FORMULA SHEET

VECTOR IDENTITIES SOME INTEGRALS OFTEN MET IN EM PROBLEMS

G G G G G G G G G
A ⋅ ( B × C ) = C ⋅ ( A × B) = B ⋅ (C × A) 1
G G G G G G G G G ∫ x dx = ln | x | +C
A × ( B × C ) = B( A ⋅ C ) − C ( A ⋅ B)
1 x
∇(Φ + Ψ ) = ∇Φ + ∇Ψ
∫ (a 2 ± x 2 )3 / 2 dx = ± a 2 a 2 ± x 2 + C
G G G G x 1
∇ ⋅ ( A + B) = ∇ ⋅ A + ∇ ⋅ B
G G G G ∫ (a 2 + x 2 )3 / 2 dx = − a 2 + x 2 + C
∇ × ( A + B) = ∇ × A + ∇ × B
∇(ΦΨ ) = Φ∇Ψ + Ψ∇Φ
 Φ  Ψ∇Φ − Φ∇Ψ
x2 x
(
∫ (a 2 + x 2 )3 / 2 dx = − a 2 + x 2 + ln x + a + x + C
2 2
)
∇  =
Ψ Ψ2 1 1 x
∇Φ n = nΦ n −1∇Φ
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a arctan a + C
G G G
∇ ⋅ (ΦA) = A ⋅∇Φ + Φ∇ ⋅ A  1 a−x 1  x
G G G G G G  2a ln  a + x  + C = − a arctanh  a  + C ,| x |< a
∇ ⋅ ( A × B ) = B ⋅∇ × A − A ⋅∇ × B 1     
G G G ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =  1
∇ × (ΦA) = ∇Φ × A + Φ∇ × A  − arccoth  x  + C ,| x |> a
G G G G G G G G G G  a  
a
∇ × ( A × B) = A∇ ⋅ B − B∇ ⋅ A + ( B ⋅∇) A − ( A ⋅∇) B
G G G G G G G G G G
∇( A ⋅ B) = A × (∇ × B) + B × (∇ × A) + ( A ⋅∇ ) B + ( B ⋅∇ ) A
x 1
(
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = 2 ln a + x + C
2
) 2

x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = a + x + C
2 2
∇ ⋅∇Φ = ∇ 2Φ
G
∇ ⋅∇ × A = 0
1
∇ × ∇Φ = 0 ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx = ln( x + a + x ) + C
2 2
G G G
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇∇ ⋅ A − ∇ 2 A
1 1  a + a2 + x2 
VECTOR INTEGRAL THEOREMS
G G G ∫ x a2 + x2 dx = − ln 
a  x
+C

 
∫∫∫ (∇ ⋅ A)dv = w
∫∫ A ⋅ ds (Divergence theorem, Gauss identity) 1
∫ x sin(ax)dx = a 2 [sin(ax) − ax cos(ax)] + C
v S[ v ]
G G G G
∫∫ (∇ × A) ⋅ ds = v∫ A ⋅ dl (Curl theorem 1, Stokes’ theorem)
1
S
G
C[ S ]
G G G ∫ x cos(ax)dx = a 2 [cos(ax) + ax sin(ax)] + C
∫∫∫ (∇ × A ) dv = ∫∫
w ds × A ≡ ∫∫
w ( ˆ
n × A )ds (Curl theorem 2)
1
v S[ v ] S[ v ]
∫ sinh(ax)dx = a cosh(ax) + C
CONTINUED
 FORMULA SHEET

1
∫ cosh(ax)dx = a sinh(ax) + C COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
 x ag − bf  Rectangular ↔ Cylindrical
dx 1
∫ (ax 2 + b) 2
fx + g
=
b ag − bf
arctan 
 b fx 2 + g
, ( ag > bf )
 r = x2 + y2
  x = r cos φ  y
π y = r sin φ φ = arctan  
 x
∫ tan xdx = − ln | cos x | +C , x ≠ (2k + 1) 2 z=z
z=z
∫ cot xdx = ln | sin x | +C , x ≠ 2kπ Rectangular ↔ Spherical
1  x R = x2 + y2 + z 2
∫ sin x dx = ln tan  2  + C x = R sin θ cos φ

1 x π
y = R sin θ sin φ
z = R cos θ
(
θ = arccos z / x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
φ = arctan( y / x)
∫ cos x dx = ln tan  2 + 4  + C
Cylindrical ↔ Spherical
SOME USEFUL DEFINITE INTGERALS
2π r = R sin θ R = r2 + z2
0 , m ≠ n φ =φ φ =φ
∫ sin mx ⋅ sin nx dx =
( )
 z = R cos θ
0 π , m = n ≠ 0 θ = arccos z / r 2 + z 2
2π
0 , m ≠ n
∫ cos mx ⋅ cos nx dx = 
π , m = n ≠ 0 VECTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
0
2π Rectangular Components ↔ Cylindrical Components
∫ sin mx ⋅ cos nx dx = 0 ax = ar cos φ − aφ sin φ ar = ax cos φ + a y sin φ
0 a y = ar sin φ + aφ cos φ aφ = − ax sin φ + a y cos φ
π
0 , m≠n az = az az = az
∫ sin mx ⋅ sin nx dx = π / 2, m=n≠0 Note: φ is the position angle of the point at which the vector exists.
0
π
0 , m≠n Rectangular Components ↔ Spherical Components
∫ cos mx ⋅ cos nx dx = 
π / 2, m = n ≠ 0 ax = aR sin θ cos φ + aθ cos θ cos φ − aφ sin φ
0
a y = aR sin θ sin φ + aθ cos θ sin φ + aφ cos φ
π 0 , m + n = even number az = aR cos θ − aθ sin θ

∫ sin mx ⋅ cos nx dx =  2m , m + n = odd number aR = ax sin θ cos φ + a y sin θ sin φ + az cosθ
0  m 2 − n 2
aθ = ax cos θ cos φ + a y cosθ sin φ − az sin θ
π π aφ = −ax sin φ + a y cos φ
(a − b cos x)  , a>b>0
∫ (a 2 + b2 − 2ab cos x) dx =  a Note: φ and θ are the position angles of the point at which the
0  0, b > a > 0
vector exists. CONTINUED
 FORMULA SHEET

Cylindrical Components ↔ Spherical Components G ∂F ∂Fy ∂Fz

∇⋅F = x + +
ar = aR sin θ + aθ cos θ aR = ar sin θ + az cos θ ∂x ∂y ∂z
aφ = aφ aθ = ar cos θ − az sin θ
az = aR cos θ − aθ sin θ aφ = aφ
G  ∂F ∂Fy   ∂Fx ∂Fz   ∂Fy ∂Fx 
∇ × F = xˆ  z −  + yˆ  −  + zˆ  − 
Note: θ is the position angle of the point at which the vector exists.  ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
∂ 2Φ ∂ 2Φ ∂ 2Φ
DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS ∇ ⋅ (∇Φ ) ≡ ∇ 2Φ ≡ ∆Φ = 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
(const.)′ = 0 1 G
(arctan x)′ = 2 2 2
∇ F = xˆ∇ Fx + yˆ∇ Fy + zˆ∇ Fz 2
( x)′ = 1 1 + x2
Cylindrical Coordinates
( x k )′ = kx k −1 (arc cot x)′ = −
1
∂Φ 1 ∂Φ ∂Φ
(e x )′ = e x 1 + x2 ∇Φ = rˆ + ϕˆ + zˆ
(sinh x)′ = cosh x ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
(a x )′ = a x ln a G 1 ∂ 1 ∂Fϕ ∂Fz
(cosh x)′ = sinh x ∇⋅F = (rFr ) + +
1 r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
(ln x)′ = 1
x (tanh x)′ = = 1 − tanh 2 x
cosh 2 x G  1 ∂Fz ∂Fφ  ˆ  ∂Fr ∂Fz   1 ∂ (rFφ ) 1 ∂Fr 
(log a x)′ =
1
, a ≠ 1, x > 0
∇ × F = rˆ  −  +φ  −  + zˆ  − 
x ln a (coth x)′ = −
1
= 1 − coth 2 x  r ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ∂r   r ∂r r ∂φ 
2
(sin x)′ = cos x sinh x 1 ∂  ∂Φ  1 ∂ 2 Φ ∂ 2 Φ
1 ∇ ⋅ (∇Φ ) ≡ ∇ 2Φ ≡ ∆Φ = r + +
(cos x)′ = − sin x (arcsinh x)′ = r ∂r  ∂r  r 2 ∂φ 2 ∂z 2
1 1 + x2 G  ∂ 2 A 1 ∂Ar Ar 1 ∂ 2 Ar 2 ∂Aφ ∂ 2 Ar 
(tan x)′ = , x ≠ (2k + 1)π 1 ∇ 2 A = rˆ  2r + − + − + 2 +
cos 2 x (arccosh x)′ = ± , x >1 r ∂r r 2 r 2 ∂φ 2 r 2 ∂φ
 ∂r ∂z 
1 x2 − 1
(cot x)′ = − 2 , x ≠ kπ  ∂ 2 Aφ 1 ∂Aφ Aφ 1 ∂ 2 Aφ 2 ∂Ar ∂ 2 Aφ 
sin x 1 ˆ
(arctanh x)′ = ,| x |< 1 φ 2 + − 2 + 2 + 2 + +
1 1 − x2  ∂r r ∂ r r r ∂ φ 2
r ∂ φ ∂z 2 
(arcsin x)′ = ,| x |< 1  
1 − x2 1
(arccoth x)′ = ,| x |> 1  ∂ A 1 ∂Az 1 ∂ Az ∂ Az 
2 2 2

1 1 − x 2 zˆ  2z + + 2 + 2 
(arccos x)′ = − ,| x |< 1  dr r ∂ r r ∂ φ 2
∂z 
1 − x2 Spherical Coordinates
∂Φ ˆ 1 ∂Φ ˆ 1 ∂Φ
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ∇Φ = R+ θ+ ϕˆ
∂R R ∂θ R sin θ ∂ϕ
Rectangular Coordinates
∂Φ ∂Φ ∂Φ
G 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂Fϕ
∇Φ = xˆ + yˆ + zˆ ∇⋅F = 2 ( R 2 FR ) + ( Fθ sin θ ) +
∂x ∂y ∂z R ∂R R sin θ ∂θ R sin θ ∂ϕ
CONTINUED
 FORMULA SHEET

G 1  ∂ ∂Aθ  Spherical coordinates

∇ × A = Rˆ G
R sin θ  ∂θ ( Aϕ sin θ ) − ∂ϕ + dl = Rˆ dR + θˆRdθ + ϕˆ R sin θ dϕ ;
 
G ˆ 2
1  1 ∂AR ∂  ds = RR sin θ dθ dϕ + θˆR sin θ dRdϕ + ϕˆ RdRdθ ;
θˆ  − ( RAϕ )  +
R  sin θ ∂ϕ ∂R  dv = R 2 sin θ dRdθ dϕ
1 ∂ ∂A 
ϕˆ  ( RAθ ) − R  ELECTROMAGNETIC EQUATIONS
R  ∂R ∂θ  Maxwell’s equations (differential form)
G
1 ∂  2 ∂Φ  1 ∂  ∂Φ  1 ∂ 2Φ G ∂B
∇ 2Φ = R + 2  sin θ + 2 2 ∇× E = − G
R ∂R 
2
∂R  R sin θ ∂θ  ∂θ  R sin θ ∂ϕ 2 ∂t ∇⋅D = ρ
G G
G  ∂ AR 2 ∂AR 2
2
1 ∂ AR cot θ ∂AR
2 G ∂D G G
∇ 2 A = Rˆ  + − 2 AR + 2 + 2 + ∇× H = +σ E + Jc ∇⋅B = 0
N
 ∂R
2
R ∂R R R ∂θ 2 R ∂θ ∂t G
Jσ

1 ∂ 2 AR 2 ∂Aθ 2 cot θ 2 ∂Aϕ 

− − Aθ − + Coaxial line
R 2 sin 2 θ ∂ϕ 2 R 2 ∂θ R2 R 2 sin θ ∂ϕ  2πε µ b µ
 ∂ 2 Aθ 2 ∂Aθ C1 = , F/m; L1 = 0 ln   + 0 , H/m
ˆ Aθ 1 ∂ 2 Aθ cot θ ∂Aθ ln(b / a ) 2π  a  8π
θ 2 + − + + 2 +
 ∂R R ∂R R 2 sin 2 θ R 2 ∂θ 2 R ∂θ
Twin-lead line
1 ∂ 2 Aθ 2 ∂AR 2 cot θ ∂Aϕ 
+ − + µ  h  2
R 2 sin 2 θ ∂ϕ 2 R 2 ∂θ R 2 sin θ ∂ϕ  πε h
C1 = F/m; L1 = ln +   − 1  H/m
h 2  π r r 
 ∂ 2 Aϕ 2 ∂Aϕ Aϕ 2
1 ∂ Aϕ cot θ ∂Aϕ h  
ϕˆ  + − + + 2 + ln +   − 1 

 ∂R 2 R ∂R R 2 sin 2 θ R 2 ∂θ 2 R ∂θ r r 
  
1 ∂ 2 Aϕ 2 ∂AR 2 cot θ ∂Aθ  SOME CONSTANTS
+ + 
R 2 sin 2 θ ∂ϕ 2 R 2 sin θ ∂ϕ R 2 sin θ ∂ϕ  1
ε 0 = 8.854187 × 10−12 F/m, or ε 0 = ×10−9 F/m
36π
DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENTS µ 0 = 4π ×10−7 H/m
Cartesian coordinates
G G
dl = xdx
ˆ + ydy
ˆ + zdz
ˆ ; ds = xdydz
ˆ + ydxdz
ˆ + zdxdy
ˆ ; dv = dxdydz
Cylindrical coordinates THE END
G G
ˆ + ϕˆ rdϕ + zdz
dl = rdr ˆ ϕ dz + ϕˆ drdz + zrdrd
ˆ ; ds = rrd ˆ ϕ ; dv = rdrdϕ dz