Quantitative Aptitude

-A quick reference

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 Arithmetic

Types Description Example

Real Numbers All numbers on Number Li ne
Rational Numbers Any number tha t can be represented in the form a /b, where a & b a re integers
Integers All Whole Numbers , wi thout a fra ctional or Decimal Pa rt 5
Common Decimals/fractions All Numbers , wi th a fra ctional or Deci mal Pa rt 0.555, 0.567
Terminating For a/b, when remainder equals 0 ½ = 0.5
Non-Terminating For a/b, when remainder never comes to 0 0.777….
Pure Recurring Deci mals in whi ch all figures a fter decimal point Recur 0.99999….
Mixed Recurring Deci mals in whi ch onl y some figures after decimal point Recur 0.31222
Irrational Non-Termina ting & Non-Repeati ng √2 = 1.414213…

Integers

 All Integers a re Numbers , but all Numbers a re not Integers

 0 and 1 a re not Prime Numbers
 2 is the fi rst/onl y even Pri me Number
 All Pri me numbers a re Positi ve
 Absolute Value of n = |n| = Distance between ‘0’ and ‘n’ on the number line. For exa mple, |-2| = 2

Types of Integers

Types Description Example

Whole or Counting All +ve numbers {0,1,2,…}
Positive or Natural Grea ter than 0 {1,2,3,…}
Negative Lesser than 0 {…..,-3,-2,-1}
Even Di vi ded by 2 wi th 0 as Remainder {…,-2,0,2,4,…}
Odd Di vi ded by 2 wi th 1 as Remainde r {…,-3,-1,1,3…}
Prime Grea ter than 1, wi th exa ctl y two integer fa ctors/di visors {2,3,5,7,11,….}
Composite Any Number except 1 that is not Prime {4,6,8,9,10..}
Consecutive Set of Numbers wi th Fi xed interval {1,2,3,4,….}
Distinct Numbers wi th Di fferent Values 2 and 5

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Arithmetic Operations

 Addition, Subtra ction, Mul tipli ca tion and Di vision

 Subtra cting a number is same as adding i ts opposite
 Di vi ding by a number is the same as mul tipl ying i ts opposi te
 Di vi dend = (Di visor * Quotient) + Remainder
Order of Operation

 PEMDAS : Pa rentheses Exponents Multipli ca tion Di vision Addi tion Subtra ction
 The opera ti ons of mul tiplica tion and di vision mus t be performed in order from left to ri ght
 The opera ti ons of mul tiplica tion and di vision mus t be performed before thos e of addi tion and subtra cti on

Laws of Operation

 Commuta ti ve Law of Opera tion  Addi tion or Mul tiplica tion can be performed in any order wi thout changing the result
 Associati ve La w of Opera tion  Addi tion or Mul tiplica tion can be regrouped in any order.
 Dis tributi ve La w of Opera tion  Fa ctors can be dis tributed a cross the terms being added/subtra cted/mul tiplied/di vided.
 When the sum or difference is in the Denomina tor, no dis tributi on is appli cable

Divisibility Tests

Tests Description
Divisibility Test for 2 If Uni t’s Digi t is di visible by 2 or is a multiple of 2
Divisibility Test for 3 Sum of all di gits is di visible by 3 or is a mul tiple of 3
Divisibility Test for 4 Number made by Ten’s and Uni t’s Digi t is di visible by 4 or is a mul tiple of 4
Divisibility Test for 5 If Uni t’s Digi t is equal to ‘0’ or ‘5’
Divisibility Test for 6 If i t is di visible both by 2 and 3.
Divisibility Test for 8 Las t three digi ts a re di visible by 8. Or if it’s di visible by 2 thri ce
Divisibility Test for 9 Sum of the di gits is di visible by 9 or mul tiple of 9
Divisibility Test for 10 If las t Digi t is ‘0’
Divisibility Test for 12 If i t is Di visible by 3 and 4

 The Product of ‘n’ consecuti ve integers is alwa ys di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of ‘n’
 The Sum of ‘n’ consecuti ve integers is alwa ys di visible by n, or is a mul tiple of ‘n’
 If there is one even Integer in a Consecuti ve series , the Product of the series is di visible by 2
 If there a re two even Integer in a Consecuti ve series , the Product of the series is di visible by 4
 If ‘a ’ is di visible by ‘b’, then ‘a ’ is also di visible by all the fa ctors of ‘b’

Greatest Common Factor

 GCF of two or more numbers is the la rges t integer that is a fa ctor of both numbers . For Exa mple, 6 is the GCF of 12 and 18.

Methods for Determining Prime Num bers: Tes t all the pri me numbers tha t fall below the approxima te squa re of the gi ven number

Least Common Multiple

 Smallest common multiple of all the gi ven numbers

Adding and Subtracting with Odd and Even Numbers

Tasks Description
Even + Even or Odd + Odd Sum and Difference is Even
Even + Odd Sum and Difference is Odd
Sum/Difference of two Even Even
Sum/Difference of two Odd Even
Sum/Difference of Even and Odd Odd

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Multiplying and Dividing with Odd and Even Numbers

Tasks Description
Even * Even , Even/Even Even
Odd * Odd, Odd/Odd Odd
Even * Odd, Even/Odd, Odd/Even Even

 Sum of any two Primes will be Even

 If sum of two pri mes is Odd, then one of the number mus t be 2
 Product of any two numbers a and b = GCF * LCM

Fractions and Decimals

Converting Fractions to Decimals

 Step-1: Reduce the fra ction to i ts l owes t terms

 Step-2: Next, di vi de the numera tor by denomina tor

For example, 1/10  0.10

Converting Decimals to Fractions

 Step-1: Fi rs t Elimina te the deci mal poi nt, and wri te(Right to decimal Point) i t as the numera tor of the resul ting fra ction
 Step-2: Next, di vi de i t by 1 followed by as many zeroes as the number of pla ces to the ri ght of the decimal point of the gi ven number, and
wri te that as the denomina tor of the resulti ng fra ction
 Step-3: Simplify the resul ting fra ction to i ts l owes t terms by di vi ding the numera tor and denomina tor by i ts GCF

For example, 0.10  10/100  1/10

Proper Fraction a/b, where a<b ; Improper Fraction a/b, where a>b ; Mixed Fraction a(b/c)

A (b/c)  ((c*a ) + b)/c

Additi ve Inverse  Nega ti ve of the Number

Mul tipli ca ti ve Inverse  Reciprocal of the Number
Quotient of any gi ven number and its nega ti ve is -1

How to Simplify Fractions

 Method-1: To Reduce a fra ction to lowest terms , di vide the numera tor and denomi nator by thei r G.C.F
 Method-2: Cancel all common fa ctors of numera tor and denomina tor until there is no common fa ctor other than 1
 A fra ction is said to be in its lowest terms when the G.C.F of the numera tor and denomina tor is 1

Addition of Fractions:

 Wi th Common Denomina tors : (a/c) + (b/c) = (a + b)/c

 Wi th Different Denomina tors : (a /b) + (b/d) = ((a *d) + (b*c))/(b*d)
 Sa me logi c hol ds for subtra cting Fra ctions too

Exponents (a ^ n)

 An Exponent is a number tha t tells how many ti mes the base is a fa ctor. For example, in 52, there a re 2 fa ctors . Here 5 is the base and 2 is
the exponent.
 For any number “a ”: a n = a *a *a *a*…… “n” number of times = b  i .e., nth root of b is a  n √b = a
 Squa re of a ny posi ti ve number or squa re of i ts nega ti ve will alwa ys be positi ve
0=
 n 1, where n # 0

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  Any number raised to the nega ti ve power equals the reciprocal of that same number or expression raised to the absolute value of the
power indi ca ted, whi ch resul ts in a fra ction wi th a numera tor of 1. a -n = 1/a n
 a m/n = n √ a m (nth root of a raised to the power of m)

Table for Combining Exponents

Same Base Same Exponent

Add When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same base, When mul tipl ying expressions wi th the same exponent, Multiply
ADD the exponents . MULTIPLY the bases
a m * a n = a (m + n) a n * a n = (ab) n
Subtract When di vi ding expressions wi th the same base, When di vi ding expressions wi th the same exponent, Divide
SUBTRACT the exponents DIVIDE the bases
a m / a n = a (m - n) a n / a n = (a /b) n
Same Base Same Exponent

 Format of Scienti fi c nota tion  a.bcde * 10 (n), where a ,b,c,d,e a re any posi ti ve numeri c digi ts , such tha t, 0<a <10, and n is the number of
pla ces the decimal point is moved, whi ch can be negati ve, positi ve or zero.
Radicals

 Exponents and Radi cals a re opposi te opera tions

 Root of a number or an expression. a √b  Denotes a th root of b, where a is the Index, b is the Radicand
 a 1/n = n √a
 ( m √n) m = n
 Square root of negative numbe rs is not defined. Negative Numbers do not have real numbers as their roots
 If √x yiel ds an integer, then ‘x’ is a perfect squa re
 If √x yiel ds a non-integer, then ‘x’ is an imperfect squa re
n n n
 √(a * b) = √a * √b

Common Square roots

X 2 3 5 6 7 8 11
2
√X 1.41 1.73 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3.32

 ( a * b) √ (n * m) = a √n * b√m
 √(a / b) = √a / √b
 √a * √b = √(a * b)
 √a / √b = √(a / b)
 √(a + b) # √a + √b
 √(a - b) # √a - √b
 √(a + b) # √a + √b
 √a- √b # √(a - b)
 √a * √a = a
 √(a 2 * b) = a √b
 (√a + √b) 2 = a + b + 2 √(a * b)
 (√a - √b) 2 = a + b - 2 √(a * b)
 (√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a -b
 √n (√a + √b) = √n √a + √n √b

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 Algebra

 (Xm Yn)/ (Xp Yq) = X m-p Y n-q

m n m n
 (X + Y )/Z = (X )/Z + (Y )/Z

 Fa ctor a x2 + bx + c = 0 into the following two factors . (p+q) (r+s); such tha t:
 Fi rs t term of the trinomial  p * r
 Las t term of the tri nomial  q * s
 Middle term of the tri nomial  (ps) + (qr)

Eight steps to solve equations (To be followed in same order)

Step-1: Get rid of fra ctions and/or decimals by mul tipl ying each term of both sides by the LCD. (Appl y onl y i f equa tion has Decimal/Fra ctions)
Step-2: Get rid of all the pa rentheses using dis tributi ve law. (Appl y onl y if equa tion has pa rentheses)
Step-3: Combine Like Terms on both sides (Appl y onl y if Like Terms Exist)
Step-4: Isolate all the terms with va riable expressions on one side by addi tion or subtra ction, and then combine them (Appl y onl y if Va riables exis ts
on both sides)
Step-5: Isolate all the terms with numeri cal expressions on the other side of the equa tion by a ddi tion or subtra cti on, and combine them (Appl y onl y
if numeri cal expressions a re on both sides)
Step-6: Get rid of the ra di cal signs if there a re any, by squa ring both sides of the equa tion (Appl y onl y if equa tion has radi cals )
Step-7: Get rid of the exponents i f there a re any, by taking the root of both the sides by the same number (Appl y onl y if equati on has exponents )
Step-8: Mul tipl y and/or Di vi de both sides by the coeffi cient of the va riable (Appl y onl y if equati on has co -effi cient)

Six Steps to Solve Linear Equations

Step-1: Mul tipl y one or both the equati ons by the same or different numbers so tha t the coefficient of one of the va riables a re of same absolute
value but of opposi te si gns
Step-2: Add the resul ting equa tions
Step-3: Now, one of the va riables will be elimina ted by cancelling out to zero; hence new equa tions with onl y one va riable resul ts out.
Step-4: Sol ve this new linea r equa tion wi th one va riable by following the above 8 s teps
Step-5: This will result in a val ue of one of the va riables ; s ubs titute this value into ei ther one of the ori ginal equati ons , whi ch will result in new
equation wi th the other va riable
Step-6: Sol ve this equa tion and find the value of other va riable

Quadratic Equations roots/solutions

X = 1/2a [-b + √ (b 2 – 4a c)] and X = 1/2a [-b - √ (b 2 – 4a c)]

 If (b 2 – 4a c) > 0, then √ (b 2 – 4a c) will be two distinct real number roots

 If (b 2 – 4a c) < 0, then there exis ts no s olution or real roots
 If (b 2 – 4a c) = 0, then √ (b 2 – 4a c) will be zero. And expression has onl y one real root or solution
 Sum of Roots  -b/a
 Product of Roots  c/a
 Axis of s ymmetry  -b/2a

Solving Quadratic Equations

Step-1: If requi red manipulate the equa tion by grouping, such tha t, all the terms a re set on one side of equation and othe r side is zero in such a
wa y tha t i t can be fa ctored and put into the s tanda rd form: a x 2 + bx + c = 0
Step-2: Combine the Like terms on the nonzero side of the equa tion
Step-3: Fa ctor the left side of the equa tion into linea r binomial expression factors
Step-4: After brea king the equati on into linear fa ctors , set ea ch linea r fa ctor equal to zero
Step-5: Sol ve for both the mini equations, the two resul ting values is the solution set

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 Applications

To→ Fraction (1/2) Decimal (0.50) Percent (50%)

From ↓
Fraction (1/2) Not Appli cable Step-1: Di vide the numera tor by Step-1: Mul tipl y the Fra ction by 100
Denominator Step-2: Simplify and insert % sign.
Ex: ½  1 / 2 = 0.50 Ex. 1/2 = (1/2) * 100 = 50 %
Decimal (0.50) Step-1: Drop the decimal point by Not Appli cable Step-1: Move the Decimal Point two
di vi ding i t by 1 plus add as many zeroes pla ces to the ri ght
as the number of places to the right of Ex: 0.50  50 %
the deci mal point.
Step-2: Simplify.
Ex: 0.50  50 / 100 = 1/2
Percent (50%) Step-1: Drop the percent sign, next Step-1: Move the percent’s decimal Not Appli cable
di vi de the percent number by 100. point two pla ces to the left.
Step-2: Simplify. Ex: 50%  0.50
Ex: 50 %  50/100 = 1/2

Percents:

Wha t is “a” % of “b”? Problem Set-Up: x = (a /100)*b

“a ” is what percent of “b”? Problem Set-Up: a = (x/100)*b
Wha t % of “a ” is “b”? Problem Set-Up: b = (x/100)*a
“a ” is “b%” of wha t number? Problem Set-Up: a = (b/100)*x
“a%” of what number is “b”? Problem Set-Up: b = (x/100)*a

Percent Changes:

Percent Change  (Actual Change/Ori ginal Value) * 100 %

Percent Increase  ((New Value – Ori ginal Value)/ (Ori ginal Value)) * 100 %
Percent Decrease  ((Ori ginal Value – New Value)/(Ori ginal Value)) * 100 %

To Increase a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100% + K%)

To Decrease a number by K%, mul tipl y i t by (100 - K%)
If a number is the result of increasing another number by K%, then, to find the ori ginal number, di vide by (100% + K%)
If a number is the result of decreasing another number by K%, then, to find the original number, di vide by (100% - K%)

Successive Percent Changes

Appl y the following s teps when two or more series of subsequent percent changes a re applicable:

Step-1: Compute the fi rst percentage change on the original base. If the original base is not gi ven, assume i t to be 100
Step-2: Add/Subtra ct the fi rs t percent change from the base of 100 to find the value a fter fi rs t percent change, also known as the intermedia te
value.
Step-3: Compute the second percent change on the val ue of fi rst percent change
Step-4: Add/Subtra ct the second percent change from value after the fi rst percent change to find the final percent change

Example problem: If the pri ce of an i tem raises by 10% one yea r and by 20% the next, what’s the combined increase?

Percent Discounts

Ori ginal Pri ce  Sale Pri ce + Discount Amount

Ori ginal Pri ce  (Dis count Amount/Dis count %) * 100
Ori ginal Pri ce  Sale Pri ce / (100% + Ma rkup %)

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New Pri ce  Ori ginal Pri ce (100 % + Ma rk-up %) or Original Pri ce (100 % - Ma rk-up %)
Sale Pri ce  Ori ginal Pri ce – Discount Amount
Dis count Amount  Ori ginal Pri ce – Sale Pri ce

Dis count % (Ra te of Discount)  ((Ori ginal Pri ce – Selling Pri ce)/Original Pri ce) * 100  (Dis count Amount/Ori ginal Pri ce) * 100

Percent Mark-Ups/Downs

Cos t Pri ce: Amount tha t costs the seller without any profit or loss . It is the cos t that the seller pa ys or incurs to procure or produce an i tem.

Selling Pri ce: Amount tha t a seller sells an i tem for, whi ch ma y include a profi t (mark -up) or loss (ma rk-down) or neither (break-even pri ce)
Break-Even Pri ce: Nothing but the Cos t pri ce

Ma rk-up or Profi t  Selling pri ce – cos t pri ce

Selling Pri ce  Cost Pri ce + Profi t

Ori ginal Pri ce or Cost Pri ce  Sale Pri ce/ (100% + Ma rk-Up %)
New Pri ce  Ori ginal Pri ce + Ma rk-up (Increase)

Ma rk-down or Loss  Cost pri ce - Selling pri ce

Selling Pri ce  Cost Pri ce - Loss

Ori ginal Pri ce  Sale Pri ce/ (100% - Ma rk-down %)

New Pri ce  Ori ginal Pri ce - Ma rk-Down (Decrease)

Percent Interests

Simple Interest:

Interes t = Principal * Rate * Time (In Yea rs).

Before appl ying any of these formulas, make sure the uni ts of ea ch measure a re i n a ccordance.

Compound Interest:
(time) (C)
Fi nal Balance  (Principal ) * (1 + (interes t ra te/c))

Where, C = Number of ti mes compounded a nnuall y; time = Number of yea rs

Di vi ding the Interest Rate by the Number of Periods in a yea r:

 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded annually, di vi de i t by 1

 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded semi -annuall y, di vide i t by 2
 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded qua rte rl y, di vide i t by 4
 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded bi -monthl y, di vide i t by 6
 If the Interes t Ra te is compounded monthl y, di vide i t by 12

The Di fference between Simple Interes t and Compound Interes t: Si mple Interes t is computed onl y on the pri ncipal; and compound i nterest is
computed on the pri ncipal as well as any interes t al ready ea rned.

Ratios

Ra tios a re the ma themati cal relationship between two or more things . Ra tios a re nothing but another form of fra ctions . “Perce nt” is a ra tio in
whi ch the second quanti ty is 100.

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Terms of Ratio

The Two numbers in the ra tio a re called the “terms” of the ra tio

1st Term called the antecedent; 2nd Term called the consequent
Terms of Ra tio must be the in the same uni t

th
Real Number value of ea ch pa rt of Ra tio  (n pa rt / (Total pa rts))*Whole

Combining Ratios by Multiplying Ratios

Step-1: Mul tipl y both the gi ven ra tios so tha t the common terms ca ncel out, i.e., the second term of the fi rs t ra tio ca ncel fi rst term of second ra tio
Step-2: Once the terms they ha ve in common cancel out; combine the ra tio as two -pa rt or mul tipl y the cancelled terms to wri te i t as 3 pa rt ra tio

For Example; If the Ra tio of a to b is 6:5 and b to c is 2:1, wha t is the ra tio of a : b: c?

By Multiplying Ratios:

a / b & b/c  6/5 & 2/1  (a/b) * (b*c)  (6/5) * (2/1)  12/5  a :c = 12:5

Now Mul tipl y both ca ncelled “b’s ” to get the middle pa rt of the ra tio = 5 * 2 = 10. Now, a : b: c = 12:10:5

Laws of Proportion

If, a :b = c:d or a/b = c/d, then following a re true:

 ad = bc
 b/a = d/c
 a/c = b/d
 (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d
 (a - b)/b = (c - d)/d

Direct Proportions

Two Quanti ties x and y, a re said to be di rectl y proportional i f they satis fy a rela tionship of the form x = ky, where k is a non zero cons tant

Different Types of Direct Proportions are:

 Money Spent – Quanti ty Bought

 Weight – Quanti ty
 Hei ght – Shadow
 Actual Si ze – Map Scale
 Gasoline – Miles
 Time – Wa ges

Indirect Proportions

Two Quanti ties x and y, a re said to be indi rectl y proportional i f they sa tisfy a rela tionship of the form x = k/y, where k is a non zero cons tant

Different Types of Indirect Proportions are:

 Workers – Time
 Speed – Ti me
 Monthl y Ins tallments – Loan Period
 Members – Ti me Peri od for Suppliers

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How to figure out if two Quantities vary directly or inversely? Answering one of the following questions would get the result.

Question – 1: Will an i ncrease in one quantity lead to an increase or decrease in the other quanti ty?
 If i t leads to Increase, then the two qua ntities va ry di rectl y
 If i t leads to Decrease, then the two qua ntities va ry inversel y

Question – 2: Will a decrease in one quantity lead to a decrease or a n increase in the other quantity?
 If i t leads to decrease, then the two quanti ties va ry di rectl y
 If i t leads to increase, then the two quanti ties va ry i nversel y

Compound Proportions

When two ra tios tha t ha ve three or more pa rts, a re in the same proportion, i t is called a compound proportion

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 Geometry

Geometry

Geometry is the s tudy of Shapes (both fla t and curved). Ma thema ti cs of the properties, measurements , a nd relationshi ps of points , lines , a ngles,
surfa ces, and solids

Perimeter  Measurement of the dista nce all the wa y round any closed 2-D fi gure or Object  Sum of measure of all the lengths of all its sides
Area  Certain amount of region “covered” or “Occupied” by 2-D or 3-D closed fi gures  Measure of the space inside a flat figure
2
Square Units (Unit )  Uni ts of measure used to measure the a rea of any 2-D or the Surfa ce a rea of any 3-D figures .
Area of 2-D Figures  Measure of the number of squa re uni ts tha t completel y fills the region on the surfa ce a rea of the fi gure
Area of a Flat Surface  base * alti tude
Surface Area of 3-D figures  Sum of the total a reas of all the 2-D outer surfa ces of the 3-D object  Sum of the a reas of ea ch of the solid’s
surfa ces or fa ces.
Volume  Certain amount of spa ce “covered”, “occupied”, “enclosed” i nside 3-D closed fi gures .  Are of i ts base ti mes i ts depth or hei ght.
Cubic Units Uni t of measure used to measure the volume of a ny 3-D object  Mul tipl y the a rea of one of the bases of the solid by the height of
the solid  a rea of base * height

Lines

Point: Identify s pecifi c loca tion in spa ce, but is not an object by i tself. Represented by a small dot (.)
Line: 1-D s traight path tha t has no endpoi nts. Mi nimum of two poi nts requi red making a line and there is no ma ximum number of points on a line.
Pra cti call y i t is i mpossible to draw a line since line drawn would ha ve some fi xed length and wi dth. The s ymbol ( ) wri tten on top of two letters
represents the line.
Ray: Pa rt of line tha t begins at one labeled fi xed endpoint and extends infini tel y from tha t point in the other di rection. It’s li ke a half line.
Line Segment: It’s a Finite, segment or pa rt of a line wi th two labeled fi xed endpoint. The Symbol (—) wri tten on top of two letters represents a
line segment

Types of Lines

Perpendicular Lines: Two lines that intersect ea ch other to form four angles of equal measure, and each has a measure of 90 0
Parallel Lines: Li nes tha t remain apa rt, and maintain an equal and cons tant dis tance between ea ch other and never intersect ea ch other if
extended infinitel y in ei ther di rection
Transversal Lines: A li ne that intersect two or more pa rallel lines.

Angles

Angles a re formed by intersection or union of two lines , line segments , or ra ys . Angles a re measured in counterclockwise.

Sides: Si des of the angle a re two lines , ra ys , or line segments .

Vertex: Poi nt of intersection a t whi ch two sides meet or dis connect. (Note: Vertex  Singula r, Verti ces  Plural )
Degree: Unit of angula r measure. (Note: 10 = 60 ‘(Mi nutes) and 1 ‘= 60 “(Seconds)

Types of Angles

Zero Angle: An Angle whose measure is exa ctl y 0 0.

Acute Angle: Angle whose measure is grea ter than 0 0 but less than 900.
Right Angle: An Angle whose measure is exa ctl y 900.
Obtuse Angle: An Angle whose measure is grea ter than 90 0 and less than 1800.
Straight Angle: An Angle, whose measure is exa ctl y 180 0, forming a s traight line.
0 0 0
Reflex Angle: An Angle, whose measure is greater than 180 and less than 360 . Sum of angles a round a point is 360 . An Angle is formed when two
line segments extend from a common point
Congruent Angle: Congruent Angles a re angles of equal measure. If two angles ha ve the same degree, they a re said to be cong ruent.
Angle Bisector: A line or line segment “bisects” an angle as i t splits the angle into two s maller and equal angles .

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Types of Pair of Angles:

Adjacent Angles: Pai r of two angles tha t sha re a common vertex a nd a common side
Complimentary Angle: Pai r of two adja cent angles tha t ma ke up a ri ght angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exa ctl y adds up to 90 0
Supplementary Angle: Pai r of two adja cent angles tha t ma ke up a s traight angle, i .e. whose degree measurements exa ctl y adds up to 180 0.

Polygons:

Pol ygon is a geometri c fi gure in a plane tha t is composed of and bounded by three or more s traight line segments , called the sides of the pol ygon

Parts of Polygon

Side: Si des a re the line segments

Angle: Intersection of two sides resul ts in a n angle of the pol ygon
Vertex: The point of intersection of line segments or endpoints of two adja cent sides
Diagonal: Line segment inside the pol ygon connecting two nonadja cent verti ces or whose endpoints a re verti ces is called diagonal of the pol ygon.
Al ti tude: Any line segment tha t sta rts from one of i ts verti ces and ends on one of i ts sides in such a manner that i t is perpendi cula r to tha t side.

Types of Polygon

Equilateral Polygon: All sides a re of equal measure

Equiangular Polygon: Al l angles a re of equal measure
Regular Polygon: Equal Sides and Equal Angles
Irregular Polygons: Unequal sides and unequal angles

Types of Polygons based on number of sides or angles

Types Description
Triangle 3 si ded pol ygon
Quadrilateral 4 si ded pol ygon
Pentagon 5 si ded pol ygon
Hexagon 6 si ded pol ygon
Heptagon 7 si ded pol ygon
Octagon 8 si ded pol ygon
Nonagon 9 si ded pol ygon
Decagon 10 sided pol ygon
Dodecagon 11 sided pol ygon
N-gon N- sided pol ygon

Sum of Angles of Polygon:

 By using Formula
0
Sum of the measures of “n” interior angles in a pol ygon wi th “n” sides  (n-2) * 180
Degree measure of ea ch interior angle of a regula r pol ygon wi th “n” sides  ((n-2) * 1800)/n

 By Diving Polygon

From any vertex, dra w diagonals, and di vide the pol ygon into as many non-overlapping adja cent triangles as possible.
Count the number of triangles formed
Si nce there is a total of 1800 in the angles of each triangle, mul tipl y the number of triangles by 180 0  the product will be the sum of the
angles in the pol ygon

Any Polygons can be divided into Triangles in two different ways:

By dra wing all diagonals ema nating from any one gi ven vertex to all other nonadjacent verti ces or,
By dra wing all diagonals connecting all the opposite verti ces

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To di vi de pol ygons into triangles, quadrilaterals would need one diagonal ; penta gons would need two diagonals; hexagons would need two
diagonals ; heptagons would need two diagonals ; octagons would need two diagonals ;

Sum of Exterior Angle of a Polygon  3600 / n; Measure of an exterior angle + Measure of an interi or angle in pol ygon = 180 0

Perimeter of Polygon  Sum of all sides; Peri meter of Regula r Pol ygon  Length of side * Number of Sides

Area of a regular polygon  ½ * Apothem * peri meter; Apothem  Li ne Segment from center of pol ygon perpendi cular to any side of polygon

Radius of Regular Polygon  A Line segment connecting any vertex of a regula r pol ygon wi th the center of the pol ygon
Triangles

Triangle is a 3-Sided Pol ygon

Parts of Triangle

Sides: Line Segment connecti ng verti ces of two angles of the triangle.
Angle: Formed by i ntersecti on or uni on of any two of i ts sides.
Vertex: Poi nt-of-Intersection of the sides of the triangle
Degree: Unit of Angula r Measure

Terms Used in Triangles

Base: One of the three sides

Altitude: Perpendi cula r distance from a vertex to its opposi te side. For Acute Triangle, al ti tude falls inside the triangle; For Obtuse triangle , al titude
falls outside the triangle; for right triangle, al ti tude is one of the legs tha t is perpendi cular to the base

Acute Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle

Median: Line Segment connecting one of the verti ces of the triangle to the midpoi nt of the opposi te side
Perpendicular Bisector: Li ne Segment that bisects and is perpendi cula r to one of the sides of the triangle.
Angle Bisector: Li ne segment containing one of the sides of the triangle to the opposite vertex bisecting tha t angle into two hal ves , that is , it bisects
one of the angles of the triangle into two equal angles
Midline: Line Segment tha t connects the midpoi nts of any two sides of the triangle.

Sum of the measures of all three interior angles = 180 0

Sum of the measures of all three exterior angles = 360 0
If two triangles sha re a common angle, then the sum of other two angles a re equal
La rgest angle of the triangle is alwa ys opposi te to the longes t side.
Smallest angle of the triangle is alwa ys opposite to the smallest side
Angles with same measure a re opposi te sides wi th same length
Sum of two sides > 3rd Side
Di fference of two sides < 3rd Side
Sum of two sides > 3rd side > Difference of two sides
Exterior Angle + Adja cent Interior Angle = 180 0
Exterior Angle = sum of measure of two opposi te interi or angles
Exterior Angle > ei ther of opposi te interi or Angles

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Types of Triangles

Equilateral: All 3 sides a re equal i n length and all 3 angles a re equal in measure
Isosceles: At least two sides a re of equal length and two angles opposi te to these sides ’ measures equally.
Scalene: None of i t’s’ sides a re equal in length and none of the angles a re equal in measure
Acute: All 3 angles a re a cute angles
Obtuse: One of the angles is an obtuse angle
Right: One of the interior angles is a ri ght angle
Isosceles Right: One of the angles is a ri ght angle and the other two angles a re equal in measure exa ctl y 45 0 ea ch.

Pythagoras Theorem

Squa re of the length of the hypotenuse = Sum of the Squa res of the lengths of the other two sides .

For any positi ve number “x”, there is a ri ght triangle whose sides a re in the ra tio 3x, 4x, and 5x. Such triangles a re known as Pythagorean Triples

In a 450 - 450 - 900 triangle, also known as Isos celes right triangle, the lengths of the sides a re in the consta nt ra tion of x : x : x√2, where x is the
length of ea ch leg. The Diagonal of a Squa re di vides the squa re i nto two equal isos celes right triangles.
0 0 0
In a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, the sides a re in the constant ra tio of x : x√3 : 2x, where x is the length of the shorter leg

Trigonometric Ratios

Si ne  Opposite/Hypotenuse (SOH)
Cosine  Adja cent/Hypotenuse (CAH)
Tangent  Opposite/Adja cent (TOA)

Hei ght of the equila teral Triangle  √3x

Peri meter of Triangles  Sum of all sides

Area of Triangle  ½ * (base * hei ght)

Are of Isosceles Triangle  ½ * leg 2

Area of Equilate ral Triangle  (S 2√3)/4, where S is the side of the equilateral triangle

Conditions of Triangle Congruency

 Two Triangles a re congruent if two pairs of corresponding sides and the corresponding included angles a re equal
 Two Triangles a re congruent if two pairs of corresponding angles and the corresponding included sides a re equal
 Two Triangles a re congruent if all 3 pai rs of corresponding sides of two triangles a re equal
 Two ri ght triangles tha t ha ve any two equal corresponding sides
 In an Isos celes triangle, the alti tude to the thi rd side di vides the original triangle into two congruent triangles

Conditions of Triangle Similarity

 Two Triangles a re Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng angles a re equal

 Two Triangles a re Si milar, if all 3 pai rs of correspondi ng sides has the same ra tio

Quadrilaterals

Type of Pol ygon wi th exa ctl y four sides and four angles

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Parts of Quadrilaterals

Si des: Length is the measure of the longer side; Width is the measure of the shorter side
Dia gonals : Line Segments connecting any two non-subsequent verti ces
Al ti tude: Perpendi cula r dis tance between two pa rallel sides
Angles : Sum of the measures of 4 interior Angles = Sum of the measures of 4 exterior angles = 360 0

Types of Quadrilateral:

Squa re; Recta ngle; Pa rallelogra m; Rhombus ; Tra pezoid

Quadrilateral Type Area Perimeter Others

Square Si de 2; ½ Diagonal 2 Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S Si de = Dia gonal / √2
Rectangle Length * Width 2(Length + Width) Wi dth 2 = Diagonal2 – Length 2
Parallelogram Base * Height 2(Length + Width)
Rhombus Base * Height; ½ * (Diagonal 1 + Diagonal2) Si de + Si de +Side + Side = 4S All Rhombuses a re Pa rallelogra ms
Trapezoid ½ * (Base1 + Base 2) * Height Base 1 + Base2 + Si de 1 + Si de 2 Base  Pai r of Pa rallel Sides
Si des  Pai r of non-Pa rallel Sides

Circles

A Ci rcle is a closed li near fi gure tha t consists of a set or series of all the points in the same plane tha t is all loca ted a t the same distance from one
fi xed point.

Parts of Circle:

Ra dius : Distance between center of ci rcle and any point o n the ci rcle.  Half of Diameter
Diameter: Distance between any two points on the ci rcle passing through the center.  Twi ce the Radius
Chord: Line Segment joining two points on the ci rcle. Diameter is the longes t chord i n the ci rcle. A dia meter tha t is pe rpendi cula r to a chord bisects
the chord into two congruent hal ves .

Inscribed Triangles

 Triangles Ins cribed in Semi circle: A Triangle ins cribed in a semi ci rcle is alwa ys a right triangle. Any right triangle ins cri bed in a ci rcle must
ha ve one of i ts sides coincide wi th the diameter of the ci rcle, thus splitting the ci rcle in two semi ci rcles
 Triangles formed by two Radii : Any Triangle formed a t the center of a ci rcle by connecting the endpoints of any two ra dii alwa ys resul ts in
an Isos celes triangle.

Seca nt: Any Line or Line Segment tha t cuts through the ci rcle by intersecting the ci rcle a t any two points .

Tangent

Line Tangent to a Ci rcle: Any line or Line Segment outside the ci rcle that intersects or touches the ci rcle a t exa ctl y one point on the ci rcumference
Two Ci rcles tangent to ea ch other: If two ci rcles intersect or touch exa ctl y a t one point
Poi nt-of-Tangency: The point common to a ci rcle and a tangent to the ci rcle or two ci rcles

Ra dius of a ci rcle is Perpendi cula r to i ts Tangent; Two Tangents to a Ci rcle a re equal

Line of Centers : Line passing through the Centers of two or more ci rcles
Sector: Portion of a Ci rcle bounded by two radii and an a rc
Degree Measure of a Ci rcle: 3600

Types of Circles

Full ; Semi ; Qua rter; Concentri c

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Types of Angles in Circle

Central angle: An Angle whose vertex lies exa ctl y at the center point of the ci rcle and i ts two sides a re the radii of the ci rcle
Ins cribed Angle: An Angle whose vertex lies a t any point on the ci rcle i tself and the two sides a re chords of the ci rcle

Ci rcumference of a Ci rcle = Peri meter of the Ci rcle = Total distance a round the ci rcle

Ci rcumference  ∏ * Diameter  2*∏*Radius

Arc of Ci rcle: Pa rt or Porti on of the Ci rcumference of the Ci rcle. It consists of two endpoints on a ci rcle and all the points between them

Arc Measure – Central Angle:

Arc Degree Measure  Degree Measure of the Central Angle tha t intercept i t.
Arc Length Measure  (Degrees of Central Angle/3600) * Ci rcumference

Arc Measure – Inscribed Angle:

Arc Degree Measure  ½ (Degree Measure of the Central Angle tha t intercept it)
0
Arc Length Measure  ((2 * Degrees of Central Angle)/360 ))* Ci rcumference

Arc Measure – Intersecting Chords  Equal in degrees to one -half of the sum of i ts intercepted a rcs
Arc Measure – Intersecting Secants/Tangents  Equals Degrees to one-half the difference of i ts intercepted a rcs.
Peri meter of Sector of Ci rcle  Arc Measure + (2 * Radius )
2
Area of Full Ci rcle  ∏*ra dius
Area of Sector of Ci rcle  (Degrees of Central Angle/3600) * ∏*ra dius 2
Solid Geometry

Study of Shapes and figures that a re dra wn in more tha n one plane

Terms used in Solids

Vertex  Point a t i ts corners where the edges meet

Edge  Line Segments that connect the verti ces and form the sides of ea ch face of the solid.
Fa ce  Pol ygons tha t form the outside bounda ries of the solid

Types of Solids

Recta ngular Solids  Solids wi th rectangula r or squa re faces . For Exa mple, Bri ck
Types of Rectangula r solids  Cubes, Recta ngula r Prisms

Ci rcular Solids  Solids wi th Ci rcula r or Conical Fa ces . For Exa mple,Ice-Cream cones
Types of Ci rcula re Solids  Cylinders , Cones , Spheres, Pyramids , Tetra hedrons

Surface Area of Rectangular Solids

Area of Front and Ba ck Fa ces  2(Length * Hei ght)

Area of Top a nd Bottom Faces  2(Length * Wi dth)
Area of Right and Left Fa ces  2(Width * Height)
Total Surfa ce Area  Sum of the a rea of the six outside rectangula r fa ces  2(LH + LW + WH)

Volume of Rectangular Solids  Length * Breadth * Hei ght

Dia gonal  √ (Length 2 + Widht2 + Hei ght2)

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Types Surface Area Volume Diagonal Others
Cube 6 * Side 2 Si de 3 Si de * √3
2
Cylinder (Area of Top and Bottom Ci rcula r Bases) + (La teral Surfa ce ∏*Radius *Hei ght Use onl y La teral Surfa ce Area when
Area) i t’s a hollow cylinder to calculate
( 2*∏*Radius 2 )+ (2*∏*Radius * Height) Surfa ce Area
Cone Area of Ci rcula r Base + La teral Surface Area (1/3)*∏ *
 (∏*Radius *Slant Height) + ∏ * Radius 2 Ra dius 2*Height
2 3
Sphere 4*∏*Radius (4/3)*∏*Radius

Coordinate Geometry

Study of geometri c figures and properties on the coordina te pla ce using algebrai c princi ples

Coordinate Plane  XY-Plane

Coordinate Axis :

X-Axis Abs cissa  Hori zontal Number line, whi ch goes left and ri ght
Y-Axis Ordina te  Verti cal Number Line, whi ch goes up and down

Coordinate Points (X, Y)  (X-Coordinate, Y-Coordina te)

Parts of Coordinate Plane

1st Quadrant  Top right  North-Eas t  (+X, +Y)

2nd Qua drant  Top left  North-Wes t  (-X, +Y)
rd
3 Quadrant  Bottom Left  South-Wes t  (-X, -Y)
4th Quadrant  Bottom Right  South East  (+X, -Y)

Ori gin  (0, 0)

2 2
Dis tance between any two gi ven points , A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2)  √ ((x1- x2) + (y1- y2) )
Mid-Point between two Axes  ((x1+ x2)/2, (y1+ y2)/2)

Intercepts of Line

Poi nt a t whi ch a line intercepts the coordina te a xes

X-Intercept  Value of X-Coordinate of the point a t which the line intersects the x-a xis
Y-Intercept  Value of Y-Coordina te of the point a t whi ch the line intersects the y-a xis

Slope of Line

Step-1: Pi ck any two points on the line a(x1, y1) and b(x2, y2) tha t lie on the line
Step-2: Next find the Rise and the Run
Rise  Amount the line raises verti call y  y1 – y2
Run  Amount the line runs hori zontall y  x1 – x2
Step-3: Finall y, di vide the Rise by the Run

Sl ope Intercept Form  y = mx + b

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Applications of Coordinate Geometry
Categories
Finding Slope and Y-Intercept of Line from its equation
Finding Equation of Line from its Slope & One-Point
Finding Y-Intercept of Line Passing through two points
Finding the Equation of Line Passing through two Points
Finding the Equation of Line from One-Point and Y-
Intercept
Finding Point-Of-Intersection of Two lines
Finding Equation of Perpendicular Bisectors
Description
 Put the Equa tion in Standa rd Form y = mx + b
 Identify the m-term and b-term
 Fi nd the Y-Intercept (b) by subs ti tuting the slope and the coordi nates in the
general equa tion
 Appl y the formula  y – y1 = m( x – x1), where m is the slope, and (x1,y1) is
the gi ven coordina te
 Fi nd the slope (m)by using slope formula  m = ((y1 –y2)/(x1 – x2))
 Fi nd the Y-Intercept by s ubs tituting the slope and one of the gi ven
coordina tes i n the general equa tion; y = mx + b
 Fi nd the slope using Slope formula
 Fi nd the y-Intercept (b) of the line by substi tuti ng ei ther (x, y) in general form
 Fi nd the equa tion of the line y plugging the values in general form
 Fi nd the Value of another Coordina te from y-Intercept
 Fi nd the Slope using Slope formula
 Fi nd the equa tion of the line by pluggi ng the values in general form
 Fi nd the slope using co-ordina tes
 Fi nd the equa tion of each line by substi tuti ng one of the coordina tes and
slope in general equa tion
 Fi nd the point of i ntersection of lines by equating the equa tion of both lines
and sol ve for x and y by substi tution method
 Fi nd the slope using Slope formula
 Fi nd the slope of the perpendi cular bisector (Nega ti ve reciprocal or Slope)
 Fi nd the midpoint of the line, whi ch is also a point i n the perpendi cular
bisector
 Fi nd the y-intercept of the perpendicular bisector by subs ti tuting slope and y-
intercept in the general equa tion
 Fi nd the equa tion of the perpendi cula r bisector by subs ti tuting the slope and
y-Intercept in the general equa tion
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 Word Problems

Apply the following steps to solve any type of word problems:

 Rea d the ques tion and determine wha t all informa tion is “given”  these a re the gi ven, a nd are known as “known quantities”.
 Rea d the ques tion and interpret wha t’s being asked or, wha t needs to be sol ved, or wha t informa tion you need to know the answer of
the question  these a re the quanti ties you a re seeking, and they a re known as the “Unknown quantities”
 Name the Unknown quanti ties by selecting variables, such as x, y, z, etc.
 Determine the rela tionships between the “knowns” and “unknowns”, tha t is, the va riables and the other gi ven quanti ties in the
problem, and connect them using arithmetic problems, such as (+), (-), etc. and wri te them as algebraic expressions.
 Using these va riables and the rela tionships between the known and unknown quanti ties  form algebraic equations by a ppl ying the
appropria te ma thema tical formulas
 Sol ve the algebrai c equa tions to find the value of the unknown(s), and plug tha t value in other relationships or equa tions tha t invol ves
this va riable in order to find any other unknown quanti ties, if there a re any.

Basic Coin Conventions to be known:

1 Dollar  100 Cents ; 1 Half Dolla r  50 Cents ; 1 Qua rter  25 Cents ; 1 Di me  10 Cents ; 1 Nickel  5 Cents

Apply the following steps to solve Age problems:

 Assign a different letter (Va riable) for each person’s age

 Es tablish rela tionships between the a ges of two or more i n the problem
 Transform these rela tionships into algebrai c equa tions
 Sol ve the equa tions and determine the unknowns

Important Note in Age Problems:

“Yea rs Ago”  means you need to subtra ct

“Yea rs from now”  means you need to add

Rate of Work or Quantity:

Ra te  Amount of work done per time uni t

Work Problem tips:

 Grea ter the ra te of work  fas ter you work  sooner the job is done
 Lesser the ra te of work  slower you work  slower the job is done
 Grea ter number of workers  lesser the ti me requi red to finish the job
 Lesser number of workers  grea ter the time requi red to finish the job
 If i t takes ‘k’ workers 1 hour to do a pa rticular job, then each worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/k of the job per hour
 If i t takes ‘k’ workers ‘m’ hours to do a pa rti cula r job, then ea ch worker does 1/k of the job in an hour or works @ 1/(mh) o f the job per
hour

Work Problem Formula  1/x + 1/y = 1/z  Inverse of the time i t would ta ke everyone working together equals the sum of the inverses of the
time i t would take ea ch working indi viduall y.

Dis tance  Ra te * Time

Cos t per Uni t  Total Cost of the Mi xture/Total Wei ght of the Mi xture
Mi xture of Weaker and Stronger Solutions Problem  Weaker (Desi red – Stronger) = s (Stronger – Desi red), s  Amount of 1st + 2nd

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Unit of Measures

US Customary System

1 yd (Ya rd)  3 ft (Feet)  36 Inches

1 Ton  2000lbs (Pounds )
1 lb  16 oz (Ounces)
1 Gallon  4 qt(Qua rt)  8 pt(Pi nt)  16 c(Cup)  128 fl oz(Fluid Ounce)  256 tbsp(Table Spoon)
1 s q yd  9 sq ft  1296 sq in
Metric System:

milli  means one thousandths

centi  means one thousandths
deci  means one tenths
Basi c Standa rd uni t  means one
Deka- or Deca-  means tens
Hector  means hundreds
Kilo-  means thousands

US Customary and Metric System

US units Metric System Metric Units US Units

1 in 2.54 cm 1 cm 0.39 in
1 yd 0.9144 m 1m 1.1 yd
1 mi 1.6 km 1 km 0.6 mi
1 lb 0.4545 kg 1 kg 2.2 lbs
1 lb 454 gm 1 l tr 1.056 fluid qua rt
1 oz 28 gm
1 MT (Metric Ton) 1.1 t (Ton)
1 fl oz 29.574 ml
1 fluid quart 0.9464 l tr
1 gallon 3.785 l tr
1 ton 2000 lbs
1 lb 16 oz
1 sq yd 9 s q ft
1 yd 3 ft
1 yd 36 in

Time Measures

1 Millennium/Century 10 Decades /100 Years

1 Year 12 Months/52 Weeks /365 Da ys
1 Day 24 Hours
1 Hour 60 Minutes
1 Minute 60 Seconds

A.M  Ante Meridian  before Noon; P.M  Pos t Meridian  After noon

As we tra vel eas t  Sun rises ea rlier  and therefore clock is ahead
As we tra vel wes t  Sun rises later and therefore cl ock is behind

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From East to West

EST (Eas tern Standa rd Time)  1 hour ahead of CST (Central Standa rd Time)  2 Hours ahead of MST (Mountain Standa rd Time)  3 Hours ahea d
of PST (Pa cifi c Standard Ti me)

Temperature Conversion

Celsius = (5/9) (Fa renhei t-32); Fahrenhei t = (9/5) Celsius + 32;

Freezing Point = 320 F; Boiling Point = 2120 F; Normal Body Tempera ture = 98.60 F

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 Logic & Stats

Simple Counting

Invol ves fi guring out how many integers a re between any two gi ven integers

Rule # 1: When exa ctl y one Endpoint is inclusi ve  subtra ct the two values
Rule # 2: When both Endpoints a re inclusi ve  subtra ct both values , and then add 1
Rule # 3: When nei ther Endpoint is inclusi ve  subtra ct the two val ues, and then subtra ct 1

Funda mental Pri nciple of Counting  If two jobs need to be completed and there a re “m” wa ys to do the fi rs t job, and “n” wa ys to do the second
job, then there a re m * n wa ys to do one job followed by the other. This can be extended to any number of events .

Factorials: Fa ctorial of n is the number of wa ys tha t the n elements of a group can be ordered.

n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * ………… * 2 * 1  until the last term becomes 1; 0! = 1

Permutations

Permuta tion is the “Number of wa ys in whi ch a set of terms or elements can be a rra nged in order or sequentially”. Also known as “a selection
process in which objects a re selected one by one in a certain predefined order”

Fa ctorials are invol ved in sol ving permuta tions or counting number of wa ys tha t a set can be ordered.

Permuta tion  m P n  m! / (m-n)!  m * (m-1) * (m-2) …… * (m-n+1)

Where, m  Number i n the la rger group; n  number being a rranged

If there a re “m” different terms/elements in a set, and there a re “k” a vailable or empty spots, then there a re “p” di fferent wa ys of a rranging them,
gi ven by the formula  p = m! / k!

Combinations

Combinati on is the number of wa ys of choosing a gi ven number of elements from a set, where the order of elements does not ma tter. For ins tance,
AB and BA counts as two different permutati ons , but onl y as “1” combi nation

Combinati on  m C n  m! / n! (m-n)!  (m * (m-1) * (m-2) …… * (m-n+1))/n! = m P n / n!

Where, m  Number i n the la rger group; n  number being chosen

Probability

Probability  P (E)  Number of Fa vorable Outcomes/ Total number of possible Outcomes

Probability i n all cases is alwa ys between 0 and 1
If two or more events cons titute all the possible outcomes, then the sum of thei r probabil i ties is 1

Probability of Event tha t will not happen = 1 – Probabili ty of Event tha t will happen

If ‘A’ and ‘B’ a re independent events , then to determine the probability that event A and event B will BOTH together occur: M ULTIPLY the
probabilities of two indi vi duals together
If ‘A’ and ‘B’ a re independent events , and tha t they a re mutually exclusi ve, then to determine the probabili ty tha t event A o r event B will occur:
ADD the probabilities of two indi viduals together. Two Events a re said to be mutuall y e xclusi ve i f the occurrence of one event will rule out the
other
If ‘A’ and ‘B’ a re independent events , and tha t they a re mutually non -exclusi ve, then to determine the probability that event A or event B will
occur: ADD the proba bilities of two indi viduals together and then SUBTRACT the probability tha t both events occur together. Two Events a re said
to be mutuall y non-excl usi ve i f the occurrence of one event will not rule out the other

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Dependent Events: Two Events a re said to be dependent, if the outcome of one event affects the probability of another event. For example,
pi cking a ca rd from a fai r deck of ca rds – wi th each ca rd we pi ck, the total possible events for the next event will be 1 less than the one before tha t.

P (A and B) = P (A) * P (B|A); where P (B|A) is the condi tional probability of B gi ven A

Sets

A Set is a collecti on of well defined thi ngs or i tems called elements or members of the set

Fi nite Set: If a set contains onl y a fini te number of elements

Infini te Set: If a set contains infini te number of elements
Subset: If all the elements of one set S, a re also elements of another set T; then the fi rs t set S, is a Subset of T

Venn Diagrams  Graphicall y represents sets

Union Set: The set consisting of all the elements tha t exist in ei ther one or all of the sets  wha t we get when we merge two or more sets
Intersection Set: The set of elements tha t a re common in di fferent sets invol ved

Sequence  A series , lis t, collection, or group of numbers tha t follows a specifi c pa ttern
Pa ttern  A series of numbers or objects whose sequence is determined by a pa rti cula r rule

Ari thmeti c Sequence: If “d” is the common difference and “a ” is the fi rs t term of an a rithmeti c progression, then the nth term of the a ri thmeti c
progression will be = a + (n-1)d.

Geometri c Sequence: If “a 1” is the fi rs t term, and “r” is the common ra tio between consecuti ve terms of a geometri c progression, and a n is the nth
term, then the n th term will be  a n = a1rn-1
Sum of “n” terms in a Geometri c Sequence  (a r n – a )/(r-1), when r # 1

Ha rmonic Sequence  Sequence of fra cti ons in whi ch the numera tor is 1, and the denomina tors form an a rithmeti c sequence

Ari thmeti c Mean  Mean  Average  Total Sum of all terms / Total number of terms
Sum of consecuti ve terms  Mea n of Consecuti ve Terms * Number of Consecuti ve Terms
Where, Mean of Consecuti ve Terms  (Fi rs t Term + Last Term) / 2; Number of terms  (Las t term – Fi rs t Term) + 1

Sum of Existing term + Missing Term = Sum of all terms

Weighted Mean  Number of ti mes a quanti ty or term occurs  Sum of Products / Sum of Wei ghts  Sum / Frequency

Median  Middle  When there a re “n” terms , the median is the value of ((n+1)/2) th term

Mode  Set of Da ta tha t occurs mos t frequentl y

Qua rtiles  Di vides da ta into equal qua rters or four equal pa rts

Ra nge  La rges t term – Smallest Term

Sta nda rd Devia tion  Dis tance or the gap between the a ri thmetic mean and the set of numbers

Appl y the following s teps to calculate the Standa rd Devia tion of a set of n numbers :

 Fi nd the Avera ge (Ari thmeti c Mea n) of the set

 Fi nd the differences between tha t a verage and ea ch value of the numbers in the set
 Squa re ea ch of the differences
 Fi nd the a verage of squa red di fferences by summing the squa red values and di viding the sum by the number of values
 Take the posi ti ve squa re root of tha t a vera ge

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Statistics – Graphs
Graph Type How to Read?
Tables and charts
Pictographs
Single Line Graph
Double Line Graph
Single Bar Graph
Double Bar Graph
Scatter Plot Graphs
Circle Graphs/Pie Charts
 Look for a speci fi c uni t on the row heading
 Then ma tch tha t row wi th the corresponding uni t on the column heading
 Look a t the speci fi c row
 Then compute i ts value based on the conversion fa ctor gi ven in the key. Each s ymbol represents a fi xed
number of i tems as indi ca ted in the key
 Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis
 Ma tch the hei ght of the point on the line with the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty
for tha t specifi c time period
 In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri cal value of a pa rti cula r point on the line from a line graph, find the correct
point on the line and move hori zontall y a cross from tha t point on the line to the value on the s cale on the
left.
 The verti cal distance from the bottom of the gra ph to the point on the line is the value of tha t point
 A line tha t slopes up from left to ri ght, shows an increase in the quanti ty during that time peri od
 A line tha t slopes down from left to ri ght, shows a decrease i n the quanti ty duri ng tha t time peri od
 Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis
 Ma tch the point on the line wi th the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty of tha t specifi c
va riable for tha t speci fi c ti me period
 Look for a bar label or specifi c time period on the hori zontal a xis
 Ma tch the hei ght of the ba r wi th the number on the verti cal a xis whi ch is the a ctual quanti ty for that speci fic
ba r or ti me period
 In order to fi nd a specifi c numeri c value of a pa rti cula r ba r from a ba r gra ph, find the correct ba r
 Move hori zontally a cross from the top of the ba r tha t points on the line to the value on the s cale on the left
 The verti cal distance from the bottom of the gra ph to the point on the line is the value of tha t point
 Look for a speci fi c ti me period on the hori zontal a xis
 Ma tch the hei ght of each of the ba rs wi th the number on the verti cal a xis which is the actual quanti ty of that
specified va riable for tha t specifi c time period
 Look for the specifi c Quanti ty on the hori zontal a xis and the 2 nd quanti ty in the verti cal a xis
 The Point of Intersection of these two val ues is the point tha t represents those two quanti ties
 Look a t a specifi c sector and then identify the ca tegory and the quanti ty i t represents
 To find the value of a pa rti cula r piece of the pie, mul tipl y the appropriate percent by value of the whole pie
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