Agency

An "agent" is a person employed to

do any act for another or to represent
another in dealings with third
persons. 
The person for whom such act is
done, or who is so represented, is
called the "principal".

1
Creation of Agency.

Agency can be created as under:

1. Agency by agreement.
2. Agency by necessity.
3. Agency by estoppel or by holding
out.
4. Agency by operation of Law.
5. Agency by ratification.

2
Ratification of Agency

Ratification is adopting or accepting

subsequently a past act of an agent
done on behalf of another without
authority.

Rules governing ratification.

The act must be done by one person
on behalf of another.
3
Continued…

Ratification may be expressed or may

be implied in the conduct of the
person on whose behalf the acts are
done.
No valid ratification  can be made by
a person whose knowledge of the
facts  of the case is materially
defective.

4
Continued…

Ratification must be communicated.

Ratification can be for whole contract
and not part of it.
Ratification should not put a third
party to damages.
Ratification must be done within
reasonable time.

5
Classification of Agents.

Specific or particular agent.

General agent.
Mercantile agent.
Sub-Agent.
Co-Agent.
Substitute Agent.