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Some species can do thisin just tenths of a second. imagination at work Sctascut seni er wisiVolume 318, Issue 5847 COVER DEPARTMENTS Atst's representation ofthe molecular 11 Science Ontine signaling initiated by cel surface receptors 13 ThisWeek inscience Four Perspectives inthis issue and their 19 Editor” Choe associated Connectins Maps in Science's 22 Contact Science STKE highlight pathways that regulate dverse 25. ‘Random Samples funaions—trom cell motility and survival 27 Newsmakers to development in mammals, plants, and 121 Wew Products insects. See the special section becining 122 Scence Careers on page 61. station: Chris Bicke’Sience or rerdoive caters page 11 9010 EDITORIAL nn scicenaprgtcetlignaingd, 17 SputriNestalgia ‘by Donal Kennedy SPECIAL SECTION Cell Signaling INTRODUCTION An Insider's View a PERSPECTIVES Life with Oxygen, 62 GL. Semenza 13K sa Key Regulator of Inflammatory Responses and 64 Cardiovascular Homeostasis PIL Rowins end . & Stephens Deconstructing the Hedgehog Pathway in Development and Disease 66 jacob and t. Lum Ananes in Cydkvn Srting oa 3 Milerand] Sheen CONNECTIONS MAPS NEWS OF THE WEEK A romsng AIDS Vacine’s Fale Leaves Retng Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) Pathway. a EADS at pale Leaves ld Fes a ices yanmar’ Secret story gos in Satlite images 29 56 SHE hp sesencea cakes C_12378 Along lst Pathologists Hear Plans’ Ceyfor Help 31 P1BK Class Pathway Case LSaphoe A Noe Seamersen 1" Sci. STKE, hitouisthe.sciencemag.oraicaivcrn/sthe:m:CMP_19912 Nariokotome Bay to Go on the Road Despite Protests co PISK Class 1B Pathway in Neutrophils 1s Battered Arctic Sea Ice Down for the Count? 3 Cowes Suphol 2 Hon ‘strd dc SekDewn forthe Cae Se ee er ienilemor aan {urge Sine by theNumbes % pear res Cups Ly Dow el Wk Us fren 2 Decades 35 eb end ta ‘Sci. STKE, hitortsthe sciencemag orqicqifersthecr:CNP_19889 NEWS FOCUS Hex ‘Signaling Pathway in Drasaphila: Greening the Meeting 6 ese siaiba racy De = cae a ser aT ‘Dar instore ra » ‘Cytokinin Signating Pathway Ennrgy Ent Fecrers fr Everyone B. Miller and }. Sheen ‘Dork-rourself Recycling fan ila ieicaatocrave ‘ips Cokin ignang Patmoy ‘nat ond shen $3 SN acsearle 088 CONTENTS cenuede wanuscioncemagorg SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOBER 2007QlAcube — pure efficienc reddot design award winner 2007 coco fe = noe Ul = iminate manual processing steps Continue to use trusted QIAGEN spin-column kits Free up your time with affordable, automated sample preparation — Purify DNA, RINA, or proteins from up fo 12 samples per run Standardize your results and increase your productivity S98O0 ©3000 Contact QIAGEN todey or visit www aiagen.com/MyQlAcube Ayer Assay TechnologScience SCIENCE EXPRESS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA end RNA Surveillance Factors at Mammalian Chromosome Ends Ci Azcaln,?. Reichenbach L Khoriaul, € Gulott, J Lingner annals RNAistranscrbod fom epttine DNA tthe ersofcromesones and, Along with eherregulatay ces, is incaperate eal nto stenced coma, Toni 26'cerce.1147 182 BIOCHEMISTRY Nanomechanical Basis of Selective Gating by the Nuclear Pore Complex RCH Lim, 8. Fahvenkrog, J. Kase, .Schwasz-Herion, J. Deng, U.Aebi Regulators of nuclear permeabiiy reversibly cllope pats of nudear pore proteins, ‘proces that may unde certl of nc arspotin calls IO.1126icieree. 1145980 CONTENTS i EcoLocy BREVIA: Video Cameras on VFild Birds C Rutz LA Bluf A.A, S. Wer A. Kaceinic Misiaurized vdeo cameras harnessed to mld Ne Caledonian rowsshow that they often ue igs stalin their natural Raita 1O.L126'science.1146788 CELLBIOLOGY Ordered Phosphorylation Governs Oscillation of a Three-Protein Circadian Clock MJ Rust JS. Merkson, WS. Lane, D. 5. Fisher, EK. O'Sheo ‘The een thre pretein components comprising he saan deckin ‘yanobactra is ven by 2 patern ef sequent. phosphorylation that be desrbed mathernaticaly O11 26lscience, 1148596 LETTERS AWodld with Corts: What Will Take? 42 1H. Schuttenberg and O. Hoegh-Guldberg Pseudoscience in Bosnia PU Hevich Effect of Peor Census Data on Population Maps ‘A. Tater Response S. Riley Light Splitting Method Not New & Borden CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS 44 BOOKS Er aL, Breath How Allergies Shape Our Lives 46 and Lanscapes 6. Miiman, Toxic Exposures Contested iinesses and the Environmental Health Movement Brown, reviewed by ® Anker Disappearing Number 47 Concewed ond directed by. McBummey, devised by Complicite reviened by. Whiteley Epic Rivalry The Inside Story ofthe Soviet and American 48 Space Race V. Hardesty ondG, Ebman >> four POLICY FORUM Leaning from 10-Years of Climate Outlook Forums 49 in alrca AG Pot L Qgollo, Mt Hetluih PERSPECTIVES Sputnik andthe Soviets 51 B.Sagdeev >> erica. 17 Science and Sputnik 52 ae wenuscioncemag.org Sputrik and Satelite Astronomy 53 6. Bigram aT Feathers, Females and Fathers 54 MG. Richie Testing Hypotheses About Autry 56 EEN. Gunter >> feseanh arte 71 Going with the Flow 37 RG. Larson “There's Room in the Mile 58 AK Cheetham and NR Roo TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS NEUROSCIENCE Comment on “lop-Down Versus Bottem-Up Control 44 of Attention i the Preirontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices FD. Scholl M. Par, G. : Woodman Response to Comment on “Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up n the Prefrontal and Posterior EK Miller and T. Boschmman BREVIA (Odor Mediated Push-Pull Pollination in Cycods 70 I Teun, GH. Walter, € Moore, & Roemer, C Hull “Tocrsuepolination of feat plants, male Australian gas peieially eat up, ylang atone chemeal that repos resdent beet palinats. RESEARCH ARTICLE [ANeutoligin-3 Mutation implicated in Autism n Increases inFibitery Syraptic Transmission in Mice I. Tebuchi eta. ‘A mouse model eeasthat a mutation at chances he balance cxcator and inhibitor synapsasafes earning sells 2 finding that ray elpundestand autism, >> CONTENTS corsinued >> SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOSER 2007DO LESS Make VI@RE HAPP-N Demand more from your prasmid purtication method—and get more with PureLink™ HiPure kits trom Invitrogen. 7 Purlise“HiPure plasm puiation kis provide sgifcanly higher yet, more lective lysate tration and higher final : cancertaons—alaa ststaialy ower cost. These kis so prcuelo-endloen DNA(se gr) sono ater the applica, : hall Yau can coun on etn he plas youned Every me. Just another way ha Iritogens Ging you eal soko the problems ‘rims Tens yey aoe every dy, Gt your FREE Punk” Pure Pid Msgr ard Meirep Starter Kis at wwnwinavogen corvnapsampe, i 6 invitrogen” {007 Oven ce Meera me Ten pot ray cme inte bi mete Pe sg we wep omREPORTS MATERIALS SCIENCE Polymer Gate Dielectric Surface Viscoeastcity 7% Modulates Pentacene Transistor Pertormance im A Facehett 1 Marks Te electrealpropertias ofan orgaric sericanducor dependon iether tis formed above o below ts gas ransition temperature, offering ameans to improve thin-lm anita. MATERIALS SCIENCE Ultrastrong and Stiff Layered Polymer Nanocomposites 60 BPodsiodo etal. Depastoncfatemating nanesaleayesc cy paces and apoimer inl tanparet compote ata and steng 2st. GeorHysics ‘Major Austallan-Antarctic Plate Reorganization Ey at Haneien-Emperor Bend Time Ea mttaer eta Subduction of aspreang ridge and development ofthe IMaranastenga sidducten zene may have inate a major hangs in Pai platemoton $0 miton years go. [Absence of Cooling in New Zealand and the 8 [Adjacent Ocean Dufing the Younger Diyas Chronozone 1 Barrows, S.J. Lehman, L K Fifield, P De Decker Dating ofa New Zand moraine and neath ecean or data show that amajor cel period afte the endo thls ke Age feted only ‘he Northern Femisbere ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE ‘Toward Ditect Measurement of Atmospheric Nucleation 89 1M Kulmeta eta. Aubiaitaus 00 of etal, nanometer-sived pete dusters omiates to proces of aeotl formation over oceal oest PALEONTOLOGY ACemtaceous Sclersctrian Coral witha Calcite Skeleton 92 I Stolarst, A Meibom, R.Preriasta,M. Mazur oer wet-bahgcoval depest aragonite, bit afossi reel baler formed eat, uggestig that itarve kom the ein calcte-depositng han corals. EVOLUTION Sex Chromosome~Linked Species Recognition and 95, Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in Fycatchers S.A Seer etal Ferma hyd of to fyatther secs choose mates cf ther fthers’ species becaise recogtiton ait ese onthe patel ies sex Ghomaceme, mitainngspedaton. == Poscesven. 52 EcoLocy Microbial Population Structures in the a Deep Marine Biosphere TA Huber etal Rapid sequencing of wicobis poplars shone dflerencesin archaeal ders betwen wo deep sea vents, but fas to prowde ‘fall inventory othe bactrlpopultion. MVAAAS GENETICS ic Effects of Captive Breeding Cause aRapid, 100 ‘Cumulative Fitness Decline in the Wild 1 Arch, B. Cope M.. ‘teehead out bred n aptly ard thn eleased eroded pooty in comparizen told ish these api negate elects ‘may prevent ese capive fh fr repopulation. NEUROSCIENCE Glia Promote Local Syneptogenesis Through 103 LUNC:6 (Netrn) Signaling in C. elegans DLA, Colén-Rames, M.A. Marge, K. Shen Glial ete can echetate nauronto-neion conection by attactng processes rom the postsraptic ll andtrggeine synapse formation Inte presyaaptic co BEHAVIOR Chimpanzees Are Rational Maximizes in an 107 ‘Utimatum Game Jensen, J Call M. Tomaselo Ina game of ames, chimparzas a ony to maximize thee cw benefits, whereas human ddr so value socal novms ke cooperation and pry. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Widespread Role forthe Howering-Time Regulators 109 FCA and FPA in RNA-Mediated Chromatin Slencing Baur. Smith, D.C. Baulcombe, C Dean “wo proeinshrawn to patie in fansing te aboreuied for cram siencngat vans gvetic loc eaty Aabidpsis development PLANT SciENiCE Methyl Salicylate Isa Critical Mobile Signalfor 113 Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance ‘SW Parl, E Foimoyo, D. Kumar, : Mosher, D.F Klessig Incesponse to val infection, bacco plants aly reduce meth ‘alate, which then spreads and renders he whee plat more ‘esata to ubsequrt infections. >> ows ory 2 ImmunoLoGy {In Situ Imaging of the Endogenous CB T Cell 116 Response to infection KM. Khar etal. imaging of te spleen Curing bate infeton eveale hore Jnmure ell pescusor iid and ae acted by antigens, and ow they migrate treugh channels te the blood. cee cripmacncuareeacnce nas i) Printed on recycled paper. CONTENTS i 30% post-consumer CONTENTS corsinued >> wanuscioncemagorg SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOBER 2007 9Thesis delivered ahead of plan tang cay Every day, scientists are reducing the time Moncey Eo eR Dono e productivity. Promega vacuum-based protocols simplify and speed purification. For a limited time Pen eeu nike colon eae eco] Pec AU MO aM escl CCE Ce) Pare MMe sa Pattee Recnieear Sa) DaaMentoring at U.S. agendes. SCIENCECAREERS vr sclicearee. org CAEER HESDURCES FOR SCENTS US: Making Mentoring Mandatory B Bencery ‘Anew ian mates menterng mater at NSF, while Ws view of mertoing remains ry. EUROPE: Studying the Set Scientifically E Pain Pr. dudentiga Lenggerhager has a unique area a esearch and hs arendy published her workin atop journal Us: Ecucation Research—A New (Tenure) Tack for Sdentists S. Webb Pryscc has carved out a place fr since ecucston researchers on tradional sence acu, GGRANTSNET: October 2007 Funding News GrantsNet Soff ‘Lean about the latest in research tani, schlasips, fellows, anders. SCIENCENOW _sclencenowary_ DALY Ns COVERAG Once Mare into the Fray ‘ews spit tone danger ane leam inthe process. Solving the Antdeoressant Paradox Varatons ato genes hp expan why sme people ho ae the énugs become more sida Dust Bowl Writ targe? Maden conservation ould head off elobal sil rs SCIENCE PODCAST Download the 5 October Science Podcast to hear about tool use by wld crons, the downsides of captive fish breeding labs and scientific meetings going green, and more. wu scetemag nu bowvposas. SPECIAL SECTION Cell Signaling SCIENCE'S STKE vw sthe.0rg. SIGNAL EDITORIAL GUIDE: Cell Signaling —Details, Details, Details NR. Gough, EM Acley, JF Foley Ne pathways and updates tothe Database of Cel Sorting hightoht how calle respee ta stimu and changing environmental conditions ‘Separeteindvidual er instiutionl subscriptions to these products may be required for full-text acess. wenuscioncemag.org SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOSER 2007 1"Sara ASHG 2007 Meeting Ot Mela eet Tea} www.roche-applied-science.com LightCycler® 480 Real-Time PCR System Looking for more versatility 6.008 Detnyy in real-time PCR? + We have what you need to accomplish more... now and in the future. ler® 480 System (96- and 384-well format) ~ flexibility to meet ch esearch needs, fit from an advanced optical system and enhanced multiplexing capabilities to perform multitarget analysis, Gone Quantification: Utilize sophisticated software and unique ae orithms to generate highly accurate gene quantification data, = Genotypin, post-PCR mel 2 Adsieve reliable genotyping results based on superior urve analysis, 1 Gene Scanning: Employ the innovative high-resolution melting method to scan genes for Be prepared for the evolving demands of real-time PCR. Learn more about our eu without compromise ~ visit wwwslightcyeler480.com tosay! .e technologies that provide versatility Roche Diagnostics GmbH Roche Applied Science 68298 Mannheim, GermanyIntimate Contact Composite material crmmonty consist storg ov sti pats ores surrounded by a mati mater Oten the best properties are observed when the contact between the enforcing mate- Fils and the mata are maximize, but in many ses, poor csibution and adhesion ofthe ‘einforing material init dpersion, Poesia et al p80) used alayer-by layer deposition tedhriquetscstibue day platelets into a polymer matrix, and obtaia realy the dclied Doers for series af thin transparent ims. The nancmeter-scale clay platelets formed crderd sheets that allow vey stiorg hydrogen bonding with the poymer matrix, wich ensued elicen oa transfer betacen the polymer and cay. The Importance of Neutrality 5 i i 4 Aimospheic aco pates, ich hve dla ler Between 3 and 10 rant na {fined totinaly at ces spre. Tes ares lyk rolesineimate © because they can absorb or reflect sunlight and 8 affect coud famation and etmosphercchemi- Galeton. Hower, how and iat quant 5 cave ofthe difcatynchsving the male 4 partes frm ich they fom Keka a 5 (89, published one 30 august iestiated £ the dtrbutin of parle small han 3 B diameter and found that an abundant pool of Besta dtr present at almost ens 8 These dusters dominate the pcs of amo- wenuscioncemag.org spheric aerosd formation, atleast over boreal forests. These findings displ the suggestion that aetos0 production is driven mainly by processes involving ion clusters, Check the Substrate Before You Grow Organic thin-le tansstar 19) canbe fabe ticated by depositing on gare semiconductor layer ona polymeric insulator suchas palysyrne 5) or polymethy- mathacnyate that cats the gate electrode, Kimet at. (0.78 show that thes thin insulating layers have glass transition temperatures, well eo that ofthe corresponding bulk metril and in the range of temperatures normally used for deposition of the semiconductor Lye. Fen tacene layers grown at temperatures beiow the surface-depressed, exited much higher ceri mobilities and asin izes than those layers grown at higher temperatures, where he mate‘ is rubbery and has great palyner dain mation. Surface trestent that cose link the chains of the insulating lye, suchas oayger-plasma treatment of fins, increased the surface , and restores higher mobi. EDITED BY STELLAHURTLEY AND PHIL S7UROMN Rethinking Coral Composition Modern coral reefs are built primarily by scleractinian corals, which arose in the Triassic after the Permian extinction. Today, all of these corals form skeletons of aragonite, and this composition has been thought to be typical of fossil scleractinians as well. Stolarski et al. (p. 92) now have identified a Cretaceous scteractinian coral with a primary calcite skeleton. The fine preserva~ tion of internal structures and the Mg and Sr chemistry show that the calcite is primary, not diagenetic. This, result tightens the evolutionary connection between these corals and rugose corals, which formed calcite skeletons but were eliminated in the Permian extinction. These results suggest that corals may be able to alter their biochemistryin response tochanges in seawater chemistry. Missing Jigsaw Piece The Pacific tectonic plate apparenty underwent 2 shift about 50 milion years ag, as evidenced inthe changing ofthe track ofthe Hewaian Emperor chain of semount. Why ths happened has not been clear, Whittaker et al. (p. 63) show thetaitiona late movement between fus- tralia and Antarctica around tis tine can be aleaned rom magnetic and satelite gravity data which would neat that amar pate teorganzaton occurred between 50 and 53 mili years ago. Revised Pcie Ocean-loot reconstructions suggest that subduction ofthe Tzanagi spreading ide an subsequent ‘MarlanasTenga-kermacec subduction initiation may have been the ultimate causes ofthese events. Learning, Autism, and the Synapse ‘Asmall number of individuals with autism har- bor mutations in genes encoding neuroligins and neureins cel adhesion proteins that facl= tate neuronal communication across synapses. Tabuchi eta. (p. 72, published online 6 Sep- tember; ee the Ferspective by Crawley) studied the funcional consequences of one of these mutations, an R4S1C substitution in neuralign- 3, byintroducine the mutant protein inte mice. ‘The mice displayed enhanced spatial learning skis bu impaired socal interactions, and these behavioral changes were accompanieg by 2 selective increase in inkibitery smaptic ranse mission. Ths, alterations in the balance of exc Continued on gage 15 SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOSER 2007 13and earn USS$1 0,000,000 Attention inventors and scientists! Barrick’s Unlock the Value program is @ unique opportunity for scientific problem solvers. We invite proposals for a viable way to recover silver from the ore at our Veladero mine. For proposals judged to have merit, Barrick will dd your research = Pay you a consulting fee = Provide resources and expertise = Help you develop and test your idea For a method or technology that is successfully implemented, Barrick will pay a performance bonus of US$10,000,000. For details, visit www.unlockthevalue.com Barrick Gold Corporation is @ pre-eminent gold mining he world’s best gold company by finding, ey acquiring, developing and producing quality reserves in a BARRICK company with 27 operating mines and 20,000 worldwide. F quartered in Tor to, vision is to safe, profitable and socially responsible rThis Week in Science ominved fom page 13, ‘atory and inhibitory synapses can affect learning and such alterations may be 3 contbuting factor in the pathogenesis of autism. Neuronal Roadmap As the neural system develops, distinctive network of inemeuron connections reted, Colbn- Ramos etal. (. 103) now fin that, in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the sueporting sal cls provide the requsit read map fr matng these ccnnecton.Faticula gia al express fet, a signaling wolecul,nbich tells the postsynaptic neuron whet to find its connection and tells he presynaptic neuron where tobi the substructures required fr the conection Loclizzbon fhe nernexpesion inthe lal els serves to focus the neuronal syrapse-bulding capacity i he tight 90 Captive Breeding Reduces Reproductive Fitness Captive breeding programs oprevert extinction ae nw in place fr restoring many enangerad wd populations and species, although the impactaf such programs remains agely untested. Arak et (0.100) evaluate the reproductive suc- ‘sof coptve-bred fish when they breed in natural environments Captvereared init wth captive-eare parents havea the reproductive success of captive-oared ish with wld parents. The rate of fitness decline can be ~40% per captivereaee generation, which suggests that beeing progcams need further eval- uation of tei impact when used to restore dectning wi populations. Fair's Fair...or Not The experimental benchmark for demorstating that humans have developed a sens of fares is thelr behavior when playing the ultimatum game. ifthe divsin of pais proposed by the frst payer isnot generous enough (roughly 40 to 50% ofthe toad, the second player will usualy refuse fo accept the proposal givrg up ary hope of a gain, which has the consequence of depcing the fst player of any paycutes well Jensen et al. p. 107) have now implemenied a tvimmed-down version of te ultimatum game in chimpanzes When in the role af player 2, au nearest relative, unlike human subjects, wll accep any number of akins, ard, pethaps as consequence, chimps show tle propensity to make fair offers. Plant Protector Identified Plants that sucvve an inal pathegen atack often develop enhanced resistance to subsequent ‘infections. For example, prior infection of tobacco plants by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) exhibit ennancedresstanc elsewhere in the plant to subsequent challenge by TV cr other pathogens, which is termed systemic acquired resstance (SAR). The development af SAR requires the move- ‘ment ofa signal made inthe primary nected sue though the ghloen to the distal )temic tissue. Park eta. (p.113; se the nes story by Les) show thatthe mobil signal for SAR i a biologically inactive arm of sali acid, methyl slate (MeSA), a key hormone fot activa ‘ng host defenses to many plan pathogens. Anatomy of an Immune Response Intraia imaging techniques alow experimentally induced immune responses tobe traced in eal time, Nevertheles, tie techniques have often relied on the trarsfer of nonphysicogcal numbers of § arifically labeled immune clint animals. Khanna et al (0.116 repot te use alin sit conor § cal microscopy of the spleen with 2 suficent evel ofrescution to detec fie features ofan immune een t's hicks efecto. Edogers primey and secondary Cresson) Teel responses Gould be compared revealing unexpected localization within the spleen, 2s ells underwent activation, E expansion, and then migration auto pacpheral natal tes c = 9 S Y) @ S) c @ e aD) Eo) ~ wonuscioncemag org SCIENCE VOL318 SOCTOBER 2007 e Cytokine Center Cell Sciences offers, thousands of immuno- chemicals for life science research, Browse our ‘web site showcasing recombinant cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, as woll 26 enzymes, homones, kinases, phosphatases and more. Coll Sciences also carries corresponding antibodies, ELISA & ELISPOT kits and matched antibody pairs for assays. Competitive piicing and quick shipping worldwide! Cell Lysates Chemokines Cytokines ELISA Kits ELISPOT Kits Enzymes Growth Factors Hormones lon Channel Products MonocionalAbs PolyclonalAbs Proteins & Peptides Small Molecule Antibodies Small Molecule Antigens Tissue Lysates cell sciences® "0 Noporce 89, 1A Canton, Ma oc TEL (731) 828-0610 EMAL ilo@relsciencescom Toll free (888) 769-1246 www.cellsciences.com 15Clonetics’ Primary Cells & Media In Vivo Relevance. In Vitro Results.Donald Kerredy itr inchiet of Sine. Sputnik Nostalgia HERE WE ARE, IN THE MIDDLE OF AN INTENSE STRUGGLE OVER HOW WE CAN IIMPROVE the education of young men and women about science. In the United States, we have the ‘America COMPETES legislation, with its emphasis on STEM, the rather dull acronym for ‘science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Some nations thought to be better at STEM than the United States seem to be worrying too, My prescat job sometimes leads people who are concerned about the quality of science edueation to ask me questions like this:*What must happen to wake us up and actus really committed to this?" ‘Well, once upon a time, an event of that kind really did happen, On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union launched a 183-pound Earth-orbiting satellite named Sputnik, an event ‘whose anniversary is saluted from different national perspectives in this issue. Sputnik’s appearance, and its annoying “beep-beep” as it passed overhead, produced a striking reaction in the United States that was only enhanced when the Project Vanguard rocket—a much-advertised US. contribution to the Inte national Geophysical Year blew up trying to launch a satellite much smaller than Sputnik only months later. ‘Trumped first then humiliated! “The response was one of those political improbabilities, ‘Congress promyply passed the Natenal Dense Education Act, as wellaslegislationthat established the National Aeronautics and Space Administation. The post of Science Adviser tothe President was ereated, though notin statute, and President James Killian of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology came to cccupy it. Almost immedi= tcl, the National Science Foundstion (NSF) budget for science education tripled. That soon altered lives one of them was mine, and I hope you will forgive a few personal reflections ‘The physicists quickly got to work, the CHEMStudy curriculum came slong, and new ‘opportunities for biologists appeared. Sputnik had scarcely fallen cut of orbit (leavinga part, ‘or two in Los Angeles) when | found myselfon a tip to Fishs Eddy, New York, which hada’t, scen many colleye professors. Ther, talking with a high-school biology teacher in a down town bar after a day in various classrooms, I found him thinking about his job in much the ‘same way that I thought about mine. NSF later sent me to Hamilton West High in Trenton, Now Jersey, showing me how tough itis to teach seven classes in a row. ‘Soon organizations came together to build intellectual momentum behind the sense of urgency. The Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS), founded the year after Spuinik and celebrating its 50th anniversary next year, brought together some thoughtful curriculum, planers and textbook writers. That resiled in saies of texts focusing on cel biology, dver= sity, and ecology (although its “three-colors" approach of blue, yellow, and green, respective! produced an occasional jest) Butthe development of challenging curricula focusing on differ cent levels of erganizationand student interests turned out to bea science education milestone. In the early to mid-1960s, Stanford became a destination for hundreds of high-school teachers enrolling in in-service NSF summer programs. My colleague Paul Hurd in the School of Education would ask me to offera seminsr course for 1S or 20 of these students, 1 {got to pick atopic that terested me and might perhaps be introduced into classes, should it inspire teachers. A couple of times I taught animal navigation and orientation; the seminars ‘were fun and even interesting for some graduate students, one of whom later went with me to teach an NSF summer institute in neurobiology at Carleton College. Lively times—but 5O years ltr, what can belearned from the post Spumikttentionto sience cechucation? I thinkthe schools improved through teacher taining andcurricular innovation, largely ‘duc to strong fedoral engagement. Firs lesson for today: Let's ose our national wariness about levting the fed ito K-1 2edueation, The second lesson comes thom perhups the greestrewardof the Sputnik experience: theestblishment ofa cal community of professional engagementannong ‘commuted people who taught science at different levels Inthe current movement toward school m, revitalizing that senes of shared mission my be the mos important policy geal of al ~ Donald Kennedy to.n26/ence 50200 wonuscioncemag org SCIENCE VOL318 SOCTOBER 2007 7ASHG 2007 terete) Pe ee Creer Booth 716 www.roche-applied-science.com FuGENE* HD Transfection Reagent Measure the results of your transfection, not your transfection reagent. i oe eee q oe ‘onlythisreagert. 1 ed oat ea i etre te 2 E : 3 3 2K FUGENE! HD Transfection Reagent Figure 1. Minimize of-target effects by using FuGENE" HD Transfection Reagent. FUGENE” HO “ranelocton Reagent a 2 reagant trom anther supplier (24) was used to wansfest MGF-7 calls (ATCC® HTB-22™), Subsequent microarey exprosion Froting experiments demonstrated that L2K sgnifcanty tered the expression lovls of six times more gones than FUGENE® HO Tranaection Reagent. (View the ‘complete article onfne in Biocemica (2000) 4 at wero -apphed-scienea comipublzations! “Mocnanea nn) GEE orate tno foe LL USA ova ernie cm bag connec pen Be Cede nt ane ny Amn (© 210 Rose grote Gms Al he rena Are you confident that the cellulareffects you observe ate the result of your transfected plasmid? Or are your results due to differential gene expression caused by the transfection reagent you use? Rely on FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent to avoid the high levels of nonspecific, off target effeets that can be generated with other = Generate physiologically relevant data you can trust with a que non liposomal formulation, © Achieve greater cell survival when transfecting with this, Jow- cytotoxicity reagent that is sterile filtered and free of animal derived components Switch to FUGENE® HD ‘Transfection Reagent to obtain meaningful results today! For more information and a database of successfully transfected cell, lines, or to purchase, please visit www.powerful-transfoction.com Roche Diagnosties GmbeH Roche Applied Science {68298 Mannheim, GermanyEDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON State of Reference Students in dementary physics classes are introduced to the concept of frame of reference—the spatial coordinate system used by an observer to describe events—for instance, inthe context of the perceived motion of trees by a pas- senger in a moving automabile, Adding inthe dimension of ime leads intonon intuitive territory, asin the example ofa traveling astronaut who returns te Earth younger than her stay-at-home twin Building on previous work that demonstrated that internal physiological states can fluence one’s perception of physical quantities (such as thirsty peo- ple being mote likely to characterize object as transparent; that is, resembling ‘water), Balcetis ane Dunning show that internal psychological states are also capable of altering our perception ofthe extemal wold. They induced states of high or ow cognitive dissonance (a mismatch between thought and action) by asking or telling tao groups of students to walk across campus wearing various fruit-and vegetable- themed adornments In orderto render freely chosen yet somewhat embarrassing taskless Unpleasant to fulfil, the frst sat of students mentally shortened the cfstance they had to ‘cover by estimating it to be fully 40% less than the average estimate made by the second ‘group. Intriguingly, the route to ameliorating the state of dissonance appeared to be purely Derceptual, asthe freechoice students didnot shorten their time of exposure by walking faster; infact, they took about 20% longer. — GIC Thin and Fast Temperature changes in eas-phase chemical processes such as combustion and explesions can evolve on the submicrasecond tie scale, but commercial thermacouples (Ts) ar limited to millisecond eesponse tines. Thin-film TCs can achieve submricresecond responses, but entreme film thinness (ess than 100 nm) affects sensiti= ‘ty through decreases in the thermaponer. In principle, TCs made trom submi- (qometersameter wives GNTEO) would havea more favorable ange in thearal mass and ‘could be thicker (1.00 0.5 wm). Bourg etal fabricated SNCS by fist electrodepasiting silver wires 10 t0 0.5 ymin diameter ontohalt of astepped graphite surface. Amask cover- ing the other half of the subsrate was removed, the silver wires nere coated with a self-assembled akanethiol monolayer, and nickel wires were deposited. The arrays wore then pressed into a cyanoacrylate adhesive, and ater hardening, the graphite was removed. Scznning elaciron microscopy revealed a bust weld atthe silverickel interface. The success rate for SMTCS ranged up to 60%, ar these Junctions wee functor after maaths of it wenuscioncemag.org exposure. in laser-heating tests, response times varied from tenths of microseconds to several microseconds, with outputs of 20 UI". — POS ‘ono Let 7, 1020210719909 (2007) CELL B1oLoGr Death Throes in Living Color Mitochondria—the tiny double-membrane— bounded organelles that provide heathy cells with a ready supply of energy—also play a key tole inthe triggering of prosrammed cell death ‘or apoptosis. Sun et a. have com> bined light microscopy and three dimensional elec tron microscopic tomocraphy to recone In cltall the structural changes in mitochon cris in els that have been stimulated to undergo apoptosis, (ne ofthe frst events observed after stimuiation nasa reartengement of sub mitechondril morpholegy. The inner mitochon- membrane changed fiom an organized anrangement of folded membrane crstzeintoa ‘veseula patchwork, which was accompanied by Vesiculated recon- structed mitochondrla, ‘Payee 18, 917 (2007. the teleae of several mitachonétial proteins nto the otosol. However, one key mitachondrial pro tein involved inthe apoptosis pathaay, cto- chrome c was released efficient independently of and before this remodeling. Swelling of the mitochondria ocurred after the collapse ofthe ‘membrane potential and was accompanied by a dissolution of the intramitochondeial tucture This generation of a composite time-course overview of morphtogica changes within single cells should help tocissect a vatety of nonsyn= chronaus cellular events, — SMH Nat Cl Ba. 9, 1057 2007). Ecotogvevowurion Something Fishy in Speciation Adaptation to environmental conditions believed to drive population divegence and hence demorstratas the predictabilty of evolu- tionary change. By investigating the morphal- gy, genetic divergence, and mate choice of Bahamas mosquittich, whieh live in slates pools, Langeshanset of. demonstete parallel, speciation evans amang pools, in hich the presence or absence of fish predator eppeats tobe erving speciation. In oats with strong predation, masquitlish have evlved a mare phology conducive to high-speed escape sai Continued on page 21 SCIENCE VOL318 5OCTOSER 2007 19Only Kentucky matches federal Kentucky will match both Phase 1 and Phase 2 federal SBIR and STTR awards to our high-tech small businesses no other state has a program designed to do just that. I you are looking for a place to locate or start a high-tech company, Kentucky's SBIR-SITR Matching Funds program is just one of many reasons to give our state a look. ‘We are now accepting applications from companies, in Kentucky (or willing to relocate to Kentucky) for state funds to match federal Small Business Innovation Rescarch (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer Research (STTR) grants. Phase 1 awards ate matched up to $100,000 and Phase 2 awards up to $500,000 per year for two years. Kentucky offers a wide range of support for high-tech SBIR-STTR (7? 1aSE awards small businesses, including grants, tax incentives, and other forms of early-stage funding. Our statewide network of Innovation and Commercialization Centers can offer business management and enteepreneusial training, while helping find financing. ‘The Cabinet for Economic Development can make growing a business in Kentucky fast and easy. Our low cost of living, low.stress commutes, and high quality of life amid unrivaled natural beauty are why Kentucky communities are rated among the best places to start a business and raise a family. For more information about our SBIR-STTR Matching Funds and other business support programs, visit wory.ThinkKentucky.com/dei/sbi Kentukiy® Cabinet for Economic Development For more information ebout the SBIR-STTR progrem in Kentucky, all 1-860-626-2930 or visit wonw ThinkKentuchy.com /dl/sbir2ominued from ‘ming. Haplotype and allazyme analyses show that these morphological changes in response to predation have occurred multiple times. As these Tish prefer to mate with similar individuals, the presence or absence ata predator drives speca~ tion through mate selection. Taken al to thisset of results shows a direct link between natural selection and speciatior: The tats under divergent selection betneen environments are the same traits used in mate choice, resting in reproductive isolation between populations inhabiting diferent environments. —LMZ ‘olution 61,2086 2007), In metalic nanostructure, surface plasmons, the collective oxilations of ree electrons, can induce such phenomena as enhanced optical ‘ransmissen and collimation of tight ‘through asubwave length aperture. hough the sructures are pattemed on length scales of 100/nm, surface plas mens can interact over much longer distances. Henze e ol cleverly combined a series of standard lithographic techniques to make larger photonic structures. Using interference lithooraphy, they patterned high-quality sition masters from which hundreds of photomasks cout be made fr pateing over centimeter lent scales. Patterns of holes were created in bath Siand Au films, ether as infinite actays oe asa set of islands or patches. The patterned AU www stke.org artaysedhibted an orderof-magoitude enbance- ment of optical transmission, a feature compare ble tothe optical quatty seen in nanohole films produce by ion milting, When patches were not too far apart, plasmon interactions betwcen them also lad to much higher sensitivity in refractive index sensing. — NSL Nat Nenctecret 2,549 2007. (One theusand years ago, the Emperor of China ordered that locust abundance be recorded so 25 to predict swarms. Athough wetland man- agement techniques reduced locust outbreaks in the second hall ofthe 20th century, they have recently become troublesome again i the Yangize and Yellon River basins, pethaps as a consequence of global climate change. Locust rhumbers peak during drought yaars and in years alter floods, rellecing differential effects of moisture and warmth on different ie cycle stages. Tis discrepancy has made it difficult to predict how the warmer and wetter conditions that ae projected to prevail in East Asia will affect locust umber. Stige et ef. combined the millennial time- series data with recent temperature and precip itation reconstructions of historical weather and discovered that locust abundarce is highest during periods witha high frequency of floods and éroughts. The recorcs reveal that these ‘more variable climates actualy tended to occut during the coldest anc wettest decades. So, warmer conditions will not necesseriy favor locust breeding. — CA ‘Pro. al ead Se. USA, 306, 102073ipnas079661310¢ 20071. << Gut Sensations Recent studies have helped to define the proteins that transform the rival of sugars on the tongue into a sensation of sweetness. ao tude ies suggest thatthe same pathnay functions in the intestinal tract, Jang et ol. found that the sugar-sensitve G protein-coupled receptor (71R2/T2R3) and the G protein subunit gustducin could bedetectedin enteroendocrine cels—specifically, the L calls, which secrete the appetite-regulating glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) of the human duodenum. Application of lucose tohumen Lcellsresulted in GLP release, mhich wes blocked by an antagonist of T1R3. In mice, gustduein nas also present in cells, and delivering glucose directly into the duodenums (to bypass the tongue) of normal mice end of gustducin~teficient mice showed that GLP-1 secretion was absent in the Latter group of animals and thatthe temporal pattern of insulin secretion nas altered. Margobskee ea. connect glucose absorption to glucose sersing via the TLR2/TIRS pathway. Normal mice, unlike those deficient in gustducin or TAR3, shoned an Increase in sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLTL) mRNA and protein and in glucose uptake wen fed ahigh-carbohycrate det ora low-carb dit containing artificial sneeteners, — NRG oc. Mal. Acad. Si USA. 108, 15069; 15075 2007) vnwwacencemag.org SCIENCE VOL318 5 OCTOBER 2007 Cer superbright and. fast-maturing far-red fluorescent reporter for cell labeling within living tissues bright monomeric far-red fluorescent tag for protein localization stucios Excitation max 588 nm Emission max 635. biel Seber a 207) Bh aed scat Polen rwte ot ogg Na. Maho 1) Phoenix cals exressing TueF P65 (A) 373 cals taoresog TegFPO fsion wit shasta (8) HeLa eas exgressngTagFPS fusions wah cian (ns vost (0), (Parte ite veri Foe #7435) 429 8820, woneeger con etScience elects a 82 ‘ateman Hows, 8238 le Road Canorige,URCE2 110 Heamterumeuausenvtag. cane eftonsas.on dv gener anes sce bereasinag tein toa SSretreengmnar Graney pind (tr toa wire gees ee sews frre pei nd Soe ee et seis Dincaatorts tant teach Socata ad neers end Si evndcy ter enya: ennce esa vee, {oven ce nd chroony: Sue trees spa Bete lay ese Accs Nesey Buran, Clin ferme Sun Oro nenserheGen2) scot ‘east keer ier be ‘cowie engstmen omni) he) ne Feiss ves et for Savio ey Ne {yf rh fst tana ermal tmnt ome oh onrmar turn ree eurlsonate emuucsovonias cmraey nme tek eh tes Ce) alos Core, ‘Simi ery es: monn martes Do Sem ; (Grea pi, tage ey ern ate cet, {fey ton Sun Wie, Sn When eon sins Sy {Gath tere Pata sete eae ‘Skt ese arcrtoyae hale nur fh Ho wom ne toes abet eer fst ty ore Ln fer oman ‘arm leah eta Poy Shimer wo war ‘eur hin hn pre CxenDae Con ‘teen aya tawe ah e-EVhteh are ey {ip Cit Eni ova et eee Pt Leyte oman ener tr pe en ohn Sah Dia eM eee or tbe an her te Grae hue Bee eae ry nes conto Ra ea aeseotia,ce Miva os er ce ota net) com «nose ‘Sitscua aso outage $o-ss-7one ax 3204057001 war comm ama Tele aig diene ite amen commccopte ete Sosa ra ata ernment oi le: Gh arssaesah ta yat Glasto sess yma ay ‘Sait s61 (200 on PCat 3D SE ook ‘atone Sern ‘ecara adwrbe uote er) a mena te Teesg Wesson i SOE nto re ey mean ny Sl cede Seve foe Pant ban Cae ‘eros mesa pepe eae oseMste I nee Ely Son (ae hone oes 00 dade cn Peer foyer stan cencegumte ncn ea insite on 326578 acon i a ayes 0) 229 34885 a ae (Oh ‘Bes serena Nera Alsnn dn Sree ‘Stan iain aa STS Retin aca heat shoe tr wanna ew ner ois yor Met Sn na Ae Ga cB Stn Ente tuts Thema. Paar tye Sn MV AAAS ‘orm nor Sojee smertnoxrrcrno)steF rear Uppestrn” ona sore roi hts huey en ee Sper) Spe tr Sema Ssker toa rom Gea Dement, Rat Sobers ee (ile someon snem aCunet abe wnat ‘eres fave cour en iy ees (ruse cae Soe ue Baton Wit, ‘Site een earna ae, Yo et creel Rieaeaeet esas s SS eee Sean mais eeaaepecn ‘eaters ob oom olcespanaan) pee es Eee eeepeen ‘Togehtwnena ners et Eiercctt Beran wetonetatsoyerrt, ant an re Pr rn = of a a ee hn anmn rim ERS cr Te SEEM cis” 22 SOCTOBER 2007 VOL318 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org,: MILLIPORE 4 4 We have added CHEMICON®, LINCO® & UPSTATE® expertise to our Life Science capabilities to bring you complete workflow support in: CELL BIOLOGY DRUG DISCOVERY STEM CELL RESEARCH IMMUNODETECTION CELL SIGNALING PROTEIN BIOMARKERS ‘The integrated Millipore of fers you more innovative technologies and stronger application support to streamline your progress and give you more confidence in your results. ‘ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCE TOGETHER snidinnorations fe Sconces,PICTURE YOURSELF AS A AAAS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY POLICY FELLOW! ‘Advance your career and serve society by plugging the poner of science into public policy. Year-long Science & Technology Policy Fellowships offer opportunities in six thematic areas: Congressional Diplomacy * Energy, Environment, Agriculture & Natural Resources * Glabal Stewardship * Health, Education & Human Services « National Defense & Global Security Workin Dynamic Washington, D.C. Since1973, AAAS Fellows have been applying their expertise to federal decision-making processes that affect people in the U.S. and around the wortd. A broad range of assignments are available inthe U.S. Congress and executive branch agencies. Join the Network. Applicants must hold a PhO or equivalent doctoral: tevel degree inany physical, biological, medical/ health, orsocial/ behavioral science, or any engineering discipline. Individuals with a master’s degree in engineering and three years of post-degree professional experience also may apply. Federal employees are not eligibleand U.S. citizenship is required eae) pore em ee owat the U.S, Department of Agriculture, Biotechnology eet icran al Service, Recently joined the Bill and Melinda Gate: ram officer in Global Development. The application deadline for the 2008-2009 fellowships is 20 December 2007. Fellowships are awarded in the spring and begin in September. Stipends range from $67,000 to $87,000. AAAS partners with 30 scientific societies that also sponsor congressional and executive branch m\ AAA! fellowships, Visit our Web site for more details.VI EDITED BY CONSTANCE HOLDEN Beetle Battles 2 Collecting stag beetes isa lonrestablished hobby for Japanese boys. Butthings are row {getting out of hand: Thanks to an arcade gamecallec Mushi (nsec) King, the beetes are all ve Japan, and one subspecies is becoming endangered in its naive habitat in Turkey. In Mush King, players collect carés with te picture and vil statistics of neat asus belle species. 8y inserting the card inte the game machine, players ‘contol heir bug in virtual fights. The gare has spurred interes in exotic beetle, teading to imports of more than a milion a year, according to Koichi Gok, an entomologist atthe National Institte for Environmental Studies n Tsukuba, Prize bugs sel over the Internet for $400 or more. This year‘shottest beetles Luconos cervus kbesianus, 3 ‘are subspecies found erly inthe ma os Mountains of southern Tutky, The Amanas Environmental Protection Assadation has ‘are that overharvesting is pushing this beete toward extinction In Jepar, meanwhile, Goka weris that the beetle bate might ‘move into the real world if the aliens escape ané breed, with the big for- feign bugs museting out their weaker domastc ral. Its nat an actual preb- {em yet, but theres a big ris,” Goka says. But, he sys, the Environment Ministry hes tates to designate stag beetles as an invasive species because “the market has aleaey ‘become ton lage to control. — Hot beetle, an object including a car Even when the animals were smaller than or rot contrasted as much asthe objec, David Buss, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Tesas, Austin, says the work bolsters the theory that humans Posthumous Peer Review the viewers spotted changes evolved “specialized psycholocical Remembrances of deceased | in thelr postion more mechanisms. for soiving ds members writen since 1995 have | quickly and acaxately tinct adaptive problems.” The been available atthe US. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memcirs Web site Now the ste is adding more than 900 accounts dating back to 1877. They aren't your typical Sketchy Web bios but are hefty appreciations of than they did changes in inanimate targets, The authors, ina paper published ontine last week in the Proceedings of the alternative view is that human information-processing machir= ery is “domain-general” and ‘éd not evate to process specific types : the subject's work and lt, typically written | National tcademy of of iformation, shorty after the person's death by clleagues | Sciences, say animals are orfriends, detected faster net simply Viewers notice ‘The former chief erginger at Arar offers His take on Alexander Graham Bel, fr example, and physics heavyweight Hans Bethe recalls 1. Robert Oppenheimer, who headed the Manbattan Project. >> nut nasonline.ory'sitefPageServer? pagename=MEMORS A because they ate mers interesting, “Even dal animals Uke pigeons recruit surprising amount of atten- tion—as co turtles resembling rocks,” Tooby sys. WORLD OF WATER Replicas of eistinctive toners that ese fram California's changes in the elephant (circled, ‘cbove) more often than inthe van elon). Our Ancestral Brains Evolutionary psychologists have come up with a ‘new piece of evidence thatwe are stil operating with our old hunter-gatherer brains: We notice ‘animals more than we notice ebiect Graduate student Joshua Nev, alongwith John Tooby and Le¢a Cosmides, both ofthe Uriversty of California, Santa Barbara, theorized that human beings have evolved 2 "category specific” attention system that pays especially cose heed to other animals. Totest the idea they showed volunteers scenes fora fraction ofa second and then the same scenes with changes inthe position of an animal er wwunu.scioncamag.crg, extremely salty Mono Lake will be featuted at a major exhibit on water at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, The massive pilars, of a type of limestone called tua, form undernate from an interaction ‘of calcium from freshwater springs with carbonates in the lake water. Up to 10 meters high, they now poke cut because of water civesions. The exhibit, called Water: HO = Life, is cesigned to ‘explore water from every angle, from is various cultural and spiritual aspects tothe shortage of dean wate facing ‘mast ofthe norid’s poor. opens on 3 November and leaves foraworié tour next ne. SCIENCE VOL318 SOCTOBER 2007 25weld DR. PAUL JANSSEN AWARD ror BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH NOMINATIONS ARE NOW BEING ACCEPTED THE 2008 DR. PAUL JANSSEN AWARD FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Deadline: December 1, 2007 2006 WINNER: DR. CRAIG MELLO FOR HIS ROLE IN THE DISCOVERY OF RNA IN’ AND THE ELUCIDATION OF ITS BIOLOGIC: RFERENCE (RNA) FUNCTIONS Please go to www-pauljanssenaward.com for more information and nomination form PIE Rete tated OR eS Ree) Carr CLE eee os Dr. Jean-Marie Lehn Dr. Edward Scolnick RatonIBN TAS aec EDITED BY YUDHIJIT BHATIACKARIEE GEMS FROM THE PAST. Working with artifacts including Egyptian mummies and Australian Abor’ginal bark paint- ings, conservation scientist Erie Nansen spent 20 years at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, California, figuring out ways to preserve rare objects, Now Hansen has taken over preservation research at another treasure vault: the U.S. Library of Congress, the largest library in the world Hansen, a chemist and archaeologist, says one major project will be to conserve magnetic tapes that are degrading. “You lose all information because you can't run it through a machine.” he sis. Bolsiered by a planned doubling of the Ph.D. research staff to six, Hansen will also be tying to pin down the shelf Life of CDs, DVDs, and recycled paper and find ways to strengthen millions of books weakened by age. “The chal- Tengehere isthe sheer amount in the collections,” he says MO a THEY SAID IT “Tttook me 8 years at Harvard to figure out I'm not that stupid.” Anthropologist ven Haakanson, a member of the Alig community in Alasca nd one of 24 wioners ofthis year's MacArthur fellowships. Haakanson, 40, direc the Alutiq Museum in Kodiak and works to erase the culture's sel § perception hat native people are “worthiess. A flit ofthe ellos, who wil receive $500,000 2 ech, is at mwnumaciound.org. g MONEY MATTERS § STRIKING SILVER. An international mining ‘company has promised to pay $10 milion for a clean and cost-effective nay to extrac silver Pioneers >> from its Veladero mine in Argentina, The usual method uses a cyanide solution to leach ‘out the precious metal. But the mine's est mated 180 million ounces of silver are encrusted with silica in particles few micrometers in diameter, and the mineral has resisted every trick tried by scientists at the Barrick Gold Corp. in Toronto The price of sit- ver mates it too expensive to grind the ore down tothe size necessary to make taditionat leaching viable, “Our in-house metallurgists can’t figure it ou,” says Barrick spokesperson Vincent Borg. “The best way to salve [the problern is to reach out” to the scientific community, he says. Tibor Rezgoryi, a mining engineer atthe Colorado School af ines in Golden, says Barrick’ offers “a good approach” because it's kel to get mary different heads thinking about a difficult problem. In addition tothe prize, the company has announced that it wil fund development and testing of promising techniques. “We are definitely considering [submitting] a proposal,” says Rozgony, who has been working with colleagues on using bacteria to extract ore FIGHTING DISEASE. A. Alfred Taubman, who made afortune developing realestate, has given $22 milion to the Univesity of Michigan Health System to help found a new institute ‘that wil conduat basic esearch on human dis- e38e.A portion ofthe gift wil goto five schol ars at the university's medical school, exch of hor will receive a research award of $200,000 per year for 3 years. Taubman's pre- vieus gifts to his alma mater add yp to mere than $38 millon, Got tip for this page? Email NAMING RIGHTS. Shiva Bolak Misra was a graduate student at ‘Memorial Universit in Newioundland, Canada, when he discovered the 565-milion-yeat-oldfosis of soft-bodied organisms shaped lite leaves ard spindles. Misra published his findings in the Geological Society of America Bulletin but returned to his native village in north India in 1971 to build a school Now, 40 years atter the discovery, the fossils bear his name, Froctofusus misral belongs to a clas of fossils inown as Ediacaran life forms: creatures that emerged about 600 million years ago and thrived until the dawn of the Cambrian 540 milion years ago. ‘We needed a formal nomenclature, and we did't ‘want to forget the people associated with past discover ies” says Guy Narbonne, a paleontologist at (Queen’s University in Kingston, who led the i initiative, Misra says he leit research to realize his dream of founding a school in Kunaura, the vilage nherehe spent his chihood. “Thad towalk 10 kilometers to school until class [otadel eight” says Mista. Fie years after founding the school, however, he needed an Incame and became a geology professor at Kumaon University in Nainital, 2 town in the foothills of the Himalayas. His wife now manages the school, which has 700 students in grades 1 to 10, vmuuscencomag.org SCIENCE VOL318 SOCTOBER 2007 a