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Characteristics of Good Review of Literature: Syed Kazim Shah MCE 8228
Characteristics of Good Review of Literature: Syed Kazim Shah MCE 8228
8228
A literature review ensures that you are at least familiar with the
body of research in your field before starting your own investigations.
Writing a literature review also provides practice in critical thinking.
Once you have applied critical thinking skills to the findings of past
researchers, you are in a better position to apply these same skills to
your own work.
“The good hope is hard to find, is even truer these days than ever before
because the job market in becoming increasingly tight”. (Eskildesen,
Hammer)
Theresa gave the study to examine the job satisfaction and intent to
turnover using the co relational design. He takes the sample (n = 107)
consist of direct support professional who worked for non profit
organization located in South Carolina that served People with
disabilities development. Two instruments were utilized that measure the
overall (Specter job satisfaction) and facet job satisfaction and intent to
turnover (Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire).
Demographic information regarding age and tenure were examined. Data
analysis includes descriptive and inferential statistics. The result from
the study suggests that there is a significant and negative correlation
between job satisfaction and intent to turnover. It was demonstrated that
tenure is related to job satisfaction and having positive & low relation.
There was little evidence that suggest that age was significantly related to
either job satisfaction or intent to turnover. Theresa take sample from
single organization which in non profit organization. The non profit
organizations are some extent running by the charity & donation and the
remunerations for the employees in such organizations are low.1
4
- Frederick Herzberg 1959
employees and provide them job satisfaction through management style,
job design, company events, and compensation packages.5
Physiological needs provide lunch breaks, rest breaks, and wages that
are sufficient to purchase the essentials of life. Safety needs provide a
safe working environment, retirement benefits, and job security. Social
needs create a sense of community via team-based projects and social
events. Esteem needs recognize achievements to make employees feel
appreciated and valued. Offer job titles that convey the importance of the
position. Self-Actualization provides employees a challenge and the
opportunity to reach their full career potential.6
I have read almost 14 articles & theories about my topic and discussed
some of them which were easy to understand for me. The Source which I
used for study was internet.The literature review given above is easy to
understand and covered findings of home (Pakistan) and abroad
researcher also. At the end of every researcher’s finding the criticism on
their research is also given in such a comprehensive manner that it
shows the clear picture of all findings and lacking area of research. I
used the way which attract the readers and tried to carry them till end.
The variables used by the researchers are discussed in detail and their
dependency & impact on problem. Some researcher used single variable
to check the job satisfaction and some use two or more. I discussed both.
5
- Maslow 1943
6
- (www.netmba.com)
The review given tells that there are many factors which influence
the job satisfaction in an organization but in Pakistan are remunerations
and monetary rewards as the research work done by Komal Khalid
Bhatti & Tahir Masood Qureshi.
The literature shows the clarity and accuracy. It provide the base
for further working and having complete knowledge about the topic that
what has been done in the field so far. I tried to avoid the reputation of
statements and convey the whole story in short wordings.
Theoretical Foundation
Many theories support The Topic Job satisfaction and Employee
Turnover and define the characteristics of satisfaction and to some
extent dissatisfaction. Some of the theories are discussed in detail here.
Job Characteristics Model
Hackman & Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model which is
widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics
impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The model states that
there are five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task
significance, autonomy, and feedback). These impact three critical
psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced
responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn
influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work
motivation, etc.). The five core job characteristics can be combined to
form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as
an index of how likely a job is to affect an employee's attitudes and
behaviors.
Maslow Hierarchy of Need
Physiological needs provide lunch breaks, rest breaks, and wages that
are sufficient to purchase the essentials of life. Safety needs provide a
safe working environment, retirement benefits, and job security. Social
needs create a sense of community via team-based projects and social
events. Esteem needs recognize achievements to make employees feel
appreciated and valued. Offer job titles that convey the importance of the
position. Self-Actualization provides employees a challenge and the
opportunity to reach their full career potential.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Herzberg's Motivation - Hygiene Theory
(Two Factor Theory)
To better understand employee attitudes and motivation, Frederick
Herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employee's
work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The studies
included interviews in which employees where asked what pleased and
displeased them about their work. Herzberg found that the factors
causing job satisfaction were different from that causing job
dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain
these results.
The following table presents the top six factors causing dissatisfaction
and the top six factors causing satisfaction, listed in the order of higher
to lower importance.
Research Design
OBJECTIVES.
DATA-
Date will collected from the Accounts employees of various organizations.
The variable used will be employee turnover. 20 to 30 people will be
selected for the collection of data.
6- www.netmba.com