cl!al,!ldia .Mfiill~~fAln.dlr~w (., ,Oatll'!:'St lib!'! '~S!~9ii'n~ntaticnii:kiclt is t~ol,Jigh~ ttl ,ooOlrdriiila~$eqlJeiiiti~~. ~~i'n.f!iiit.rti.ofl of t~e II!l~dy !ii!!(nrs ~1iiI v@rt~lJrate' lembryos. nis (;Ieck mmlpns~ a l'IfIulttlic@llt!~aJf·g.enet!c IUlE!'twork of sllTI~hrolill1md 'o50Ua,tors,(o,u:pLel~ byintten::d~i!lIa'r l[leltfl~N!Mt'h .si$lII'l(I.l~1il91. IHow th~is:sv,nt~rony~~ es.Mlbl1sililed :tJnd

!~rr~tkal point bey'C'rlti Wti]dl ~ym::h1foI!lY decays. WE!!(l::IlIfNl'iJllde th'at :~ynch;[QI'IIYamCDrl:g th@Sle !:Ii@'neth:: 'oso llatQrs~n !tie e.s.talb~i~h sdby ~imluih;an@ol!l$ ilil~tiilarIiil(l!n .antl. ~@~f·!lrgltllli~~tI.tian.arnd th,aG; lie :5!eglmentaliirondef2d: position is del!@M1inii!iallb,y 1m e di:fifllN!n.:oo. between to:IlIp!~ingi !itllrerngth 11 di 1~'Oil~l.ll. n c>JiUedsomites, ~~~e~RlXlU.oors of.<!!.,>;i"lbolle and Ifl:lIl>clc:, .•lcs IllI'lougl~t 1~(iI be dliivcml byd~c: s:cg;n1tmtalioi1 e1ocik. (Fig:. IA) (1, II This; doek CllIlIl-

how m l~iIl~Sdetenirlil1ll!:5~ltIrE! PO!i'itiorn of stlgmE!nMltiori 'rn~f'ectJ;inl IDelta and! f1ijlot(lh Itl:l!Jt-ant) Ollir'! ufll~nillJlilnl. We allilil!~YllHII th~d~od:'!i 8,YlilchmlllY dYlril.amiell Iby 1I'i!llmfll1l£1~lJertgthi amdl ~un:ling of INoldtil . ,ool!llpling llil,zelnafi,sh emi:lryo~ withl ·mlcihn]que')i. fm' '~I!I'aJli!tfutait.ill'eper1:UlmiDaiof) of ge!ile ~\lJlncti 011. 'We! dewLcil~~d ar p.hY.!i:i:c:al. tlile,o!'Y ila!Sedl om l:!oLIIP,lE!d plilase a~dilator~ l~p~ail1,iiiigl t1hie olb~~II'ec1 'On5le't: ,~fl:d r~mJ!le ,(If $!1!!Jm~!'Ita,tii!)lIilrd ~rl~ru~ d<!c;r(s mbtl!s~n:~~~glQJil'lsJtd~!'!lopm,~tat the ~ I1rO'is~ ~n:d .1;1

REPORTS
IP'riW5 ... rnl!!HiQ~1 !tll~_f S~t!i~LC 1f!,~wQ:fli;. (If oscill ..tm-s !QcatOO wy~l!iJin ~e [pOSterior !'"!1'e5Q~ deem (F:ig. U3), (3, 4Jli>dll).No[eb sii.l'I~lin,g [~as b~il~prOJiIDSed 1(3',..5) co ooupk:llu:-se O~ CiiIl!ators (f'ig, ] C) suc~~dmt tile1' are ~R'iioIt."tnpo:tiill.ly ~11chml~~dI d~illL'i Iili~p~~e~ ~r
WiQi~. De..~Ylt'Chr'(i!fiiu~oti.!I)v~r develtll.p]tL~lt!a~

$hQ1i,!ldl b~ ~~odifi~~~. W~ ~lQc~~NQ(~'! ~~:rn<'!Ii!lg,Ix;T~ 19 inwr ;)!~d! del/I- "~(;Hdd", ~~~!t'illo:zygore :IHrntalilt) (T), \'<lrying (:i) DAM' ooliloamlmlio:Jils 1.0 fedll:C~ Notch 3cli/'iI'milion and (ii) anLismlsc m.(Drphl(l~i]]1C1MU) 2Inl:00!1lL." 10 ra( due:~ ilmll'lh'iti(lli'l of IJ(JJdM,~ lidtNA [Fi.~" U») (J,. .i 3).. B()I:h I~lli;'ilel~~ for q ualilt~~ilti\tepeu;'Iurb;llig:~of ge!~e fll!ll!c6C:Ktii gil/Vie OO!i8isOO'!il resalts (Fi£. 2, A <llfld B): ALUsM lIted

I!:i~m: (5) oou!d e1>!p]aill U~e

ieb~fhilt Deib~

No1!d] ~luta~t

phe!iQly:peS (6:_.1O) in, whicb 0'111), li1'i!l':~rsl 6< to m 8:iU~rkl:i SC£i~llecnts: fo!nl~ CiOUOCt1y (11); altmll11aJt~v,ely, ~CilJctiiC dl:fb~ enees in ai~tcrio'r aad ~s:~riG!<rp~III.t'iuin.g

defoo~8 VI, J1):, A p1i!}'ll:i~ai I!h~i:r 'U~al <)C~ couts fordiesCl defoo( PQsi'Ii.OllSbaEedcm des:n~chmniza'Ho!l dYI1l!lmics .md Dell:~Nolch signaliug; slreng~i11 is laelk~llg; an:dhow I:bisclock ~fd~IIChro~Ua:fii()I'! i 'nh~ ca~R~ ·of D~~ta.. NOIth nl1!~U p~el~Chty~,su~h a &ca_y I~rooc:e.~ should ooim,hllciilllle tha~u!!lgluuM s0!11loogeIllCSis. We deiivereCi satUll1lting doses of N"i:N'{3.5~ dillt1orophennoel:yI"L..a:13nyl.)];\8"i!'JhclliYlg~ydlre I~;~bl]tyl es~C'JI"(DAPT) lowi~dAWC: '''\1'1) emi:;rl)'OS 31llilmu'ly iI~'Cf\,I'll~ (iJ~.DAPT binds I)) and: tJ~OO;i... '1.l!einil!'all~emb!ou1~p!,gt~'l!e!1>q~i!lOO far
deOilv;agc of lhe No!cllilinlracc! !I:I~!' dorlla!in in ~cs:po!t'ie to DeU<!!binding '~iaeoooeptor~: cx!.m~ cellular dom,:;;dn (Fig, 1D) (l4).\¥e quamHilld I~~l~remrl:ii~g orgruruu!rn1Jfllphcnotypc willlil. Il~.e .ulII:crior ~~[II)it ofd~rcclS (AID) (fig" m), tbat ~S.i'lhe 1]!!Im~~f ,~flnh~ ii:1fi1~riar,.aiOtd d~r~llV¢ segInttler:u (J.5), whkfrl, lI"'C'm£iodo'iJ\~r :~ Clllbln'yO [}oplII!la:tio!1l; i~:ck1!!rac~crislicfu!' ,~dil HJlu.truH (1.1" 15) and is h~dI:lca!~>d (h;eunlyollom,i(l by bomadlmy mlfU'~e;; cbM)4S CUi). '[1m A1J) of fLx:od 'enlIlI)lYos 1tl'811Silal:edilu,olt~11 de!""elop~ im('ll:lla~ I~:inle~~.of I:lIH'lfirst misformcd sogrmm:t bocturtcl'ary (Fig;. IF), ~1!!~se s~gmeril~ f(Dm~(,-d is !>la!Ji1I:cd!liil('lm.t8i[ilS~li'Iilial. !zyn.cln:n1yis l!I:nkiI'lMvu. also

~ui~l:1 ~'l th(; ~~ti(l!ls

o~~ 11'h~

S(;gm~I]I,(iJ1;Loirn.

:posk!rio:r'~ywilll, lower 'lreaUtil~l1( ievels, and. Cil.I"Ves: fur d~+!- .1U'KllI 'lifT sl~i.icd8J~iLli~1ll 11,]10 IrealltnmnlM!tis\reqt!liil"iin~ ab6uthru:f d~c; ai:llOlnr~ o:f U'~<lliitI~!'I:1 (k~ '~o lI~hi~'\le U'!~ sarr:u~ ~f:~ im. +ffoot a~W'T, sll!@isesling .!l! OS-~1d di~lb~.m;e!'! ~ 7,(\3 ~ O.~2 ,r,;V .. .IOa:) (/ nwtl'l~reas !i31~uratOO, .DAIPT OOll· ccll,tm[:hL'ms ·~.~WL}r,' Al,D.~. as: above' (fli.g,. r, E ~iKi F), ~W:liIi1:[i'lny b~C3USi3 Oi~' DAN
Ia!~gli~~ ild:dlil~allalN""teb~plars
~l'u;;!1tl;!l,

ne

i~i'l!~, ~'~",el.y, ,~d! lli.'<;~agnt~M~ ~rJ~r" n~i!!les U~e ;:;h,IIMiQI] gf d~!r;ii pro'~~s" Hence ill A - {I dileOOlUooliwbelm.vi{)r of Inhescoo~led. osci.blors UI'l<iCiI'gOie,si a dmmati,e qua.litative change,. 'whkhmm the (lriiticalp(lii~t at 0. ~YI'ilChrGiI~iziil.iO'Jilpb,i1_~ tmfiL~u~iol~ (.18, 10, 21)!, a~iilo~i;l5 lQ 19l.e !r:-~:2;lng ~ill!'i'l ,<i!! Inhg t~~~r~ioo tr..!~5itiQ!!i. H3). A !Hm 'i!qwtiol1 OWCOlJ!n!sfor ~e :hlk~biml'y cffe<:t OfJlrea~iI1lCllt leNt'll,.I.!, with MO _eft DAPT H'>I!I:i~.'lGCI act ItGoooopeuath."Cly l(i'
.

p=ij'J1 .'Il'T

'(l -~.) ..••

Ij+ii,O

(5)

s~!p¥1,~~ng.S!!J;mou;[qg MO ,A.lO !!:lOllSls[e;nt wiidllltt.s-J-,

3!1IM;jUliltil

,S~(~ -

COMJW(j

an

!l!rldi

tl()~cll!(J

l?i!lletfc 2S = [0. :1,,;2,] is the number of <l!le~c;s per c!l!1bryc\ is Ihh.e'WT'

ill~lerocUul~ D~!t!l!-Nl)l:ch s~,mdiR~

0 I),

('OIl-

here is l!!lot stun1ply !I. qwiHI:al:ive oo-£:)r'-'offsW'iwh. instead itcan lmnmlit St:Ll00lhlypoo qmmti. Iai~ivc s~gnal!l~ :1iJitd 'dl~S :signllll S;Iron.8'tIiI SCI!l the d£e.ay titm~.
We :sought
3. Iglh~l'lk:9l dl00~

l~vd of acti,va;w:d. 'pmu:iiill, anicl :~s the treatIJiIJcmt ~.(lW,~ d~M. hal'\IC.'ii ,p"l,-"f..Wllilen. 1'pp:~ioo.I~O I M~ 11~\wlIM. rtll~~ '~m1~dI to IID'h~llilerarnzye;.o!!k'ilOO.ilmi!ui011. CO!1rnbi~iqlg IEqiL! 00, 5 yilil& ,<Jill ex;~~ sion !!Il!1!!! ['llt'didS Il!le ALD o:r!hehQn.'!OZ)".~{l~
m1llbnD,
,.} AI.;IJ) -

r~
"0

...-/- - \.... ,"I = t". = (.,...". !II)

dBscruhing !Jim

dy;Ul1!!l~i~of ~oc!.OO!"Y illi! 'die ~WIlIN!laln{ln c~ook Ulalproclltuts IhiC firs( dcfoodv,c !leg!'l~enllbou!!d:aJrY' s'"w, (-'!\.LD') f!Ul!u [he ~I!ne!lrt ~evc'l, fl. '\Vl:: oomidcl" Iilrlc SC.wn:£ul:attOn elnek .@.:!! 3 pop. u1alkua. of ide:ndmlil, il1l!Illll3Jly coupledplme
OSem31ll:~

1.. • !!l.I[Z~/Z('.~']/{2dZ0;

11)

(6)

which i..~set by dle !ihQ.!l!~ ,decay lU'I'!e d~,~!'" mined ~ the uelse in ~he ,syslem (0 desyn~ ellron.rne cells innlu:fl<1bsCliloo OfN'otdtil sigmmling.

nn Iilil('l IPresela'

of !no~'>!': (13,. 18)~

at

OJ

linear rote

wi~l~segrnle~t Illllmoor S, :scgmllelll:alii.o]Jl.fate 0: ... 25 ± (1,25 IlQl1i-~ lund Qm~1J:l. "= 2::5:i: :3 (IV "".f:i , em.'bryos) {nl1lfl3l~ l;I:Iloorttnnly "" 2 Sl:M and 95% ± Cio.l~:ide~oe U!lle~ .sl:artc~ ~ikel!"l'il~).DAM de1lvc!'ed illef{)!JC to .~ ;5,.S :I:: 0.5 iho1i,!!'S,C<ltJ!!led. a c~~!a:ln AW' of S~~ - $.2 ± OJ 8 (N- 3l}, whi.::r'e3;s i!llt~'r .cI:cUvcry .shJfic>Ci.ille AL'I) flos{e~ Idarty (F~g, ~:, B ~,ndF ).Tbes~ data arecOI!I~ s~st('ll:lt 'liv:i'lh a. dGMYproc~ II!lmdfli~}'i.iligillie D~lta.-Noldl llll!!I,WlrliI ph.eIll(JIYpG'.amu:J~ asSUillung 1~,tWf"ln .. ~~i~rul00~ "'O!~m~ of DAPT~tfl1OO!~ 10 \!,Iill!~d! Illl.!!'k ~le ~~!mf!]lg 'QfIhi:s p!!OQ~ whh iil!
d'e(\il)'

1'L~I~liUl@; thes,pl'Il:ii!ll !lSp!1ict~af qrclic g.clle W~.ve ~iMI,CtI~S (2', if) oodll'Le ~wenIlic;;l!~ demil s!lLndi <l41'lp~(~l!des of the ~~edcenilIUlOflOll100s Her ..rcedbilC]; ooolilators (1'9).\.Vc dH~i~, dc;scrUbeCI dil!C sym::lurony among oscilla&= iiffi~ cells iumean.;lidd app.mxhnaliol1 (IPi.g,. 2C), (.13) bYrrll1l. oOOlcrp!lirnm.eter Z, Wiil.!u.Z= 0 aJI~d }5=1 f(I!rnOIflLi: ~Il;d ~,efr~!I;i!SYWlc~~r-anYi're~i'Vely (18).iE3!eilowIl,e ~.ilJtr.esho1d~.'Pro!-~r S'egrnc!I1 fOm1afliion fans (,Ftg. 20). Tke ,cliy:. nannk::s of Z appm'.'dnl!aJ!e WI} ["-}(lPollcutiai{18) :S~Mting .t\I~.tu Ih.¢~n.y Zl(,~} = ZI(.~11 ,(rt(i-i:J, ~ W:(I,b.

More g)OIil!(n.l~.y, Willflil.d lhe des1.rodJ cxpres:.sion tll!llt lProo.icrt,~he AID for any reduced t N~ld~ C(l!~plingsl~l'Igth dJl!!~ m 1~11ii~~tln~1III1 t I.evel, .~~
'~AW'-

"'_ s;.~,.Vl' -I- fI~)

(~ •

Ef! =!J) . ~t'~1l.-I-

flo) (7)

,,1

= I~m • (~'·.R-l) (8) ill pl"irM~i,lc tUlflnitdymany OCUtoot, segll:1clus cOllJ~d'be ftlrmom. 'H,~we dctlnc

'l.~~
-

(2)

R ."" ~·.fJwrlCZr?-

A) == ef/!~1{2rl-- A') (9)

th~th.~~Cgllsl:1mt
A"';:

202 - s

(3)

.d crrup'ullg Ml:~lJg CGl~s il:.. 2cr oomp:ii':i$es •.

:fKn.U:~,lik.e ID~TI!P(\l'alU~ nu.c!u ..tiorn;. in]~C<e!lYI;M' oo~f~,li~e ·oo~l d~v~\'l!O'!~ (;~-j)ii!J!ld i!ilter-ce!!t!!l~r S'lJ!l!fiCCS If~e !Ie:ta;i~,vc cell mClven1cnmsin !Dibe ~s:M' m~xhag cells OOIll. ~e,g~.o{lls.ihi~ {inffCNtl~;:pI1l<u.es{S).1l: ' d.e;pendS l.iilBar~y Ol~ .flCtiV3i-OO No(ch protdll I~'i,!lel, p

detcl,mincc.!: by ~~~e:m]~ngonlistic ~unlle[noe of dl~ :I;ol31 mo:isc CX:W'OICLCI:tccd by lIh.e ·clo.ck" .2o:l!:"
,mvl.wnm~IiI:UlI.

a.'l the ro1;U,!.'l;II~, (22.)0i( .&egn.'!Im~tl(m <lW1!!tl'~t ch.mg~ fu Note'!'! .slg!~i!i~t~!g, Q(iI~e!:l~n1!ai~ CQI'!!Illiu!£l p<!:ihw.<lIy,s,rnldi l\'Oise; a dDW>lllf&y ~<Jilmcc !iJ1S!tqtlll1inlli:lli~. for iimmmce., InI~Q'fold. re<iUlJltiCm,:UIlI. N.otch sig,l!alii:lgd~1llt isiol!ooah~(;i (.1J). .Filitilil@;:Eq. '1 '~od:l{: ,data. (Fig, 2, .AaUld! B) allid wiitEl. S~{D'and t1)' fr;...:.edl~~ aOOiiJG, \w fQ'ul:td lhe fit ~ni~le!~!S fQ!t DArT orR = 8A; :1:2.2
.;)-'ltd !!1o.-

Hun~ of6.5 ~~Q,urs" Frnih£nwore, ifdesyla.chfl,"d~tiol~ m in)l.ecame of .Deim"Nctch. p~lIrntQ~ypc$,i1lLiq cleM, 'uln:e
IPRamk Inititlll>~ ·Qf NiiillNlJIlilr (~l~BiQlon .a,m Gen:~1B ![MI"HBG,l. Pfol~rI ifJalll~l}'tr,1i!1~ la8. 0.13 CDr ,Dlfesc'elll, Ge~m~j;ili'. "P!lmf'!~ ~dd~~; [JM~IO!'! M 1!l1~9(y, ~~~rQrlfl!~ '!!'!l~tilM!(!' IlrT~~liIn(l~g!" Me 139-7'<!I. P~,~~d!eJ!~J' '911250, USA. CA
Milil:

tUll'

~'oorm IOOlwl!'9,prndBmQ!' silllool.i!l

iI1l!lJ:lTlOlrjc!!l.!1!rn.!!d\J!

1Ie·03!!1dr,~I!d •. E·tlfia~: (ilIHtlR",KJ; lIiI~!!.liIJl:i.mg;d~ 1 (/I,(.O.}

11.34 I.m" r,roi1- o.o:n ± (M)o,:5pl:rtO'l; d~e mll.ll;t~ i.llg cr:irirn(l U:t%IiII!:l!::IYlliev.eis, ii'1";:,~,, ,am It'Ilded.ill. Fig. 2, A and .. Itt .BoihV8~oos f{)if .R 3m ]nrgtlr tll.'H.~ :2 ,1:te:i~.Ql'lQQil"Slstcnt wi.dl a~.~ abs~~loo ·of a !li~{l:lilei!itii~ion ~he!i.ct;~ ill l1~el~~~~i';)".!Jli.!!~ mllLtil~t .~ tre!!uHsprovide qWlrt~oow ev!(I) No~ch sig!~alilig a;s: a coupling w~~ere A1liOCGIiIH1s mirpo~emiilll a,cli:lil.ic:mat eeJolI" de!~'fut mledmuilsnl!, Cii) desYH'Ohronizalionas dUlClUISe pliJ~gpalhways. The sign Ofit.Ill'ell deter~nil~es w~.cthcr ~y~.ehrony decays (iii' blll1Jklls ll1.p, ohllile Delm"Nalch rfi1ltai~tplielBolY~ .•{iii) tlt~ r,o'hu~;lnes:!l .f{: - 5,. ,lMfjd. (Iv) tlte {Jill d.epoi;mtli.ng oiil.'I!.{h!~th~r itI~t'!:' C!'r OOlLiP:~ifiig OOtli- sy~lll:~n'!>

O.M z ij.l~ .J;lM

:",!d

forMO, R- 2.1 3:

REPORTS
,A
, iii'

.,
DlltlJJlClWIliI
.i(

I'

-M

9
:m

26

fig. L A aeca,y pf"lKie:ll!'i 2o,Wl1!tin the :s:egmm;ati~liI. dClC'k l!!il,d~r~~s~he DeUi'HMotdii mm:flt~IWIl'!:l1ItatllClli!l

i a;!;. : ~+ ~ 'i,t ·
II

H!

I,

W OsdUatJicmphase

p1il,~(lty~,.

of

UJ,Ih!!

5 /
51'1 is ~ 9l!gll11enmtIlliltltoo[l
[!i!11a ,~SLFKJI SI£lIi'l~IIi'I£I
CD'

~m cibck lbIIue-ye~low) iIllfle ,o~l[owilll9 P,SWll is, mtill:ilnOOIll~ilinpri'lmd atm_rnt di~~e full'lil th~ pomrior m:d ~ii1Il @I
~liICIti'lilg glraB!I1ft 02),

,;/JeiJ~Hm ~gll1llenti!-

~o
!~ ...[hll

1S

P!',~dll'»i!l (!I)I!!Srm~" M IfOOrpOO[Cgical, lOOCly

ruutt liliIis ]111

the ,Hllterislr-~5ttellior .aOOs.ll',eI'iI!!!Irbatiolilliin

ce.(I;

~n llofciiJa ~~- ilInd ,ds41_ (1:) Shibilll ALD ,of 9i!igrllumt boorndli!lriE5 (lIu~oli'llhBadll) fmmadd~lilg sa~ratililg IIJAP[ levels, <lIt 5l!!ru~'i~e'y ~r t!m:es. (FllFunct!orliiill fflpresento:ti 0\11,of ~E)I, lIl\a~ph;{lLogkfl~.ALD '(Iffi] IDti~ oJl1vell15 [liItC'ilb.\ioi~ure time o~ de'l'm ~~ghi: axis;)', AU) enQrbars;, 2,68% C11~ $il~rEdil emhliJ!O~; :5offid lim e, li!1e~f fit: ~.j!J~hed Ufles., 'ViS:l!lal!It!fd.aniOO :~~rk~!1,g ~W'~~f)g AID" S~,arJ(iG1lle'~ Oli15eI firnilertco

,o~cUMOlrs Withlilll PSM., <(} MI!i.t'Jwl~ mlll~in~ villal ~~t.a-:~otch5.iglillilling !(green.. $f:gl:!al~ran5ch,[mM~" GCUlIiillitPlQI am; to de(~~e phiallie ·di"e~en~ ~fI ,gsdllamrsil!!ild '~POO~ the phil!!~"a!ild~l~iI!gl ,~ms of Ii~. 'tl,) PmdIuCliOtii, ildi~fltio"rmil'ioW(, ami s~n\illijilfigl ofliliiis pa~!jWly {l.I3);~1tmiE!f'I~ IIJ5iOO iii! 'thii5:s1:l!ld~''to fEd:l!l~eorr (O~M1 bIod:: llimoollutar ICh:ttai;NotOO~CX!plirlgl ,[r,~cml:Mo.~ 1[l'AP'[, lil'!ild!Tii!i.tants

patllml" 'i.e_.,ilil~u[fifdent ,~oh~relilce <llm:mg QsciiU~" .:kI'~iI.iIll: segm~nlt OOIfl~a.n~ (8) N~tliKIfk '(Df g~~

,
,A.
II
-\i\I'['

28:

~1Nl.:1'6)

- de.!;'~

'1:N;:li61)

~@ ..
<

~I".'~.'··.'

'~
L.--~::E
r!.c,1jj.\'ij

f1~'1

,21iJ140

at dome :sti3.ge,oo WIT Mue) and ~!m~e~t ALI) erro:J' bi:!ri" ~6a(!</li.of scored ~~b~J :sQi~d :1lE1!s;fits to Eq. 1; dash~ tl:iile:5 U .•'~sual !JUldilfill!' ~jn~ sifll~ratilll9 AilD. S~i5, ~nrd cmltal 1reatrrlll lIl!It i~eveill. i:I<,,'l.- (8) .#ls~in I[A,) lblll'!: 10m .MO. (o!il~liitrriltiQm~lISiQr 001'$, 2 ~IJ, ()M~I!'l"1fi!1!ld iiI~P;rQ:dNllilQIiI" wi\me '~,cta 'cel~fliWl'age~ Q'IJ"lef the osdi:Uiilioo plmilSi!3 of ether 00115,. nlilg!ec:il!;,Cimiiimtl':MiOO:SI appl~ed

Fig!. .Z., :PI m~!'Ii":ffi~ldil~ory ,m: rotlP~OO p!iaoo: ~.dinaoor50 p;ved1c tslu:l syndlinolllY d~,y tim:e~lfIthe .5egme:f1ltaiililiofl dod!. and the 5eylinelilil:atio:1iI deled pos'itio!i1!' >(:1:)' :AiLD r~uft'iiJ;lg froll':!l vari!Dl,Il> DAlF'f emili

~-

MPf' ,oonooJli~atkm ~~~.~I

I

ptiu!d~:and :spatil1ll fu'atu~oiff ,~dkwg,\I~ilim~s. (0) SyndhrollfiYall1l'l:ang Ci@US, dlestnbi2'di ~ orll1er pal"

an

!i!

II

... ,des ../~ (N..7ti),

WT

(fti,I:;OO)

r:alllllll1e~l (top) or cy~ffi~ !1llile amre~ Ilf'i!ItI!BI1IiI (bolilIolin)l. (IllEr' time!! wilt! Irate depefldin.g OililtreatmMt: Stf\iWi!J~Iil, n; lllil~lgi!\i 1!hf'@.stlO~mlZ~:. iiil1@lIIt ~~!ild"ri@s ~ ame dlefective,. ,@miilll!::!1 an AlD.

de~$

o·--~no," fi\:i,t

II

(1;,2

0,,4

(U3

f11~8i lFI1olijJM~l1o iilllOlUll:

~Il

REPORTS
IFig. ~. Wh~911N!~b rt}:idh~rsof m~~~gm:~~til)fI dock ,g:~ ii1~ti~ ,sy,ndI!WiilQuslyinl ,ilj ~1tiJ·N\Dtth·iltd~l1Iend'@Ii,t manner. '(AJ Sclnemalir:Qf ta~! ~bliati1'h lbla!!lI:ulal~tal1eimlll"ll!!!diilltpl¥
o'3lf1dfir5it (~~e of ,lru7 ~ression tlpresurn,pti,w rnJesad!Mm Ir~lIIgl«lnl[ma~. l~d~.e'~ew). ,~O 1i~I1rIPffi'i1IldistribwOii1 of p:r'l3'-' ~om'itcgfflesi~, qrdic: !'l:ell~o~dlla'ti:cms; flll1lbryros :s.mr,OO Ifor CClliltlllfllWU5 "ring" ·~i1l1ped e;!ipre5lstt!Jfl bediilSlmri§lRsin (0)] of dicil'lBady mesooe~IIIiI', Red baf,. les1ilrrnated IlIl11clfrtainJty for t~
1~~~O!1:! ID~~d~!IiI'!1! ~~d'i!.U::1il~iII!, ~B~Fir:Sl:,d~t~cti(lfl~~eo.ad$~ ,Ao.

~~ntati\ii! silrotf1fi~1 emD!¥OS, lafd !(jIj'~ 20 min, :sl1oMn!!j osdl.~ 1~<IItrilY e~preMi;;:m <I,n1i:e!rnm£l1hlllS:lItfiaxide die r (!DM£Oj'camil:!r 1]l'~'Im~!i!t ~G~I ,and IOA.!"f tr'~~t (H), but !:lb.l'i;'iM:~d,sti!!~ .EI . __ @<:lipreSiSilQ!fJ i'ifi8r MO't:!lrWlelillilgl botlii :ned anti n!r7 biHlLH V!lf1~IE!~SOf

1[[1.) ·~iIlh ~Vll!S tf;Q1.il~iing iillfOUfird !1!'Iargil'llff.orn \iI:!'iiirg!L to dOl!f5al. (P) SdiJl!!'ltilam:et Ch\illl.gI!S~'1fl ,r.:ydk g;efle '!i(pmessjOI1l lp<lrtl!erru> dUlrimg ditfelrt!l1It ,~veloplllllel1ltal. S'tl:[ie5: (~~ qde l,dt!riflg ~~asUl,!lIDa, ,(Ii) cy,dt~, 2 to ~ ,dl!lri!i!Q '~,rl.!!I'g'g,slnd.al Withl dor:5llll side m~lrked, !(iii) '~leli S and 6 d'liI'"bg llate ,e:PliOO:~wiil:h IIImornord prliirno:r<iiUlIll1l, <lnd (M 'ClJI(les: 700 :9)~+ dlllri!lgi .soq"'!'lirogren~~5 ~g,~5 with tlilbl!d, '(0 .~ U l!'I~P!ie"

~~e~ dll:SYf!d1I!iOOgtioli1l.~tg~.~~r bg,fS., SUl ~~di,fiii!is~~d 1 lliineisfur wSl.!al~~i:.!id'~i'itE!. (D)dEr.: ,~p.~>5siionii1r~pfeS@n.t.ai" mr~'@niI~IIYos (v,~etall view.• dor~<I~.ro,mpJ'. (1:) mrnu<lilffionl af

A~ilJ time l[miJi(J;

(I

smg1l!iJli:

f &l~~p3~~
(51!ilpg,

1--,--. -,-. - ~ --_

40%epiL
'm'

1" Q:~I

f 5!liirek!1

---I

gss.lll.!~ti!!ilu!

lO~oliHMI mll!NA. ~~'.

OJc

I)

D R+·!..

.1i1I

VIIf .. 50 ~

OIAPT~,

chl!lcmilmllliCIl1lof

IPig. 4~ li[)elta,-NQttdh '~~UI,ptililgl is; ~Iilffide!lit forr ~elf'm'9'@n~!~d res.yw

tine' !'ilegmBl'iltation

DAF'Tw~OiJ1: S;tq~ tJl'IIIG' [Ml'll

-.
1 ....

HI
25

2:.

Z;a'- - '_

clod::

glild 1~'~s(lIle: 'of

!'!I'Io.hcl~ogk:a~

s@gIl'JI@I1'Ia1!io:lflcMeC& (AJI Timet]!!!@ of IO,wr pulse-:d111'51!! expBl'lment, IfJB~ Six anterior se~rI!Ielilt: :[orm;M amectly (5. ~ :n,roUJJ\!ttd by-IS disrup'1EdI seQnIilfn1a; '&ed briu;kg), !f~wed by 1iI000lililaly Shaped ~ lifIlIl!!i1IlS p~« ill 21~ segmo 1t$f1!.D'= 2:1~1. Carrtmm 'E!\rnb~in

00 SOmllo
\

II

I~~·~~f

:'.;ji.::;~,,;-:~.-='~-.~-~

t.Q1)ln<i\Vy

DMS05h~d;

00 ~:

P~UI~i'1

1(l_4); m1'blYcs llilmlaimn!lln [)A11?i ~lhcrwed no ~swe I(f\~, 1I~1. to, !GI' R!~~tmi\l'l1! dk PSM~~ion l~atl:em$, time 111lol11rt:S mariWd refer· I"mgl to 'I). lJ:wri rElI'R-5BllI1aI:ive '&IIIhli!fOSslmwlngmarnmm il''Ii'om mil.dlyCJi'~dl cydk eit:pre:;:siOli!:*i,~~ I((~, ~.ildmgl gradu~lY (~) to¥i~1 sa1it'1alild!l-ipepjJeli d l~atI:!!Iil1il1meaJlillil!llWjndiJrooiillIlti:oo amting (ells ~,Elwi.a1rnID ~perjii!d '1InIT I~atterlm (f). ,and, retuffilil 1m' l'I;almal,r~lmmetricill I~liib gelrrlEl eii:pressicm pal:teml

«(

(Gl. Asterisks ImI<Irk l/k. qrc;1k: sm,~5 [{Q,. (Fj~.amlJl {,ti)!ll o;rr dioorid'erecl: ~Sliiom di:llmani!i1$ [(10) alll!d an]. (It) S~maific ~_liICh~~~'iliigl p_e dhllg~lm {~>
ililnldl O!Cil'Vtlr reGtJ\i'I!ty

cOllJlting padu~

~am.fi)ooj1lit9 d~pe'Jl~'1!1OCy(~1'. Pottenti1~ a~'itiJ.rtk'iI. i1~e IrrieglEcted ftllsmpidty (4 = O~.~iI*EllI: nmoo S1care. .

1'914

RE'PORTSI
~i:s VS, 27),. 5h'O,:\',Gd ~~~~ (tk: ~~f§8. ~~I~e!H~~Qr1i! s~~.~~,~l:tli:!:kI!~tr'''~!)i~JQlIli~ ~ [loOpll;!!,0l,1'!QIl of ~iQ:t~gic.:llgooetk: Q·scll~~t9rs ::;ion (1:"11,;,. I!wicad:ng I~ of cydi.c ge:~e (ill, 2(), .21)" oscillalio~ilS,. nUllS,. 'dllel1lfJ'S! .s~tncl1li\:mm.llS oisoi:~· Mo:re gell£'MUy, the allalysis, of odler oom= laJlio:m;afdae SClgltll'llltFltiOll dook ooCJIire h/E(Spil ~lox ,dC\'e~j);p~.l1ig$ySinlns: {2.l) WDlI~d be lUliLetlill:i 1r'.1Iblsooptl{mo1. rcp:ressors:, butt. oonsisren~ 'willill,the bl~ 10 d~ qijlU'u~arivL'i SI!'<~"g1 U,%'d mu~~, h~ d$.o'lI.tchml.~~li.M :ia~ttiI~~~ (5), w~ r~i,indi1lO f,at!fitU~I,a:v, q~lllil;l!Ii"~ MO ,dcl~\II~ cari!oo iri!~ ,~dI;:ltCg foriiDeltii"·~h ~qlJ;li~n'H~nl I~o;pooted ,(ie'S a tOO~ 10 sp~. '!i.!PJi'iINA '(leoa.ywm~ A~~hau_8hthe clock <I_tlain,hlhial 8yrnchro~ ..

ure

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expectedi i!i! vivo MO·mRN A bir!dii!'!g !<lIes of K", -I.'~ ~I s"".~ (13),. C'onscqul.cn11)!,I:tlolcculilu' ~aw.ti,Ll':Im eM I:ic, cslim~dl, such, as dl{,; ;,1fJleJHtl
:~nRNAdcea.~ ;1<iIIe<.,~ - 0, ll~'~i:l- ~ (13)., 11ti!!O:~~~ (Ir d~elrironiWl(!in (Fi,~, .1. W) ~:redien.o;:d~~dock's h'l~nia!!ion <It ,or before ~'o= ,5.8 m 00,5 how:'S. Around (his de'!,'el~:rn'!C!:1tall 1!~'1:le pcDlnt,the oells;ofU~e zeb:rn:fishpreSl.!~M~~I,ive mesod,~nn tbal\'VmlalCri:!eoom.e: tilG: scnnil'CS,aJre rum.\d,Llllll. :ll:wg~~~SI~ ril:t,g: ,of lfilm hl:astOOGrr:I'l1~ e:p:lb:},~y nKlWrn'lell~S win ,slJlh~llI('nlily dr,:iLwUlII'l 1:l1:a,~od(';Ul~gv~ the y.olJl1 (Fug. 31\). W~ (ilbse~edllhe ~~i~ e1>[pre~..iOl1of,cyc'lic g~e8

vla, sin,l"l!lll~eolJiSinil~aliQn ,of ilS 'oscinaliQ~ acOOrdi~ilgto Eqs,. 2 and :3 ,fj o01!lp~iiIlg..d.qm.'ldellLt, !OO!:lr:.oi'gai~i2cd. ~o1iunitizatioln ovei"iw!Ult~ple !PC' riOod!!: ru~Oltg, iilir~i!llly l1iiil~\CI~mi~i!zecli Mel1ku.m"S (/8t 2(),.;til ~CIi[!!I!cru~lso ~ ~ible.lEm • .yos :Sl!!bjee!~ '110 ~~DA'T lJ!I.!hlJefro~n 4 [(I 15hpf (FiS;. 4A): slro,:\,ted! !III'! ALD of SALD ." '6.1 m ru.1 (N - 9~, {f'1£. 48.) O1ndcrn.loon.lil~.u;!, Ilm:.found loss of SYI;}CI:II"!:)UYLlIl cells ofdre W.lDlld aud :ptruOa:W~lic nlc~.t'II '(m'SM) c\I'ici\'.nnoo. byZi .diS{lt\d'crod ,dicexplI@.'lsion pl!.lle.m. (Fig:. 4~ e k'I f), ~'[!!iva~~nUliO th~11i~ D~ltS!-Notd~ !l~.Y·
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IRlij~k)1)' in. 11. Y[iol~fl)r.y-()oupiiFig pln>;ie d1tagrnllm S (Fig. 4B. ~(lp). We havc de~lo:~_stfll!!OO ~W!iJ gencm_[ mecin<!,· orn:t!l1n.eC1 t(l lhe r1J!,g (If ~~e g4l'iJllU~.ui~g mesodeml \:vi!flall i.mm~loolW(;Clll!;lID!:~!lll!i~U C)!PIlCS'" !Iklrn by\""'illlicil ~.mefi!C QS(liUm:ors C<l_~ aUain sion stales of ru:ollml 3@i ~nill~ c()rrespm~dtng sym:::l.tmn.y: (i] simuhnnoofe>iI!.durrd.o:il and (ii) :se:lf.o,Ig9rn.tzOO. .syJ.'tchroniza.li.orn,. whIch,in [1m I~O I~h.~ [pCiiiodofthe :>e.WJ1I1I()[Imfltiol'D. clod. (F~g. Jq,. Ih!lrillg ihes('l cydes, dlt: ,~~'i,~tQn started; case ()if iIlt{: ~rn'lllll8tifm docfi;::, \V\(l'iliC) NioM:h· ~( In:heve!]llI'~l sldAi: (]iF @Ie ,~bryQHUC W!l<1!r£iJ~ i!]d~d:eJilt ~I~d Nond!-d~pc!ld@ill,. re-~~h,iely. <t!ld!uo,¥,OO dOfS<llIIYj. ~llilen.bY' f~nniwl.gallmvcl~ De1m';N~I~rtl!.JI~amzcb!<l!6slI! enwwyoo wo~dd allow ocroooingf~oon~;~III!lds re.storimg Della· !~g\%'aNe (Fi.g, 3" D ~~ld E),. FummJlen:m::u!c" po~'tod.oocnled 10 dccreas;;:,wlll.~·eJsce[lu lair Noldh, coupling (3tJ)" wi~l ~~l~ii:li thcr.qJeulic e)lp:reS5ii}l~ l~:15 incfC<1IS!OO, wbi.cb~s chl'l:mc~ illiiI,p~:i:caU.QiIlS~blr~!llinan g£tIDttC ~J8I.::;egll:l£n1M!ou 1~~ri.5ticlb:, ~lliiUlS~.GrllS ft!,110W~llgMfl11icathl!'ll, dlSOlfdm'S {J' These D£:~fa.Notc'h Il'!LUt3llt. pte. nl)iypes are· 11{fi~?!I q;l!I8:nutatively I!II~d~andaIJl~ evc:nts U8')I, liJllLlring the: $"1!l.~ql1le1~l Hnbey(:~e, .acydi(: c~p~:~iQ!:] dQ~'li!:ci1l 8ep.tmt>C>di fil'·{l:mli11~ &oll1'ld1~~)I1~~;Jlilmli7 ..ltt{)l] ~~,~" ' (J) in g~U:!J~Ol" nl~in all; ~lL2 hpf ,<!U~dn~1,}\'ed IU~~ lem18'ofih~ d~ay !lIte.~ Umlts,d1f;:: diff~'!ll!~ce in ~et:ig~'~y; 'fhe ~lue-sl: previ.o]!sly rqponed wa:vll: nQise" 2C!~.E!iIldlcQ,\!~~'lUil,g slren,gi[h. ,I> CEq. 3 and at 8".7 I~pf U.s, 24, .2j) msjil;,oo. 11:~es~xd~icy,cle Fig. 4tH, bo1iI'O''tl).,,,,rIJ~iC:h. dc!l:cnni~neslllli:' segtMll" an.d ~wetiguood t!tel'lil:st segmcili lJ,o'llIll'CBa'I'Y. ImiCllil dll:roo~pooill()]'l. :Frollill Id~1.} ~OVIrCSl AlD

2:4•. M. MiliLtr. E.. wWeusa~kltr" ~,A. ~lI'Ipms;.a~i!!ia, DfWJ~ntf.ilf 12:2. ,W')'1 m:99&1. ~5.. t :Smilli1.~r~ C Hildd!oll, Y. )iang,~, Lewi~ .Me'!h. O@'. '0,

C~rn~d~,20ro). li L~I~ ,CU,r, mel. u. 1L3.'l'S '2003:). ~!l flj" 'T. \V:inkte!,. ~rkM~;298., .2il:~6 t2.100'2')_ 2:::L J. Gardii-<lf,.aIvD. "fit. Lt ~lowitl.S., "', SlrllglilU, p,,,,," MIll!: Aool£ Sif,u;,i,4, :'!!CKt,.:1.0955 O:o~), :2::2. N •. Bar~i" 5.I!;eib'e-r, ~:r!#e .~:e';l; ?13 [191171. 2'1 s, ~or,~~. NE!Wl)I,3i1, 80i.;i]{ P'~It::$ oj ~k l!MitJPNtg F-mIll}'tl (Caomcritlg!! Ulnllo:. ~~e;~ (arnhriilg!!,. lOllS}"

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oo-~rved (Eq. 6)aildl 8Slfnlmiu.~g 'U 'M.'.- _. C_QCr.· ~ flQ~

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lh~ng ql!l.<tnrim.ti.ve techllldql!l~ for ~rlQ!l:bl1tkln .ofgooLi: r~n~I!i(l~ ,OI]nm~;1l13tkDm \-l,Ii~b:!l imI. physical il]ieory of,oolillpled 'pfi~e oscill~iOl\i;. '\\~ were able to det_enMhae 'U~e essootial d)!!Il<lllnicai~ il!lcl!~;~rI@!I.!ishat\le froltl! ID!Iliose ofWT (PIg. 3. G pm,periiesdlMqumnHtllive!y ,,",,"c{'!untfbl: <l oo.~" and H).. mil. OQl1~ .• ernbtyos iI~ected wilh MOs I~~'iil{l; IJD~ hlE(Spl)~mcs: 1ie.i"i9I1d hrJj~7. loctiv-e,il'lOl"llihl))!o-gj~1 j:'i\'OOR'lS ~n a co:unp1ex jOhl1iJ:y rni'!iil:tiU! .lhr se.gmruMuilnOttl :l,\lOfl~ ~~(\l ern,. d~veklpit'ltlii11'OCl ~N.'m:1J.

se,gln~ntatlo~cloc:k aN lilowd!iS'itl'gtl~hii1ible (Fig. JF,). Ttl tl':ll'l. tine roqUti'ilmtrnll ofinJl:c:rocUular .liJdm-. No~.ch si~:al~lDg for c~OGkililitmi.a~ioo,\~ Sitlbj6CI~. 'Wf ~mbl)'(lq 10 DAPT. n~Q'..~~.Ilru.iimg exp~o:r! paltc!'!'lS.g r dle ~. 65% ep.~l:},i.oly were

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REPORTS

IR,ap,i,d ElmergleRice 01 B,BCuloviirus IR'B'si:s,lanc8 in 'Co,dliing MothDlue to Dominant, Sex-Linked lnheritanee

S. :A!l:"~I'·I(,aise:r.l E. IFr~!i~IiI.z K. Um:dla.r1f..Slil,alilml.1jIj JI. ~i,ende," It IE.. Ei!le~bl"l ~ . .A.. (j,ullId,.l.A A. IRe~!i!,ek~,4'c. p. w. n:b<ilb,;~ D. G. tI~d:)e~ 4\rr J. liil!lb:£!r, I'i·DI.A. J,eMeil1f
~1ilS@Ct-'Spoo1f;ii1l: Ibac!Jjlovim~$ iilul!!mcr,~singlv lI5l!a as IbiQ~cgicaW ,oollittolal;l@ll!ts. a,f 1~~idQpt@fi!!~ p~.lfl a;g~[ll!!llln'@liImdl ror@Sl:lj. alnd they :i1IavE!be@n prEVVDu,slly rEQ.rnde<rn: as IrobllS: til' If@Sista'~(@ deN@~~m:~1lJt IhytliJe im~ects. .&!Oi\I.met, iD! .lTtoretilalll 81 clailHm Clil:.!les<flli'eld Ir~~tilnce' eftha (;od~lng mcrlffil ~yd'Q o prJ.mGn~la moommitl!ITi1llly applied C. pt'l.mrJn.ell:t~ gr<lflulDv'iru:l! ((jpGV) hli Gemli1i1mlOIidfrlamds, reslS'tllfl(e Irram~ IeJ!i)Oe;E!,irl, 1'00~. the rapid] emlNg,en:ce! ·ef Il!esi.lllce ~ fillicilitated I~y :5el{··liflltage'i3:liId cOIIIc:.en1r.arian· dfilp~iild(l!n d~rnlifl'an:cl;! ~,f~'fi~maj~r r~i:;t~iiI~~ g;~~gliildl g~iiI'~C: !i)!r:lFr'(lf!illity ,~fth~vi~S<. WIfI~ th~ g@f!~ isfi:r.:ecl, 1[@Sista~!!i~~~€lsi1l,p.roach 100 . o~M'OId. OlJ!~'rindings ht~I~!;ttttth~ LIT!~OOlf~ d~€!~~!1T1;lm~ 1 ~f n::Si~n:oo !rL'-iIoogi~mlmt~tIait@g~e:s 'bawltMJliJ!!.Sl!!S, for

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brum:lov.nsinsootlci.desis !.he C fNN'Jr,(1Nel!d gmJlU:~ovjrm; (CpGv)\ 110,V a oom'CfStOiJUl of coCl!~nj;j.g !tJ.iOth COI1Iro[ in bod) g.fWi~i,c iUld iiil~egF;i!!OO i,Hp~~g :produc6(1!fi, JI:lJ Itl:l!ny ,ooumries. :-b~,-', ------S._!.C; .. ~'1iI'-Iiim:ill C--..cV ·v ' !"'" u:c;-~ ~ 3lMml' 'II: -\f··ery-e\'. CO .
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[Qr Illds pes'" ,<!~IOWied i!~g:~<!illic,~pikl pli'OOl~ctkil~. WithoutOOlltrol, codling moll'l~, ifrlIcsUlliO,DlS·eM i'iC$L.Ih in S~~~G aod

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apple g!'ebam h~ Ge!,!b1:!a1li)'andi F!'m!c~ .su,llU~_(CpGV 'wasl'aiUng!ocon~m~ ,~ple

d'o>ClJmcnrud OWl" Imh.C p<iJsl 50 ycar,s (I. 2). ]n oo:ntm.~, baenlevlruses thave beoo used
I~O oo;nlIOl IQPld'oplcf8lfllpeS:ns 011 2: to :3 milli.on. 1~'I!l1(:III~ru- yrntr\VOIklwid:G.wid~ lIiIiW~ s;poorrtop i~y low ~!lviroI1wn~nUJl imlXic1o:md] witl.l ,I)!'ll.y 1I!'ld

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.·.··me 'lba~ 25100 eases ·of ~!IlS~( :~i5t~ l'oc'hemical pesfk:ides Il~.,rebec!~

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ln 200,3,-061. ·wc UndlliftOO!k 9. !>ysoomalic slI.rvay afl3 orgruliCQucl1!lU:'dJ> in.SOl!ldll.1nl Gei11wlY where ~c. cflie.o'lCy of C~V had. been repofil'l.lM!. as ~Il~~lhc~ory. CtliiOOla~ion·II1l()"'al~ly 1~li,H.mtffOwho!ll nm~ o.aOO. hi~~viJrul~"\\:e~lake d:le1M tiom."lwere cielllmlili!oo ml4J..Ch.)l' b!()as:!i<I~ t:.I one of I~hc lliJirn[t :se~ootive pest cmuI'QI. lIgenflS, es:~hllare' Ure medi<1l!l. l,eUl@I ca~n:ll:;litlm1S (~o) w[dcly used for Ihec!oI]~1 Qf Imu)!' agrkmllililf'1li~ of.' I~m.e C:OJtlilrtlO~~,y used Me)lican ~sol ale, of

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sPQrOJd.i'C.md am.x,ooml reports re,,,~sl<:!~ce (jI-:5) B,1!ICui~oviws v~U:lm~sarc ,rotecte~dI by a l?!rotc~JlRC'OOIlS ·ooc:ltWon~y (OB) dl~\{OOlflf.cms ei~v'lOO:Ilm£iltal ~h:ulily al'ld8!~lmll5~dd 9pp~!ca,. I~Joo.will~mlvtil~iona~ c ii~diddc ~ra~m:l>,TI~cijr

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