“GHAZAL SHEEKHAVI CHHE?

” :
(_hp°q]$[p° dpV°$ Mpk - kfm cpjpdp¨ ‚p\rdL$ NTgip˜) Presentation :-
Shri Aashit Hyderabadi

{(C) Óud[u Q¨q÷L$p A°k. L$pV° $L$}

NTg iuMhu R>°? ‚\d Aph©r— : - 2004
‚[ : 500
d|Îe : Í$p. 70/-

AphpT ‚L$pi_ :
Óu dı[ d¨N°fp - L$p¨NhpC
hpep fp_Ly$hp, [p. QuMgu
f≈|Ap[
rS>. _hkpfu - 396 560
Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
ap°_ : (02634) 240024

"S>e'_peL$
11, Ad©[_Nf kp°kpeV$u, d|¨L$p°qX$ep `pR>m,
_hkpfu 296 445
ap°_: (02637) 244692
Apcde A°L$p¨[_u NlfpCdp¨ bp°my¨ L$gd,
L°$ ANp°Qf_p° Af\ A\\u Cr[ ‚NV$p° lh°! ‚pr· ı\p_ : (ey.L°$.)
YUSUF M. SIDAT
- X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u 8, Bemer’s Street,
Leicester, LE 2 ORF U.K.
Tel.: 0116 2 627586

● dyM`©õ$ :
`qfL$Î`_p : Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
k≈hV$ : Óu grg[cpC ≈°iu
‚L$piL$ :
● V$pC`k°V$vN$ [\p dy÷L$ :
AphpT ‚L$pi_
d°. dp_ku ApVÆ$ qX$TpC_f
A°-405, kpCf–_dπ, L°$rb_ fp°X$, cpe¨]$f (`|hÆ),
rS>. \pZp-401 105.
1 ap°_: 2814 1618

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 ‚L$piL$ue r_h°]$_ 5. ]°$h°fi÷tkl `fdpf : bu.bu.ku. A°qie_ _°V$hLÆ$ brdØNlpd, ey.L°$.
A_° ]°i-rh]°$i_p Adpfp `∞L$pi__p `°V≤$_ kÊep° S>°dZ° Ad_° OZp°
klL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.
NTg iuM_pfpAp°_p° dp°V$p° hNÆ R>°. A°d_° NTg rhi° dprl[u dm°, 1. Ald]$cpC bp°bp[ L$p¢Y$ (dy¨bC)
A°_y¨ ıhÍ$`, A°_p° rd≈S> bfpbf kdS>°, `Qph° A_° kS>Æ_ L$f° A°hu Adpfu 2. gp°XÆ$ Ap]$dcpC `V°$g L$fdpX$ (Âg°L$b_Æ, ey.L°$.)
gpNZu R>°. (d°Ábf lpDk Ap°a gp°XÆ$k ey.L°$.)
NTg, i°'fp°, i°fue[, R>¨]$p° hN°f° dpV°$ OZp¨ b^p k¨N∞lp° ‚NV$ \ep R>°. 3. CıdpCgcpC S>hplf Apgu`p°f (dy¨bC)
`f¨[y _hp NTgL$pfp°_° N$Tg L°$hu fu[° gMpe [° iuMhp dpV°$ Ap Adpfy¨ ‚L$pi_ 4. ‚azÎg Adu_ S>duA[`yfp AX$pgS> (brdÆNlpd-ey.L°$.)
Oœ¨ D`ep°Nu \C iL$i°. AphpT ‚L$pi_ NTg_p Aphp ‚L$pi_p° ‚NV$ L$f[p 5. dyfp]$ CıdpCg `V°$g dpZ°L$`p°f (bpV$gu - ey.L°$.)
fl°i°. 6. dld]$cpC ]$p]$pcpC dp°V$p hfpR>p (]y$bC)
ApS> ky^u ‚NV$ \e°gp¨ ‚L$pi_p° : 7. kyg°dp_ dld]$ `V°$g hpX$pNpd (g¨X$_-ey.L°$.)
1.hpfkp° : "kuf[u' 8. X$p¸pcpC ‚≈`r[ bylpfu (g°ıV$f-ey.L°$.)
2. h•ch : "i°MQÎgu' 9.b]$f°Apgd Ald]$ lpa°∆ gl°f Apgu`p°f (g¨X$_-ey.L°$.)
3. L°$iL$gp` : "ANd' 10.eykya dykp fph[ Ly$dL$p°[f (X$ÈyTbfu-ey.L°$.)
4. dp°S>dı[u : dı[ lbub kpfp°]$u 11. apr[dp A•Ëeyb ku]$p[ lfZNpd (g°ıV$f - ey.L°$.)
5. NyS>LISH NTgp° : rb∞V$__p NTgL$pfp°/ L$rhAp°_p° k¨N∞l 12. epLy$b `V°$g _p_u _fp°gu (Âg°L$b_Æ - ey.L°$.)
6. a|ghpkp° : rS>Nf V¨$L$pfhu 13. eykya L°$. d°dp_ dp°V$pdvep - dp¨Nfp°m (g°ıV$f-ey.L°$.)
7. `∞h°i : k°hL$ Apgu`yfu 14. NyS>fp[u fpBV$kÆ kLÆ$g (bpV$gu - ey.L°$.)
A_° lh° A_° ey.L°$.NyS>fp[u fpCV$kÆ kL$Æg (bpV$gu)_p L$rh rd”p° Ap°.bu.C. Ald]$
8. NTg iuMhu R>°? : Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u Nyg A_° eykya A°d. ku]$p[ (\pgphpgp) A_° R>°Îg° rd” ApTdcpC C.
‚NV$ \pe R>° –epf° A–e¨[ Ap_¨]$_u gpNZu A_ychuA° R>uA°. V$udp°g L$W$p°f (‚°ıV$_) S>°Ap° ApS>° lep[ _\u [°d_p° kp•_p° M|b M|b Apcpf.
Adpfp ‚L$pi__° iÍ$Ap[\u kp\ Ap`_pfpAp°dp¨ dp__ue Ad©[cpC A_° R>°â° Apri[cpC l•]$fpbp]$u_p Ad° Apcpfu R>uA° L°$ S>°dZ° Adpfp
"Opeg' S>°Ap° ApS>° lep[ _\u [°d_° cpfu l•e° ep]$ L$fu gCA°. kp• ‚\d ‚L$pi__° ‚p°–kpl_ Ap`hp NTg fQ_p rhi° D`ep°Nu k¨N∞l [•epf L$fu Ap‡ep°.
k¨N∞l "hpfkp'dp¨ A°dZ° ıhlı[° ApdyM gMu Ap`°gy¨. gu. "dı[' d¨N°fp
lSy> Ad_° ˘]$e`|hÆL$ klL$pf Ap`_pfpAp°dp¨ dp__ue fr[gpg "S>e' _peL$
"Ar_g', fyÌhp dTg|du kpl°b_p° Apcpf dp_hp iÂ]$p° _\u.
ey.L°$._p `”L$pf rd”p° A_° f°qX$ep° ‚°TfiV$f_p° Apcpf dp_hp° S> f¸p°.
1. rh`yg L$ÎepZu : [¨”uÓu "Ap°r`r_e_' g¨X$_- ey.L°$.
2. ku. bu. `V°$g : [¨”uÓu "NyS>fp[ kdpQpf' g¨X$_ - ey.L°$.
3. dufp¨ r”h°]$u : bu.bu.ku. f°qX$ep°, g°ıV$f - ey.L°$.
4. r_g£i Ïepk : k_fpCT f°qX$ep°, b∞°X$ap°XÆ$ - ey.L°$. 2

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 - ‚pf¨c° - A_yæ$drZL$p
! bQ`Z\u S>°Z° k|f A_° ge_u Ap¨NmuAp° `L$X$u Qpg[p¨ iuMÏey¨ A° dpfp
ıhNÆı\ dp[yÓu_p QfZL$dmdp¨ h¨]$_ L$ͨ$ Ry>¨.
! dpfp L$pÏe NyÍ$Ap° ıh. Óu dp^hgpg r”cyh_ fphg, S>_pb dyL$rbg Ly$f°iu 1. NTg rhj° :
[\p ıh. Óu Ad©[ "Opeg'_° kp]$f ıdfu ‚Zpd L$ͨ$ Ry>¨.
! d_° dpfu NTg - kp^_pdp¨ S>°d_p [fa\u l¨d°ip DÛdp-kcf ‚p°–kpl_ (1) S>_pb dı[ "lbub' kpfp°]$u
dm[y¨ f¸y¨ l[y¨ A° kp• ıhNÆı\ hqX$gp° khÆÓu _prTf ]°$M•ep, qL$ıd[ Ly$f°iu, (2) X$pµ. fiu]$ duf
X$pµ. bVy$L$fpe `¨X$Èp, dl°fi÷ "kduf', bfL$[ rhfpZu "b°apd', N_u
]$lvhpgp, AL$bf Agu S>i]$Zhpgp, kpqL$_ L°$ihpZu rhN°f°_y¨ F>Z ıhuL$pͨ$ 2. S>[ gMhp_y¨ L°$...
Ry>¨. 3. NTg_u sı\r[
! S>°d_p [fa\u khÆ]$p Ad|Îe dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A_° klL$pf dm[p° f¸p° R>° A°hp khÆ
hqX$gp° / rd”p° khÆÓu fr[gpg "Ar_g', f|ıhp dTg|du, dyL$rbg 4. NTg_p° DNd
Ly$f°iu,d_lfgpg Qp°ºku, X$pµ. d^y L$p°W$pfu, X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u, X$pµ. A°k. 5. _hp°q]$[p° dpV°$ AN–e_p k|Q_p°
A°k. fplu, X$pµ. fiu]$ duf, X$pµ. iL$ug L$p]$fu, cp°mpcpC Np°gubpf, dl°fi÷
Np°rlg, rh`ygcpC L$ÎepZu, A]$d V¨$L$pfhu rhN°f°_p° `Z F>Zu Ry>¨. 6. gOy-Nyfy Anfp°_u kdS>
! dpfp gOy b¨^y kdp_ L$rhÓu lf°i V$p¨L$ "l_u' [\p A.kp•. rQ. _u_p V$p¨L$_p° 7. NZrbÁbp° (AfL$p_)
Apcpfu Ry>¨.
! Ap [L°$ Mpk S>°d_y¨ F>Z ıhuL$pfhp_y¨ R>° [° R>° Ap]$fZue Óu dı[ d¨N°fp kpl°b 8. Mpk iÂ]$p° A_° NTg_p ºg°hf_p° `qfQe
A_° "S>e' _peL$ (_hkpfu).Ap `ysı[L$p_p ‚L$pi__u [dpd S>hpb]$pfu 9. R>¨]$ip˜ ‚dpZ°_p NTg D`fp¨[ Afie ‚L$pfp°
ıhuL$pfu d_° tQ[pdyº[ L$ep£ R>°. A°d_u klpe/klL$pf hNf Ap `ysı[L$p ºepf°
‚NV$ \C iL$u lp°[ [° L$lu iL$[p° _\u. Ap ei_p lL$]$pf R>° Óu d¨N°fp kpl°b 10. NTg A_° NTg_u rhrh^ bl°fp° (R>¨]$p°)
A_° "S>e' _peL$ (_hkpfu). 11. L$pqaep
! Ap `ysı[L$p_p –hqf[ A_° kyOX$ L$pÁ° ‡eyV$fpCTX$ V$pC`k°qV≠$N dpV° $Óu grg[cpC
≈°iu [\p rQ. bl°_ dp°np ≈°iu_p° Apcpfu Ry>¨. 12. ]$p°j\u bQp°
13. NTg_y¨ r_funZ - `funZ

dufpfp°X$ Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u 14. A_° R>°hV°$....

Ap°ºV$p°bf - 2004 A°a-116, ‡g°TfiV$ `pLÆ$,
dufp-cpe¨]$f fp°X$, dufpfp°X$ (CıV$),
rS>. \pZp - 401 107.
ap°_ : (022) 39516216
3

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 : NTg rhj° :
- S>_pb dı[ "lbub' kpfp°]$u
(1) NTg_p° rd≈S>
NTg_° NTg A°_p ıhÍ$`_° gC_° L°$ `R>u A°_u hı[y_° gC_° L$l°hpdp¨
Aph° R>°? NTg rhj° rhQpf L$f[p¨ Ap`Zp d_dp¨ Ap ‚Ò D]π$ch° R>°. OX$ucf
dp_u gCA° L°$ NTg_° NTg A°_u hı[y D`f\u L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>° [p° `R>u A°L$
bu≈° ‚Ò A° \pe R>° L°$ L°$hm [NTTyg-‚°d rhje_p L$pfZ° Ap`Z° NTg_°
NTg L$luA°, [p° `R>u "dı_hu'_° ip dpV°$ "NTg' _ L$lu iL$pe? dı_hudp¨
`Z rhi°j L$fu_° ‚°d, rhfl, rhN°f° rhjep°_y¨ r_fy`Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° A°
rhjep° dpV°$ dı_hu_p° L$pÏe-‚L$pf A_yLy$m g°Mp[p° ApÏep° R>°.
S>°_p `f\u "NTg'_p° AprhcpÆh \ep° R>°$ A° "L$iu]$p'_u [Ìbub_° NTg
[fuL°$ L°$d NZhpdp¨ _\u Aph[u? ([Ìbub = L$iu]$pdp¨ iÍ$Ap[_p i°fp° -
S>°dp¨ L$p°C ◊Ìe, L$p°C OV$_p_y¨ hZÆ_ \pe R>° A_° –epf `R>u Nyf°S> (L$iu]$pdp¨
A_yõ$p__p ‚iıe_u NyZNp\p [fa hmp¨L$ Ap`_pf Ag¨L$pf)_p° D`ep°N \pe
R>°.) A°dp¨ `Z [NTTyg-‚°d-rhje_y¨ S> r_fy`Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ApNm
rhQpfuA° [p° A¨N∞°∆ "rgfuL$' L°$ S>°dp¨ lzı_ A_° CÌL$_p rhjep° S> dyøe–h°
g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>° A°_° NTg_y¨ _pd L°$d _ A`pe? Ap b^p ‚Òp°_° gndp¨ g°[p¨
Ap`Z° A°hp r_ZÆe `f Aphu iLuA°$ R>uA° L°$ NTg_° "NTg' A°_u hı[y_°
gC_° _lv `Z A°_p rhriÛV$ ıhÍ$`_° gC_° S> L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
Ap d[_p° ıhuL$pf L$f[p¨ NTg_y¨ depÆq]$[ n°” rhı[©[ b_u ≈e R>°,
A°V$gy¨ S> _lv `Z A°_u D–æ$p¨r[_y¨ cprh Dà>hm A_° Apipı`]$ b_u ≈e R>°,
A°dp¨ khÆN∞p¸u[p A_° rhi]$[p ‚h°i° R>° S>°\u A°_u rQf¨∆h[p r_rhÆhp]$ b_u
≈e R>°. A°_u hı[ydp¨, [NTTyg D`fp¨[ kpdprS>L$, fpS>L$pfZu A_°
CrfiL$gpbu rhjep°_y¨ `Z r_fy$`Z \C iL°$ R>°. Ap fu[° A°_y¨ n°” M|b S> rhipm
b_u ≈e R>°.
A°_u hı[y_p rhje-ıhp[¨‘e_p° A\Æ A° _\u L°$ A°_° d_ıhu-qæ$X$p_y¨
n°” NZu A°dp¨ Nd° [°d ıh•f-rhlpf L$fu iL$pe. Ap ceı\p_ `f ]y$gÆn
L$fhp\u k¨crh[ R>° L°$ NTg "NTg' dV$u_° dp” ≈°X$L$œ¨ b_u ≈e. Ap hı[y
ApS>° OZp _hp°q]$[ NTgL$pfp°_u NTgp°dp¨ W°$fW$°f ≈°hp dm° R>°. kı[u ‚rkqŸ_p
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dp°lhpmp NTgL$pfp° S> NTg_° b]$_pd L$fu f¸p R>°.
NTg_y¨ n°” rhipm R>°. A° ‚–e°L$ eyN_p ^bL$pfp ∆fhu iL°$ R>°. NTg_u
Ap khÆN∞p¸u rhi]$[p Afie ‚L$pfp°dp¨ _\u. NTg A°_p gu^° S> rQf¨∆h[p_°
hfu R>°; A° ‚Nr[dp_ R>°; A°dp¨ ‚Nr[_° AhL$pi R>° A_° fl°i°. Afie L$pÏe-
‚L$pfp°dp¨ A° rhriÛV$[p _ lp°hp\u A°d_u ‚Nr[ A°L$ Mpk L$np `f S>C AV$L$u
NC R>°. A°_p L°$V$gpL$ ◊Ù$p¨[p° ≈°CA° :-
_Td_p Afie ‚L$pfp° S>°hp L°$ L$iu]$p - ‚isı[ L$pÏe A_° dfrkep -
ip°L$- ‚^p_ L$pÏe A°L$ dy]$[ ky^u ‚Nr[ L$f[p f¸p A_° ƒepf° A°d_p rhjep°dp¨
k¨`|ZÆ[p Aphu A°V$g° Mpk L$npA° `lp¢Qu A°d_u ‚Nr[ AV$L$u `X$u. A°dp¨
ApNm h^hp_u Ny¨≈i flu _lv. A°_y¨ dyøe L$pfZ A°_p° depÆq]$[ rhje l[p°.
"dı_hu' A_° "_Td'_y¨ n°” rhipm Mfy¨ `Z A°_p¨ L$X$L$ b¨^_p° S>°hp¨ L°$ rhQpf-
kp[–e, ‡gp°V$_u k¨`|ZÆ[p A_° f≈|Ap[_u rhriÙ$[p rhN°f°_p L$pfZ° A° ‚L$pf
`Z Ód]$peL$ \C `X$Èp°. A°_p ‚r[ ]y$gÆn \[y¨ f¸y¨ A_° A°_u ‚Nr[ `Z
ͨ$^pC NC.
"Í$bpC' A_° "L$–Ap'dp¨ k¨rn·[p M|b S> Ar_hpeÆ R>°. L$pÏedp¨ ≈°
k¨rn·[p_u S> ◊rÙ$ lp°e [p° S>°dp¨ Qpf `¨sº[dp¨ A°L$ rhQpf fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°
[° "L$–Ap' A_° "Í$bpC'_p L$f[p¨ h^y k¨rn· NTg_p° i°'f R>°. S>°dp¨ dp” b° S>
`¨sº[dp¨ A° rhQpf kfm[p\u fS|> L$fu iL$pe R>°. Ap L$pfZp°_° gu^° "Í$bpC'
A_° "L$–Ap'_p° ‚L$pf `Z blz Ap°R>p° M°X$pe R>° A_° L$rhAp°_p° Tp°L$ ıhpcprhL$
fu[° "NTg ' [fa S> h^y Y$m[p° f¸p° R>° A_° fl°i°.
NTg gMhu OZu kl°gu gpN° R>° `f¨[y A° Oœ¨ dyÌL°$g L$peÆ `Z R>°. ]$f°L$
_hp°q]$[ ipef `p°[p_u ipefu_p° Apf¨c NTg\u S> L$f° R>° - A\pØ[, ipefu_p
ıhp›epe dpV°$ `Z NTg_y¨ ıhÍ$` Oœ¨ S> A_yL|$m \C `X°$ R>°. ipef `p°[p_p
il}f_u ‚Nr[ kp\° Afie L$pÏe ‚L$pfp° `Z M°X$hp d\° R>° `Z A¨[° [p° afu afu_°
NTg [fa S> Aph° R>°. ipef_u ipefu_p° ‚pf¨c NTg\u S> \pe R>° [°d A°_p°
A¨r[d L$pÏe-‚L$pf `Z NTg S> fl° R>°. A° `f\u kprb[ \pe R>° L°$ NTg_y¨
n°” ∆h__p n°”_u S>°d AdepÆq]$[ R>°. A° S>°d _hp°q]$[ ipefp° dpV°$ q]$dpN_u
‚Nr[_y¨ kp^_ R>° [°d hep°h©Ÿ A_ychiug A_° `qf`L$h q]$dpN_u ApMfu
d¨rTg `Z R>°, ƒep¨ [° `p°[p_u L$gp_u k¨`|ZÆ Qpfy[p A_° D√Q[p ]$pMhu `p°[p_u
dl—p ‚NV$ L$f° R>°.
4 kpdpfie fu[° rhQpfuiy¨ [p° S>Zpi° L°$ NTg_p i°'f gMhp A° L¨$C
dlpcpf[ L$peÆ _\u. `f¨[y NTg gMhp dpV°$ ‚–e°L$ ipef_p° ıhcph kp_yL|$m
lp°[p° _\u. A° dpV°$ [p° ıhe¨c| isº[_u AphÌeL$[p fl° R>°.
NTg° `p°[p_p n°”dp¨ [kÏhya csº[ep°N_° ı\p_ Ap‡ey¨; qagkyau_°
A`_phu, rhop_ [\p fpS>L$pfZ_p° ıhuL$pf L$ep£, fp°dpfik kp\° CfiL$gpb_°
`Z Aphfu gu^p°, A_° k˘]$euAp°_u cph_p ‚r[tbrb[ L$fu A°V$gy¨ S> _lv
`Z tQ[L$p°_p rhQpfp°_u `Z hplL$ b_u. A° S>°d Ap¨[f-cphp°_° Ïeº[ L$fu
iL°$ R>° [°d bp¸ OV$_pAp°_u fS>|Ap[ `Z L$fu iL°$ R>°; A°dp¨ ˘]$e_y¨ ‚r[tbb
`Z R>° A_° q]$dpN_y¨ rQ”Z `Z. Ap A°_p n°”_u rhipm[p R>°. A°_u
khÆN∞p¸u[p A° hp[_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R>° L°$ NTg L$p°C`Z L$pm° dfu _\u iL$[u.
Agb— AdyL$ kde° A°_y¨ ıhpı’e ≈°Mdpe R>°, A° dp¨]$u `X$° R>° `Z d©–eyhi
\[u _\u. A° gQu `X°$ R>°, `Z [|V$u S>[u _\u; A° hl°Z b]$g° R>° `Z \¨cu
S>[u _\u.‚Nr[ L$fhp_° A° isº[dp_ R>°, A°_pdp¨ ip•eÆ R>°, ≈°d R>°; D–æ$p¨r[_u
ıhpcprhL$[p R>°. A° ∆h__p ‚–e°L$ rhje_° A`_phu iL°$ R>°; A° rhje_°
A`_phhp_u A°_u ApNhu L$gp R>°. L$gp_p° A\Æ Alv R>¨]$-ip˜ OV$phhp_p°
_\u. Alv L$gp A°V$g° A°_u rhriÙ$ bp_u. A°_u `pk° `p°[p_u Mpk `qfcpjp
R>°, `p°[p_u Mpk fur[ R>°, `p°[p_p° Mpk ◊qÙ$L$p°Z R>°.
NTg_° rQf¨∆h b_phhp dpV°$ NTg-fur[ AphÌeL$ R>°. L$p°dm L$p°dm
iÂ]$p°, ky¨]$f hpºe-‚ep°Np°, _d∞ A_° d^yf hpZu; kfm[p A_° ıhpcprhL$[p:
∆h__p ‚–e°L$ n°”_° gpNy `X$u iL°$ A°hp cph‚r[L$p° A_° k¨L°$[p° rhN°f° A°
fur[_p Ap^pf-ı[¨cp° R>°. A° ‹pfp Nd° [°hu flıede hp[ lp°e `Z kp¨L°$r[L$
cpjpdp¨, ı`Ù$ _\u L$l°[u R>[p¨ ı`Ù$ L$lu ≈e R>°. Afie L$pÏe-‚L$pfp°\u NTg
`p°[p_u Ap fur[_° L$pfZ° ApNm [fu Aph° R>°. A°_u cpjpdp¨ kfm[p lp°e R>°,
`Z ApX$¨bf _\u lp°[p°; ifpf[ lp°e R>°, `Z D√R>¨Mg[p _\u lp°[u; sıd[
lp°e R>°, `Z AÀ$lpıe _\u lp°[y¨; L$V$pn lp°e R>°, `Z AÔgug[p _\u lp°[u;
Qu–L$pf lp°e R>°, `Z Qukp° _\u lp°[u. bp°^ A°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ lp°e R>°, ‚–endp¨
_lv. NTg_u cpjp d^yf A_° kfm lp°hu ≈°CA°. "duf' A° dpV°$ S> rifp°dZu
NZpep. "Nprgb' S>°hpA° A°_y¨ A_yL$fZ L$fhp_y¨ A_ydp°]$_ Ap‡ey¨. d[gb L°$
NTg_p i°'fdp¨ N°e[p lp°e, d©]y$[p lp°e, ‚hplu[p lp°e, gQL$ lp°e, kp¶]$eÆ
lp°e, k¨rn·[p lp°e, kfm[p [°dS> ıhpcprhL$[p lp°e. Ap [“hp° NTg_p
‚pZ kdp R>°. hmu NTgdp¨ [° S> hp[ L$lu iL$pe S>° A°_u k¨ıL$pqf[p_° A_yfy$`
lp°e. NpdW$u, L$LÆ$i A_° A\ÆO_ iÂ]$p° [°dS> Í$Y$u ‚ep°Np°, N|¨QhZceyØ L$\_
9 10
rhN°f° bpb[p° NTg_p° ıhcph kp¨Mu iL°$ [°d _\u.
NTg Nd° [° rhje_° AphL$pf° R>°; `f¨[y A°_u Mpk fur[dp¨ Ïeº[ \hp°
≈°CA°. _lv[f [° i°'f [p° b_° R>° `Z NTg_p° _lv.
A° dpV°$ A\pN Ód_u S>Í$f R>°. ‚\d NTgfur[_° `Qphp°. `R>u A°dp¨
rhQpfp° Ïeº[ L$fp°.
kfm[p NTg_¨y kp¶]$eÆ `Z R>° A_° Apc|jZ `Z. D]|Æ$dp¨ A° `]$-
gprg–e_p OZp ‚ep°Np° \ep R>°, S>° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Í$` R>°. L$rh "]$]Æ$'_u [kÏhyahpmu
NTgp° L$f[p¨ A°_u kp]$u NTgp° h^y gp°L$r‚e b_u. "Cfikp¨'_u D√R©>¨Mg[p
L$f[p¨ A°_u kl≈°sº[ h^y Ap]$f `pdu. "Nprgb'_u N|¨QhZcfu [LÆ$‚^p_
NTgp° L$f[p¨ kfm[p cfu A°d_u NTgp° ApS>° `Z gp°L$p°_° L¨$W$ı\ R>°. A°_y¨
A°L$dp” L$pfZ kfm[p R>°.
Ap`Zp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh `Z L$lu Nep R>° L°$ :-
kp]$u L$X$u kp]$u cpjp, kp]$u hp[ rhh°L$,
kp]$pdp¨ kyM k]$pe R>° L$l° L$rhS>_ A°L$.
(2) NTg_y¨ ıhÍ$`
NTg_° NTg, A°_p¨ hı[y_° gC _lv `Z A°_p¨ rhriÙ$ ıhÍ$`_° gC_°
S> L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. NTg gMhp dpV°$, NTg kdS>hp dpV°$, A°_p ıhÍ$`_°
kdS>hy¨ AphÌeL$ R>°. A°_° kdƒep rh_p NTg_p iA°f A_° L$rh[p_p iA°fdp¨
c°]$ L$fu iLpe _lv. S>°d ‚–e°L$ hı[y_p b° `pkp¨ lp°e R>°: A°L$ A°_y¨ bp¸ A_°
bu≈y¨ Ap¨[qfL$ `yı[L$_y¨ D]$plfZ gCA°. A°_y¨ Ap¨[qfL$ `pky¨ A°V$g° `yı[L$_y¨
hı[y, bp¸ ıhÍ$` A°V$g° `yı[L$_p° bp¸ ]°$Mph [°_y¨ dyM`©õ$, dy÷Z, bpCX$vN
hN°f°. ApS> ‚dpZ° NTg_p¨ `Z b° ıhÍ$` R>°. A°L$ [p° A°_y¨ A¨[: ıhÍ$` S>°dp¨
rhQpf, [LÆ$, ErdÆ, L°$ cph kp¶]$eÆ_u A_yc|r[ Ïeº[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ƒepf°
NTg_p bp¸ ıhÍ$`dp¨ A°_u b°lf-R>¨]$, `∞pkp_y‚pk, `¨sº[Ap°_p° A_yæ$d
i•gu rhN°f° L°$ S>°_p\u A°_y¨ kp¶]$eÆ r_qdÆ[ \pe R>°. NTg_y¨ A¨[:ıhÍ$` A°V$g°
A°dp¨ iy¨ L$l°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°, A_° bp¸ ıhÍ$` A°V$g° iu fu[° L$l°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°
- A\pÆ[ NTg_y¨ hı[y A° A°_y¨ A¨[:ıhÍ$` A_° A°_u fQ_p A° A°_y¨ bp¸
ıhÍ$` L$l°hpe.
NTg_u fQ_pdp¨ NTg_p bp¸ ıhÍ$`dp¨ _uQ°_u bpb[p° dl“h_u
5 g°Mpe.
 (1) d–gp°-NTg_p° ‚\d iA°f L°$ S>°_u b°D `¨sº[Ap° ‚pkp_y‚pk
bŸ lp°e R>°, S>°_° d–gp° L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. d–gp `R>u NTgdp¨ iA°fp° Aph°
R>°. iA°f A_° d–gpdp¨ [aph[ R>° L°$ d–gp_u b°D `¨sº[ ‚pkp_y`∞pkbŸ lp°e
R>°. iA°fp°_u k¨øep r_rÚ[ _\u, Nd° [°V$gp gMu iL$pe. NTg_p° A¨r[d
iA°f L°$ S>°dp¨ ipCf_p° [Mâ|k lp°e R>°; "dº[p°' L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(2) NTg_p° ‚–e°L$ iA°f A°L$ k¨rn· L$rh[pÍ$` lp°e R>°. A°_u b°D
`¨sº[Ap° kp\Æ lp°e R>°. iA°fp°dp¨ rhje_u ◊rÙ$A° kp[–e lp°[y¨ _\u.
(3) NTg, Afbu t`Nm_u bl°fdp S>°_u k¨øep 700 S>°V$gu R>°,
[°dp¨_u A°L$p]$ b°lfdp¨ gMpe°gu lp°hu ≈°CA°. L°$V$gpL$p° dp_° R>° [°d NTg L$p°C
A°L$p]$ R>¨]$ ‚L$pf _\u.
NTg_p° Í$Y$ A\Æ ˜uAp° kp\° hp[Qu[ L$fhu A°d \pe. CÌL$ A_°
ApriL$u_p¨ N|Y$ flıep°_y¨ NTgdp¨ Apg°M_ \pe R>°, A°_° [NTTyg L$l°hpdp¨
Aph° R>°. [NTTyg A°V$g° ‚Ze r”L$p°Z-ApriL$, dpi|L$ A_° lfua A°V$gu A°
r”L$p°Z_u kyf°MpAp°. L$pmæ$d° NTg_p° A\Æ b]$gpep°, S>° ipCfu L°$hm CrÌL$ep
ipA°fu_p dp›ed [fuL°$ h`fp[u A°dp¨ Apd|g `qfh[Æ_ \ey¨. A°dp¨ qaÎkyau
Ap›eps–dL$[p, fpS>L$pfZ, kpdp∆L$, Qpqf‘e A_° bu≈ A_°L$ rhjep°
`∞h°Ìep. NTg_ÿ n°” ApS>° A°V$gÿ rhipm R>° S>°V$gÿ ∆h__ÿ. S>° [NTTyg NTg_p°
‚pZ- g°Mp[p ApS>° A°dp¨ `qfh[Æ_ \ey¨. ApS>° A°hp ipCf_° A°L$dpNw A_°
A_° A°L$ S> rhje_p° Nygpd g°Mhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ApS>_p k≈N rhh°QL$ hNÆ_°
_ep£ i©¨Npf fyQ[p° _\u. S>°d kprl–e A° kdpS> ∆h__y¨ ]$`ÆZ R>°. [°d NTg_°
`Z ApC_A°lep[-∆h__y¨ ]$`ÆZ g°Mhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
NTg_p A¨[:ıhÍ$` k¨b¨^u, NTg_p f¨N k¨b¨^u Oœ¨ Oœ¨ gMu iL$pe.
`©õ$p°_u depÆ]$p_° gC A° rhj° A”° [p° dp” A°V$gy¨ S> L$lz¨ Ry>¨ L°$, _hu NTgp°dp¨
Arc_h[p_p° A¨i lp°hp ≈°CA°. rhQpfdp¨, rhQpf_u ArcÏesº[dp¨,
k¨h°]$_dp¨, kp¶]$eÆ_u A_yc|r[dp¨ ipCf_y¨ Afiep°\u Sy>]¨$y S> Ïesº[–h [fu Aphhy¨
≈°CA°, _lu[f A° Qugp Qpgy Ak¨øe ipCfp°_p V$p°mpdp¨ ≈° A° li° [p° `R>u
A°_° L$p°Z `|R>hp_y¨? lh° [p° S>_[p ∆h__p ‚–e°L$ n°”° Arc_h[p dp¨N° R>°;
_lv L°$ dp” `X$Op S>.
A°L$ S>dp_p° A°hp° l[p° ƒepf° gM_p• ıL|$g_p ipCfp° ArcÏesº[_°
‚^p_[p Ap`[p ƒepf° >q]$Îlu ıL$|g_p ipCfp° Ïeºπ[Ïe_°. ApS>_p° k≈NhNÆ
Ïeºπ[Ïe A_° ArcÏesº[_p kycN kdfihe_° dl“h Ap`° R>°.
11
NTg_p° iA°f
iA°f_p° iÂ]$p\Æ iEf D`f\u ≈Zhy¨ A°d \pe. ≈° Ap d[_p° ıhuL$pf
L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° NTgdp¨ Nd° [°hp° kp^pfZ rhQpf `Z ‚]$riÆ[ \C iL°$.
ƒepf° ‚Nr[iug ipCfp° iA°f_p° A\Æ [øguL$ - _hy¨ kS>Æ_ OV$ph° R>°. Ap
◊rÙ$A° ipA°fu L°$V$gu rhL$V$ R>° A°_u L$Î`_p [p° [° S> L$fu iL°$ R>° L°$ S>°Ap° L¨$CL$
ApNhy¨ ‚]$p_ L$f° R>°. Ap S> bpb[ L°$ S>°_° "bp¨L$`_' L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°, NTg_p°
‚pZ R>°. S>°Ap°dp¨ L¨$CL$ ApNhy¨ ‚]$p_ L$fhp_u isº[ _\u [°Ap° V$p°mp¨hp]$_°
dp__pfp R>°. V$p°mpdp¨ [p° Ak¨øe ipCfp° lp°e R>°. A°dp¨ S>° cm° [°_u NZ_p
ºep¨\u \pe? Qpgy Qugp\u ]|$f flu_° ApNhy¨ ‚]$p_ L$f_pfp [p° A°L$p]$ hufg
Ap–dp S> S>fid°.
iA°f_p b°D rdf”p A\Æ_u ◊rÙ$A° A°L$ bu≈_p `|fL$ lp°e R>°. A°V$gy¨ S>
_lv `Z iA°f_p° bu≈° rdf”p° `l°gp rdf”p_u `¨sº[_u "[iful' (rhhfZ)
L°$ "[dkug'(◊Ù$p¨[) L°$ "[p'gug' (L$peÆL$pfZ)_u f≈|Ap[ L$f[p° lp°e R>°.
iA°f_p b°D rdf”p (`¨sº[Ap°) dmu_° A°L$S> rhQpf k¨`|ZÆ`Z° Ïeº[ L$f°
A_° [° A\Æeyº[ lp°e, A°_p¨ D]$plfZ -
l¨Npdp A°L$ rge° ib° azfL$[ cu Ap NC
Ap rdf”pdp¨ rhfl fpr”_p ApNd__p° Dâ°M R>°. "ATuT' gM_huA°
bu≈ rdf”pdp¨ A°_u [iful-rhhfZ Ap ‚dpZ° L$eyØ R>°.
"gp°, Ap NC "ATuT' ºepd[ cu Ap NC'
Ap ‚dpZ° `|fp° \e°gp° iA°f rhflfp”u_p rQ”_° k¨`|ZÆ fu[° _S>f kdn
f≈| L$f° R>°. b°D rdf”pAp°_y¨ `W$_ L$f[p¨ S>Zpi° L°$ hpı[hdp¨ A\Æ_u ◊rÙ$A°
iA°f k¨`|ZÆ R>°. A°L$ rdf”pdp¨ (`¨sº[dp¨) hZÆ_ A_° bu≈ rdf”pdp¨ [°_y¨
rhhfZ L$fu rhflfp”u_y¨ rQ” MXy¨$ L$eyØ R>°. rhflfp”u iy¨ Aphu, ≈Z° ºepd[
Aphu NC.
lh° "[dkug-◊Ù$p¨[_y¨ D]$plfZ ≈yAp°,-
_ hp° lzÌ_d¢ flu ip°rMep¨ _ hp° CÌL$d¢ flu NrdÆep¨
D`fp°º[ rdf”pdp¨ Aâpdp¨ CL$bpg L$l° R>° L°$ lh° Í$`dp¨ S>°hp¨ ≈°CA°
[°hp¨ ApL$jÆZ A_° ‚°ddp¨ ≈°CA° [°hp° Aph°N f¸p° _\u. Ap `¨sº[ hp¨√ep `R>u
d_dp¨ ‚Ò D]π$ch° R>° L°$ L°$hp° Aph°N?
iA°f_p° bu≈° rdf”p° A°_u ‚[ur[ Ap`° R>° :-
6 "_, hp° NT_hud¢ [m` flu, _, hp° Md le TyÎa°AepTd°'
12
 iA°f_p `l°gp rdf”pdp¨ S>° bpb[_p° r_]£$i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°, bu≈
rdf”pdp¨ A°_p¨ ◊Ù$p¨[ Ap`u `p°[p_p ]$php_p kd\Æ_dp¨ ]$gugp° f≈| L$fu iA°f_°
A\Æ`|ZÆ b_pÏep° R>°.
lh° "[p'gug'-L$peÆL$pfZ_y¨ D]$plfZ hp¨Qp° -
"fl°Nu S>¨N [°f° deL$ip°d¢ Ae hpCT'
Aâpdp¨ "iauL$' ≈°_`yfu kpL$u_° k¨bp°^u_° L$l° R>° L°$ [pfp deL$ip°
`u_pfpAp°dp¨ OjÆZ \[y¨ fl°i°. A°_y¨ L$pfZ Ap`[p¨ L$l° R>°:
L°$, [y_° bp¨V$ q]$e° b° Dk|g `edp_°'
L$pfZ L°$ [¢ r_edp°_° rhkpf° `pX$u `edp_p hl¢Qu Ap‡ep R>° . ‚\d
`¨sº[dp¨ A°L$ dyÿp° fS|> L$fu bu∆ `¨sº[dp¨ [°_y¨ L$peÆL$pfZ Ap`u iA°f_° A\Æ`|ZÆ
L$ep£ R>°. S>° iA°f_p rdf”pAp°dp¨ D`fp°º[ M|bu lp°[u _\u [° iA°f A\Æ_u
◊rÙ$A° Mpdu cf°gp° g°Mpe. S>°_° dp” ≈°X$L$œ¨ L$lu iL$pe.
NTg_p° d–gp°-A_° dº[p°
NTg_p ‚\d iA°f_° d–gp° L°$lhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. d–gp_u b°D `¨sº[Ap°
‚pkp_y‚pkbŸ lp°e R>°. D]|Æ$ kprl–edp¨ L$p°C d–gp_u ‚i¨kp L$f° [p° [° L$l°i°,
"d–g°A° Apa[pb le' A\pÆ[ NTg_y¨ Apq]$ QfZ d–gp°, _cd¨X$mdp¨ k|eÆ
kdp_ R>°. kpfp¨i L°$ "d–gp'_° ApL$pi_p Í$`L$\u k¨bp°^pe R>°. ApL$pi A°
k|eÆ_y¨ DNd ı\p_ R>°. A_° "dº[p°' (NTg_y¨ A¨[QfZ) k|epÆı[_y¨ ı\p_ R>°.
d–gp\u NTg_p° Apf¨c \pe R>°. "dº[p' `f A°_p° A¨[ Aph° R>°! A°L$ kpfp°
NTgL$pf NTg_p° "d–gp°' Apg°Mhpdp¨ `p°[p_u [dpd ‚L$pf_u Ly$im[p ]$pMh°
R>° A_° A° `R>u rhrh^ iA°fp° gMu A¨[QfZdp¨- dº[pdp¨ `p°[p_u L$mp_u
k¨`|ZÆ Qpfy[p ]$pMhu rhfd° R>°. ≈Z° NTgL$pf e\p isº[ k¨h°]$_p°, ErdÆep°,
[LÆ$ rh[L$p£ A_° A_yc|r[ Ïeº[ L$epÆ_p° k¨[p°j dp_u L©$r[_° `|ZÆ L$f° R>°. Óp°[phNÆ
kdS>° R>° L°$ NTgL$pf_° Ad|L$ R>¨]$dp¨ ‚pkp_y‚pk_p b¨^_p°dp¨ flu_° S>° L$¨C L$l°hp_y¨
l[y¨ [° L$lu Q|ºep° R>°. "dº[p°' A° hp[_u ≈l°fp[ L$f° R>° L°$ lh° NTg `|fu \C R>°.
"dº[p'dp¨ ipCf_p° [MÎg|k (D`_pd) Aph° R>°. [MÎg|k rh_p
"dº[p°' dº[p° _ L$l°hpe. ipCf NTgdp¨ `p°[p_p° [MÎg|k gphu `p°[p_p°
dpguL$u`Zp_p° lL$ rkŸ L$f° R>° L°$, Ap L$pÎ`r_L$ DÕ$e_, Ap dp_rkL$Ód A_°
[LÆ$`qfÓd_p° L°$hm lz¨ S> dprgL$ Ry>¨. ‚pQu_ L$rhAp° `Z `p°[p_u L$©r[Ap°dp¨
`p°[p_p° [MÎg|k Apg°M[p ApÏep R>°. dº[pdp¨ L$rh `p°[p_u ApNhu rhriÙ$[p
L°$ `p°[p_p ıhcph_u _bmpC_p° r_]£$i L$f° R>°. "dº[p°' Qd–L$pqfL$ [° S> g°Mpe
13
L°$ S>°dp¨ [MÎg|k_p° A\Æ `Z iA°f_p A\Ædp¨ cmu ≈e. A°_y¨ ◊Ù$p¨[ ≈yAp° :
Dd∞ kpfu [p° L$V$u CÌL°$ by[p¨d° "dp°rd_'
ApMfu hº[d¢ ºep MpL$ dykgdp¨ lp¢N°'
Alv "dp°rd_' [MÎg|k iA°f_p A\Æ_p A°L$ A¨i [fuL°$ cmu Nep°
R>°.
NTg_p° iA°f, A°_p ‚[uL$p° A_° A°_u `f¨`fp_° gC k|QL$ lp°e R>°.
Nu[p A_° fpdpeZ D—d kprl–e R>° L$pfZ L°$ b°D_p [p–`eÆ A¨N° d[c°]$ R>°.
S>° kprl–edp¨ [p–`eÆ A¨N° d[c°]$ lp°e [° D—d kprl–e g°Mpe. S>° kprl–edp¨
[p–`eÆ A°L$_° A°L$ b° S>°hy¨ lp°e, Qp°Ω$k Qu¨^u iL$pe, A°dp¨ kprl–e isº[
Ap°R>u. "rh_p°bp'_y¨ L$\_ R>° L°$ ]°$hp°_° `fp°nhpZu Nd° R>°, ‚–enhpZu (ku^u
hp[) _\u Nd[u. ‚–en bp°^dp¨ L¨$CL$ M|¨Q° [°hy¨ lp°e R>°.
ep° N ufpS> Afth]$ Op° j kdı[ h• q ]$L$ kprl–e_° A° L $ b© l ]$
Afiep°sº[rh^p_ dp_° R>°. A°d_p rhQpfp°_ykpf h°]$_u cpjp_° A°hp iÂ]$p° A_°
Ag¨L$pfp°dp¨ Aph©— L$fu R>° L°$ S>° A°L$ kp\° rhriÙ$ gp°L$p° dpV°$ Ap¤s–dL$ A\Æ
A_° kpdpfie `y≈qfAp° dpV°$ ı\|m A\Æ ‚NV$ L$f° R>° hmu Ap›eps–dL$ A_yc|r[_°
Ïeº[ L$fhp dpV°$ L$pÏedp¨ Adpfu `pk° ]$pÁ`–e-‚Ze_u kdL$n gp•qL$L$ kfk
‚[uL$ Afie L$p°C \C iL$[y¨ _\u.
NTgdp¨ `Z ApS> qkŸp¨[p°_y¨ A_ykfZ \pe R>°. S>° L¨$C L$lp°, ku^y¨ _
L$l°[p¨ ‚[uL$ ‹pfp L$lp°, A°S> NTg_p° d|m d¨” R>°. NTgdp¨ "kpL$u'_y¨ ‚[uL$
Aph° R>°. A°_p ‚k¨N hZÆ_ ‚dpZ° A°_p A\Æ OV$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ºep¨L$ kpnp[
My]$p [fuL°$, ºep¨e ^dÆNyfy$ [fuL°$, ºep¨L$ dpi|L$ [fuL°$ [p° ºep¨L$ kfL$pf [fuL°$
NTg_p iA°fdp¨ Aph° R>°. NTg_p A_°L$ ‚pZÍ$` ‚[uL$p° R>° ≈° A° kdS>hpdp¨
Aph° [p° NTg_p° kpQp° fkpıhp]$ dpZu iL$pe. NTg_p bp¸ ıhÍ$` rhj° lpg
ApV$gy¨ S> L$lu hufdy¨ Ry>¨.
*
7
14
 NTg rhj°
- X$pµ. fiu]$ duf
NTg_u A_y_°e[p
cpf[dp¨ 300 hjÆ ky^u kpd¨[ iplu L$Î`_piug[p_p° Ap°R>pep° b_u_° rhL$k°gu
NTg ApS>° kam[p`|hÆL$ 20du k]$u_u kÊe[p A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$ rhi°jp°_° `p°[p_u
ApNhu Ïe¨S>L$[p A_° k¨L°$[p° ‹pfp Ïeº[ L$fu flu R>°. [°_y¨ ıÍ$` S> A°hy¨ A_y_°e R>° L°$
`p°[p_p _•krNÆL$ rd≈S> A_° `qf`pV$u_° L$ped fpMu_° ‚–e°L$ eyN_p `qfbmp°dp¨
kl°gpC\u Y$mu ≈e R>°. eyNu_ dplp°g kp\° []π$Í$` \C_° ArcÏesº[_p _hp-_hp
Dfid°jp° ‚NV$ph° R>°.
Ap`Z° NTg_p bp¸ ApL$pf A_° b¨^pfZ apfku L$rh[p ‹pfp d°mÏep.
[]π$D`fp¨[, A\Æ, rhje, L$Î`_, ‚[uL$, k¨L°$[ Apq]$\u rhc|rj[ rhipm k©rÙ$ `Z
hpfkpdp¨ d°mhu. Ap¨[f-bp¸ ıhÍ$`° NTg_u `qf`|ZÆ l°rke[ Ap`Z° ‚p· L$fu.
Ap bfl° OV$L$p° Ap`Zp M`dp¨ ApÏep. V|¨$L$dp¨ rhL$rk[ A_° `fpL$põ$pA° `lp¢Q°gu
NTg_p O°O|f h©n_p fp°`p° cpf[dp¨ gNpX$hpdp¨ ApÏep°.
Cfp_\u Apep[ \e°g NTg_ÿ ıhÍ$` ∆h¨[ A_° ∆h__u iºe[pAp°\u cf`|f
l[y¨. Ap`Z° [°_° e\ph[π fpøey¨, D`fp¨[ Ap`Zu L$pÏefyrQ A_° kp¶]$epÆ_yc|r[ kp\°
A°L$pL$pf L$fu gu^y¨. `f¨`fp_u kp\° kp\° r_∆ A_yc|r[Ap°, L$Î`_p A_° A_ychp°_°
NTgdp¨ Ïeº[ L$epØ. [°dp¨ _hu Ny¨S>, KX$pZ A_° _phufie `°]$p L$epÆ. [°_° _hp° ge
Ap‡ep°, [°dp¨ _hp f¨Np° `|epØ, [°_° _hp _hp D`L$fZp°\u iZNpfu. k¨n°`dp¨, A°L$
`f¨`qf[ A_° ‚pQu_ ıhÍ$`_° Ap`Z° dl]¨$i° Ap`Zp hp[phfZ, `qfsı\r[,
bp•qŸL$[p A_° rd≈S>_u ‚hº[p b_phu. Apd NTg gNcN 300 hjÆ\u cpf[ue
L$pÏe_u Nr[qhr^_p k¨Qpf_y¨ L°$fi÷ b_u flu R>°. Ap`Zp tQ[_, fy$rQ, L$gp, kp¶]$eÆ,
bp•qŸL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A`°npAp°_° [° ky`°f° k¨[p°ju flu R>°.
h•esº[L$ A_° kpd|rlL$Í$`° ‚–e°L$ eyN_p gp°L$p° A°dp¨ fk g°[p f¸p¨ R>°. rh`fu[
k¨≈°Np°dp¨ `Z NTg_u gp°L$r‚e[p A_° fyrQ Ap°f h›ep R>°. A°_y¨ L$pfZ A° R>° L°$ NTg
‹pfp gp°L$p°_° dp_qkL$ A_° cph_pN[ kyM dm[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. NTg° A°L$ nZ dpV°$ `Z
`p°[p_° kde\u rhgN _\u L$fu. [° l¨d°ip¨ ∆h__u Nr[ kp\° Ap°[‚p°[ flu R>°. [°Z°
∆h__p L$p°C n°”_u D`°np L$fu _\u. [°Z° eyN Q°[_p_° `p°[p_u i•gudp¨ Y$pmu, [°d
R>[p¨ `p°[p_u kp¨L°$r[L$[p_° R>p°X$u _\u. [°\u S> Afie L$pÏeıhÍ$`p°_u [yg_pdp¨ NTg
gp°L$r‚e flu. dı_hu L°$ L$\pAp°dp¨ ‚ep°Np° \[p f¸p¨, `f¨`fp Qpgy flu, `f¨[y [°
gp°L$p°_p ˘]$e_° dp°lu iºep _lv. Ap ‚ep°Np°A° ºepf°L$ ºepf°L$ AdyL$ gp°L$p°_y¨ ›ep_
NTg [fa\u lV$phu ]$u^ÿ Mfÿ, `f¨[y A° TpTy V$ºey¨ _lv. [°_p° ‚cph NTg_° `©õ$c|rddp¨
15
_pMu iºep° _lv. NTg_p° ‚L$pf 1000 hjÆ_u `f¨`fp apfkudp¨, 500 hjÆ_u D]|Æ$dp¨
A_° gNcN 100 hjÆ_u NyS>fp[udp¨ fpM° R>°. A°\u rhi°j A°_p Ası[–h A_°
gp°L$r‚e[p_u L$C kpl°]$u lp°C iL°$? Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏe ‚L$pfp° [p°
L$pm_p ‚hpldp¨ gy· \C Nep.
kp¨‚[ kdıepAp°_° L$pÏeÍ$` Ap`hp dpV°$ NTg D`eyº[ dp›ed R>°.
Agb—, D]|Æ$_p rhh°QL$ ‚p°. L$gud Al°d]$_u S>°hp_u ◊rÙ$A° NTg A°L$ _ud-hliu-
A^ÆbbÆf L$pÏeÍ$` R>°. \p°X$p¨ hjp£ `|h£ L°$V$gp¨L$ ‚Nr[iug kprl–eL$pfp°A° `Z [°_° gy·
\[p S>[p kpd¨[u kdpS>_y¨ A¨N A_° L°$hm Ap–dgrn[p_p° Qd–L$pf L$lu [°_p
Dfid|g__u dp¨NZu L$fu l[u. gNcN Ap S> ‚L$pf_u A°L$ dpN frie_ æ$p¨r[ `|h£
L°$V$gpL$ æ$p¨r[L$pfu eyhL$p°A° L$fu l[u. [°Ap° A[u[_u kdı[ kpfu-_fku `f¨`fpAp°_°
Í$qY$ A_° kpd¨[iplu_p° A¢W$hpX$ NZphu [°_° _pb|]$ L$fhp [–`f b_u Nep l[p. Ap
k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$p°C k•Ÿp¨r[L$ eysº[ ıhuL$pfhp `Z [•epf _ l[p. Ap æ$p¨r[ kp\° k`pV$u
`f_p° k¨b¨^ fpM_pfp cpf[ue g°ML$p° `Z NTg ‚–e° `p°[p_p° fp°j ‚NV$ L$f[u h°mp
A° [pr“hL$ rkŸp¨[_° c|gu Nep L°$ ‚–e°L$ _hu_ `]$p\Æ `p°[p_p `|hÆ `]$p\Æ_u R>pep
gC_° S>fid° R>°. L$iy¨ i|fiedp¨ ApNm h^u iL$[y¨ _\u.
NTg D]$|Æ L$rh[p_p° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf lp°hp\u [°_° `p°[p_u L°$V$guL$ `f¨`fpAp°
R>°, [° kpd¨[L$pgu_ _u`S> R>°, `f¨[y [°_p° A\Æ A°hp° _\u L°$ NTg_u `f¨`fpAp°dp¨ L$p°C
`qfh[Æ_ \ey¨ _\u L°$ \C iL$[y¨ _\u. rh, kdpS> A_° dp_h∆h__u ‚–e°L$ hı[y_u
S>°d NTg_u `f¨`fpdp¨ `Z bfpbf `qfh[Æ_ \[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°, [°_u Ap`Z_° NTg_p
æ$rdL$ rhL$pk A›ee_\u ‚[ur[ \i°. Oœ¨ b^y¨ L$pm_p ‚hpldp¨ NmpC-QmpC ≈e
R>°. S>°V$gy¨ kpfy¨ A_° kpQy¨ lp°e R>° [°V$g¨y V$L°$ R>°.
*
8
16
 S>[ gMhp_y¨ L°$...
lpg bp°ÎV$_ (ey. L°$.) sı\[ dpfp NTgL$pf rd” Óu A]$d V¨$L$pfhu_u
NTg_p° A°L$ i°f ep]$ Aph° R>° :
"]|$f\u gp¡ey¨ L°$ A°_° NTg_y¨ O°gy¨ R>°,
_∆L$ S>C A_° ≈°ey¨ [p° k[ QX°$gy¨ R>°!'
S>°d_° dp” NTg_y¨ O°gy¨ S> _\u gp¡ey¨ `Z k[ QX°$gy¨ R>° A°hp _hp°q]$[
NTgL$pfp°_° Ap `ysı[L$p A`ÆZ L$fu S>[ gMhp_y¨ L°$ kp•_° L$p°C `Z bpb[dp¨
`p°[p_u dpfie[pAp° bp¨^hp_p° Abpr^[ Ar^L$pf R>°. A°hp L$p°C d[-c°]$_p
L$pfZ° L$p°C rh‹à>_ Ap `ysı[L$pdp¨ f≈| L$f°gp dpfp Arc‚pep° kp\° k¨d[ \pe
_lu' A° b_hp ≈°N R>°, `Z D]|Æ$ iÂ]$p°_p h`fpi_p° ]y$fpN∞l fpøep hNf,
_hp°q]$[p° kfm[p\u R>¨]$b¨Ÿ NTg gMhp_u q]$ip [fa ApNm h^u iL°$ A°
dp” iyc Apie\u Ap `ysı[L$p [•epf L$fhp_p° k¨L$Î` L$ep£ R>°.
lpg_p kdedp¨ NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜_p L°$V$gpL$ `yı[L$p° D`gÂ^ R>° [°
_hp°q]$[p°_° kdS>hp A°V$gp [p° L$qW$_ R>° L°$ [°_p° AÊepk L$fhp R>[pe _hp°q]$[p°_°
kdS>hpdp¨ dyÌL°$gu `X°$. Ap D`fp¨[ R>¨]$p° kfm[p\u iuMu iL$pe [° dpV°$_p
L°$V$gpL$ ÏehlpÍ$ k|Q_p° f°Mp¨qL$[ L$fu_° L$fhp ≈°CA° [°hu fu[° \ep S>Zp[p _\u.
Aphp k¨≈°Np°dp¨ L°$V$gpL$ rd”p°_p ApN∞lhi, dpfu ‚°qºV$L$g kdS>Z_p Ap^pf°,
kfm cpjpdp¨ NTgip˜_u dprl[u Ap`hp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$ep£ R>°.
ApS>L$pg NTg L$pÏe ‚L$pf A°V$gp° b^p° gp°L$r‚e \C Nep° R>° L°$ L$p°C
`Z _hp°q]$[ L$rh A°_u L$rh[p gMhp_u iÍ$Ap[ NTg\u L$f° R>° A°d L$l°iy¨ [p°
Ar[iep°sº[ _lv gpN°. ≈° L°$ kpfu A_° kpQu NTg gMhu A° Oœ¨ AOͨ$ R>°.
(Ak¨ch _\u) NTg_u i•guN[ kfm[p, kQp°V$[p A_° L$pqaep-f]$ua_u
k¨fQ_p_° L$pfZ° Afie L$pÏe ‚L$pfp° L$f[p NTg hp¨Q[p L°$ kp¨cm[p¨ kfm[p\u
kd∆ iL$pe R>° A°V$g° L$rh[pdp¨ NTg ‚L$pf_° kfm A_° kl°gp° kd∆_° _hL$rh
NTg gMhp [fa ApL$jpÆe R>°. Apd NTg ‚L$pf A° g`kZu c|rd R>°. _hp°q]$[
L$rh NTg ‚L$pf_u N¨cuf[p - KX$pZ kdƒep hNf, NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜_p ep°¡e
AÊepk hNf dp” `p°[p_p d__u gpNZuep° - cph_pAp°_p [f¨Np°dp¨ hlu
NTg gMu _pM° R>° [p° [° NTg _ b_[p¨ dp” [|L$b¨^u b_u_° flu ≈e R>°. Ap
ı\p_° Óu iL$ug L$p]$fu_p iÂ]$p° V$p¨L$hp_u gpgQ fp°L$u iL$[p° _\u. [°Ap°A° A°d_p
`yı[L$ "NTg_y¨ t`Nmip˜'dp¨ _p¢›ey¨ R°>: "NTgdp¨ k‚dpZ[p, r_e[
Nr[iug[p, gebŸ[p A_° kd[ygp rkŸ \pe R>° R>¨]$_p L$pfZ°. NTg_° R>¨]$
17
kp\° Arcfl k¨b¨^ R>°. R>¨]$ rh_p_u - AR>p¨]$k L$rh[p gMu iL$pe `Z R>¨]$
rh_p_u, AR>p¨]$k NTg, NTg _pd S> ıhuL$pfu iL°$ _lv. NTg iÂ]$ Í$`
^pfZ L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨ ge Í$`°, ]$]Æ$ Í$`°, AL$m h°]$_p Í$`° NTgL$pf_p d_dp¨ O|¨V$pe
R>° A° `R>u S> [° iÂ]$Í$` ^pfZ L$f° R>°'
≈° L$pÏep° Nd° [°d gMu iL$p[p¨ lp°[ [p° `R>u L$p°C `Z ‚L$pf_p R>¨]$p°
ip°^hp_u L°$ [°_p ip˜p° fQhp_u AphÌeL$[p S> _ fl°[. R>¨]$ip˜p° fQpep¨ R>° A°
S> A°_p° `yfphp° R>° L°$ [d° S>° ‚L$pf_u L$pÏe fQ_p L$fhp C√R>[p lp° [p° [° S>°-[°
L$pÏe ‚L$pf_p R>¨]$ip˜_p r_ed dyS>b S> lp°hu ≈°CA°. dpV°$ S>, L$p°C `Z
L$pÏe ‚L$pf_u fQ_p L$fhp dpV°$ S>°-[° L$pÏeip˜_p AÊepk_u A–e¨[
AphÌeL$[p R>°. Ap_y¨ dl–h kd≈h[p¨ L$rh Óu ]$g`[fpd A°d_p "]$g`[
t`Nm A_° Ag¨L$pfp]$iÆ_' `yı[L$_p° ‚pf¨c Ap ]$p°lfp\u L$f° R>°:
"t`Nm `pW$ `Y$Èp rh_p, L$pÏe L$f° L$rh lp°e,
hmu ÏepL$fZ rh_p h]°$, hpZu rhdm _ lp°e.'
Ap S> hp[ S>_pb "_Tf' Na}fu Ap fu[° L$l° R>° :-
"kpa iÂ]$p°dp¨ L$lu ]$p° ApS>° "_Tf'
S>° hS>_dp¨ _p gM° A° ipef _\u!'
Ap k¨]$cÆdp¨ ≈Zu[p NTgL$pf / rhh°QL$ S>_pb r_Ì[f Mp_L$plu_p
iÂ]$p° `Z kp•A° Mpk _p¢^hp S>°hp R>°. ≈° L°$ A°dZ° rlfi]$u NTg dpV°$ gøey¨ R>°
R>[p¨ A°d_u hp[ NyS>fp[u NTg_° `Z A°V$gu S> gpNy `X°$ R>°. [°Ap° gM° R>° -
"NTgp° [p° M|b gMpC flu R>°, NTgL$pfp° `Z OZp R>°, `Z L$d_kub° [°Ap°_°
L$p°C dpNÆ]$iÆL$ dm[p° _\u. A°hp° dpNÆ]$iÆL$ L°$ S>° A° kd≈hu iL°$ L°$ A°_u rh^p
A_° ApL$pf-‚L$pf_u ◊rÙ$A° NTg L$p°_° L$l°hpe? NTg_u S>Í$qfep[p°,
A`°npAp° A_° kudpAp° iy¨ R>°? ƒepf° L$p°C L$rh Ap b^u S>Í$qfep[p° [fa Ap¨M
ApX$p L$p_ L$f° R>° A\hp [p° NTg_u r_^pÆqf[ kudp_° hV$phu ≈e R>° –epf° [°
dp” NTg_u ky¨]$f[d rh^p_p° S> h^ _\u L$f[p° `f¨[y NTg_u A]$pg[_p° A°L$
A°hp° A`fp^u b_u ≈e R>°, S>° ıhe¨ _\u ≈Z[p° L°$ A°_p\u iy¨ A`fp^ \ep°
R>°.' [°Ap° ApNm S>Zph° R>°: "]$f°L°$ dp_hy¨ S> `X$i° L°$ NTg A\hp A°_p° L$p°C
i°f R>¨]$dyº[ A\hp R>¨]$frl[ lp°e [p° Ap`Z° A°_° NTg A\hp NTg_p° i°f _
L$lu iL$uA°.'
S>°_° Mf°Mf R>¨]$bŸ NTg gMhp_u M°h_p R>° A°hp _hp°q]$[p° R>¨]$ip˜_u
9 [gpi L$fi° S>. kpnf Óu fZR>p°X$fpe cÀ°$ A°d_p "fZt`Nm'dp¨ apfku L$pÏe
18
fQ_p k¨b¨^° kdS>Z Ap`u R>°. ıh. Óu Tpf fp¨]°$fuA° NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜ `f b°
cpNdp¨ `ysı[L$pAp° gMu R>°. `f¨[y lpgdp¨ Ap `yı[L$p° A‚p· R>°, rkhpe L°$
L$p°C `yı[L$pgedp¨ A\hp ≈|_u `°Y$u_p kprl–eL$pfp° `pk° L$]$pQ ≈°hp dmu
iL°$. _hp°q]$[p°A° lh° Ap `yı[L$p° [fa ]$p°V$ d|L$hp_u S>Í$f _\u. R>¨]$ip˜_u ]$uOÆ
kde_u Mp°V$ cfhp dpV°$ ıh. Óu i|fie `pg_`yfuA° "AÍ$T' (R>¨]$ip˜)_p°
A°L$ cpN ‚NV$ L$ep£ R>° S>° _hq]$[p° dpV°$ M|b S> D`ep°Nu `yfhpf \pe [°hp° R>°.
≈° L°$ Ap `yı[L$ `Z lpgdp¨ A‚p‡e R>° `Z OZp ipefp° `pk° Ap_u _L$g lp°C
iL°$ R>°. Óu i|fie `pg_`yfu k¨`|ZÆ "AÍ$T' æ$dhpf ‚NV$ L$fhp C√R>[p l[p
`Z "AÍ$T'_p° A°L$ cpN ‚NV$ \ep bp]$ A°d_p Ahkp_\u Ap L$peÆ A^|ͨ$
flu Ney¨. ıh.Óu S>rde[ `¨X$ÈpA° "NTg_y¨ R>¨]$ip˜' fQu _hp°q]$[p°_° Oœ¨
dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dmu fl° [°hp° ‚epk L$ep£ R>°. (L°$V$gpL$ rh‹p_p°_° A°dp¨ nr[Ap° flu
Nep_y¨ S>Zpey¨ R>° A_° A°hu nr[Ap° [°dp¨ R>°.) Óu "_Tf' Na}fu L©$[ "R>¨]$kdS>
- NTgklS>' `yı[L$ _hp°q]$[p°_° dpNÆ]$iÆL$ _uhX°$ A°hy¨ R>°. ıh. Óu Ad©[
Opeg° "NTg: L$gp A_° L$kb' _pd° `yı[L$ gøey¨ R>° `Z apfku-D]|Æ$ iÂ]$p°_p°
blp°mp° D`ep°N \ep° lp°hp\u _hp°q]$[p°_° kdS>hpdp¨ dyÌL°$gu `X°$, R>[p¨
_hp°q]$[p°A° Ap `yı[L$p° Afie `yı[L$p°_u S>°d A‚p· b_u ≈e A° `l°gp hkphu
g°hp ≈°CA° S>°\u crhÛedp¨ ApNm_p AÊepk dpV°$ D`ep°Nu rkŸ \C iL°$.
D`fp°º[ L$pfZp°kf, Mpk _hp°q]$[p°_° ›ep_dp¨ fpMu, S>Í$f[ hNf A°hp
apfku-D]|Æ$ iÂ]$p°_p h`fpi hNf, [ÿ_ kfm cpjpdp¨ Ap `ysı[L$p ‹pfp
NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜ rhj° kdS>Z Ap`hp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$ep£ R>°.
_hp°q]$[p° dpV°$ L°$V$gpL$ ÏehlpÍ$ k|Q_p° L$epÆ R>°. ≈° _hp°q]$[p° Ap k|Q_pAp°_ÿ
Q|ı[`Z° `pg_ L$fi° [p° d_° rhpk R>° L°$ [°Ap°_° R>¨]$ip˜ iuMhp_y¨ AOͨ$ _lv
gpN°.
Ap `ysı[L$p_p° AÊepk L$epÆ bp]$ _hp°q]$[p°_° NTg A¨N°_p dl–h_p
`pkpAp°_p° øepg Aphu S>i° A°V$g° h^y KX$p AÊepk dpV°$ S>° `yı[L$p°_u Mpk
cgpdZ L$fhp_u R>° A° `yı[L$p° R>° Óu iL$ug L$p]$fu frQ[ "NTg_y¨ t`Nmip˜'
A_° bu≈y¨ "NTg_y¨ L$pqaepip˜' Ap `ysı[L$p_p AÊepk\u NTg fQ_p [fa
kfm[p\u ApNm h›ep bp]$ D`fp°º[ `yı[L$p°_p Nl_ A›ee_\u NTg
fQ_pdp¨ dlpf[ d°mhu iL$pi°.
***
10

19
 NTg_u sı\r[ A_° A°dp¨\u S>fid[u k¨h°]$_pdp¨\u L$rh[p ‚NV°$ R>°. A°V$g° S> L$p°C kpfu A_°
kpQu NTg hp¨Q[p¨ L°$ kp¨cm[p¨ ≈Z° A°dp¨ Ap`Zu S> hp[ f≈| \[u lp°e A°hu
A°L$ kde A°hp° l[p° ƒepf° rh‹p_p° NTg ‚–e° _pL$_y¨ V$uQLy$¨ QX$ph[p Ap`Z_° A_yc|r[ \[u lp°e R>° A_° L$]$pQ NTg ‚L$pf A°V$g° S> h^pf° gp°L$r‚e
A_° NT$g_° Qp°Np__u L$rh[p L$lu D[pfu `pX$hpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. Ap`Zp \ep° R>°.
≈Zu[p `uY$ NTgL$pf Óu fr[gpg "Ar_g°' A°d_p NTg rhjeL$ A°L$ AÊepk Óu i|fie `pg_`yfu ApNm L$l° R>° - "ipefu ErdÆ rhlp°Zu isº[Ap°_°
g°Mdp¨ _p¢›ey¨ R>°. "ApS>° NyS>fp[ NTgprcdyM bfiey¨ R>° A°dp¨ "dlpNyS>fp[ Dcpf° R>°, E¨O[u gpNZuAp°_° S>NpX°$ R>°, S>X$ Aph°Np°dp¨ Q°[_ cf° R>°, ˘]$e_°
NTg d¨X$m'_y¨ A°L$^pͨ$ hjp£ ky^u Qpg°gy¨ NTgu rdi_ [\p A°_p rkŸ \e°gp l}¨a Ap`° R>°, Dd¨Np°_° S>hp_u bn° R>°, dyÌL°$guAp°dp¨ AX$N[p A`£ R>° A_°
ipefp°_° S> Apcpfu R>°. ApS>° A[|V$ A_° Aaf S>Zp[p° NyS>fp[u NTg_p° `pep° `X°$gpAp°_p° DŸpf L$f° R>°.' Ap rh^p_ ‚dpZ° ≈°CA° [p° NTgdp¨ Ap [dpd
`X$[p° l[p° –epf° A°_u kpd° rhfp°^, O©Zp A_° r[fıL$pf_y¨ luZ`[ A_° np°cdp¨ NyZp° kdpe°gp R>°.
NfL$ph L$f° A°hy¨ hphpTp°Xy¨$ k_p[_u b∞p˚rZep kpnfp° [fa\u a}¨L$hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ NTg iy¨ R>° A\hp NTgdp¨ iy¨ R>° A° rhj° Óu lfqL$i_ ≈°iu_u Ap
l[y¨. NTg_° L$pÏe_u A_° NTgL$pf_° L$rh_u L$p°C fu[° e dpfie[p / ‚r[õ$p _ NTg d__ue R>° :-
dm° A°hu Aaf _°d A° T¨Tphp[ `pR>m l[u. Ddpi¨L$fcpCA° S>°_° "_hu NTg' [dpͨ$ dpfp cZu ≈°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u,
L$lu A° 1942\u [° 1955_p Npmp_u NTg° A°_y¨ ıhÍ$` S> _lv, L$pÏe ıhÍ$` q]$hk_y¨ fp[ dlv Mp°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u!
`Z rkŸ L$eyØ, [° `R>u NTg kpd°_p° rhfp°^ cp¢W$p° `X$Èp°.' A_°L$ S>fid ky^u Ap`Z° d˛ep S> _lv,
[bΩ$phpf NTg_p c°M^pfu L°$V$gpe ipefp°_p k¨r_õ$ ‚epkp°\u NTg rdg__y¨ ıh‡_ Í$`° lp°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u!
k¨`|ZÆ NyS>fp[Z b_u NC A_° kprl–edp¨ `Z `p°[p_y¨ ı\p_ kyr_qÚ[ L$fu _S>f_u Âlpf b^p¨ ◊Ìe [p° flu S> Nep¨,
gu^y¨. kp¨‚[ kdedp¨ NTg ◊Y$d|g \C NC R>° A_° Np•fh ceyØ ı\p_ ‚p· L$fu ked_y¨ Apd Afh fp°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u!
gu^y¨ R>° A_° A°V$gu b^u gp°L$r‚e[p d°mhu gu^u R>° L°$ L$]$pQ L$pÏe ‚L$pfp°dp¨ rhQpfhp_y ¨ `R>u S>° OX$ u kdp· \ey ¨ ,
NTgp°_y¨ M°X$pZ h^y \hp gp¡ey¨ R>°. (Ap_u kpd° L°$V$gpL$ ceı\p_p° lp°hp R>[p¨.) ib]$_y¨ dp•_ S>m° ^p°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u!
A_°L$ il°fp°dp¨ Ahpf _hpf dyipefpAp°_y¨ Apep°S>_ \[y¨ fl° R>° A_° Óp°[pAp° "qL$i_' L$l° [p° lh° iy¨ L$l° [dpfp L¨$C-
NTgp°_° d_ cfu_° dpZ° R>°, ]$p]$ Ap`° R>°. NTgp°_° gp°L$r‚e b_phhpdp¨ A_°L$ ıdfZ_y¨ dpfp dlv lp°hy¨ A° NTg [p° l[u!
NTg NpeL$p°_y¨ `Z dl–h_y¨ ep°N]$p_ f¸y¨ R>° [° _p¢^hy¨ S> ≈°CA°.
Óu i|fie `pg_`yfu_p Ap iÂ]$p° ]$f°L$ _hp°q]$[p°A° Mpk ep]$ fpMhp ** *
S>°hp R>° - "L$rh[p A°V$g° ErdÆAp°_p° ^p°^b¨^ hl°[p° ‚hpl, ‚pZu-k©rÙ$,
dp_h-∆h_ A_° ‚L©$r[ h•ch ≈°C ıa}f[u ‚°fZp A°_y¨ D]π$chı\p_ R>°. A°dp¨ NTg_p° DNd
hpZu, rhQpf A_° L$gp_p° r”h°Zu k¨Nd \pe R>°.' "KXy¨$ d__ A_° tQ[_,
dp•rgL$ f≈|Ap[, cpjp_u kfm[p A_° kQp°V$[p A_° ]$]Æ$ A° L$rh[p_u `|¨∆ NTg_u iÍ$Ap[ ºepf° \C li° A°_p° rhQpf L$fuA° A°V$g° [f[ Óu Apq]$g
R>°.' dfik|fu_u NTg_p° Ap i°f ep]$ ApÏep hNf _ S> fl°:
Óu i|fie `pg_`yfuA° L$¸y¨ R>° [°d kQp°V$[p A_° ]$]Æ$ A° L$]$pQ NTg_° "ƒepf° ‚Ze_u S>Ndp¨ iÍ$Ap[ \C li°,
h^pf° gpNy `X°$ R>°. k¨h°]$_iug dpZk A°V$g° L°$ ipef ‚L©$r[ ]$iÆ_ L$f° R>°, –epf° ‚\d NTg_u f≈|Ap[ \C li°!'
kpdp∆L$ [°dS> fpS>L$ue ∆h__y¨ q_funZ L$f° R>°, ıhp_ych_p° r_Qp°X$ L$pY°$ R>° 11 Alv Óu cNuf\ b∞˚cÀ$_p iÂ]$p°_u _p¢^ g°hp_u gpgQ fp°L$u iL$p[u

20 21
_\u. [°Ap° L$l° R>°: "ƒepf° dp_hu `pk° cpjp `Z _lv lp°e –epf° `Z ‚kfl[p
A_° Ap_¨]$_p - h°]$_p_p cphp°_p ‚NV$uL$fZ dpV°$ S>° k¨L°$[p° [°Z° ‚ep°ƒep li°
A°dp¨ gp°L$Nu[_p k¨ıL$pfp° S>Í$f S>Zphp_p. geeyº[ ArcÏesº[ S> Nu[_p°
‚\d aZNp° R>°.'
Ap`Z° ƒepf° NTg kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$u f¸p R>uA° –epf° A° ≈Zu g°hy¨
≈°CA° L°$ d|m NTg_p° S>fid ºep¨ \ep° A_° A°dp¨\u NyS>fp[u NTg ºepf°
Ah[fu. Qpgp° Ap`Z° V|¨$L$dp¨ NTg_p Cr[lpk `f DX$[u _S>f _pMu gCA°.
d|m NTg_p° S>fid Afbı[p_dp¨ \ep°. C.k. 731 \u 787 h√Q° \C
Ne°gp bN]$p]$_p bkfp il°f_p r_hpku A°L$ rh‹p_ Mgug bu_ Ald]°$ NTg
ip˜_u fQ_p L$fu l[u. Cr[lpkL$pfp°_p L$l°hp ‚dpZ° D]|Æ$ NTg_p° DNd apfku
L$pÏeip˜dp¨\u \ep° R>°. Aduf Mykfp°_° D]|Æ$ NTg_p S>_L$ dp_hpdp¨ Aph°
R>°. (Aduf Mykfp° : S>fid 1253- d©–ey : 1325). Aduf Mykfp° `R>u
ApÏep Np°gL$y¨X$p_p kyg[p_ dylÁd]$Ly$gu Ly$[ybipl A_° `R>u dl–h_y¨ _pd
NZpe R>° hgu ]$L$_u_y¨. Ap `R>u D]|Æ$ NTg_u rhL$pk ep”p iÍ$ \C A_° kp¨‚[
L$pm ky^udp¨ NTgdp¨ kdphhpdp¨ Aph[p rhjep°_p° Ïep` h^[p° flep° R>°.
`l°gp_p kdedp¨ "L$ku]$p' (‚isı[ L$pÏep°) gMhpdp¨ Aph[p l[p.
Ap "L$ku]$p'dp¨\u NTg S>fidu.
Afbı[p_dp¨ S>fid `pd°gu NTg Cıgpd ^dÆ kp\° Cfp_ `lp¢Qu.
rlfi]y$ı[p_dp¨ dysıgd kpd∞pƒe_u ı\p`_p_u iÍ$Ap[ 12du k]$udp¨ \C l[u.
cpf[dp¨ dp°Ng kpd∞pƒe_u ı\p`_p \[p¨ dp°Ng kd∞pV$p° A°d_u k¨ıL©$r[ kp\°
NTg_° `Z gC ApÏep. A°_u kp\° S> A°L$-bu≈_u k¨ıL©$r[_u Ap]$p_-
‚]$p__u qæ$ep_p° ‚pf¨c \ep°. kde S>[p Ap_u R>pep NyS>fp[u cpjp `f `Z
`X$Èp hNf _ flu.
rh‹p_p°_p d[ dyS>b ºgpfi[ L$rh bpgpi¨L$f Dâpkfpd L¨$\pqfep_°
NyS>fp[u NTg_p r`[p dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap `pep_u NTgp° fQ_pf ipefp°dp¨
ºgpfi[ L$rh bpgpi¨L$f kp\° dyøe–h° Ad©[ L°$ih _peL$, ]°$fpkfu, _cycpC
q‹h°]$u, kpNf dlpfpS> A_° Mbf]$pf rh. _° NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap `R>u
Apıhp¤ L$lu iL$pe [°hu NTgp° L$gp`uA° Ap`u.
‚pf¨rcL$ [bΩ$p_u NTgp°dp¨ D]|Æ$ iÂ]$p°_u cfdpf fl°[u. –epf `R>u
NTg_° k¨`|ZÆ NyS>fp[Z b_phhp_p ‚epkp° iÍ$ \ep. Ap L$peÆdp¨ Óu ie]$p,
i°MQÎgu, kNuf, _kud, fr[gpg "Ar_g', i|fie `pg_`yfu, Ad©[
"Opeg' rhN°f° OZp ipefp°A° Ad|Îe apmp° Ap‡ep° R>°. –epf `R>u [p° [bΩ$phpf
A_°L$ ipefp° ApÏep R>° S>dZ° NTg_° A_°L$ _hp ıhÍ$`° rhL$kphu R>° A_° A–epf°
[p° NyS>fp[u NTg A_°L$ kudpX$pAp° hV$phu A°_u ei `[pL$p afL$phu flu R>°.
lh° Ap L$pÏe ‚L$pf_° NTg ip dpV°$ L$l° R>° [° ≈°CA° -
(1) r‚e `p” kp\° hp[Qu[ L$fhp_° NTg L$l° R>°.
(2) ‚°d k¨b¨^u L$rh[p L$l°hu L°$ ˜uAp°_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhy¨ A°_° NTg L$l°hpe
R>°.
(3) Afbudp¨ NTg iÂ]$_p° A\Æ "L$p¨[hy¨-hZhy¨' \pe R>°. [°_p `f\u
"NTg' A°hy¨ _pd `X$Èy¨ R>°.
Aphp bu≈ `Z L°$V$gpL$ d[p° R>°.
(D`fp°º[ b^u S> bpb[_u rhı[©[ ≈ZL$pfu dpV°$ L$[pÆ_y¨ Afie `yı[L$
"rlfi]y$ı[p_u k¨Nu[dp¨ NTg NpeL$u' hp¨Qu S>hy¨.)
≈° L°$ NTg rhj°_u D`fp°º[ ÏepøepAp° OZu `yfpZu \C NC R>°. lh°
NTg dp” r‚e `p” kp\° hp[Qu[ L$fhp dpV°$ A\hp [p° ‚°d k¨b¨^u L$rh[p
L$l°hp L°$ ˜uAp°_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhp `|f[u kurd[ _\u flu. ApS>_u NTg° [p° lfZapm
cfu R>° A_° A°hp° L$p°C `Z rhje _lv lp°e S>° NTgdp¨ hZpep° _ lp°e. ApS>_p°
NTgL$pf L°$hp _|[_ Í$`° `p°[p_p rhQpfp° Ïeº[ L$f° R>°, L°$hy¨ cpjp L$dÆ L$f° R>°,
‚[uL$p° L°$hp rhrh^ Í$`pmp Í$`° f≈| L$f° R>° [° Ap`Z° _uQ°_p i°fp°\u ≈°C iL$uA°
R>uA°.
`L$X$p° L$gd _° L$p°C `m° A°d `Z b_°,
Ap lp\ ApM°ApMp° bm° A°d `Z b_°!
- ıh. d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep
S>m Ry>¨ bfa Ry>¨ c°S> Ry>¨ TpL$m Ry>¨
k[[ d© N S>m ky ^ u cu_p° S> Ry > ¨ ,
[fıep rh_p_p il°fdp¨ ≈° [y¨ d_°
ip°›ep L$f° [p° lz¨ [_° ºep¨\u dmy¨?
- Óu S>hplf bnu
Óu S>hplf bnu_u bu∆ Aphu S> `∞g¨b bl°f_u NTg_p° ky¨]$f i°f
dpZuA° :
‚–e°L$ Of L$fQp°\u h°fZ - R>°fZ R>°
12 _° [° R>[p¨ AL$b¨^ ApMy¨ il°f R>°,

22 23
 Aphy¨ AS>b [° A°L$ `mdp¨ L$p°Z a}V$Èy¨ ıhÍ$`°, M|bu `|hÆL$ L°$hu fu[° Y$pmu iL$p° R>p°. ApS>° NTg_p rhjep°_y¨ agL$ rhı[fu
tbb L°$ ‚r[tbb L°$ ]$`ÆZ L°$ lz¨? Ney¨ R>°. A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ Sky is the limit.
[y¨ `h_ R>°,
[y¨ S> h_ R>°! ***
- Óu S>e°fi÷ i°MX$uhpgp
_hq]$[p° dpV°$ AN–e_p k|Q_p° :
f°C_L$p°V$, R>”uAp°, Ndk|T, hp°V$f‚|a l°Vπ$k,
dp_huA° L°$V$gu cv[p° QZu hfkp]$dp¨! (1) ip˜p°dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ Cf_p kpnp–L$pf dpV°$ A\hp L$p°C rkqŸ -
- Apq]$g dfik|fu isº[_u ‚pr· dpV°$ F>rj-dyr_Ap° hjp£_p hjp£ ky^u ApL$ͨ$ [` L$f[p l[p.
ºepf_p° ip°^y¨ Ry>¨ lz¨ A°L$ hp[_°, Ap`Zp kprl–e-kS>ÆL$p°A° `Z A°hp¨ S> ApL$fp [` [`u dp kfıh[u -
cv[_° Y¨$Y$p°mhp gp¡ep° Ry>¨ lz¨! iÂ]$p°_p ApiuhpÆ]$ d°mÏep R>°.
-X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u Ap k¨]$cÆdp¨ _hp°q]$[p°_° Óu N_u ]$lvhpgp_p° A°L$ i°f \p°X$p a°fapf kp\°
"cv[_° `Z L$p_ lp°e R>°' A° L$l°h[, Np°r`[ Í$`°, L°$hu M|bu`|hÆL$ Ap Apd L$lu iL$pe :
i°fdp¨ hZu g°hpdp¨ Aphu R>°? "NTg_° Mfp A\Ædp¨ `pdhp_°, [dpf° e L$fhp f¸p¨ ApL$fp [`,
‚L©$r[_° kp¨L$mu g°[p° rdg_p_yc|r[_p° A_p°Mp° i°f : ‚\d fZ b_u_° [`p° Tp¨Thp kd, NTg_° ‚NV$hp `R>u lpL$ dpfp°!'
"h©np°, `h_, dl°L$_u Ap°mM R>° [y¨ r‚e°, Apd kpfp NTgL$pf b_hp dpV°$ kp• `l°gp¨ NTgp°_p rhipm hp¨Q__u
Aphp b^p b_ph_u h√Q° dmu R>° [¨y!' M|b S> AphÌeL$[p R>°. kp• `∞\d [p° A°dZ° dp” _uhX°$gp rkŸlı[ NTgL$pfp°_p
- X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u k¨N∞lp° S> hp¨Qhp ≈°CA° A°V$gÿ S> _lv, k[[ AÊepk dpV°$ Aphp k¨N∞lp° `p°[p_p
Ap°mMpZp° `X$u DOpX$u f°, A¨N[ `yı[L$pgedp¨ hkphu g°hp S> ≈°CA° A° M|b S>Í$fu R>°. Apd [p° OZp
L$p°C R>° iVÆ$, L$p°C kpX$u f°! rkŸlı[ NTgL$pfp° R>°, [°dp¨\u L°$V$gpL$ ipefp°_p _pd _uQ° S>ZpÏep R>°. S>°d_p
- X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u k¨N∞lp° `yı[L$ rhæ°$[pAp° `pk° D`gÂ^ R>°, [p° kNhX$[p ‚dpZ° ^ud° ^ud°
_hdp¨ ^p°fZ_u `Îghu `¨X$Èp Aphp `yı[L$p° hkphu g°hp A_° A°_p° hpf¨hpf AÊepk L$f[p fl°hy¨ ≈°CA°.
O¨V$ hp¡ep° A_° `fu \C NC! Óu fr[gpg "Ar_g' ıh. Óu i|fie `pg_`yfu
- A]$d V¨$L$pfhu ıh. Óu Ad©[ "Opeg' ıh. Óu dfuT
ku^u kp]$u NTg gMu ]°$ "A]$d', ıh. Óu bfL$[ rhfpZu "b°apd' ıh. Óu N_u ]$luhpgp
∆huL$pL$u_u ipf]$p S>°hu! ıh. Óu i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp ıh. Óu _prTf ]°$M•ep
- A]$d V¨$L$pfhu ıh. Óu d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep Óu Apq]$g dfik|fu
_\u kp°e `uX$p, _ ]$p°fp° e ]y$:M, Óu A]$d V¨$L$pfhu Óu bp`ycpC NY$hu
cfu_° cͨ$ [p° cͨ$ iy¨ cf[? Óu L$fk_]$pk gylpf
- ljÆ]$ Q¨]$pfpZp dp” rkŸlı[ NTgL$pfp°_p k¨N∞lp° hp¨Qhp_p° ApN∞l A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$
Ap D]$plfZp°\u L$l°hp_y¨ [p–`eÆ A°V$gy¨ S> L°$ [d° [dpfp rhQpf_° _hp 13 NTg_p ip˜p°º[ rdV$fp° (R>¨]$p°)_p° ky`°f° AÊepk \C iL°$. NTg Nd° [°V$gu

24 25
kpfu gMpC li° R>[p¨ ≈° [°_p R>¨]$ ‚dpZ° _lv gMpC lp°e [p° `R>u dp”
L$pqaep - f]$ua_u kp¨L$m_p L$pfZ° A°_° NTg L$lu iL$pe _lv A_° A°_y¨ kprls–eL$
d|Îe ep°¡e fu[° Ap¨L$u iL$pe _lv.
(2) NTg_p° ge A° A°_y¨ ApNhy¨ dl“h R>°. NTg_p ]$f°L$ R>¨]$_° A°_p°
A°L$ ApNhp° rhriÙ$ ge lp°e R>°. NTgp° hp¨Q[u h°mp S>° [° R>¨]$_u NTg [°_p
rhriÙ$ ge kp\° hp¨Qhp_u V°$h `pX$hu. Ap_p\u dp°V$p° gpc A° \i° L°$ rdV$f
(R>¨]$) iuM[u hM[° A° S>° - [° (rdV$f) R>¨]$_p NZrbÁbp° Apkp_u\u ep]$
flu S>i° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv, ≈° NTg_p ge d_dp¨ O|¨V$p[p li° [p° NTg dpV°$ [d_°
L$p°C `¨sº[ (rdı”p°) k|Ti° [p° [°, ge_p L$pfZ° dl]π$A¨i°, S>° [° rdV$fdp¨ S>
li°. NTg gebŸ L°$hu fu[° hp¨Qhu [° L$p°C NTgL$pf rd”_u d]$]$\u iuMu
S>hy¨.
NTgp° hp¨Q[u h°mp [°dp¨ D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aph°gp L$pqaep-f]$ua `f
Mpk ›ep_ Ap`p°. L$pqaep L°$hp ‚L$pf_p lp°hp ≈°CA° [° AN–e_p° `pW$ hp¨Q_\u
iuMhp dmi°.
A°L$ kde_u Nyfy-riÛe_u `f¨`fp A° M|b S> AN–e_u lp°hp R>[p¨
ApS>-L$pg gNcN gy· S>°hu \C NC R>° R>[p¨ L°$V$gpL$ _hp°q]$[p°, S>°Ap°
N¨cuf`Z° NTgp° gM[p¨ iuMhp C√R>[p lp°e R>° [°Ap° L$p°C_° L$p°C NTgL$pf
rd”_u d]$]$ AhÌe g°[p lp°e R>°. [d° `Z L$p°C kpfp NTgL$pf rd”_°, L$ip°
k¨L$p°Q fpøep hNf, Nyfy `]°$ ı\peu dpNÆ]$iÆ_ d°mh[p fl°ip° [p° [dpͨ$ L$peÆ
Apkp_ \C S>i°.
(3) rhipm hp¨Q__p° A°L$ Afie dl–h_p° ape]p°$ A° `Z R>° L°$ [dpfu
ArcÏesº[ dpV°$ Ap–drhÔhpkdp¨ h^pfp° \i°.
(4) iÂ]$ c¨X$p°m lp°hp° M|b S>Í$fu R>°. iÂ]$p°_p `epÆe [f[ k|Ti° [p°
NTg gM[u hM[° NTg_p rdV$f ‚dpZ° ≈°C[p° ep°¡e iÂ]$ Ap`d°m° [f[
d_dp¨ Aphi°. Ap k|T `Z [d_° –epf° S> rkŸ \C iL°$ ≈° [d° NTg_p ge
bfpbf O|¨V$Èp li°, iÂ]$ c¨X$p°m li°.
(5) ]$f°L$ `pk° ≈°X$ZuL$p°i lp°hp° M|b S>Í$fu R>°. iÂ]$p°_u ≈°X$Zu kpQu
S> L$fhu. iÂ]$p°L$p°i_p D`ep°N\u iÂ]$p°_p A\Æ D`fp¨[ OZp `epÆe `Z
iuMhp dmi°.
(6) NTgdp¨ L°$V$gpL$ Nyfy hZÆ (b° dp”p_p Anf), gOy hZÆ (A°L$
dp”p_p Anf) [fuL°$ A_° L°$V$gpL$ gOy hZÆ Nyfy hZÆ_p Í$`dp¨ h`fpe R>°. Aphp
26
ºep ºep hZp£ R>° [° ApNm D`f ≈°iy¨ `Z NrZ[_u fu[° iuMhp S>[p¨ A° AOͨ$
gpNi° A\hp [p° A°_p° Mp°V$u fu[° D`ep°N \hp_u iºe[p `Z fl°gu R>°. Ap
c°]$ kp• ‚\d dp” ÏephlpqfL$ op_\u (‚°L$qV$L$Îk\u) dmu iL°$. Ap op_
kl°gpC\u dm° R>° NTgp°_p gebŸ hp¨Q_\u. blp°mp hp¨Q_\u A°hp hZp£_p°
Ap`d°m° `qfQe \C S>i°. Ap k¨]$cÆdp¨ `Z NTgp°_y¨ gebŸ blp°my¨ hp¨Q_
L°$V$gy¨ S>Í$fu R>° [° klS> kd∆ iL$pe R>°. NTgp°_y¨ gebŸ hp¨Q_ S> R>¨]$ip˜_y¨
op_ Ap`i°.
(7) NTg_p Lpraep-f]$ua rhj°_u dprl[u ApNm D`f Ap`hpdp¨
Aphi° R>[p¨ Ap dyÿp° OZp° AN–e_p° lp°hp\u A° [fa ANpD\u S> ›ep_ ]$p°fhp_y¨
ep°¡e dpfiey¨ R>°. ≈° NTg gM[u h°mp L$p°C L$pqaep° rdV$f blpf_p° h`fpep° li°
[p° A° i°f A° S> rhQpfdp¨ ky^pfhp° gNcN Ak¨ch \C S>i°. L$l°hp_y¨ [p–`eÆ
A°V$gy¨ S> L°$ NTg_p L$pqaep S>° [° rdV$f_u NTg_p NZrbÁb ‚dpZ°_p S> lp°hp
≈°CA°.
(8) NTg l¨d°ip bp°gQpg_u kfm cpjpdp¨ gMhu ≈°CA° S>°dp¨
AÍ$Y$, AÔgug L°$ AfyrQL$f iÂ]$p°_p° D`ep°N _ \hp° ≈°CA°.
(9) L$l°h[ L°$ Í$Y$u ‚ep°N_p° D`ep°N ≈° klS>[p\u \C iL$[p° lp°e [p°
i°f_y¨ kp¶]$eÆ h^u S>i°.
(10) b_u iL°$ [°V$gp dyipefpAp°dp¨ lpS>fu Ap`hu A_° ipefp°
NTg_u f≈|Ap[ L°$hu fu[° L$f° R>° [°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.
≈° _hp°q]$[p° D`fp°º[ k|Q_p°_y¨ ep°¡e `pg_ L$fi° [p° [°d_p dpV°$ NTg_y¨
R>¨]$ip˜ iuMhp_y¨ A_° R>¨]$bŸ NTg gMhp_y¨ kfm b_u S>i°.
***
gOy - Nyfy$ Anfp°_u kdS>
bpfpnfu_p D, L$, qL$, Ly$ rhN°f° b^p ˙ıh Anfp° gOy Í$`_p NZpe R>°.
ƒepf° E, L$p, L$u, L|$, L•$, L$p•, L¨$ rhN°f° b^p S> ]uOÆ D√QpfZhpmp Anfp° Nyfy
Í$`_p NZpe R>°. Anfp°_u dp”p_p dp` dpV°$ gOy Anfp°_u dp”p A°L$ A_° Nyfy$
Anfp°_u dp”p b° NZpe R>°. gOy Anf "g' A_° Nyfy$ Anf "Np' [fuL°$
Ap°mMpe R>°. ]$f°L$ iÂ]$_y¨ dp` L°$ hS>_ ≈Zhp dpV°$ ]$f°L$ Anf _uQ° A°_p
ıhÍ$` ‚dpZ° dp”p dpV°$ 1 L°$ 2 _\u gMp[y¨ `Z "g' A_° "Np' gMhp_p°
14 qfhpS> R>°. gOy Anf dpV°$ "p' A_° NyÍ$ Anf dpV°$ "-' A\hp "=' rQfil `Z
27
hp`fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>° `Z ]$f°L$ Anf _uQ° d|L$u iL$pe R>°. ]$p.[. : gOy Anf NZhp_u R|>V$ dm[u lp°e R>°. D]$plfZ Í$`° _uQ°_p° i°f ≈°CA° :-
"Ap`Zp' Ap iÂ]$dp¨ "Ap' A_° "Zp' b° Anfp° b° dp”p_p A°V$g° L°$ g g Np g Np g g Np g Np g g Np g Np g g Np g Np
Nyfy$ Í$`_p R>° ƒepf° "`' A°L$ dp”p_y¨ gOyÍ$` R>° S>° Ap ‚dpZ° ≈Zu iL$pe :- q]$ h kp° ≈y ]$p C _p ≈ e R>° A° S> i° S> Í$ f rd g_ ky ^u
Ap ` Zp Ap ` Zp d _° lp \ Tp gu _° g• S> i° l h° i ”y Ap° S> ıh S>_ ky ^u
Np g Np A\hp - p -
D`f_p i°fdp¨ "_p' "A°' A_° "_°' "h°' Nyfy lp°hp R>[p¨ gOyÍ$`° h`fpep¨
[°hu fu[° R>°.
Ap ^p f A\hp Ap ^p f Alv Mpk bpb[ A° ep]$ fpMhp_u R>° L°$ NTg_p R>¨]$p° A° Anfd°m
Np Np g - - p R>¨]$p° _lv `f¨[y dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° R>°. [L$[u L$f[u hM[° L$p°C `Z hZÆ_p D√Qpf
‚dpZ° [° hZÆ_ gOy L°$ Nyfy NZhp° ≈°CA°. Ap`Z° ApNm "NTg_u bl°fp°'
l d Zp¨ A\hp l d Zp¨ ‚L$fZdp¨ ]$f°L$ NTg_u bl°f _uQ° _dy_p_p i°f Ap‡ep R>° [°dp¨ ≈°C iL$iy¨. L°$
g g Np p p - ºep ºep hZp£ Nyfy lp°hp R>[p¨ gOy hZÆ A_° gOy hZÆ Nyfy hZÆ [fuL°$ NZhpdp¨
Apdp¨ ""ld'' b° gOy A°L$ Nyfy [fuL°$ `Z gC iL$ep R>° A°V$g° ApÏep R>°.
l d Zp¨ A\hp l d Zp¨ Ap gOy - Nyfy_p° c°]$ NTgp°_p rhipm gebŸ hp¨Q_\u Ap`p°Ap`
g g Np Np Np ≈Zu iL$pi°. Ap dpV°$ iyŸ ≈°X$Zu A_° iÂ]$p°_p D√QpfZ_u AphX$[ S>Í$fu R>°
p p - - - S>° hp¨Q_\u L°$mhu iL$pe R>°. NTg_p° ge S> [d_° kdS> Ap`i° L°$ ºep gOy
≈° L$p°C ≈°X$pnfu iÂ]$dp¨ ≈°X$pnf_p° D√Qpf L$f[p A°_u ApNm_p Anf Nyfy [fuL°$ A\hp Nyfy Anf gOy [fuL°$ h`fpep° R>°, A\hp [p° b° gOy
Anf_° \X$L$p° gpN[p° lp°e [p° [° ApNm_p° Anf gOy li° [p° `Z [° Nyfy dp_u Anfp° Nyfy [fuL°$ NZpep R>°. AgN fu[° Ap iuMhp S>ip° [p° [p° c|g\p` MpC
[°_u b° dp”p NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ]$p.[. eiıhu, d_ıhu, [`ıhu hN°f°. S>hp_p° k¨ch R>°.
Alv eiıhu iÂ]$ hp¨Q[p "ıhu'_p° D√Qpf L$f[p `l°gp "i' `f hS>_ Aphu [º[u : NTg_p R>¨]$p° AdyL$ Í$L$__p (NZ rbÁb_p) k¨ep°S>_\u bfiep
\X$L$p° gpN° R>° [°\u Ap iÂ]$_u dp”p _uQ° ‚dpZ° NZpi°. R>°. L$p°C `Z NTg R>¨]$bŸ R>° L°$ _lv [° ≈Zhp dpV°$ AfL$p_ (NZrbÁbp°)
e i ıhu gMu [°_u _uQ° NTg_u `¨sº[ gMu [° [°_p gOy-Nyfy_p hS>_ ‚dpZ° bfpbf
p - - R>° L°$ _lv [° ≈Zhp_u fu[_° "[º[u dp¨X$hu' A°d L$lu iL$pe. [º[u A°V$g° Vy$L$X$p
g Np Np L$fhp. ]$p.[. :-
OZu hpf b° gOy Anfp°_° A°L$ Nyfy [fuL°$ `Z gC iL$pe R>°. "d_° k]π$cp¡e L°$ iÂ]$p° d˛ep [pf° _Nf ≈hp,
]$p.[. AL$bf AL$bf [_ gV$ q]$g QfZ gC ]$p°X$hp b°ky¨ [p° hfkp°_p¨ hfk gpN°.'
p p p p Np Np Np Np Np - d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep
A°hp `Z L°$V$gpL$ Nyfy-b° dp”p_p Anfp° R>° S>° gOy [fuL°$ `Z D`ep°Ndp¨ Ap NT$g "g Np Np Np'_p Qpf Aph[Æ_dp¨ gMpC R>°. Ap_u [º[u
gC iL$pe R>°. ]$p.[. L°$, L$p°, f°, ≈, rhN°f°. OZu hpf L°$V$gpL$ iÂ]$p°_p° dp” _uQ° ‚dpZ° dp¨X$u iL$pe :-
ApMfu Nyfy Anf gOy [fuL°$ gC iL$pe R>°.
L°$V$guL$ h°mp L$p°C Anf_p L$p°dm D√QpfZ_p L$pfZ° `Z Nyfy Anf_° 15

28 29
g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np (7) "f' NZ =fp d ∆ (8) "[' NZ = [p [p f
d _° k]π$ cp ¡e L°$ i Â]$p° d ˛ep [p f° _ Nf ≈ hp Np g Np Np Np g
Q fZ gC ]$p° X$ hp b° ky¨ [p° hf kp° _p h fk gp N° - p - - - p
p - - - p - - - p - - - p - - - D`f S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°_p k¨ıL©$[ R>¨]$p°_p NZrbÁbp° ”Z Anf_p lp°e R>°,
D`fp°º[ NTg_p ge ‚dpZ° ≈°iÿ [p° S>Zpi° L°$ k]π$cp¡edp¨ "k]π$', _Nfdp¨ ƒepf° NTg_p R>¨]$ ip˜dp¨ NZrbÁbp° 3-4-5 Anf_p lp°e R>°.
"Nf' QfZdp¨ "fZ, "gC', hfkp°dp¨ "fkp°, hfkdp¨ "fk' Ap b° gOy Anfp° NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜dp¨ Í$L$_ (NZ) _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°. ]$g`[ t`Nmdp¨ k¨ıL©$[
A°L$ Nyfy [fuL°$ g°hpdp¨ ApÏep¨ R>°. "ky¨' - "[p°' Anfp° A_yæ$d° Nyfy A_° gOy g°hpdp¨ R>¨]$p°_p NZp° 3 Anf_p lp°e R>° ƒepf° NTg_u bl°fp°_p Í$L$_ (NZp°) 3-4-5
ApÏep R>°. "iÂ]$p°'dp¨ "Â]$p°'_p° D√Qpf L$f[p "i' `f \X$L$p° gpN[p° lp°hp\u "i' Anfp°_p lp°e R>° S>°d ANpD S>ZpÏey¨ R>°.
gOy lp°hp R>[p¨ Nyfy NZpi°. NyS>fp[u k¨op Afbu k¨op NyS>fp[u k¨op Afbu k¨op
1 g Np - Np a E gy _ 5 g g - Np - g Np dy[aprAgy_
D`fp°º[ D]$plfZ\u gOy-Nyfy Anfp° rhj° ≈Zu iL$pe R>°. Ap S> b[ph°
2 Np - g Np ap rA gy _ 6 Np - Np - Np g d a E gp [
R>° L°$ NTgp°_y¨ gebŸ hp¨Q_ L°$V$gy¨ AN–e_y¨ R>°. ≈° M|b hp¨Qip° [p° Ap`p°Ap` Ap 3 g Np - Np - Np d ap Au gy _ 7 Np - Np - g Np dykπ [ a rA gy _π
c°]$ M|b kfm[p\u kd∆ S>ip°. 4 Np - g Np - Np ap rA gp [y _ 8 g Np - g - g - Np daprAg[y_

- NZ rbÁbp° (AfL$p_) - Ap D`fp¨[ bu≈ b° NZ _uQ° dyS>b `Z NZphpe R>° S>° D`f S>Zph°gp
Afbudp¨ NZ_° Í$L$_ L$l° R>°. Í$L$__y¨ blzhQ_ AfL$p_ L$l°hpe R>°. NZ æ$dp¨L$ (9) A_° (5) ‚dpZ° R>° S>°_y¨ rhcpS>_ D`f_p NZp° L$f[p L°$hu fu[°
L$p°C `Z `¤_u fQ_p, S>°-[° L$pÏeip˜dp¨ r_e[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp ≈y]y¨$ `X°$ R>° [° - r_ip_u\u ]$ipÆÏey¨ R>°.
Í$L$__p (NZ rbÁbp°_p) k¨ep°S>__p Ap^pf° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. k¨ıL©$[ R>¨]$p° 1. Np - Npg-Np dyı[arAgy_
dpV°$ ApW$ NZ _Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>° S>° L$rh ]$g`[fpd L©$[ "]$g`[ t`Nm 2. Np g -Np-Np apAgp[y_
A_° Ag¨L$pfp]$iÆ_'dp¨ _uQ° dyS>b ]$ipÆhpep R>°. Apdp¨_p L°$V$gpL$ R>¨]$p° Alv AfL$p_ (NZrbÁbp°) Afbudp¨ `Z A°V$gp dpV°$ ]$ipÆhpep R>° L°$
riMqfZu, lqfNu[, d¨]$pæ$p¨[p, ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ rhN°f° [d° [dpfp ıL|$g_p cpjp_p [aph[_p L$pfZ° kfMp S>Zp[p AfL$p_ L°$hu fu[° rhcp∆[ \pe R>°.
AÊepkL$pm ]$frdep_ iuøep lip°. Ap`Zp NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜_p rinZdp¨ ]$f°L$ R>¨]$p°dp¨ AgN fu[° iÂ]$ k¨ep°S>_ L$fu AfL$p_ r_cphhp_p lp°e R>°.
_hp°q]$[ dpV°$ Ap [aph[ lpg_p ‚pf¨rcL$ [bΩ°$ kdS>hp° AOfp° \C `X$i° A_°
Ap NZrbÁbp° L°$ R>¨]$p° rhj° ≈Zhy¨ S>Í$fu _\u. Ap dp” ‚p\rdL$ kdS> A_°
N|¨QhZ Ecu Lfi°, hmu L°$V$gpL$ AfL$p_p° (NZrbÁbp°) NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨
≈ZL$pfu dpV°$ Ap`°g R>°.
D`ep°Ndp¨ `Z g°hp[p _\u A°V$g° _hp°q]$[p°_p d_dp¨ L$iu N|¨QhZ Ecu _ \pe
(1) "d' NZ = dp [p ∆ (2)"_' NZ = _ N f
dpV°$ [°_y¨ rhhfZ Alv Ap‡ey¨ _\u.
Np Np Np g g g
D`fp°º[ AfL$p_ (NZrbÁbp°)_u d]$]$\u NTg_u bl°fp° (rdV$f) (R>¨]$)
- - - p p p
b_° R>°. Ap AfL$p__u d]$]$\u b_ph°gu L°$V$guL$ bl°fp°NyS>fp[u NTg dpV°$
(3) "c' NZ =cp° S> _ (4)"S>' NZ = S> L$p [
D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aph[u _\u, A°V$g° S>° bl°fp° NyS>fp[u NTgp° dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨
Np g g g Np g
g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°, dp” [°_u S> dprl[u Ap`hpdp¨ Aphi° S>°\u _hp°q]$[p° Ap`°gu
- p p p - p
bl°fp°dp¨\u Nd° [°_p° D`ep°N L$fu iL°$.
(5) "k' NZ =k d [p (6) "e' NZ = e i ıhu
***
g g Np g Np Np
p p - p - - 16

30 31
 Mpk iÂ]$p° A_° NTg_p ºg°hf_p° `qfQe d— NX$ p Ly $ S>° h p¨ ıdfZp°
lh° Ap`Z° A°hp Mpk iÂ]$p°_p° `qfQe L$fiy¨ S>° kpdpfie[: dyipefpAp°dp¨ `u^p L$f[p° lzΩ$p° dpZk!
A_° NTgdp¨ h`fp[p lp°e R>°. Ap b^p iÂ]$p° A°V$gp kpdpfie \C Nep R>° L°$ fp° S > Afukp kpd° Ecu
NTg kp\° r_kb[ fpM[p _hp°q]$[p° `Z A°_p\u A`qfrQ[ _lv lp°e. fp°S> DNpd° dyΩ$p° dpZk!
NTg l¨d°ip 5-7-9-11 A°d A°L$u k¨øep_p i°fdp¨ gMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. - ıh. d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep
h[Ædp_ d[ ‚dpZ° Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q i°f_u NTg lp°hu ≈°CA°. L$p°C ipef Ap NTgdp¨ ‚ep°S>hpdp¨ Aph°gp iÂ]$p° "k|Ω$p° - c|Ω$p° - fyΩ$p° - [yΩ$p° -
ºepf°e Qpf i°f_u NTg `Z gM° R>°, R>[p¨ Qpf i°f_u NTgp° blz Ap°R>u dp”pdp¨ lzΩ$p° - dyΩ$p° ' A° b^p L$pqaep (‚pk) L$l°hpe. km¨N NTgdp¨ "dpZk' iÂ]$ R>°
≈°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. `l°gp_p kdedp¨ NTgp° 13-15-17-19-21 L°$ h^pf° i°f_u [° f]$ua (A_y‚pk) L$l°hpi°. ‚\d i°f_p bfl° rdf”p (QfZ)dp¨ L$pqaep-f]$ua
gMhpdp¨ Aph[u l[u. A–epf° `Z L°$V$gpL$ ipefp° ]$uOÆ fQ_pAp° L$f[p lp°e R>°. ep°ƒep R>° A°V$g° A° d–gp_p° i°f L$l°hpi°. –epf `R>u_p b^p i°f_u dp” q‹[ue
dpfp A¨N[ d[ ‚dpZ° 5-7 L°$ h^pf°dp¨ h^pf° 9 i°f_u NTg lp°e [p° NTg_y¨ `¨sº[dp¨ L$pqaep - f]$ua_u kp¨L$m fQu NTg_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>° A°V$g° i°f
Ap¨[f-bp¸ kp¶]$eÆ Mugu DW°$ R>°. R>[p¨ NTgdp¨ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q i°f lp°hp L$l°hpe. R>°âp i°fdp¨ _pd A\hp [p° [MÎg|k_p° D`ep°N \ep° _\u [°\u A° A¨r[d
S>Í$fu R>°. i°f L$l°hpi°.
]$f°L$ i°f b° QfZ (`¨sº[Ap°)_p° lp°e R>°. QfZ_° apfkudp¨ rdf”p L$l° R>°. A°L$ bu∆ NTg_p L°$V$gpL$ i°f [`pkuA° :-
i°f_p ‚\d QfZ_° Dgp rdf”p (Dgp=‚\d) A_° q‹[ue QfZ_° kp_u rdf”p MgL$[_u kp¸bu [p° [dpf° flu NC
(kp_u=q‹[ue) L$l° R>°. klz AÎ`[p S> cpN° Adpf° flu NC!
NTg_p ‚\d i°f_° d–gp_p° i°f L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°, L$pfZ L°$ [°_p bfl° Aplp° Í$ ] $ _ Adpfp¨ Ry > `pep¨ _ fp[\u
QfZdp¨ `∞pkp_y`∞pk ep°S>hpdp¨ ApÏep lp°e R>°. ‚pkp_y‚pk_° L$pqaep-f]$ua [fuL°$ TpL$m Í$`° r_ip_u khpf° flu NC!
Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ºepf°L$ ‚pkp_y‚pkhpmp A°L$\u h^pf° i°f æ$qdL$ ep°S>hpdp¨ kpͨ $ \ey ¨ l° L$pm! kde kpQhu Nep°
Aph° R>°. Aphp `l°gp d–gp_p i°f `R>u_p ‚pkp_y‚pk eyº[ i°f_° lzı_° d–gp Ad ApbÍ$ [p° [pfp ‚lpf° flu NC!
(lzı_=kp¶]$eÆ) A\hp d–gp kp_u (kp_u=q‹[ue - `R>u_p°) L$l°hpe R>°. `R>u_p L$l°hu OZu e hp[ l[u qL≠$[y l° My]$p !
i°fp°_° dp” i°f L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°, L$pfZ L°$ A°dp¨ bfl° rdf”pdp¨ L$pqaep-f]$ua _\u ∆h_-qL$[pb dpfu dTpf° flu NC!
lp°[p `Z dp” i°f_p bu≈ rdf”pdp¨ L$pqaep - f]$ua afu\u ]$p°lfphpe R>°. NTg_p gphu_° dp¨X$ ApeMy¨ d¨rTg D`f "kduf'
A¨r[d i°fdp¨ ≈° ipef° `p°[p_y¨ _pd L°$ [MÎg|k (D`_pd) hp`eyØ lp°e [p° S> [° ≈° e y ¨ [p° lkf[p° S> D[pf° flu NC!
A¨r[d i°f_° "dº[p'_p° i°f L$l°hpe R>° Afie\p dp” A¨r[d i°f L$l°hpe. - ıh. dl°fi÷ "kduf'
L$pqaep - f]$ua_u kdS> dpV°$ Ap`Z° _uQ°_u NTg [`pkuA° :
af[p° gugp° k| Ω $ p ° dpZk Ap NTgdp¨ "Adpf° - khpf° - dTpf°' rhN°f° L$pqaep R>° A_° "flu NC'
k`_p_p° gC c|Ω$p° dpZk! f]$ua R>°. A¨r[d i°fdp¨ ipef° `p°[p_p [MÎg|k "kduf'_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ R>° [°\u
cÏe Cdpf[_p° ≈Z° Ap A° NTg_p° dº[p_p° i°f L$l°hpi°.
S|>_p° `p_p° fy$L$ºp° dpZk! L°$V$gpL$ ipefp° ºepf°L$ d–gp_p° i°f gM[p _\u. D]$plfZ ıhÍ$` d–gp_p
_hfp b° W ° $ gp Cf_p° i°f hNf_u dpfu NTg ‚ı[y[ R>°:-
A°L$ Í$`pmp° [yΩ$p° dpZk! ApV$gp° A¨ ^ pf\u Ncfpe L$p¨ ?
17 A° L $ dy à $u AprNep g° `pW$hy ¨ !

32 33
 L° $ V$gu _p¢ ^ p° L$fu'[u hp¨ Q S>° ,
X$pefu_p lp¨ r kep g° `pW$hy ¨ !
lz ¨ AqL≠ $ Q _ iy ¨ [_° Ap`u iLy ¨ $ ?
Óu 1p _° kpr\ep g° `pW$hy ¨ !
il°f_p° A°lkpk [y¨ `pdu S>i°,
Ap _dy _ p, QpqX$ep g° `pW$h¨ y !
gM _hu "Apri[' afu L$p°C NTg,
kph _h[f L$pqaep g° `pW$hy ¨ !
d–gp_p i°f `R>u kp]$p i°f ApÏep bp]$ ≈° afu L$p°C i°f d–gp_p i°f
S>°hp°, bfl° rdf”pdp¨ L$pqaep-f]$ua eyº[ Aphu ≈e [p° [° ]$p°j NZpe R>°.
dyiefpdp¨ ƒepf° L$p°C ipef `p°[p_u fQ_p_y¨ `W$_ L$fhp_y¨ iÍ$ L$f[p¨ L$l°i° :
"A°L$ NTg f≈| L$ͨ$ Ry>¨' A\hp L$l°i° "NTg_p° d–gp R>°' A° kp¨cmu kp\u ipefp°
A\hp Óp°[pAp°dp¨\u L$p°C L$l°i° "CipÆ]$'. dyipefp_u Ap A°L$ khÆ kpdpfie `f¨`fp
R>°.
Afbu cpjpdp¨ "CipÆ]$'_p° A\Æ \pe "Apop Ap`hu' - "ku^p° dpNÆ
b[phhp°', "CipÆ]$' L$l°hp\u ipef_° NTg ApNm f≈| L$fhp_y¨ CS>_ A`pe R>°.
L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° "CipÆ]$'_p ı\p_° "ıhpN[ R>°' A°d `Z L$l° R>°.
Afbudp¨ A°L$ bu≈° iÂ]$ R>° "CkpÆ]$'. Ap_p° A\Æ \pe - r_qfnZ,
Qp°L$u]$pfu L$fhu, k¨cpm fpMhu. ≈° "i' _p ı\p_° "k' _p° D√Qpf L$fhpdp¨
Aphi° [p° A\Æ_p° A_\Æ \C S>i°. Afbu - D]|Æ$dp¨ Aphp [p° A_°L$ iÂ]$p° R>° S>°_p
D√Qpf ]$p°j\u A\Æ b]$gpC S>i°. A°hp L°$V$gpL$ iÂ]$p° [`pkuA° :
ip_ = h•ch/ ‚[p`/ Ó°õ$[p kp_ = QpLy$, R>fu_u ^pf L$pY$hp_p° `’\f
ifpb = dq]$fp kfpb = d©NS>m
kpS> = A°L$ TpX$/[°[f S>°hy¨ `nu kpT = k≈hV$_p° kpdp_ / hptS>”p° rhN°f°
L$S>Æ = N¢X$p° L$TÆ = F>Z
Ap fu[° NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ `Z A°hp OZp iÂ]$p° R>° S>°_u AiyŸ ≈°X$Zu\u
A\Æ b]$gpC S>[p lp°e R>°. ]$p.[. q]$_=q]$hk, ]$u_= Nfub, kyf=]°$h,
k|f=ıhf/AhpS>/L¨$W$, ky[=`y”, k|[=kpf\u, q]$i=bpSy>/[fa, ]$ui = k|eÆ
rhN°f°.
Ap D]$plfZp° `f\u rkŸ \pe R>° L°$ iÂ]$_y¨ iyŸ D√QpfZ L°$V$gy S>Í$fu R>°.
Alv Ap bpb[ [fa ›ep_ ]$p°fhp_y¨ L$pfZ A°V$gy¨ S> L°$ Ap`Zu NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨
A°hp L°$V$gpe Afbu-D]|Æ$ cpjp_p iÂ]$p° `Z Í$Y$ \C Nep R>° A_° NTgp°dp¨ h`fp[p
34
lp°e R>°. Ap\u iÂ]$p°_u ≈°X$Zu A_° D√QpfZdp¨ M|b S> kph^p_u fpMhu dl–h_u
R>°.
***
R>¨]$ ip˜ ‚dpZ°_p Afie ‚L$pfp°
Ap`Z° D`f ≈°C Nep L°$ NTg_y¨ ºg°hf L°$hu fu[° fQp[y¨ lp°e R>° A_° Ap`Zp
AÊepk_p° d|øe rhje NTg R>° [°\u NTg A¨N° rhı[©[ ≈ZL$pfu ApNm D`f
d°mhiy¨ `Z NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜dp¨ S>Zphhpdp¨ Aph°gp R>¨]$p°dp¨ NTg D`fp¨[ Afie
‚L$pf_u fQ_pAp° `Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>° _uQ° `∞dpZ° R>°.
dykÎkg NTg - dyMÁdk (`¨Q`]$u) -
dyk]π$k (jVπ$`]$u) - _Td - Í$bpC
L$ku]$p - [flu NTg
D`f S>ZpÏep rkhpe bu≈ `Z L°$V$gpL$ ‚L$pfp° R>°. D`f S>Zph°gp
‚L$pfp°dp¨\u `Z blz Ap°R>p¨ ipefp° _Td, dyMÁdk, dyk]π$k, Í$bpC L°$ dykÎkg
NTg gM° R>°. A–epf° rh`yg ‚dpZdp¨ M°X$p[p ‚L$pfp° R>° - NTg, dyº[ i°f,
dyº[L$ A_° [Tdu_! A°V$gp dpV°$ _hp°q]$[p°_° _S>f kdn fpMu, A°d_° S>Í$fu R>°
A°hp S> dp” ‚Qrg[ ‚L$pfp° rhj° rhN[hpf dprl[u Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. Afie
‚L$pfp°_p° dp” ≈ZL$pfu dpV°$ Ly$[|lg k¨[p°jhp DÎg°M L$f°g R>°. _hp°q]$[p° ƒepf°
NTgdp¨ dlpf[ d°mhu g°i° –epf `R>u [°Ap° `p°[p_p S> dpNÆ]$iÆL$ b_u Afie
‚L$pfp° rhj° dprl[u d°mhu g°hp knd b_u S>i°.
S>° ‚L$pfp°_u dp” ≈ZL$pfu Ap`hp_u R>°, kp• ‚\d A°hp ‚L$pfp° _uQ°
S>ZpÏep R>° :
(1) dykÎkg NTg : NTg_p ]$f°L$ i°f_p cph AgN AgN lp°e R>°,
R>[p¨ ]$f°L$ i°f A°_u fu[° k¨`|ZÆ lp°e R>° A_° L$pqaep - f]$ua_p k¨ep°S>_\u [°_u
dpmp N|¨\pe R>°. cph kp[–e L°$ rhQpf kp[–e hpmu NTg_° dykÎkg NTg L$l°
R>°.
ıh. Óu i|fie `pg_`yfu_p d[° "cph kp[–ehpmu NTgp° ‚i¨k_ue R>°
R>[p¨ [°_° dykÎkg L$l°hp_p° qfhpS> Mp°V$p° R>°. rhQpf-cph kp[–e _Td_p ‚L$pfp°dp¨
afrS>ep[ R>°. Aphu NTg "L$–Ap' A\hp "L$–Ap-b¨]$'_p rhcpNdp¨ Aphu ≈e.'
(2) dyMÁdk : MÁkp `Z L$l°hpe R>°. (NyS>fp[udp¨ A°_° `¨Q`]$u
18 L$l°hpi°.) rlfi]$u - D]$|Æ iÂ]$ L$p°idp¨ Ap`°gp A\Æ dyS>b Ap "_Td_p° A°L$ ‚L$pf
35
R>° S>°dp¨ lf b¨^dp¨ `p¨Q rdf”p (`¨sº[Ap°) lp°e R>°.' NTg_p b° rdf”p D`f ”Z
rdf”p Dd°fu A°_° `Z `¨Q`]$u b_phu iL$pe R>°.
Ap fQ_pdp¨ cph kp[–e ≈mhhy¨ Ar_hpeÆ R>°. A°V$gp dpV°$ Ap ‚L$pf
NTg\u S>fp ≈y]$u `X°$ R>°. _dy_p dpV°$ dp” b° b¨^ _uQ° Ap‡ep R>° S>°_p\u
‚pkp_y‚pk_u fQ_p kd≈i°.
A_pq]$ de \L$u `u^y¨ l[y¨ d¨° ApQd_ [pͨ$,
A_° A° ≈ddp¨ ]$uWy¨$ l[y¨ `l°gy¨ h]$_ [pͨ$,
A_° kyfgp°L$\u ≈°ey¨ l[y¨ d¢ Apd∞h_ [pͨ$,
L$eyÆ dpͨ$ h[_ Aphu Alv, ƒep¨ R>° h[_ [pͨ$,
A_° ip°^u f¸p° Ry>¨ lz¨ O|du flu_° k]$_ [pͨ$!
`qfdg L°$i Ny√R>p°_p° lhp `f [y¨ DX$ph° R>°,
A_° `eNpd O°fp CÌL$_p dyS>_° L$lph° R>°,
hmu ıh‡_p° dlv Aphu d_° ibcf k[ph° R>°,
flu_° ]|$f [y¨ CkfpS> L¨$L$Z_p° kyZph° R>°,
˘]$e dp_u f¸y¨, _Ω$u \hp_y¨ ApNd_ [pͨ$!
-ıh. A_¨[fpe W$Ω$f "iplbpT'
(3) dyk]π$k : (jVπ$`]$u) - Apdp¨ ]$f°L$ b¨^dp¨ R> `¨sº[Ap° lp°e R>° Alv
D]$plfZ dpV°$ b° jVπ$`]$u_p b° b¨^ Ap‡ep R>° S>°_p `f\u ‚pkp_y‚pk_u fQ_p L°$hu
fu[° \pe R>° [° kd∆ iL$pi° :-
(1) c|gu ≈ [y¨, c|gu ≈ A° Í$`°fu Qp¨]$_u fp[p°,
c|gu ≈ A° Dce L$f[p¨ l[p¨ S>° ‚°d_u hp[p°,
c|gu ≈ A° L$]$u ]$u^u l[u S>° q]$g_u kp°Np[p°,
c|gu ≈ A° `fı`f_u ‚Ze Tf[u dygpL$p[p°,
lh° A° ‚°d_u hp[p°, dygpL$p[p° c|gphu ]°$,
d_° [pfp ıdfZ`V$\u cy¨kphu ]°$ rdV$phu ]°$!
L$]$u lz¨ Aph[p° [yS> `pk, [y¨ lfMpC ≈[u'[u,
_° ]$p°X$u Aph[u kpd° Nm° thV$mpC ≈[u'[u,
L$fu_° ‚°dNp°õ$u [y¨ `R>u ifdpC ≈[u'[u,
A_° ^uf° flu dyS> Np°]$dp¨ Ry>`pC ≈[u'[u,
lh° A° ıh‡_-kd ]y$r_ep_° [y¨ q]$g\u c|gphu ]°$,
d_° [pfp ıdfZ`V$ \ u cy ¨ k phu ]° $ , rdV$ p hu ]° $ !
36
(2) afu O° f u OV$p\u ApS> O° f pey ¨ NN_ ip_° ?
ky Z ph° R>° afu `p`u ``ulp q]$ g - L$ \ _ ip_° ?
hk¨ [ _y ¨ `Z \ey ¨ R>° D`h_p° d p¨ ApNd_ ip_° ?
Qd_ a}Îey¨-a˛ey¨ `pRy>¨, MuÎep¨ L$rmep°-kyd_ ip_°?
A`ph° R>° d_° klz ep]$ DÎa[_y¨ ∆h_ ip_°?
_\u dm[y¨ ˘]$e_° ApS> `pRy>¨ kp¨–h_ ip_°?
_\u id[u [p° r]$g_u ApN, [y¨ cX$L$p DW$phu ]°$,
S>gphu ]°$ A° cX$L$pdp¨ lh° dyS>_° S>gphu ]°$,
k]$p dpV°$ S>N[\u dpfu lı[u_° rdV$phu ]°$,
AL$ p fp rh\u dy S >_° >qL$ _ pfp° [y ¨ L$ f phu ]° $ ,
idphp_° [_° "kprgL$'L$f° AÓy-hl_ ip_°?
_\u dm[y¨ ˘]$e_° ApS> `pRy>¨ kp¨–h_ ip_°?
- ıh. kprgL$ `p°`V$uAp
(4) _Tπd :-_Tπd_° kdS>hp dpV°$ Óudı[lbub kpfp°]$u_p Ap
iÂ]$p° S> `epÆ· R>° - "_Tπd_y¨ n°” rhipm Mfy¨$ `Z A°_p L$X$L$ b¨^_p° S>°hp¨ L°$ -
rhQpf kp[–e, ‡gp°V$_u k¨`|ZÆ[p A_° f≈|Ap[_u rhriÙ$[p_p L$pfZ° Ap ‚L$pf
`Z Ód-]$peL$ \C `X$Èp°, A°_p ‚r[ ]y$gÆn \[y¨ f¸y¨ A_° A°_u ‚Nr[ ͨ$^pC
NC.'
(5) Í$bpC : Í$bpC Qpf rdf”p_u (`¨sº[Ap°_u) lp°e R>° S>°dp¨
NTg_u S>°d S> L$pqaep-f]$ua_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$fhp_y¨ lp°e R>° `f¨[y L$pqaep dp” `l°gu,
bu∆, Qp°\u `¨sº[dp¨ ep°S>hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ”u∆ `¨sº[dp¨ L$pqaep Aph° _lv. Í$bpC
NTg dpV°$ ep°S>hpdp¨ Aph°gp R>¨]$p° dyS>b (NZrbÁbp°_u fQ_p dyS>b) fQu iL$p[u
_\u. A° dpV°$ Qp°Ω$k AfL$p_ (NZrbÁbp°) _Ω$u Lfhpdp¨ ApÏep R>° A_° A°
AfL$p__u d]$]$\u fQhpdp¨ Aph°gp dp” Qp°huk R>¨]$p°dp¨ S> Í$bpC_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨
Aph° R>°. Í$bpC_p° rhje A°L$ S> lp°e R>° A°V$g° L°$ A°L$ rhQpf_° L°$ rhje_° Qpf
`¨sº[Ap°dp¨ kdphu g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ‚\d ”Z `¨sº[Ap° kQp°V$ lp°hu ≈°CA° A_°
Qp°\u `¨sº[ A–e¨[ Qp°V$]$pf lp°hu ≈°CA°. Qp°\u `¨sº[_° D`f_u ”Z°e `¨sº[Ap°_p°
Ap^pf ı\¨c NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
ıh. Óu kprgL$ `p°`V$uAp A_° ıh. Óu qL$ıd[ Ly$f•iuA° ky¨]$f Í$bpCep[
gMu R>°. Óu kprgL$ `p°`V$uAp_p k¨N∞l "_e_^pfp'dp¨, Óu kprgL$ `p°`V$uAp
A_° qL$ıd Ly$f•iu_p k¨eyº[ k¨N∞l "k¨Nd'dp¨ [\p Óu qL$ıd[ Ly$f•iu_p Í$bpC k¨N∞l
19 "kyfplu'dp¨ ky¨]$f Í$bpC hp¨Qhp dm° R>°.
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 (6) L$ku]$p : "L$ku]$p' A° _Tπd_p° S> A°L$ ‚L$pf R>°, `f¨[y L$ku]$p S> fl°hp ]°$ R>° A_° dyipefpAp°dp¨ A°hp dyº[ i°f NTg f≈| L$f[p `l°gp¨ dyº[L$_u
A°_° S> L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°dp¨ L$p°C_u t_]$p L°$ `∞i¨kp L$fhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e. Apdp¨ S>°d f≈| L$f[p lp°e R>°. D]$plfZ ıhÍ$`° L°$V$gpL$ i°f ‚ı[y[ R>° :-
Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ 20 i°f lp°hp ≈°CA°. Ap_p\u h^pf° i°f dpV°$ L$p°C depÆ]$p _\u. A°hp _kub ºep¨ R>° k`_y¨ e kyM_y¨ Aph°,
Nd° [°V$gu ]$uOÆ fQ_p L$fu iL$pe R>°. Apdp¨ L$pqaep-f]$ua_u rhriÙ$ fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Ap¨Mp° l≈y dmu –ep¨ `pR>u khpf Aphu!
Aph° R>°. Ap L$pÏe ‚L$pf M°X$p[p° _ lp°hp\u rhi°j dprl[u A_phÌeL$ R>°. - Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
(7) [flu NTg : NTg gMhp dpV°$ L$p°C A°L$ L$pqaep-f]$ua eyº[ op_u ifdpC Nep `pNg_u hp[p° kp¨cmu,
`¨sº[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° [°_° Ap^pf ı\¨c dp_u NTg_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph° A_° bpN L$fdpC Nep S>¨Ng_u hp[p° kp¨cmu,
Ap`°gu `¨sº[ L$p°C A°L$ i°fdp¨ hZu g°hpdp¨ Aph° A°hu NTg_° [flu NTg L$l° R>°. - i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp
ANpD_p kdedp¨ A°hp OZp dyipefp \[p l[p S>°dp¨ cpN g°_pf ipefp°_° "Ap°S>k' OZp° cfp°kp° ‚e–_p° D`f l[p°,
ANpD\u A°L$ `¨sº[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph[u [° `¨sº[ `f ipefp° NTg gMu dyipefpdp¨ QpÎey¨ _ qL$fi[y "lpe dyL$]π$f' L$¸p rh_p!
f≈| L$f[p l[p. lh° Aphp [flu dyipefp ep°≈[p _\u. - Ap°S>k `pg_`yfu
gNcN 1959 L°$ 1960_u kpgdp¨ fpS>L$p°V$ Mp[° ep°S>hpdp¨ Aph°gp A°L$ ≈°S>° X$pO _ gpNu ≈e,
[flu dyipefpdp¨ _uQ° dyS>b `¨sº[ Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu l[u : L$pNm_° \pi° _lv ^p°Z !
"aqfÌ[pAp° dlv Ap]$d_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°' - bp`ycpC NY$hu
Apdp¨ "Ap]$d_y¨' L$pqaep R>° A_° "`Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°' A° f]$ua R>°. Ap (2) dyº[L$ : "L$–Ap' Afbu cpjp_p° iÂ]$ R>°. D]|Æ$ - rlfi]$u iÂ]
`¨qº[ `f ıh. Óu _prTf ]°$M•epA° f≈| L$f°g A°L$ NTg_p L°$V$gpL$ i°f D]$plfZ Í$`° L$p°idp¨ S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° "L$–Ap'_p° A\Æ \pe "D]|Æ$ A\hp apfku _Tπd_p° A°L$
‚ı[y[ R>° :- ‚L$pf S>°dp¨ NTg_u S>°d L$pqaep lp°hp Ar_hpeÆ R>° A_° S>° ‹pfp L$p°C A°L$ hp[_u
Í$`pmp¨ ]°$ldp¨ Ap[d_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°, k¨`|ZÆ f≈|Ap[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.'
d_p°lf a}g R>° ap°fd_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°! "L$–Ap'_° Ap`Z° NyS>fp[udp¨ "dyº[L$' L$lu iL$uA° R>uA°. dyº[L$dp¨ b°
cg°_° X|$buA° `Z [pN kpNf_p° [p° gC g°iy¨, i°f dmu Qpf rdf”p (`¨qº[Ap°) lp°e R>°. ‚\d b° `¨sº[ NTg_p d–gp_p i°f
Af° T¨`gph q]$g! ≈°Md_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°! S>°hu, A°V$g° L°$ L$pqaep-f]$ua_p k¨ep°S>_hpmu _ lp°e [p° Qpg° `f¨[y bu∆ A_°
S>Í$fu R>° ANf `yÛ`p° dlv lp°hy¨ `qfdg_y¨, Qp°\u `¨sº[dp¨ L$pqaep-f]$ua lp°hp Ar_hpeÆ R>°. dyº[L$ NTg_u L$p°C `Z blfdp¨
"aqfÌ[pAp° dlv Ap]$d_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°!' (R>¨]$dp¨) gMu iL$pe R>°. D`fp°º[ bfl° ‚L$pf_p dyº[L$_p _dy_p ‚ı[y[ R>°.
r_lpmp° _p Ap apV$u Ap¨M\u kp¶]$eÆ_° "_prTf' `yÛ` QudmpA° [p° Mfu ≈A°,
`fd]$iÆ_ kd° k¨ed_y¨ `Z lp°hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°! nuZ ]$u`L$ cg° W$fu ≈A°,
- _prTf ]°$M•ep i|fie! R>° Ap kiº[_u ]y$r_ep,
_hp°q]$[p°_° S>° ‚L$pfp° rhj° dp” dprl[u Ap`hp_u l[u [° Alv `|fu \pe S>° _ ∆hu iL°$, dfu ≈A°!
- i|fie `pg_`yfu
R>°. lh° [°Ap°_p AÊepk dpV°$ D`ep°Nu A°hu, lpgdp¨ M°X$pC fl°gp ‚L$pfp° rhj° ≈y]$u R>° hp[ L°$ b¨^_ [d° Ecp¨ L$epØ _lv [p° -
≈ZL$pfu Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu flu R>°, S>° iuMhp-kdS>hp dpV°$ _hp°q]$[p° D–kyL$ R>°: Alv Ly$]$f[ b^p_° tS>]$Nu ApTp]$ Ap`° R>°,
(1) dyº[ i°f : L°$V$guL$ hpf A°hy¨ b_° L°$ L$p°C ipef_° kfk rhQpf [d° Ecu L$f°gu A° ]$uhpg° L$p_ [p° dp¨X$p°,
k|T° [p° A° A°_° A°L$ i°fdp¨ hZu g° R>°. Ap i°f gMpep `R>u `|fu NTg `Z gMu lhp `Z Npe R>° NTgp° _° h©np° ]$p]$ Ap`° R>°!
iL$pe R>°, R>[p¨ ipef `|fu NTg gMhp_y¨ ep°¡e _lv dp_[p A°hp i°f_° ıh[¨” Í$`° 20 - Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u

38 39
 dyº[L$_u rhriÙ$[p A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ A°L$ S> cph - rhQpf_° k¨`|ZÆ`Z° kdphu
g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° ‚\d ”Z rdf”p `R>u A¨r[d rdf”pdp¨ ‚\d ”Z qdf”p_p
kpf Í$` hp[ Qp°V$]$pf fu[° `qfZpd ıhÍ$` f≈| L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(3) [Tdu_ A_° Ïe¨o [Tdu_ : [Tdu_ `Z Afbu cpjp_p° iÂ]$
R>°. iÂ]$ L$p°i ‚dpZ° A\Æ \pe : "L$p°C_° `p°[p_p ifZdp¨ g°hy¨ / L$p°C_p i°f_p°
`p°[p_p i°fp°dp¨ D`ep°N L$fhp° / b° rdf”p_u D`f bu≈ ”Z rdf”p Dd°fhp.'
L$p°C `Z NTgL$pf_u A°L$ NTg_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q i°f `k¨]$ L$fu ]$f°L$
i°f D`f bu≈° ipef `p°[p_p ”Z rdf”p Dd°fu d|m cph L°$ rhQpfp°_p° rhı[pf
L$fu [°_° ◊Y$ L$f° R>°. Apd ApMu fQ_p `¨Q`]$u ‚L$pf_u b_u ≈e R>°. Ap ApMu
fQ_p N¨cuf ‚L$pf_u lp°e R>°. [Tdu_ gMhu A°V$g° `fL$pep ‚h°i S>°hy¨ dyÌL°$g
L$pd R>°. d|m ipef_p rhQpfp°dp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ \C, d|m i°f_p cph_° A_yÍ$` ”Z
rdf”p A°hp Dd°fphp ≈°CA° S>° A°L$fk \C ≈e, ]|$^dp¨ kpL$f_u S>°d A_° hpQL$_°
A°d S> gpNhy¨ ≈°CA° L°$ km¨N fQ_p d|m ipef_u S> R>°. D]$plfZ ıhÍ$` A°L$
[Tdu_ ‚ı[y[ R>° -
([Tdu__u fQ_p L°$d \pe R>° [° kfm fu[° D`f kd≈Ïey¨ R>°, R>[p¨ h^y
kfm[p\u kd∆ iL$pe [° dpV°$ d|m NTg AgN Ap`u `R>u [Tdu_ Ap`u R>°.
Apip R>°, ApV$gu ı`Ù$[p `R>u [Tdu__u fQ_p kd≈C S>i°.)
(d|m NTg)
Ok$p[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°
Nl_ OV$dpm_y¨ Npœ¨ Nhp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°,
_ ≈œ¨ L$p°Z ‚°f° R>°, gMp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°!
_ ≈œ¨ T°f L°$ Ad©[ `uhp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°,
Ïe\p_p bpN_y¨ rk¨Q_ L$fp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°!
d_° A°L$ øepg \C b°W$p° lku_° lz¨ lkphy¨ Ry>¨,
Mbf A° _p flu R>p_y¨ fX$p[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°!
d_° `fhi L$fu ]$u^p° Ïe\p `Z ºep¨ S>C L$l°hu?
A≈Zu cp°ddp¨ X$Ngy¨ cfp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°!
L$lv d¨rTg? L$lv lz¨ `¨\ c|g°gp° hV°$dpNyÆ?
L$lv S>C_° kdS>hy¨ ºep¨ S>hp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°?
‚cy ≈Z° kafdp¨ iy¨ \i°? `|fu \i° ºepf°?
∆h_ [p° L$pm_p f¨^° Okp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°!
- ıh. X$pµ. bVy$L$fpe `¨X$Èp
40
ıh. X$pµ. bVy$L$fpe `¨X$Èp_u NTg `f [Tdu_
([Tdu_)
˘]$ e ErdÆ _ p bp° ≈ \u ]$ b p[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
rS>Nf `Z L$pfu S>ødp°\u Ohp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°,
_hy ¨ L$ p ° Nu[ `Z ≈Z° fQp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
Nl_ OV$dpm_y ¨ Npœ¨ Nhp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
_ ≈œ¨ L$p° Z ‚° f ° R>° gMp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° !
r[rdf dyS> _•_ `X$mp°dp¨ R>hp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°,
L$\p_L$ ]$]Æ $ _y ¨ q]$gdp¨ fQp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
‚hplu L¶ $ L$ ‡epgpdp¨ Oy ¨ V $p[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
_ ≈œ¨ T° f L° $ Ad© [ `uhp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° ,
Ïe\p_p bpN_y ¨ tkQ_ L$ f p[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° !
L$ p ° C dy i Æ ] $ aqL$ f p° _ ° QfZ dı[L$ _dphy ¨ Ry > ¨ ,
L$]$u f¨ N pC S>C_° lz ¨ _hu f¨ N [ S>dphy ¨ Ry > ¨ ,
A_p°Mp ıh‡__u A°hu AgN ]y$r_ep hkphy¨ Ry>¨,
d_° A°L$ øepg \C b°W$p° lku_° lz¨ lkphy¨ Ry>¨,
Mbf A° _p flu R>p_y ¨ fX$ p [y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° !
[dpfp iÂ]$dp¨ c∞dZp R|>`phu'[u cgp L°$hu?
[dpfu b° h apC `Z d_° gpNu hap S>° h u.
lh° gpQpf lpg[ L° d S>N_° ≈Zhp ]° $ hu?
d_° `fhi L$fu ]$u^p° Ïe\p `Z ºep¨ S>C L$l°hu?
A≈Zu cp° d dp¨ X$ N gy ¨ cfp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° !
ºe¨lu ıh‡_p°_u ]y$r_ep, ºep¨ gy¨V$pe°gp° hV°$dpNyÆ?
kaf Ïehlpf\u AZ≈Z Ap O° g p° hV° $ d pNy Æ ,
R>° ApMu hpV$ L$p¨ V $pmu _° \pL° $ gp° hV° $ dpNy Æ ,
L$lv d¨ r Tg? L$lv lz ¨ `¨ \ c| g ° g p° hV° $ dpNy Æ ?
L$lu S>C_° kdS>hy¨ ºep¨ S>hp[y¨ ≈e R>° r_–e°?
21
41
 AcpNu_° _kub° ºep¨ gøep° R>° S>¨` `mhpf°,
kfu Îep° AnyAp° kfhy¨ OV°$ [p° M|b A–epf°,
hdmdp¨ _phX$ u Tp° g ° QX$ u R>° ApS> dT^pf° ,
‚cy ≈Z° kafdp¨ iy ¨ \i° ? `| f u \i° ºepf° ?
∆h_ [p° L$ p m_p f¨ ^ ° Okp[y ¨ ≈e R>° r_–e° !
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u (NTg k¨N∞l "lhpdp klu'dp¨\u)
Ïe¨N [Tdu_ dpV°$ Mpk L$fu_°, L$p°C `Z NTgL$pf_u NTg_p° dp” A°L$ S>
i°f `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°dp¨ lpıe r_rl[ lp°hp_u k¨cph_p lp°e. Ïe¨N [Tdu_
fQ_pf ipef, d|m NTg_p N¨cuf ‚L$pf_p i°f D`f A°hu fd|∆ ‚L$pf° ”Z
`¨sº[Ap° Dd°f° R>° L°$ d|m N¨cuf cph `Z lpıedp¨ `qfh[Æ_ `pd°. if[ A°V$gu L°$
b^u `¨sº[Ap° A°L$fk \hu ≈°CA°. Ïe¨N [Tdu__p L°$V$gpL$ D]$plfZp° _uQ° Ap‡ep
R>°.
i°f-ipef ıh. Óu d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep_p° :
ApS> b° hp[ kpky_° hlzA° L$fu, cv[ d|¨Nu flu,
_° `R>u ≈°C gp° L°$hu ≈du `X$u, cv[ d|¨Nu flu
gp°L$ c°Np¨ \ep¨, kp•_° NÁd[ `X$u, cv[ d|¨Nu flu,
Ap¨Nœ¨ bX$bX$Èy¨, X°$gu bp°gu `X$u, cv[ d|¨Nu flu
Of rhj° Ah_hu hp[ klzA° L$fu, cv[ d|¨Nu flu!
i°f-X$pµ. Aifa X$bphpgp :
gp¨ Q Ap`p° , ]$n[p\u V° $ ºk_u Qp° f u L$fp° ,
Âg° L $_p _pZp¨ L$dpC b¢ L $_p Mp[p¨ cfp° ,
klpe ku.A° . _u gC_° Qp° ` X$pAp° Qu[fp° ,
ApMy ¨ ∆h_ kph^p_u\u cg° `Ngp¨ cfp° ,
A° L $ `m Q| L $u S>hpdp¨ ApeMp¨ R>p`° QX° $ !
i°f - rQ_y dp°]$u :
T° f Mphp_p° d_° ApÏep° hM[
ApS> _pZp¨ _ u S>Í$f[ R>° kM[
Ap`hp ≈° lp° e Ap`u ]° $ [f[
Aph-≈ L$fhu `X$u R>° blz hM[
`lpX$_u `R>hpX° $ dpÍ$¨ Npd R>° !
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
(Ïe¨N fQ_p k¨N∞l - "`fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u' dp¨\u)
42
(4) lTg : NTg A° N¨cuf L$pÏe ‚L$pf R>° [p° lTg A° lmhp°, lpıe -
L$V$pn_p° L$pÏe ‚L$pf R>°. lTg_y¨ b¨^pfZ `Z NTg ‚L$pf S>°hy¨ S> lp°e R>°. NTg_p
S> R>¨]$p°dp¨, L$pqaep - f]$ua_p r_edp°_° A_ykfu_° lTg_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph°
R>°, A°V$g° A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ apfku R>¨]$p°dp¨ gMp[u lpıe fk_u L$V$pneyº[, lpıe
‚°f[u fQ_pAp° A°V$g° lTg apfku cpjpdp¨ lTg_p° iÂ]$p\Æ Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°
: "hprlep[ hp[p°' A\hp [p° "dÌL$fp`œ¨'. lTg_° A°_p iÂ]$p\Æ `∞dpZ° Ap`Z°
dÌL$fp`œ¨ L$lu iL$uA° `Z "hprlep[ hp[p°'_y¨ g°bg [p° ºepf°e _ gNpX$u iL$pe,
L$pfZ L°$ lTg ‹pfp L$V$pneyº[ - Qp°V$]$pf hpZudp¨ S>° rhjep° f≈| L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° [°
hp¨Q[p L°$ kp¨cm[p cg° lpıe r_Û`fl \[y¨ lp°e `f¨[y KX$pZ\u rhQpf[p¨ S>Zpi° L°$
[°dp¨ lpıe `pR>m cpfp°cpf L$Í$Z[p Ry>`pe°gu lp°e R>°. lTg A°V$g° lk[p¨ lk[p¨
fX$hy¨. D]|Æ$ cpjp_p ≈Zu[p ipef S>_pb AL$bf Cgplpbp]$uA° ky¨]$f ‚lk_p–dL$
fQ_pAp° Ap`u R>°, S>°dp¨ A°dZ° ‚°d, ^dÆ, fpS>_ur[, rinZ rhN°f° rhjep°_°
Aphfu gu^p R>° A_° kprb[ L$fu b[pÏey¨ R>° L°$ Aphp L$pÏe ‚L$pf ‹pfp Qp°V$]$pf
f≈|Ap[\u kdpS> [\p ]°$i_u ky^pfZp L$fu iL$pe R>°. Ap ◊rÙ$L$p°Z\u rhQpfuA°
[p° lTg_° "hprlep[ hp[p°' L$]$pr` _ L$lu iL$pe.
lTgdp¨ lpıe b° fu[° r_rl[ lp°e R>° - ı\|m Í$`° [\p k|ˇd Í$`°. ApS>°
NTg° A°V$gu ‚Nr[ L$fu R>° L°$ A°_p dpV°$ rhje_u L$p°C kudp _\u, A°_y¨ agL$ Oœ¨
rhı[fu Ney¨ R>° A°V$g° NTg_u fu[° lTgdp¨ `Z A_°L$ rhjep° Aphfu g°hpe R>°.
lTgdp¨ ipef `p°[p_p rhj° L°$ kdpS> A_° fpS>L$pfZ rhj° A\hp [p° kpdprS>L$,
kp¨kpqfL$ rhjd[pAp° rhj° lmhu, L$V$pneyº[ i•gudp¨ hp[ L$fu, lkphu_° L$X$hu
]$hp r`hX$phu ]°$ R>°. lTg cg° lmhp° lpıe ‚L$pf R>°, R>[p¨ A°_u if[ R>° L°$ A°dp¨
rbc–k[p, Ak¨ıL$pqf[p ºepf°e _ Qgphu gC iL$pe. AriÙ$ L°$ ArÔgg A\Æ
D–`fl L$f[p A\hp [p° k|N D`≈h[p iÂ]$p°, iÂ]$ ‚ep°Np° lTg kp¨Mu _ S>
iL°$. A°L$ kpfu ıh√R> lTg gMhu A° NTg gMhp L$f[p¨ Oœ¨ AOfy¨$ L$pd R>°.
D]$plfZ Í$`° _uQ° ”Z lTgp° Ap`u R>° :
chpC R>°
Qu_pAp° S>°d R>p° _° \ep "cpC cpC' R>°,
Ap]$[ - ıhcph° Apd k]$p_p L$kpC R>°!
∆[p° ≈° Q|¨V$Zu [p° dgpC dgpC R>°,
b°ku S>ip° _° [p° e L$dpC L$dpC R>°!
[ghpf_u gXp$C [p° Cr[lpk \C NC!
22 ApS>° lh° Qy _ ph_u Qpgy chpC R>° !
43
 gpZu hQ__u \pe R>° dp¡ep hNf ≈yAp°,
Myfiu S> ApbÍ$ \L$u ApS>° khpC R>°.
"Apri['_u lpL$ Qp°[fa hpN° R>° Npddp¨,
kp•A° L$f° kgpd, b^p_p S> "cpC' R>°!
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u ("`fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u' dp¨\u)
L$ep¨ ky^u Mk°
M°[f Mku Mku_° L$lp° L$ep¨ ky^u Mk°?
il°fp° hku hku_° L$lp° ºep¨ ky^u hk°?
h°`pfuAp° [p° b°^X$L$ g|¨V°$ R>° ‚°d\u,
N∞plL$ L$ku L$ku_° L$lp° L$ep¨ ky^u L$k°?
c°Np \ep ≈° X$prOep S>¨N° QX$u Nep,
Mpgu cku cku_° L$lp° ºep¨ ky^u ck°?
ApMf b^u S> `p°g DOpX$u `X$u NC,
Mp°Vy¨$ lku lku_° L$lp° ºep¨ ky^u lk°?
EN° R>° k|eÆ fp°S> AR>[ gC _hu _hu,
gp°L$p° lku lku_° L$lp° ºep¨ ky^u lk°?
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u ("`fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u'dp¨\u)
dp\y ¨ cdu cdu_° L$ l p° L° $ V $ g y ¨ cd° ?
qX$ ı L$ p ° Ndu Ndu_° L$ l p° L° $ V $ g y ¨ Nd° ?
Ap [p° Qy_ph_p° S> Qd–L$pf dp” R>°,
_° [ p _du _du_° L$lp° L° $ V$gy ¨ _d° ?
Óp°[pAp° "bp°f' \C_° hNpX°$ R>° [pmuAp°,
cpjZ Ndu Ndu_° L$ l p° L° $ V $ g y ¨ Nd° ?
cZ[f\u cpf L°$V$gp° `yı[L$_p° \• Nep°,
bpmL$ Mdu Mdu_° L$lp° L°$V$gy¨ Md°?
L$l°[p l[p L°$ h©Ÿ _° bpmL$ kdp_ R>°,
OfX$p¨ fdu fdu_° L$lp° L° $ V$gy ¨ fd° ?
L$p°fiV≤$pºV$\u QZ°g dL$p_p° `X$u Nep¨,
QZ[f _du _du_° L$ l p° L° $ V $ g y ¨ _d° ?
Ap¨Mp° QX$u NC A_° _pX$u dm° _lv,
"Apri[' S>du S>du_° L$lp° L°$V$gy¨ S>d°?
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u ("`fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u'dp¨\u)
44
(5) ‚r[ - NTg : Ïe¨o [Tdu_ dpV°$ L$p°C ipef_u NTg_p° dp” A°L$
i°f `k¨]$ L$fu [°_p `f ”Z `¨sº[ Dd°fu Ïe¨N [Tdu_ gMpe R>° `Z ‚r[ -
NTgdp¨ L$p°C ipef_u d|m NTg_p ‚–e°L$ i°f_p° dp” A°L$ rdf”p° b]$gu, A°L$ >
_hp° rdf”p° Dd°fu lpıefk D–`fl L$fu iL$pe R>°. D]$plfZ Í$`° A°L$ d|m NTg/
‚r[-NTg Alu¨ ‚ı[y[ R>° :-
d| m NTg :
nZp° _ ° [p° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° ,
by L $p_u R>p° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
L$lp° [p° Ap b^p¨ ‚r[tbb lz¨ ldZp S> c|¨ku ]$J,
Afukp° ap° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
L$dm [¨ [ y kdp Ap dp• _ _° [y ¨ [p° X $ dp _plL$,
afu\u ≈° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
Ap k`_y¨ [p° bfa_p° ı[¨c R>° ldZp¨ S> Ap°Nmi°,
lz ¨ A° _ ° Mp° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
d_° k]π $ c p¡e L° $ iÂ]$ p ° d˛ep [pf° _Nf ≈hp,
QfZ gC ]$p° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
- ıh. d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep
‚r[ NTg :
‚r[õ$p ı\p`hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° ,
by L $p_u R>p° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
R>° kl° g y ¨ L$ p d _° [p° `Z L$ l ° R>° ≈° C gp° L° $ h y ¨ ?
Afukp° ap° X $hp b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
[¢ QÌdp_° aNphu_° ºepÆ R>° L$ p Q_p L$ V $ L $ p ,
afu\u ≈° X $ h p b° k y ¨ [p° hfkp° _ p hfk gpN° !
bfa [p° `uNm° `m `m, d|fM [y¨ Mp°X$hp L°$' R>°?
lz¨ A°_° Mp°X$hp b°ky¨ [p° hfkp°_p hfk gpN°!
A° dpfp cp¡e L°$ "k|dp°' dmu [pf° _Nf ≈hp,
QfZ gC ]$p°X$hp b°ky¨ [p° hfkp°_p hfk gpN°.
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]u$
("`fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u'dp¨\u)
23
45
 (6) NTg A_° NTg_u rhrh^ bl°fp° ◆ bfl° `¨sº[dp¨ rhfp°^pcpku L$\_ _ Aphhy¨ ≈°CA°.
lh° Ap`Z° NTg rhj° A_° NTg_u rhrh^ bl°fp° (R>¨]$p°) rhj° rhN[hpf ◆ i°f_u V|¨$L$pdp¨ R>[p¨ k¨`|ZÆ Ïepøep Ap`hu lp°e [p° Ap`Zp `|hÆk|fu
dprl[u d°mhiy¨ : S>_pb dı[ lbub kpfp°]$u_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ L$lu iL$pe L°$ "NTg_p i°fdp¨ N°e[p lp°e,
Cf° d_yÛe_° gpNZu / k¨h°]$_p Ap`u R>°. Ap gpNZu, Ap k¨h°]$_p ƒepf° d©]y$[p lp°e, ‚hprl[p lp°e, gQL$ lp°e, kp¶]$eÆ lp°e, k¨rn·[p lp°e. Ap [–hp°
iÂ]$ ]°$l ^pfZ L$f° R>° –epf° L$rh[p b_[u lp°e R>°. d_yÛedp” k¨h°]$_iug R>° `Z NTg_p ‚pZ kdp R>°. hmu NTgdp¨ [° S> hp[ L$lu iL$pe S>° A°_u k¨ıL$pqf[p_°
Ly$]$f[° ]$f°L$_° L$rh[p fQhp_u brni _\u Ap`u lp°[u `Z L$rh[p L°$hu lp°hu≈°CA° A_yÍ$` lp°e. NpdW$u, L$LÆ$i, A\ÆO_ iÂ]$ [°dS> AÍ$Y$ iÂ]$p°-‚ep°Np°, N|¨QhZ
A°_p dp`]¨$X$ _Ω$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. Ly$]$f[_u brni kp\° dp`]¨$X$_p° ep°¡e ceyØ L$\_ rhN°f° bpb[p° NTg_p° ıhcph kp¨Mu iL°$ [°d _\u.'
D`ep°N L$fu [d° ky¨]$f L$pÏe kS>Æ_ L$fu iL$p° R>p°. NTg_p ]$f°L$ i°f L°$hp ‚L$pf_p lp°hp ≈°CA° A° D`fp°º[ rh^p_\u ı`Ù$
NTg_p R>¨]$ip˜dp¨ bl°f (R>¨]$>p°) _p _pdp° Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep R>° [° A°V$gp \pe R>°.
b^p A≈Œep A_° S>qV$g R>° L°$ A°_° kl°gpC\u ep]$ fpMhp_y¨ Oœ¨ dyÌL°$g R>°. NTg_u bl°fp° :-
_hp°q]$[p° bl°f_p _pd A_° ‚L$pfp° ≈°C dy¨ThZdp¨ dyL$pC _ ≈e [° dpV°$ R>¨]$p°_p D`f S>ZpÏep dyS>b AfL$p__u d]$]$\u L°$V$guL$ iyŸ bl°fp° A_° L°$V$gue
_pd S>ZpÏep _\u. Ap`Zu r_ıb[ R>° iyŸ R>¨]$p° iuMhp kp\°, _pd kp\° _lv. rdÓ bl°fp° b_phhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. Ap`Z° dp” D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hp[u bl°fp°_p° S>
bl°fp° dpV°$ A°_p AfL$p_ (NZrbÁbp°) dl–h_p R>°, [p° Ap`Z° AfL$p_ ‚dpZ° AÊepk L$fiy¨. ]$f°L$ bl°f _uQ° _dy_p_p i°f Ap‡ep R>°.
S> bl°f (R>¨]$p°) [`pkuiy¨, L$pfZ L°$ iyŸ A_° rhrh^ AfL$p__p k¨ep°S>_\u bl°f NTg gM[u hM[° S> [º[u dp¨X$u_° NTg gMhp_u V°$h fpMhu, S>°\u
b_phhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. NZtbbp° ‚dpZ° NTg_u Ly$g 19 blfp° (R>¨]$) R>° S>°dp¨\u iÍ$Ap[\u S> bl°fdp¨ L$p°C Mpdu flu S>hp _ `pd°. bl°fdp¨ Ap`°gp gOy-Nyfy
kp[ iyŸ blfp° A°V$g° L°$ d|m NZtbbp°_p Aph[Æ_\u b_°gu blfp° A_° bpL$u_u ‚dpZ° S> hS>_ r_cphhp_ÿ lp°e R>°, Afie\p dp°V$u NX$bX$ \C S>hp_u `|fu k¨cph_p
rdÓ NZtbbp°_p Aph[Æ_\u b_ph°gu blfp°. Aphu `°V$p ‚L$pf_u rdÓ blfp° R>°, gOy-Nyfydp¨ a°fapf \C S>[p bl°f b]$gu S>[u lp°e R>°. (ƒep¨ gOy - Nyfy_u R|>V$
350\u `Z h^pf° lp°hp_y¨ _p¢^pey¨ R>°. R>° –ep¨ Ap r_ed gpNy _lv `X°$. L°$V$guL$ bl°fp°dp¨ gOy-Nyfy Q|ı[`Z° r_cphhp_p
Ap`Z° gOy-Nyfy (g-Np)_u k¨op ‚dpZ° AfL$p_ ep]$ fpMhp_p R>°. ≈° lp°e R>°. A°_u ≈ZL$pfu ]$f°L$ bl°f _uQ° _p¢^dp¨ S>Zphhpdp¨ Aphi°.)
NTgp°_p rdV$f (R>¨]$) ‚dpZ° gebŸ NTgp° hp¨Q[p AphX$u Ney¨ li° [p° kl°gpC\u Ap [º[u L°$d dp¨X$hu [°_u kdS> iÍ$Ap[dp¨ Ap`u R>° R>[p¨ [° h^pf° kpfu
Ap AfL$p_ ep]$ flu S>i°. A°V$gp dpV°$ S> iÍ$Ap[dp¨ cpf`|hÆL$ S>ZpÏey¨ R>° L°$ kp• fu[° kdS>dp¨ Aph° [° dpV°$ _dy_p_p Ap`°gp i°f [º[u dp¨X$u_° gøep R>°. ≈° A°L$
‚\d NTg_p blp°mp gebŸ hp¨Q__u M|b S> AphÌeL$[p R>°. dp” \p°X$p hpf ]$f°L$ bl°f_p gedp¨ dlpf[ d°mhu gu^u li° [p° [º[u dp¨X$hp_u `Z `R>u
AÊepk\u NTg gMhp_u gpgQ _lv fpM[p¨ hp¨Q_ `f rhi°j ›ep_ fpMhy¨ S>Í$f[ _lv fl°. `R>u [p° NTg dpV°$ S>° rdf”p° k|Ti° [° Ap`p° Ap` NTg S>°-[°
S>Í$fu R>°. bl°fdp¨ Aphi°.
L$pqaep-f]$ua, d–gp-dº[p, NTg_p i°f_u k¨øep rhN°f° bpb[p° Ap`Z° g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np
iÍ$Ap[dp¨ S> kd∆ gu^u R>°. lh° Ap`Z° A° rhQpfuA° L°$ i°f L°$hp lp°hp ≈°CA°. ∆ h_ N∞¨ \ ≈° hp ` R>u [L$ _ dm i°,
A°dp¨ iy¨ lp°hy¨ ≈°CA° A_° iy¨ _ lp°hy¨ ≈°CA°. ApV$gu kph^p_u fpMiy¨ [p° ky¨]$f S> hp _u dp¨ ≈° ip° [p° ≈° hp C ≈ i° !
NTgp°_y¨ kS>Æ_ AhÌe \i°. Ap `R>u Ap`Z° NTgp rdV$fp° (bl°f/R>¨]$) ≈°Ciy¨. - Ad©[ "Opeg'
◆ NTgdp¨ ]$f°L$ i°f_y¨ A°L$ AgN Ası[–h lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L°$ i°f A°_u D`f_u bl°f "gNpNp'_p Qpf Aph[Æ__u b_°gu R>°. Ap S> bl°f b°,
fu[° `qf`|ZÆ lp°e R>°. A°_p° A\Æ A° L°$ S>° rhQpf L°$ cph f≈| L$fhp° lp°e [° k¨`|ZÆ fu[° Qpf, R> A_° ApW$ Aph[Æ_ gC_° `Z gMu iL$pe R>°.
A°L$ i°fdp¨ kdpC S>hp° ≈°CA°. ApMp° i°f hp¨Q[p A°dp¨ A^|f` _ gpNhu ≈°CA°. g Np Np g Np Np
i°f_u bfl° `¨sº[Ap° hp¨Q[p A°L$ k¨`|ZÆ rhQpf kd≈C S>hp° ≈°CA°. _ ey Ÿp° k dp hp°
24 q]$ ip Ap° ^∞y ≈ hp°! - Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u

46 47
g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np (ApW$ Aph[Æ_)
c g° [y¨ l [p° A° L$ `’\f ` f¨ [y l [u _° L$ Ó Ÿp, ºep¨ e gu gp i _u N¨ ^ Ap h° _ lv
[ _° ]°$ h dp _u L$ fu M| b `| ≈ A d° tS> ]$ Nu cf! A° hu k à>X$ fu [° A° f l° R>° l h°, }
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u ºep¨ R>° krm ep L°$ Ap hy¨  k° Ap d∞ Ly¨$
S>° \u E X$u N e° gp° A° `p° `V$ l h°! }
g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np (ApW$ Aph[Æ_)
Np(ApW$ - X$pµ. grg[ r”h°]$u
L$ kd O° g R>p _p ∆ h_ dp¨ L$ ]$p r`
}`l°gu `¨qL$[ 3)
_ \u `p R>u `p _u L$ fu L$p° C `¨ \°,
g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np
d lp° b[ L$ lp° [p° d lp° b[ L$ fu R>°
}bu∆ `¨sº[ l h° rd ”p° c g° Ny ıkp° N Tg `f W$p g h° Op eg,
b Np h[ L$ lp° [p° b Np h[ L$ fu R>°!
- Ad©[ "Opeg' A dp f° hp [ b° L$f hu l [u ‡ep fu L$ fu gu ^u!
2) - Ad©[ "Opeg'
Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np
iy¨ d _° `p d i° L$p° C V|¨$
L$u _ S>f, g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np
]|$ f A° hu _ S>f \u f lu ≈ J Ry>¨! [ dp fu ep ]$ dp aL$ _c T| L$u Ap Ïey¨,
- fr[gpg "Ar_g' A S>b L$g ip° f L$f [p¨ MN A _° b° W$p¨!
Ap bl°f D`f S>Zph°g Qpf Aph[Æ_ D`fp¨[ b°, ”Z, `p¨Q, R> A_° ApW$ Aph[Æ_ - Ìepd kp^y.
gC_° `Z gMu iL$pe R>°.
4)
Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np
k –e S>° gp N [y¨,
Ap d [p° ≈° L°$ O Zp e° lp° e R>° kp \u k af dp¨,
iu M bf c∞d l i°?
[° R> [p¨ `Z L$p° Z L$p° _° Ap° m M° R>° Ap _ Nf dp¨!
- fr[gpg "Ar_g'
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np
gp N Zu dp¨ [ Zp¨ [y¨ _ \u, Np g Np Np Np g Np NpNp g Np Np
q]$g L$ ]$u A° N Zp¨ [y¨ _ \u! `p R> gp S> fidp° rh j° ≈°L¶$ L$ lz¨ [p°,
- fr[gpg "Ar_g' Ap¨ M dv Qu _° b ^y¨ c|gu S> hp _y¨!
-Ìepd kp^y
Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np
L$p° C L$p fZ rh _p lp e f° dp ” Ap h° i dp¨, ∆ h kp V°$ `Z r_ cp hp°,
L$p° C A° [p° O œ¨ e° L ¸y¨ [° R> [p¨ Qy` f ¸p°! L$p qa ep _u Ap i f[ R>°!
- fr[gpg "Ar_g' - A]$d V¨$L$pfhu
25

48 49
5) Np Np g Np g Np Np
g g Np g Np g g Np g Np g g Np g Np g g Np g Np ie [p _ `Z h k° R>°,
_ ^ fp ky ^u _ N N_ky ^u _ lv J fl r[ _ ` [_ ky ^u Ap rh  R>° b ^p _y¨!
A lvAp ` Z° [p° S> hy¨ l [y¨ a º[ A° L$ d° L$ _p d_ ky ^u - fr[gpg "Ar_g'
- N_u ]$lvhpgp Np Np g Np g Np
NpNpNp Np Np g Np g Np Np Np Np g Np g Np Np
NpNp
Mpk _p¢^:Ap bl°f "ggNpgNp'_p Qpf Aph[Æ__u b_°gu R>°. Alv Qpf°e Í$L$_dp¨ A° Ap h i° a fu \u A°Ap i dp¨ A dp° A° _p b¨ ^ ‹p f L$u ^p¨,
iÍ$Ap[dp¨ b° gOy (g-g) Aph° R>°. Alv b° gOy_p ı\p_° A°L$ Nyfy$ g°hp_u R|>V$ A° hu M bf l [uºep¨ Aphu _° Of ky ^u A° `p R>p a fu S> hp _p!
_\u. b° gOy_p ı\p_° b° gOy Anfp° S> Ap`hp ≈°CA°. ≈° A°d ep°≈° [p° bl°f - Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
b]$gpC S>i°. Alv b° gOy_p ı\p_° b° gOy Anfp° S> g°hp_y¨ af∆ep[ R>°. Np Np g Np g Np Np
NpNp Np Np g Np g Np
NpNp Np
NpNp
6) hf kp ]$ ‡lp X$ `f_p° S>¨Ng l f° L$ h© n° (ApW$ Aph[Æ_)
g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np R>[ _u [ gp i L$f [y¨ cv≈ e X$p m X$pm°, }
N Tg _p° "N' a º[ O|¨ V$Èp° R>° "Apq]$g' S>¨ Ng r_ lp m [y¨ A° S>mAp e _p _u kpd°-
l ≈y bp L$u L$ h_ bp fp M X$u R>°! S>m∆ ıh e¨ L$ f° R>° S>m_y¨ r[ gL$ L$ `pm°! }
- Apq]$g dfik|fu - kyf°iQ¨÷ `¨qX$[
7) 11)
Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np g Np g g Np Np g Np g Np
A n fp° `X$ hp _u ƒep¨OV$ _p b _u L$p Nm ` f°, L$p° C O f° _ Ap h [y¨ ` ”p° _ Ap h [p,
–ep¨ [ f[ Aa hp E X$u L°$ lp \ \u L¨$ Ly$ M f°! dp fu S> _° d ‡g° V$ _° hp¨ √ep L$ ͨ$ Ry>¨ lz¨!
8) - d_p°S> M¨X°$qfep 12) -Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np Np g Np Np
g Np g Np g g Np Np g Np g Np g g Np
M c° L$p hX$ _° L$p hX$ b¨ ^ A¨ ^p fp, S> hp ]$p°,
N d° [° lp° e ]$ ip`Z _ \u My dp f [ ƒep°,
A d° `m _u L$ \p _p dp ” hZ ≈ fp, S> hp ]$p°!
A dp fp lp \ _ `lp¢√ep L$ ]$u k gp d ky ^u!
- dl°fi÷ ≈°iu
-Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
9) Np Np g g Np Np g g Np Np g g Np Np
Ap bl°fdp¨ R>°âp b° gOy_p ı\p_° NyÍ$ gC iL$pe.
"Opeg' _° ‚ cy ≈ Z° N ey¨ L$p° Z D Np fu,
13) Np g Np Np g Np g Np g g Np
d© –ey e N ey¨ k|¨ Ou ` f¨ [y _ d ep£,g°!
fp d ≈ Z° iy¨ L$p d lz¨ S> d _°,
- Ad©[ "Opeg'
k `Æ _u S>° d hv V$ mp ; ep° Ry>¨!
10)
- Ad©[ "Opeg'
Np Np g Np g Np Np Np Np g Np g Np Np
Ap bl°fdp¨ R>°âp Í$L$_dp¨ b° gOy_p ı\p_° A°L$ Nyfy$ g°hp_u R|>V$ R>°.
A° hp _ ku b L$ep¨ R>° k` _y¨ e kyM _y¨ Ap h°,
D`f_p i°fdp¨ ≈°C iL$pe R>° L°$ R>°Îg° ‚\d rdf”pdp¨ "S> d_°'ggNp R>° ƒepf°
Ap¨ Mp° l ≈y d mu –ep¨ `p R>u k hp f Ap hu!
q‹[ue rdf”pdp¨ "ep°' b° gOy_p ı\p_° A°L$ Nyfy ep°ƒep° R>°. Ap [aph[ kd≈e
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u 26 A°V$gp dpV°$ Ap i°f `k¨]$ L$ep£ R>°.

50 51
14)
Np g Np Np g g Np Np g g Np Np Np Np
Ap¨ M Ap `u _° d _° Ap¨ M dp¨ i¨ L$p Ap `u,
^fi e R>° [p fu _ S>f A¨ ^ _° Ó Ÿp Ap `u!
- Apq]$g dfik|fu
Ap bl°fdp¨ dp” ºepf°L$ k¨≈°Nhpkp[π ‚\d Í$L$_dp¨ "NpgNpNp'_p ı\p_°
"ggNpNp'gC iL$pe.
15) g Np Np g Np Np g Np Np g Np
O V$p \u V$ lz L$p h fk [p f ¸p,
L$ iy¨L$ A° hy¨ L$p dZ l [y¨ fp [ dp¨ !
- Apq]$g dfik|fu
Ap bl°fdp¨ R>°âp Í$L$_ "gNp'_p ı\p_° "gNpg' gC iL$pe R>°.
16)
g Np g Np Np g Np g Np Np
_ hp S> ‚ Óp° M X$p L$ f° R>°,
k hp g L°$ hp L$ fu L$ fu _°?
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
g Np g Np Np g Np g Np
NpNp NpNpNp g Np g Np Np g Np g Np Np
NpNp
b^p S> dp_h R> [p¨ rh Qp fp° ıhcp h ≈y ]$p ]$ f° L$ S>__p,
b^p¨ a} gp°`Z ≈y ]$u S> f¨ N[ ≈y ]$u S> MyÌb| b ^p¨ ky d_dp¨!
- fr[gpg "Ar_g'
17) Np g g Np g Np g g Np g
hp V$ _ ≈° [y¨ A° _u `g `g,
A° d© N S>m R>° bp° g _ S>g S>g!
- i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp
Ap \p°X$u c|g \p` MhX$phu ]°$ [°hu bl°f R>°. b° gOy_p ı\p_° NyÍ$ `Z gC_° OZp
ipefp° fQ_p L$f[p lp°e R>°. A°V$g° Ap bl°f (_uQ° dyS>b) b_u S>[u lp°e R>°.
Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np
A°V$g° ≈° Ap bl°fdp¨ NTg gMhu lp°e [p° gOy_p ı\p_° gOy Anfp° S> g°hp
≈°CA°.

27

52 0
18) Np Np
18)Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np g Np Np
L°$ hu du W$u A° _u hp Zu, L$p° Z° L$ ¸y¨ L°$
l• ep kp \° lz¨ `Z `p Zu! X¨$ M° _ a} gp°!
- i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp - i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp
A°L$ Aph[Æ_ b° Aph[Æ_ Ap rdV$fdp¨ gOy-Nyfy_u R|>V$R>pV$ g°hp[u _\u.
(1) Np Np (2) Np Np Np Np L$ p qaep
Ly¨$ [g "Op eg' ∆ h_ ANpD S>ZpÏep dyS>b D`f S>° bl°fp° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>° [°dp¨ NyS>fp[u
bp ]$g fZ dp¨ bp hm cpjp dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ _\u g°hp[u [°dS> Ap°R>u `qfrQ[ bl°fp°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨
kp fk _\u ApÏep°. Apd `Z b^u S> bl°fp°dp¨ NTgp° gMhu S> ≈°CA° A° S>Í$fu _\u
"Op eg' R>[p¨ rhrh^ bl°fp°dp¨ NTgp° gMu iL$pe [p° A° [dpfu rkŸu NZpi°. lp, [d°
- Ad©[ "Opeg' ƒepf° Afie NTgL$pfp°_u NTgp° hp¨Q[p L°$ kp¨cm[p lp° –epf° bl°f_° Ap°mMhp
ApW$ Aph[Æ _ S>°V$gu nd[p L°$mhu g°hu ≈°CA° A_° Apip R>°, L°$mhu gu^u li°.
(3) Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np A°L$ bu∆ AN–e_u hp[. NTgdp¨ L$pqaep_u fQ_p `Z dl–h_u R>°. rhrh^
∆ h_ _p `Z kp ^_ kp fp¨ NTgL$pfp°_u NTgp°_p rhipm hp¨Q_\u L$pqaep_u fQ_p `Z S>Í$f\u kd≈C NC
}`l°gu `¨sº[
df hp _u `Z D —d kp° C lp°hu ≈°CA°, R>[p¨ S>Zphhy¨ S>Í$fu kd≈y Ry>¨ L°$ L$pqaep dpV°$ `Z R>¨]$ip˜dp¨ L°$V$gpL$
cf ep• h_ dp¨ a}g fp° mp ey¨ Qp°Ω$k r_edp° OX$hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. L$pqaep A¨N°_p r_edp° ip˜p°º[ `Ÿr[\u
}bu∆ `¨sº[
bp Ng|¨ V$p ep° A° _h k¨ [° ! kdS>hpdp¨ _hp°q]$[p° Qp°Ω$k dy¨ThZ A_ychi°, A°V$g° A° r_dep°dp¨\u L°$V$gpL$
- i|fie `pg_`yfu r_edp° kfm[p\u V|¨$L$dp¨_uQ° S>ZpÏep R>° :-
Ap bl°fdp¨ Qpf Aph[Æ_dp¨ bu≈ A_° Qp°\p [\p ApW$ Aph[Æ_dp¨ bu≈ Qp°\p, a ≈° L$pqaep° "f¨N' lp°e [p° [°_p S>°hp S> A_yıhpf hpmp L$pqaep Aphu iL°$.
R>Ã$p A_° ApW$dp¨ Aph[Æ_dp¨ "NpNp'_p ı\p_° "g g Np' `Z gC iL$pe ]$p.[. S>°d L°$ - "S>¨N - ]¨$N - c¨N' rhN°f°.
Np Np g g Np Np Np g g Np D`fp¨[ R>°âp Aph[Æ_dp¨ "Np a L$pqaep dpV°$ S>° iÂ]_p° D`ep°N L$ep£ lp°e [°_p S>°hp S> D√QpfZhpmp iÂ]$p°
Np'_p ı\p_° "Np g' `Z g°hpe R>°. L$pqaep [fuL°$ gC iL$pe. ]$p.[. "S>hpb' L$pqaep dpV°$ "ifpb- _hpb- [yfpb -
]$p.[. S>_pb- fL$pb' rhN°f°.
(4) Np Np Np Np Np Np Np g a L$pqaep "A^|fu' lp°e [p° "d^yfu - d≈|fu - kb|fu' iÂ]$p° Ap`u iL°$ `Z
du W$p¨ id Zp¨ hk dp i| m, "aL$ufu' S>°hp iÂ]$p° _ Aphu iL°$.
dp fu NT gp° _p¨ b° d| m! a ≈°X$pnfu L$pqaep lp°e [p° ]$f°L$ iÂ]$ ≈°X$pnfu S> Aphp ≈°CA°. ]$p.[. "c|Ω$p°'
- Ad©[ "Opeg' [p° "Í$Ω$p° - k|Ω$p° - [yΩ$p°' rhN°f°.
(19) L$pqaep - f]$ua_u ‚p\rdL$ dprl[u Ap`Z° d°mhu gu^u A°_p `f\u ı`Ù$
Np Np g Np Np Np Np g Np Np \pe R>° L°$ NTgp° l¨d°ip L$pqaep - f]$ua kp\° S> gMpe R>°. rdf”p_p A¨[dp¨ `Z
[p° bp _y¨ d¨ q]$f [| V$u ` X°$ _p, L$pqaep ep°∆_° f]$ua frl[ NTgp° `Z gMu iL$pe R>°.
k¨ cp m Ap° q]$g dp° kd _u lW$ R>°! ]$p.[. -
- i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp 28 "iplu-L$pNm-`°_, Ap]$u-A¨[_p° R>p°X$p° S>d°gp°'
} d–gp

53 54
 ]$p°j\u bQp°
Ap¨Mdp¨ Ap¨Mp° `fp°hu Ap¨M_u cpjp DL$°gp°!
lp\dp¨ `’\f gC_° dpZkp° fı[° Ecp'[p,
ep]$ _p Aph° L$iy¨e° L$p°C_° lz¨ ºep¨ _X°$gp°! } i°f
- C–ep]$u.... - Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
aaa
‚\d rhipm hp¨Q_\u NTg_p gedp¨ r_`yZ[p ‚p· L$fu gu^p bp]$ NTg_p
R>¨]$ ip˜_p AÊepk\u NTgp° gMhp_y¨ iÍ$ L$fp° –epf° _uQ°_u bpb[ [fa Mpk
gn Ap`hp_u S>Í$f R>°.
Apc|jZp° S>°d Ap`Zp [__u ip°cp R>°, [°hu fu[° Ag¨L$pfp° L$p°C `Z L$pÏe
`∞L$pf_u ip°cp R>°. Aphp Ag¨L$pfp°_° Ap`Z° b° rhcpNdp¨ rhcp∆[ L$fu iL$uA°.
iÂ]$pg¨L$pf A_° A\pÆg¨L$pf. iÂ]$ kp¶]$eÆ ‚NV$ L$f[p¨ Ag¨L$pfp° [° iÂ]$pg¨L$pf A_°
A\Ædp¨ kp¶]$eÆ_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$f[p Ag¨L$pfp° [° A\pÆg¨L$pf.
NTg_p i°f gMhpdp¨ `Z rhriÙ$[p fl°gu R>°. [d° S>° rhQpf i°fdp¨ f≈| L$fp°
[°dp¨ rhQpf kp¶]$eÆ lp°hy¨ Oœ¨ S> S>Í$fu R>°. A¨]$pT°bep¨ A°V$g° L°$ f≈|Ap[_u fur[
M|b S> dl–h_u R>°. iÂ]$p° kpQp dp°[u R>°. A°_° rhQpf Í$`u kyhZÆ ^pNpdp¨ `fp°hu
dp°lL$ dpmp b_phhp_u R>°.
Ap qhQpf kp¶]$eÆ, cpjp kp¶]$eÆ A_° A¨]$pT°bep¨_u M|buAp°, Afie ipefp°_u
fQ_pAp° hp¨Q[p¨ dpZu S> li°. lh° [dpf° A°L$ NTgL$pf [fuL°$ A° b^y¨ rkŸ L$fu
b[phhp_ÿ R>° A_° [dpfu `p°[p_u A°L$ ApNhu i•gu rhL$kphu [dpfu rhriõ$ Ap°mM
Ecu L$fhp_u R>°.
A°L$ bu∆ dl–h_u hp[ : R>¨]$ ip˜dp¨ A°hp L°$V$gp¨L$ ]$p°jp° hZÆhhpdp¨ ApÏep
R>° S>° i°f_u fQ_pdp¨ Aphhp ≈°CA° _lu.
a NTg_p L$p°C i°fdp¨ k¨bp°^_, L$pm A\hp hQ_ (A°L$hQ_- blzhQ_)_p°
D`ep°N L$ep£ lp°e [°dp¨ Afie i°fp°dp¨ a°fapf \hp _ ≈°CA°. ]$p.[. L$p°C i°fdp¨
"[y¨' L$¸y¨ lp°e [p° `R>u Afie i°fdp¨ "[d°' L°$ "Ap`' _ Aph°, lz¨ `R>u "Ad°'_ \hy¨
≈°CA°. km¨N NTgdp¨, hQ_, L$pm rhN°f°_p° kdp_ ‚L$pf° r_cph \hp° ≈°CA°.
a L$p°C A°hp° iÂ]$ flu S>hp° _ ≈°CA° L°$ S>°_p hNf i°f_p° A\Æ kdS>hpdp¨
dp_rkL$ L$kf[ L$fhu `X°$.
a AÍ$Y$, NpdW$u, L$LÆ$i L°$ iÂ]$ L$p°idp¨ ≈°hp hNf A\Æ kd≈e _lv A°hp
iÂ]$p° hp`fhp ≈°CA° _lv.
Alv NTgip˜_y¨ `∞p\rdL$ rinZ `|ͨ$ \pe R>°. ApVgy¨ iuøep `R>u A°d
29
dp_hp_u c|g c|g°Q|L°$ `Z L$f[p _lv L°$ [d° NTgip˜dp¨ `pf¨N[ \C Nep R>p°,
55
A°L$ kam NTgL$pf b_u Nep R>p°. NTg_y¨ [p° A°L$ rhipm f¨Nch_ R>°. Ap
`yrı[L$p_u d]$]$\u A° f¨Nch__y¨ dp” A°L$ S> ‚h°i‹pf DOpX$u Ap‡ey¨ R>°. NTg_p
Ap rhipm f¨Nch__p M¨X°M¨X$dp¨ Ad|Îe Th°fp[ ceyØ R>°. [dpf° M¨[`|hÆL$ ]$f°L$
M¨X$ DOpX$u A° Th°fp[ ky^u `lp¢Qhp_y¨ l∆ bpL$u R>°, A°V$gy¨ ep]$ fpM≈°.
***
NTg_y¨ r_funZ - `funZ
A°L$ NTgL$pf b_hp_u [dpfu dl°√R>p_p L$pfZ° [d° OZu NTgp° gMu
_pMu li°. [dpfu NTgp°dp¨ ky¨]$f rhQpfp° f≈| \ep li°, `Z lh° NTg_p
R>¨]$ip˜_p AÊepk `R>u L$]$pQ [d° [dpfu ANpD gMpe°gu NTgp° `f afu\u
_S>f a°fhu Nep lip°. A_° A° ≈Zhp_p ‚epk L$epÆ li° L°$ R>¨]$ ip˜_p r_edp°_u
`epÆ· ≈ZL$pfu hNf gMpe°gu NTgp°dp¨ ºep¨ ºep¨, L°$hu L°$hu DZ`p° flu S>hp
`pdu R>° A_° dW$pfhp_p ‚e–_p° `Z L$epÆ li° S>. Aphp ‚epkp° A°L$ kam NTgL$pf
b_hp_u D—d r_ip_u R>°.
]$f°L$ NTgL$pf° `p°[p_u S> NTgp°_p `funL$ `Z b_hp_y¨ lp°e R>°. NTgL$pf
NTg gMpC Nep `R>u A°_y¨ `y_: `y_: k|ˇd[p\u `W$_ L$fu L¨$C EZ` flu NC
lp°e [p° ky^pfu g° R>°.
[d° lh° R>¨]$bŸ NTgp° gM[p \C Nep R>p° [p° [dpf° `Z [dpfp S> `funL$
`Z b_hp_y¨ R>°. NTg gMpC Nep `R>u cg° A°_p `y_: `W$_\u A°dp¨ L$iu EZ`
S>Zp[u _ lp°e R>[p¨ A°_° [f[ S> nr[ frl[ _lv dp_hp_u. NTg gMpC Nep
`R>u b°-Qpf q]$hk_p rhfpd bp]$ afu `W$_ L$fhy¨. b_hp ≈°N R>° L°$ rhfpd bp]$_p
`W$_\u L$p°C nr[ flu NC lp°e [° ›ep_ `f Aph°.
OZuhpf rkŸlı[ NTgL$pfp° `Z c|gp° L$fu b°k[p lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° A°L$p]$
rkŸlı[ NTgL$pf_u NTg_u QL$pkZu L$fuA°. Apd L$fhp\u L°$hp ‚L$pf_u c|gp°
\C S>[u lp°e R>° [° ≈Zhp dmi° A_° `funL$ b_hp_y¨ `Z iuMhp dmi°.
A°L$ ky‚rkŸ NTgL$pf [fuL°$ Óu i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp_y¨ dp°Vy¨$ _pd R>°. A°dZ°
NyS>fp[u D`fp¨[ D]|Æ$ cpjpdp¨ `Z D—d NTgp°_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$eyØ R>°. Ap`Z° A°d_u
A°L$ NTg [`pkuA°. A° NTg R>°:
"kpNf lku `X$ È p° _° [f¨ N p° lku `X$ È p,
`| _ d_u Qp¨ ] $_u_p Dd¨ N p° lku `X$Èp!
_pQu DW$u ky N ¨ ^ _° T| d u DW$Èp° `h_,
[d_° r_lpmu a} g _p f¨ N p° lku `X$Èp!
56
 A° dÌL$fu li° L° $ li° Nd_u [uh∞ [ p? A_° "lku DW$Èp'. Ap b¨fl° hpºep¨ip° h√Q° L°$V$gp° b^p° dp°V$p° [aph[ R>° [° ≈°CA°.
fX$[u idp_° ≈° C `[¨ N p° lku `X$Èp! "lku DW$Èp' A°dp¨ Myiu Ïeº[ \pe R>° ƒepf° "lku `X$Èp'dp¨ dÌL$fu_p°, d≈L$_p°
Ap `Z NS>b L$ f u R>° [d° lı[N[ L$ g p, cph Ecp° \pe R>°. NTg_p d–gp `R>u_p° ‚\d i°f Ap a°fapf kp\° hp¨Qip° [p°
^ufS> [dpfu ≈° C _° S>¨ N p° lku `X$Èp! cphp\Æ ı`Ù$ kdS>dp¨ Aphu S>i°. [d_° r_lpmu a}g_p f¨Np° "lku `X$Èp' _°
dkg[ L$ f u f¸p¨ l[p¨ d© – ey _° Ap¨ k y A p° , b]$g° "lku DW$Èp' L$¸y¨ lp°[ [p° A°dp¨ A°L$ Myiu_p° cph Ïeº[ \ep° lp°[ ƒepf°
_p]$p_ tS>]$Nu_p Dd¨ N p° lku `X$Èp! "lku `X$Èp' A°d gMhp\u dÌL$fu_p° cph Ïeº[ \pe R>°. "_pQu DW$u kyN¨^ _°
_p Afie\u [p° AÓy\u Mp°mp° \ep° kcf, T|du DW$Èp° `h_' `Z "[d_° r_lpmu a}g_p f¨Np° lku `X$Èp' Apdp¨ Ïe¨N f≈|
A° ≈° C _° D]$pk DR>¨ N p° lku `X$Èp! \pe R>°. hmu ip dpV°$ "lku `X$Èp' A°_p° L$ip° d°m b°k[p° _\u.
k¨ ≈ ° N _u OV$pdp¨ r_lpmu Í$`° f u L$p° f , Apd Aphp f]$ua_p ‚ep°N\u L$ip° A\Æ _u`S>[p° _\u. "`X$Èp'_° ı\p_°
`pNg L$rh_p d__p [f¨ N p° lku `X$È! "DW$Èp' d|L$u ApMu NTg hp¨Qip° [p° ºep¨ - L°$hp° Ïe¨N D`S>° R>° [° kdS>dp¨ Aphu
T° f u _\u _° dpfu iL° $ R>° , L$dpg R>° . S>i°.
gl° f p[u gV$ r_lpmu cy S >¨ N p° lku `X$ È p! Ap D]$plfZ\u A° kdS>hp_y¨ R>° L°$ ]$f°L$ iÂ]$_° A°_p° ApNhp° A\Æ lp°e R>°
`X$My ¨ afu_° A° Z ° L$¸y ¨ L¨ $ CL$ L$p_dp¨ ! , A_° NTgdp¨ iÂ]$p°_u `k¨]$Nu A–e¨[ dl–h_u R>°.
\¨ c u Nep° `h_ _° `g¨ N p° lku `X$Èp! d_° rhpk R>° L°$ ApV$gy¨ iuøep `R>u [d_° NTg A_° NTgip˜_p KX$pZ_u
- ıh. i°Mp]$d Apbyhpgp
Ap NTg_y¨ rdV$f (R>¨]$) R>°:
NpNpg / NpgNpg / gNpNpg /NpgNp [L$[u dp¨X$uA° [p° _uQ° dyS>b
[L$[u \pe :
Np Np g Np g Np g g Np Np g Np g Np
kp Nf l ku ` X$Èp° _° [ f¨ Np° l ku ` X$Èp
`| _d _u Qp¨ ]$ _u _p D d¨ Np° l ku `X$Èp!
gOy-Nyfy Anfp°_u ºep¨ R|>V$ gu^u R>° [° `Z D`f ≈°C iL$pe R>°. [f¨Np°,
Dd¨Np°, f¨Np°, `[¨Np° rhN°f° L$pqaep R>° A_° "lku `X$Èp' f]$ua R>°. `l°gp° i°f
d–gp_p° R>° S>°dp¨ bfl° `¨sº[dp¨ ‚pkp_y‚pk ep°ƒep R>°. L$rh_y¨ D`_pd ([MÎg|k)
Ap]$d R>°. A°dZ° R>°âp i°fdp¨ hp`eyØ _\u A°V$g° A°_° dº[p_p° i°f _lv L$l°[p
NTg_p° A¨r[d i°f L$l°hpi°. Ap ku^u-kfm [|L$b¨^u S>°hu NTg R>°. L$iy¨ A\Æ
Np¨rceÆ S>Zp[y¨ _\u. lh° nr[Ap° ≈°CA°.
ƒepf° NTgdp¨ L$p°C `Z iÂ]$ ‚ep°N L$fuA° –epf° S>°-[° iÂ]$_p° hp√ep\Æ
A_° N|Y$p\Æ kdS>hp° OZp° S>Í$f R>°. Mp°V$p iÂ]$ ‚ep°N\u L$l°hp_p° cphp\Æ b]$gpC
S>[p° lp°e R>°. Alv ‚ı[y[ NTgdp¨ `Z Ap EZ` S>Zpe R>°.
NTg_p° f]$ua R>° "lku `X$Èp'. lh° ApNm hp¨Q[p `l°gp¨ b° hpºep¨ip°
D`f rhQpf L$fp° L°$ bfl° h√Q° ip° A\Æ-c°]$ R>°! Ap bfl° hpºep¨ip° R>°: "lku `X$Èp'
30

57 58
kdS> `X$u li° A_° h^pf° op_ ‚p· L$fhp_u rS>opkp `Z AhÌe ≈N©[ \C k¨]$cÆ kprl–e
li°. [d° [dpfp `p°[_p dpNÆ]$iÆL$ b_hp kd\Æ b_u Nep R>p°. [dpfu L$kp°V$u lh°
iÍ$ \pe R>°. NTgip˜_° gN[p S>° L$p°C `Z `yı[L$p°, g°Mp° rhN°f° dmu iL$[p lp°e
1. D]|Æ$ - rlfi]$u iÂ]$L$p°i
A°_p° AÊepk iÍ$ L$fhp_p° k¨L$Î` L$fp°. [d° ]$f°L$ L$kp°V$udp¨\u `pf D[fu S>ip°
2. R>¨]$kdS> NTgklS : S>_pb "_Tf' Na}fu
A°hp° rhpk Aı\p_° _lv NZpe.
3. NTg: L$gp A_° L$kb : Óu Ad©[ Opeg
*
4. NTg_y¨ R>¨]$ip˜ : Óu S>rde[ `¨X$Èp
5. ]$g`[ t`Nm A_° Ag¨L$pfp]$iÆ_
- A_° R>°hV°$ - 6. Nu[ NTg A¨L$ 1 \u 6 : [¨”u : i|fie `pg_`yfu / A_¨[fpe Ïepk
Óu Ad©[ "Opeg'_p° A°L$ i°f R>° :- 7. NTg_y¨ t`Nmip˜ : Óu iL$ug L$p]$fu
"A°d dS>b|fu dlv d__u flu NC d_dp¨, 8. NTg_y¨ L$pqaepip˜ : Óu iL$ug L$p]$fu
A°L$ NTg S>°d dfu ≈e f≈|Ap[ hNf!'
9. k¨]$cÆ i°f dpV°$ NTgL$pfp°_p k¨N∞lp°
dyipefpdp¨ NTg_u f≈|Ap[ `Z ep°¡e fu[° _ \pe [p° kpfu NTg `Z dpf
10. D]|Æ$ L$rh[p Ap•f R>¨]$ip˜ : Óu _f°i _]$ud
MpC S>[u lp°e R>°. [d° ƒepf° L$p°C dyipefpdp¨ fQ_p f≈| L$fip° –epf° iy¨ kph^p_u
11. rlfi]$u NTg ep”p cpN - 1 : k¨. X$pµ. rNqffpS>ifZ AN∞hpg
fpMip°?
iÍ$Ap[dp¨ gøey¨ R>° [°d [d° L$p°C NTgL$pf rd”_° Nyfy$`]°$ ı\p‡ep li°. [d_°
X$pµ. AS>e S>_d°S>e
L$p°C dyipefpdp¨ klcpNu \hp_y¨ r_d¨”Z dm° –epf° dyipefpdp¨ f≈| L$fhp S>° (Óu r_Ì[f Mp_L$plu)
fQ_pAp° `k¨]$ L$fp° [° kp• ‚\d [d° dp_°gp Nyfy_° b[php°, A°_p `f r_Mpgk
QQpÆ L$fp° A_° L$p°C ”|V$u flu S>[u lp°e [° e\pkde ky^pfu gp°.
dyipefpdp¨ ƒepf° [dpfu fQ_p f≈| L$fp° –epf° ApV$gy¨ ›ep_ AhÌe fpMp° :-
L$p°C NTg A\hp i°f L$ep k¨]$cÆdp¨, ºep k¨≈°Np°dp¨ gMhp ‚°fZp dmu [°
rhj° rbgLy$g hp[ _ L$fp°. h^pf° `X$[u TX$`° fQ_p hp¨Qhu _lu. iÂ]$p°√Qpf iyŸ
A_° kpa \hp ≈°CA° S>° Óp°[pAp°_p L$p_ ky^u bfpbf `lp¢Q°. fQ_p gebŸ
ıhf°, dpaL$kf_u TX$`° hp¨Qhu ≈°CA°. i°fdp¨ [d° Ïeº[ L$f°gp rhQpfp° Óp°[pAp°_p
˘]$e_° T¨L©$[ L$fu ]°$, ^pfu Qp°V$ D`≈hu iL°$ A° dpV°$ ºep iÂ]$p° `f hS>_ Ap`hp_y¨,
ºep iÂ]$p° R>|V$p `pX$u_° f≈| L$fhp [°_y¨ Mpk ›ep_ fpMhp_y¨.
dyipefpdp¨ D`sı\[ Óp°[pAp° NTgL$pfp°_° kp¨cmhp ApÏep lp°e R>° dpV°$
fQ_p f≈| L$fp° –epf° Óp°[pAp° [fa [dpͨ$ ›ep_ lp°hÿ ≈°CA°. hpf¨hpf kp\u NTgL$pfp°
[fa ≈°C_° L°$ [°d_° k¨bp°^u [°d_u ]$p]$ d°mhhp ‚epk _ L$fp°. A°V$gy¨ ep]$ fpMp° L°$
[dpfp kp\uAp° `Z NTgL$pf R>° A_° ep°¡e ı\m° ep°¡e ]$p]$ Ap`i° S> `Z Óp°[pAp°
[fa\u dm[u ]$p]$ h^pf° dl–h_u R>°.
[p° gMp° NTgp° A_° L$fp° kam f≈|Ap[.
[dpfu kam[p dpV°$ lpq]Æ$L$ iycL$pd_pAp°. 31
- Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
59 60
 _pd : kyf°i L$p°V$L$
D`_pd : Apri[ l•]$fpbp]$u
(NTgL$pf/L$rh/A_yhp]$L$)
S>fid [pfuM : 25-3-1937
S>fid ı\p_ : tk^ l•÷pbp]$ (`pqL$ı[p_)
cpf[ kfL$pf_p L$pepÆge "gOy D¤p°N k°hp k¨ı\p_'dp¨ ky]$uOÆ
_p°L$fu bp]$ Aprk. X$pef°ºV$f (A°X$rdr_ıV≤°$i_)_p¨ `]°$\u ıh•s√R>L$
r_h©r—. lpgdp¨ dp” kprls–eL$ / kpdprS>L$ ‚h©r—.
‚L$pi_p° :
Aph°N / lhpdp¨ klu / _°Cd ‡g°V$ / `fZhp_u k≈ ]$u^u /
K^p lp\_u / A¨]$pT°bep¨ / rlfi]y$ı[p_u k¨Nu[dp¨ NTg NpeL$u /
"pk_p kfhpmp' (f°_y Nyf_p_u_u NTgp°) / NTg_y¨ _hy¨ NN_ /
NTg_u Apk`pk / NyS>fp[u L$lpr_ep¨
D`fp¨[
Óu Aprb]$ kyf[u_u _hgL$\pAp°_p rlfi]$u / NyS>fp[u A_yhp]$
Qd–L$pfu R>p°L$fu / lpS>fpl≈|f / fpd Apkf°
d°f° `p`p L$u kp]$u / Qqf”lu_
rhi° j
a "^bL$' ”•dpqkL$ ‹pfp Óu r_rdÆi W$pL$f ‚°qf[
1996 dpV°$_y¨ Ó°õ$ Ïe¨N [Tdu_ `pqf[p°rjL$
a "rdk CrfiX$ep' ıh. `frkk M¨cp[p_° A°d_p `yı[L$ "^u
‚pCX$ Ap°a CrfiX$Ap' dpV°$ dprl[u k¨L$g_dp¨ klpe[p
32 a ApL$pihpZu dpfie[p‚p· L$rh.