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RAKE Text Paper
RAKE Text Paper
RAKE Receiver
Tommi Heikkilä
tommi.heikkila@teliasonera.com
I. INTRODUCTION
2
Z
Additive
G1(t) Gaussian m
Noise M
(2)
Delay 1 m 2
G2 (t)
r(t)
m 1 Z m
Delay 2 As in the case of adaptive equalizers and diversity
t(t) . combining, there are many ways to generate the weighting
. Multiple coefficients. However, due to Multiple Access Interference
. GM (t) Access (MAI), RAKE fingers with strong multipath amplitudes will
Interference
Delay M not necessarily provide strong output after correlation.
Choosing weighting coefficients based on the actual outputs
Figure 2. Multipath channel model of the correlator yields better RAKE performance. [1]
C. RAKE Receiver Block Diagram
B. M-finger RAKE Receiver
When a signal is received in a matched filter over a
A RAKE receiver utilizes multiple correlators to separately multipath channel, the multiple delays appear at the receiver,
detect M strongest multipath components. The outputs of as depicted in Figure 4. The RAKE receiver uses several
each correlator are weighted to provide better estimate of the baseband correlators to individually process several signal
transmitted signal than is provided by a single component. multipath components. The correlator outputs are combined
Demodulation and bit decisions are then based on the to achieve improved communications reliability and
weighted outputs of the M correlators. [1] performance. [2]
Bit decisions based only a single correlation may produce a
m1(t) Z1 1 large bit error rate as the multipath component processed in
Correlator 1
2 that correlator can be corrupted by fading. In a RAKE
m2(t) Z2 Z’ Z m’(t)
receiver, if the output from one correlator is corrupted by
T
>
Correlator 2 (.) dt
<
r(t) . o
fading, the others may not be, and the corrupted signal may
. be discounted through the weighting process. [1]
. M
mM(t) ZM
Correlator M Input
RF signal I
Phase Delay
Figure 3. An M-branch RAKE receiver implementation Correlator
Q
rotator equalizer
I
Output
Each correlator detects a time-shifted version of the Code Channel
generators estimators Q
original CDMA transmission, and each finger of the RAKE
Finger 1
correlates to a portion of the signal, which is delayed by at Combiner
Finger 2
least one chip in time from the other fingers. Finger 3
Assume M correlators are used in a CDMA receiver to Timing and finger allocation
capture M strongest multipath components. A weighting Matched
network is used to provide a linear combination of the filter
III. RAKE RECEIVER IN IS-95 SYSTEM done by weighting each path’s symbol statistics in proportion
to the path’s relative power prior to demodulation and
In the implementation of the IS-95 system, the mobile decoding decision. [4]
receiver employs a “searcher” receiver and three digital data
receivers that act as fingers of a RAKE in that they may be IV. RAKE RECEIVER IN WCDMA SYSTEM
assigned to track and isolate particular multipath components
of a single cell site, a single base station in softer handover A basic implementation of RAKE receiver presented in
and multiple base stations in soft handover. The PN chip rate Figure 5 despreads data from different multipath components,
of 1,2288 MHz allows for resolution of multipaths at time combines the multipath components, and detects combined
intervals of 1,2288 x 10-6 s = 0,814 s, which means that data to soft bits.
multipath difference in meters can be around 244 m. [4] A WCDMA base station RAKE receiver contains the
A. Downlink following functions to enable the receiving of CDMA type of
multipath signals. [5]
The searcher receiver scans the time domain about the 1. Channel delay estimation for multipath components.
desired signal’s expected time of arrival for multipath pilot This can also called as Impulse Response (IR) Measurement.
signals from the same cell site and pilot signals and their 2. RAKE receiver finger allocation based on the channel
multipaths from other cell sites. Searching the time domain delay estimation
on the downlink signals is simplified because the pilot 3. RAKE receiver fingers to perform the descrambling and
channel permits the coherent detection of signals. The search despreading operations
receiver indicates to the mobile phone’s control processor 4. Adaptive channel estimation
where, in time, the strongest replicas of the signal can be 5. Maximal-Ratio Combining (MRC)
found, and their respective signal strengths. In turn, the
control processor provides timing and PN code information to 1. 1
6
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 14 0
both cell sites transmit at the same call data on all their traffic f inger 1
f inger 2
channels. When both sites handle the call, additional space Matched
Filters
finge r n
The data from all three digital receivers are combined for ANT A/D
Chiprate
Co rrelator
Symbol
Symbol Ra te
Finger Allocation
[4] Samuel C. Yang, CDMA RF System Engineering, Norwood MA, USA,
Delay estimations Artech House Inc., 1998, 280 pp.
1 2 n [5] Mikko Järvelä, RAKE training slides by Nokia, 03.04.2001, Oulu.
RAKE finger bank MRC combiner
Finger 1
r1
HOMEWORK
w1
r2
+
Output 1. Explain shortly the basic functions in a RAKE receiver.
RX RF ADC Finger 2
w2
rn
2. How many fingers can a Mobile Station RAKE receiver’s matched
Finger n
wn
filter or “searcher” allocate from a following multipath tapped delay
Channel
line channel in WCDMA and IS-95 systems? Don’t guess!
estimator Pilots
Tap 1 2 3 4 5 6
Avg. 0 -1,5 -6,0 -4,5 -9,0 -15,5
power (dB)
Figure 7. RAKE receiver using MRC Relative 0 310 500 1090 2430 2510
delay (ns)
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has introduced the basic operation and
requirements of RAKE receiver used in CDMA based systems
such as IS-95 and WCDMA. RAKE receiver attempts to
collect the time-shifted versions of the original signal by
providing a separate correlation receiver for each of the
multipath signals. The RAKE receiver uses several baseband
correlators to individually process several signal multipath
components. The correlator outputs are combined to achieve
improved communications reliability and performance.
The basic functions of RAKE receiver are Channel delay
estimation for multipath components, RAKE receiver finger
allocation, descrambling and despreading operations,
adaptive channel estimation, and Maximal-Ratio Combining.
REFERENCES
[1] Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, 1996, pp. 336-338.
[2] Tero Ojanperä, Ramjee Prasad, Wideband CDMA for Third Generation
Mobile Communications, Norwood MA, USA, Artect House Inc., 1998,
439 pp.
[3] Simon Haykin, Michael Moher: Modern Wireless Communications,
Prentice Hall 2005, pp. 258-338.