Legea lui Ohm

I=U/R

R
VA VB
U=VA-VB
I
+
E,r R

I=E/(R+r)
 Teoremele lui Kirckoff

I
k
k 0 Legea conservarii sarcinii

E  R I
k
k
j
j j Legea conservarii energiei
Teorema generatorului de tensiune
constanta (Thevenin)

A
U AB 0
Re te a d e I AB 
re ziste nte RAB 0  RAB
si surse
t.e.m .
B
Mendeleev’s Table
(Grups IInd – VIth)

II III IV V VI

C6

Al13 Si14 P15 S16

Zn30 Ga31 Ge32 As33 Se34

Cd48 In49 Sn50 Sb51

Pb82
The splitting of energy levels
 Fermi – Dirac Distribution

E 3 P E1   P E 2   1  P E 3    1  P E 4  
E 1
This is the probability to have an
E 2 electron on energy level E1 and E2
(occupied states) and no electrons
E 4 on E3 and E4 (unoccupied states)

E
 1  P  E 1     1  P E 2    P  E 3   P E 4 
3

E 1 This is the probability to have an

electron on energy level E3 and E4
E 2 (occupied states) and no electrons on
E 4
E1 and E2 (unoccupied states)

Both probabilities must be equal in the case of thermal equilibrium,

therefore we can write the following equality:
 Fermi – Dirac Distribution

 1   1   1   1 
  1    1    1    1
 P E 3    P E 4    P E1    P E 2  
Than, only next function can fulfil the above equality

 1 
  1  A exp( E / kT )
P E
   

If the condition of energy conservation E1  E 2  E3  E 4
Where the constant A is
A  exp( EF / kT)
 Fermi – Dirac Distribution

Then the probability to have an electron in the state

characterized by energy E is :
1
fe  E   E  EF
1  e kT
and the probability to have an empty state is :

1
f p  E   1  fe  E  
EF  E
1  e kT
 Fermi – Dirac Distribution
fe ( E ) T=0 K
o
fp(E )
p T=0 K
o

1 1
o o
T> 0 K T> 0 K
1 /2 1 /2

E E

E E F
F

N E k 
4

 3 2m n*  3/2
E 1/ 2
k
Np  E k 
4

 3 2m p*
h
 3/2
E1k/ 2
h