Introduction

to
Project Management

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad

 A Project

A project is a sequence of unique, complex,

and connected activities having one goal or
purpose and that must be completed by a
specific time, within budget, and according to
specifications.
 Project Management Criteria

 Projects are oriented towards a goal.

 There is something unique about every project.
 Projects have a finite duration.
 Projects require coordination of interrelated
activities.
 What is Project Management?
A set of techniques used for
 - Planning
 - Organising and
 - Controlling

work activities to reach a desired result

 - on-time
 - within budget and
 - according to specification
 Why is Project Management Important?

 Organize your approach

 Generate a credible schedule
 Track progress and control your project
 Identify where to focus your efforts
 Identify problems early
 Saves you TIME….MONEY

If you fail to plan, PLAN TO FAIL

Five Phases of Project Management

1. Scoping
Scoping thethe
Project
Project
2. Developing
the Plan
3. Launching
the Plan
4. Monitoring
& Controlling
5. Closing Out
the Project
 1. Scope the Project - Goal

 A project has one primary goal: to give purpose

and direction
– Defines the final deliverable and outcome
– States in clear terms what is to be accomplished

– Is a reference point for questions about scope

and purpose of the project
 2. Developing The Plan
 Identify Project Tasks (WBS)
 Estimate Task Duration
 Determine Resource Requirements
 Construct/Analyze Project Network
 Prepare the Project Proposal
 3. Launching the Plan
 Execute project plan and accomplish project goals
 Training Plan
 System Build
 Quality Assurance
 4. Monitoring & Controlling
 User Training
 Production Review
 Check for quality
 Resource leveling
 Check for work breakdown structure (WBS)
 5. Closing the Project

 Project Closeout
 Check for GOAL achieved
 Post Production Transition
 Lessons Learned
 Planning the Project:
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

 A WBS is the functional decomposition of a system

 Breaks the project into chunks of work at a level of

detail that meets planning and scheduling needs
 WBS Completeness

 Status/completion are measurable

 Clearly defined start/end events
 Activity has a deliverable
 Time/cost easily estimated
 Activity duration within acceptable limits
 Work assignments are independent
 Project Planning: Resources
 People - skills and value
 Facilities
 Equipment
 Money
 Materials
 Time
 Resource Activity

 Identify all the resources required for each

activity

 Estimate the duration of each task

 Dependencies

 Linkage between and among activities/tasks

 Dependencies create the backbone of the project
network
 Finish to start
A B
 Predecessor Task: A
 Successor Task: B
 Arrow head indicates dependency relationship:
Task B cannot begin until Task A is complete
 Project Management Tools

 • GANTT CHART
Schedule of activities

 • CPM - Critical Path Method

 • PERT- Program (or Project) Evaluation & Review

Technique
 Project Management Tools
Gantt Chart - popular type of bar chart that
illustrates a project schedule

 Visual scheduling tool

 Graphical representation of information in WBS
 Show dependencies between tasks, personnel, and
other resources allocations
 Track progress towards completion
 Building a Gantt Chart

 List all tasks and milestones from the WBS along the
vertical axis
 List time frame along the horizontal axis

Activity 1
Activity 2
Milestone

Time Frame: day 1 day 2 day3

 Continued…
 Activities: Create box the length of each activity time duration
– E.g., activity one is scheduled from day1-day3
 Milestones: Create a diamond on the day the milestone is
scheduled to be completed


Activity 1
Activity 2
Milestone

Time Frame: day 1 day 2 day3

 Continued…
 Dependencies: Show dependencies between activities with
arrows
– E.g., activity 2 cannot start until activity 1 is complete


Activity 1
Activity 2
Milestone

Time Frame: day 1 day 2 day3… day 23

Gantt Chart – Example

Arrows
indicate task
dependencie
s:

Bars indicate
time requirement
 PERT
 Stands for- Programme Evaluation & Review
Technique
Features-
 Target completion date of the project
 The interdependency of the activities
 The activities which are given more attention
 By reviewing the project the target date of the project

completion is revised
Application – In long range planning project
( the electrification of all villages in a state)
 Activity & node
 Activity (work/job)-
 A project consist of many activities
 Time consuming part of the project
 Represented by an arrow
 Event (node)-
 It is the beginning or end of a work
 Represented by a circle

Activity
1 2

Node1 Node2
 Example
 Start of an examination- event (1)
 Answering the question during exam- activity
 End of the examination- event (2)

Activity
1 2

Node1 Node2

Event 1 Event 2
 Network Diagram
Predecessor event Successor event
1 2
2 3
2 4
2 6
3 7
4 7
6 7
7 8

1 2 3 7 8

4
 Note -
1. crossing over an arrow is not permitted
2. loop formation is not permitted

 Axiom -
1. No event is complete until all the activities leading to
it are complete
2. No subsequent activity can start until all the events
preceding it are complete
Dummy activity

 Represented by broken arrow ( - - - - - - - - - ->)

 Takes no time, no work done during dummy activity
 Some times network will not complete without it
 Time estimates
1. The optimistic time estimate (t0)- The estimated time
by assuming ideal condition of working. It takes no
uncertainty into account.
2. The pessimistic time estimate (tp)- it takes into account
abnormal situations. This time is estimated with the
help of an experienced person.
3. The most likely time estimate (tm)- some minor
obstacles taken into account.

Relation - to < tm < tp

 Average time/Expected time
Formulae-

Expected time, (te) = t0 + 4tm + tp

6
Std. deviation, (σ) = tp – to
6
 Critical path method
 It is the longest path of the network in terms of time
 If it is delayed whole project will be delayed
 Activities falling on critical path are called critical activities

D
6
4
t=3 8 5 7
A B C F G

5
E 6

Critical path is A-B-C-F-G

 ASSIGNMENT
Predecessor successor to tm tp
te=?
event event
A B,C,D 2,4,5 3,5,6 4,6,7
B E 3 4 5
C E,F 5,4 6,5 7,6
D F 4 7 8
E G 6 8 9
F G 4 6 7
 Calculate

1. Draw network diagram from expected time?

2. The expected time of each activity?
3. Expected time for each path?
4. Find the critical path?