SECTION 5.1 (PAGE 278) R. A.

ADAMS: CALCULUS

CHAPTER 5. INTEGRATION m

1
m+6

1
16. =
k2 + 1 ((i − 6)2 + 1
k=−5 i=1

Section 5.1 Sums and Sigma Notation n

(page 278) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
17. (i 2 +2i ) = +2 =
6 2 6
i=1
4


1. i 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 1,000

2(1, 000)(1, 001)
i=1 18. (2 j + 3) = + 3, 000 = 1, 004, 000
2
j =1
100

j 1 2 3 100
2. = + + + ··· + n

π(π n − 1)
j +1 2 3 4 101
j =1 19. (π k − 3) = − 3n
π −1
n k=1


i 2 3 n
3. 3 = 3 +3 +3 +··· + 3 n


i=1 20. (2i − i 2 ) = 2n+1 − 2 − 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
n−1 i=1

(−1)i 1 1 (−1)n−1
4. = 1 − + − ··· + n
i +1 2 3 n

i=0 21. ln m = ln 1 + ln 2 + · · · + ln n = ln(n!)
n

m=1
(−2) j 23 24 25 (−1)n 2n
5. =− + − + ··· +
( j − 2)2 12 22 32 (n − 2)2 n

e(n+1)/n − 1
j =3
22. ei/n =
n e1/n − 1

j2 1 4 9 n2 i=0
6. 3
= 3 + 3 + 3 +··· + 3
n n n n n 23. 2 + 2 + · · · + 2 (200 terms) equals 400
j =1

9

1 − x n+1
7. 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = i 24. 1 + x + x 2 + · · · + x n = if x
= 1
1−x
i=5 n+1 if x = 1
200 

1 + x 2n+1
8. 2 + 2 + 2 + · · · + 2 (200 terms) equals 2 25. 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + · · · + x 2n = if x
= −1
1+x
i=1 2n + 1 if x = −1
99

x 101 − 1
9. 22 − 32 + 42 − 52 + · · · − 992 = (−1)i i 2 26. Let f (x) = 1 + x + x 2 + · · · + x 100 = if x
= 1.
i=2 x −1
Then
100


10. 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + · · · + 100x 99 = i x i−1 f  (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + · · · + 100x 99
i=1
d x 101 − 1 100x 101 − 101x 100 + 1
n

= = .
dx x − 1 (x − 1)2
11. 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + · · · + x n = xi
i=0

2n

27. 22 − 32 + 42 − 52 + · · · + 982 − 992
12. 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + · · · + x 2n = (−1)i x i 49 49



i=0 = [(2k)2 − (2k + 1)2 ] = [4k 2 − 4k 2 − 4k − 1]

(−1)i−1 n
1 1 (−1)n−1 k=1 k=1
13. 1 − + − ··· + =
49
4 9 n 2 i2 49 × 50
i=1 =− [4k + 1] = −4 − 49 = −4, 949
2

i n k=1
1 2 3 4 n
14. + + + + ··· + n =
2 4 8 16 2 2i 1 2 3 n
i=1 28. Let s = + + + · · · + n . Then
2 4 8 2
99

100


15. sin j = sin(i − 1) s 1 2 3 n
j =0 i=1
= + + + · · · + n+1 .
2 4 8 16 2

176
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.1 (PAGE 278)

Subtracting these two sums, we get

s 1 1 1 1 n
= + + + · · · + n − n+1
2 2 4 8 2 2
1 1 − (1/2n ) n
= − n+1
2 1 − (1/2) 2
n+2
= 1 − n+1 .
2

Thus s = 2 + (n + 2)/2n .

n 


n n

Fig. 5.1.34
29. f (i + 1) − f (i ) = f (i + 1) − f (i )
i=m i=m i=m
n+1

n


= f ( j) − f (i ) 35. To show that
n


j =m+1 i=m n(n + 1)
i= ,
= f (n + 1) − f (m), 2
i=1
because each sum has only one term that is not cancelled
by a term in the other sum. It is called “telescoping” we write n copies of the identity
because the sum “folds up” to a sum involving only part
of the first and last terms. (k + 1)2 − k 2 = 2k + 1,

one for each k from 1 to n:

10


30. (n 4 − (n − 1)4 = 104 − 04 = 10, 000
n=1
22 − 12 = 2(1) + 1
32 − 22 = 2(2) + 1
42 − 32 = 2(3) + 1
m

..
31. (2 j − 2 j −1 ) = 2m − 20 = 2m − 1 .
j =1 (n + 1)2 − n 2 = 2(n) + 1.

Adding the left and right sides of these formulas we get

2m 


1 1 1 1 m +1
32. − = − = n


i i +1 m 2m + 1 m(2m + 1)
i=m (n + 1)2 − 12 = 2 i + n.
i=1

m

m 

 n 1 2 n(n + 1)
1 1 1 1 n Hence, = (n + 2n + 1 − 1 − n) = .
33. = − =1− = i=1 i
j ( j + 1) j j +1 n+1 n+1 2 2
j =1 j =1

n
36. The formula i=1 i = n(n + 1)/2 holds for n = 1, since
34. The number of small shaded squares is 1 + 2 +· · · + n. it says 1 = 1 in this case. Now assume
 that it holds for
Since each has area 1, the total area shaded is ni=1 i . n = some number k ≥ 1; that is, ki=1 i = k(k + 1)/2.
But this area consists of a large right-angled triangle of Then for n = k + 1, we have
area n 2 /2 (below the diagonal), and n small triangles
(above the diagonal) each of area 1/2. Equating these k+1

k

k(k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)
areas, we get i= i +(k+1) = +(k+1) = .
2 2
i=1 i=1
n

n2 1 n(n + 1)
i= +n = . Thus the formula also holds for n = k + 1. By induction,
2 2 2 it holds for all positive integers n.
i=1

177
 SECTION 5.1 (PAGE 278) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

n 2
37. The formula = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6 holds for
i=1 i that L-shaped region has area i 3 . The sum of the areas
n = 1, since it says 1 = 1 in this case. Now assume that of the n L-shaped regions is the area of the large square
it
holds for n = some number k ≥ 1; that is, of side n(n + 1)/2, so
k 2 = k(k + 1)(2k + 1)/6. Then for n = k + 1, we
i=1 i  2
n


have n(n + 1)
i3 = .
2
k+1 k i=1



i2 = i 2 + (k + 1)2
i=1 i=1 40. To show that
k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
= + (k + 1)2 n


6 n 2 (n + 1)2
k+1 2 j 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + n 3 = ,
= [2k + k + 6k + 6] 4
j =1
6
k+1 we write n copies of the identity
= (k + 2)(2k + 3)
6
(k + 1)((k + 1) + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1) (k + 1)4 − k 4 = 4k 3 + 6k 2 + 4k + 1,
= .
6
one for each k from 1 to n:
Thus the formula also holds for n = k + 1. By induction,
it holds for all positive integers n. 24 − 14 = 4(1)3 + 6(1)2 + 4(1) + 1
 34 − 24 = 4(2)3 + 6(2)2 + 4(2) + 1
38. The formula ni=1 r i−1 = (r n − 1)/(r − 1) (for r
= 1)
holds for n = 1, since it says 1 = 1 in this case. Now 44 − 34 = 4(3)3 + 6(3)2 + 4(3) + 1
assume that it holds for n = some number k ≥ 1; that is, ..
k i−1 = (r k − 1)/(r − 1). Then for n = k + 1, we .
i=1 r
have (n + 1) − n = 4(n)3 + 6(n)2 + 4(n) + 1.
4 4

k+1 k Adding the left and right sides of these formulas we get


rk − 1 r k+1 − 1
r i−1 = r i−1 + r k = + rk = . n n n
r −1 r −1



i=1 i=1 (n + 1)4 − 14 = 4 j3 + 6 j2 + 4 j +n
j =1 j =1 j =1
Thus the formula also holds for n = k + 1. By induction, n

6n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4n(n + 1)
it holds for all positive integers n. =4 j3 + + + n.
6 2
39. j =1

Hence,

n n


4 j 3 = (n + 1)4 − 1 − n(n + 1)(2n + 1) − 2n(n + 1) − n
j =1

.. = n 2 (n + 1)2
.
n

n 2 (n + 1)2
3 so j3 = .
4
j =1
2 n 3
41. The formula = n 2 (n + 1)2 /4 holds for n = 1,
i=1 i
1 since it says 1 = 1 in this case. Now assume that it holds
1 2 3 ··· n
for n = some number k ≥ 1; that is,

Fig. 5.1.39 k 3 2 2
i=1 i = k (k + 1) /4. Then for n = k + 1, we have
The L-shaped region with short side i is a square of side k+1 k



i (i + 1)/2 with a square of side (i − 1)i /2 cut out. Since i3 = i 3 + (k + 1)3
 2   i=1 i=1
i (i + 1) (i − 1)i 2 k 2 (k
+ 1)2 (k + 1)2 2
− = + (k + 1)3 = [k + 4(k + 1)]
2 2 4 4
i + 2i 3 + i 2 − (i 4 − 2i 3 + i 2 )
4 (k + 1)2
= = i 3, = (k + 2)2 .
4 4

178
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284)

Thus the formula also holds for n = k + 1. By induction,

it holds for all positive integers n.

 1 3 3×2 3×3 3n
42. To find nj=1 j 4 = 14 + 24 + 34 + · · · + n 4 , we write n A = lim + + +··· +
n→∞ n n n n n
copies of the identity
3
= lim 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n)
n→∞ n
(k + 1)5 − k 5 = 5k 4 + 10k 3 + 10k 2 + 5k + 1,
3 n(n + 1) 3
= lim 2 · = sq. units.
one for each k from 1 to n: n→∞ n 2 2

25 − 15 = 5(1)4 + 10(1)3 + 10(1)2 + 5(1) + 1 y

(1,3)
35 − 25 = 5(2)4 + 10(2)3 + 10(2)2 + 5(2) + 1
45 − 35 = 5(3)4 + 10(3)3 + 10(3)2 + 5(3) + 1 y=3x
..
.
(n + 1) − n = 5(n)4 + 10(n)3 + 10(n)2 + 5(n) + 1.
5 5

Adding the left and right sides of these formulas we get

n n n n x




1 2 3 4 n−1 n =1
(n + 1)5 − 15 = 5 j 4 + 10 j 3 + 10 j2 + 5 j + n. n n n n n n
j =1 j =1 j =1 j =1

Substituting
n the known formulas for all the sums except
4 , and solving for this quantity, gives Fig. 5.2.1
j =1 j

n

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n 2 + 3n − 1)
j4 = . 2. This is similar to #1; the rectangles now have width
30
j =1 3/n and the i th has height 2(3i /n)+1, the value of 2x+1
at x = 3i /n. The area is
Of course we got Maple to do the donkey work!
n n

 

1 1 5 1 3 3i
43. i = n6 + n5 + n4 − n2
5 A = lim 2 +1
6 2 12 12 n→∞ n n
i=1 i=1
n
n

1 1 1 1 1 18
3
i = n7 + n6 + n5 − n3 + n
6 = lim i+ n
7 2 2 6 42 n→∞ n 2 n
i=1 i=1
n

18 n(n + 1)
1 8 1 7 7 7 1 = lim 2 + 3 = 9 + 3 = 12sq. units.
i7 = n + n + n6 − n4 + n2 n→∞ n 2
8 2 12 24 12
i=1
n

1 9 1 8
i8 = n + n + ···
9 2
i=1
3. This is similar to #1; the rectangles have width
We would guess (correctly) that (3−1)/n = 2/n and the i th has height the value of 2x −1
at x = 1 + (2i /n). The area is
n

1 11 1 10
i 10 = n + n +···.  
11 2 n

2 2i
i=1
A = lim 2+2 −1
n→∞ n n
i=1
n
8
2
= lim i+ n
Section 5.2 Areas as Limits of Sums n→∞ n 2 n
i=1
(page 284)
8 n(n + 1)
= lim 2 + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6sq. units.
1. The area is the limit of the sum of the areas of the rect-
n→∞ n 2
angles shown in the figure. It is

179
 SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 a 3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) a
4. This is similar to #1; the rectangles have width = + (n)
(2 − (−1))/n = 3/n and the i th has height the value of n 6 n
3
a (n + 1)(2n + 1)
3x + 4 at x = −1 + (3i /n). The area is
= + a.
6 n2
n

  3
3 3i a
A = lim −3 + 3 + 4 Area = lim Sn = + asq. units.
n→∞ n n n→∞ 3
i=1
n
27
3 y
= lim i+ n
n→∞ n 2 n
i=1
y=x 2 +1
27 n(n + 1) 27 33
= lim 2 +3= +3= sq. units.
n→∞ n 2 2 2

5. The area is the limit of the sum of the areas of the rect-
angles shown in the figure. It is

 2      x1 x2 a x
2 2 4 2 2n 2
A = lim 1+ + 1+ + ··· + 1 +
n→∞ n n n n Fig. 5.2.6

2 4 4 8 16 7. The required area is (see the figure)
= lim 1+ + 2 +1+ + 2
n→∞ n n n n n
   
4n 4n 2 3 3 2 3
+ ··· +1 + + 2 A = lim −1 + + 2 −1 + +3
n n n→∞ n n n
   2  
8 n(n + 1) 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6 6
= lim 2 + 2 · + 3· + −1 + + 2 −1 + +3
n→∞ n 2 n 6 n n
8 26  2  
=2+4+ = sq. units. 3n 3n
3 3 + · · · + −1 + + 2 −1 + +3
n n
 
y 3 6 32 6
= lim 1− + 2 −2+ +3
n→∞ n n n n
 2 
12 6 12
+ 1− + 2 −2+ +3
n n n
 
6n 9n 2 6n
+··· + 1 − + 2 −2+ +3
n n n
 
y=x 2
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim 6 + 3 ·
n→∞ n 6
= 6 + 9 = 15sq. units.

y
1 1+ 2 2n x
n 1+ n =3
y=x 2 +2x+3
Fig. 5.2.5
a
6. Divide [0, a] into n equal subintervals of length x =
n
ia
by points xi = , (0 ≤ i ≤ n). Then
n
n   


a ia 2
Sn = +1
n n
i=1
 a 3 n

a

n
x
−1
= i2 + (1) 3
−1+ n
3n
−1+ n =2
n n
i=1 i=1
Fig. 5.2.7
(Use Theorem 1(a) and 1(c).)

180
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284)

8.
y
−1
1 x

A
10.
y
y = x2 − 1

Fig. 5.2.8 2 x
The region in question lies between x = −1 and x = 1 A
and is symmetric about the y-axis. We can therefore dou-
ble the area between x = 0 and x = 1. If we divide this y = x 2 − 2x
interval into n equal subintervals of width 1/n and use
the distance 0 − (x 2 − 1) = 1 − x 2 between y = 0 and
y = x 2 − 1 for the heights of rectangles, we find that the Fig. 5.2.10
required area is
n   The height of the region at position x is

1 i2
A = 2 lim 1− 2 0 − (x 2 − 2x) = 2x − x 2 . The “base” is an interval of
n→∞ n n length 2, so we approximate using n rectangles of width
i=1
n

1  2  2/n. The shaded area is
i
= 2 lim − 3
n→∞ n n  
i=1 n
 
2 2i 4i 2
n n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4 4 A = lim 2 − 2
= 2 lim − 3
= 2 − = sq. units. n→∞ n n n
n→∞ n 6n 6 3 i=1

n  
8i 8i 2
= lim −
9. n→∞ n2 n3
y i=1
 
8 n(n + 1) 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2 4 = lim −
n→∞ n 2 2 n3 6
x
8 4
= 4 − = sq. units.
A 3 3

y =1−x

11.
Fig. 5.2.9 y

The height of the region at position x is y = 4x − x 2 + 1

0 − (1 − x) = x − 1. The “base” is an interval of length 2,
so we approximate using n rectangles of width 2/n. The
shaded area is

n  
2 2i A
A = lim 2+ −1
n→∞ n n
i=1

n  
2 4i
= lim + 2
n→∞ n n
i=1
  x
2n n(n + 1) 4
= lim +4 = 2 + 2 = 4 sq. units.
n→∞ n 2n 2 Fig. 5.2.11

181
 SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

The height of the region at position x is Now we can use l’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate
4x − x 2 + 1 − 1 = 4x − x 2 . The “base” is an interval of 
length 4, so we approximate using n rectangles of width 2/n 22/n − 1 0
lim n(2 − 1) = lim
4/n. The shaded area is n→∞ n→∞ 1 0
n  

n   −2
4 4i 16i 2 22/n ln 2
A = lim 4 − 2 n2
n→∞ n n n = lim
i=1
  n→∞ −1
n

64i 64i 2 n2
= lim − (2/n)+1
n→∞ n2 n3 = lim 2 ln 2 = 2 ln 2.
i=1 n→∞
 
64 n(n + 1) 64 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim − 3
n→∞ n 2 2 n3 6 Thus the area is square units.
64 32 2 ln 2
= 32 − = sq. units. y
3 3

b y=2x
12. Divide [0, b] into n equal subintervals of length x =
n
ib
by points xi = , (0 ≤ i ≤ n). Then
n
 
b
 (b/n) i
n

n
b (ib/n)
Sn = e = e
n n x
i=1 i=1 −1 2 4 6 2n
b
 n i−1 −1+ n −1+ n −1+ n −1+ n =1
= e(b/n) e(b/n) (Use Thm. 6.1.2(d).)
n Fig. 5.2.13
i=1
b (b/n) e(b/n)n
−1
   3  3 
= e b b 3 2b nb
n e(b/n) − 1 14. Area = lim + +··· +
n→∞ n n n n
b eb − 1
= e(b/n) (b/n) .
n e −1 b4 3
= lim (1 + 23 + 33 + · · · + n 3 )
b n4
n→∞
Let r = .
n  b4 n 2 (n + 1)2 b4
r 0 = lim 4 · = sq. units.
Area = lim Sn = (eb − 1) lim er lim
n→∞ n 4 4
n→∞ r→0+ r→0+ er − 1 0 y
1
= (eb − 1)(1) lim r = eb − 1sq. units.
r→0+ e

y=x 3
13. The required area is

2  −1+(2/n)
A = lim 2 + 2−1+(4/n) + · · · + 2−1+(2n/n)
n→∞ n
    2  n−1
22/n 2/n 2/n 2/n x
= lim 1+ 2 + 2 + ··· + 2 b 2b 3b (n−1)b nb
n→∞ n n n n n n =b
 2/n n
22/n 2 −1
= lim · 2/n Fig. 5.2.14
n→∞ n 2 −1
1  1/n
= lim 22/n × 3 × b
n→∞ 2/n
n(2 − 1) 15. Let t = and let
a
1
= 3 lim .
n→∞ n(22/n − 1) x0 = a, x1 = at, x2 = at 2 , . . . , xn = at n = b.

182
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284)

The i th subinterval [xi−1 , xi ] has length xi = 17.

1 y
at i−1 (t − 1). Since f (xi−1 ) = i−1 , we form the sum
at

n   y =1−x
1
Sn = at i−1 (t − 1) A1
at i−1 1 2
i=1
 1/n A2 x
b
= n(t − 1) = n −1 .
a
1 b
Let r = and c = . The area under the curve is
n a
 Fig. 5.2.17
cr − 1 0
A = lim Sn = lim n  
n→∞ r→0+ r 0
2 2i
  sn = 1− represents a sum of areas of n
cr ln c b n n
= lim = ln c = ln square units. i=1
r→0+ 1 a rectangles each of width 2/n and having heights equal
This is not surprising because it follows from the defini- to the height to the graph y = 1 − x at the points
tion of ln. x = 2i /n. Half of these rectangles have negative height,
y and limn→∞ Sn is the difference A1 − A2 of the areas of
the two triangles in the figure above. It has the value 0
since the two triangles have the same area.
1
y=
x
18.
y

y = 2 + 3x

x
a x1 x2 b
A
Fig. 5.2.15
16. 1 x
y
2 Fig. 5.2.18

n
n  
2n + 3i 1 3i
sn = = 2 + represents a sum
n2 n n
i=1 i=1
y = 2(1 − x) of areas of n rectangles each of width 1/n and having
heights equal to the height to the graph y = 2 + 3x at
the points x = i /n. Thus limn→∞ Sn is the area of the
A trapezoid in the figure above, and has the value
1(2 + 5)/2 = 7/2.

1 x

n

 2
Fig. 5.2.16 1 j
19. Sn = 1−

n   n n
2 i j =1
sn = 1− represents a sum of areas of n
n n = sum of areas of rectangles in the figure.
i=1
rectangles each of width 1/n and having heights equal to Thus the limit of Sn is the area of a quarter circle of unit
the height to the graph y = 2(1 − x) at the points radius:
x = i /n. Thus limn→∞ Sn is the area A of the triangle π
lim Sn = .
in the figure above, and therefore has the value 1. n→∞ 4

183
 SECTION 5.2 (PAGE 284) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
5. f (x) = sin x on [0, π ], n = 6.
 
√ π π π 2π 5π
y= 1−x 2 P6 = 0, , , , , ,π
6 3 2 3 6

√ √ 
π 1 3 3 1
L( f, P6 ) = 0+ + + + +0
6 2 2 2 2
π √
= (1 + 3) ≈ 1.43,
6

√ √
π 1 3 3 1
U ( f, P6 ) = + +1+1+ +
6 2 2 2 2
x π √
1 2 n−1 n =1 = (3 + 3) ≈ 2.48.
n n n n
6
6. f (x) = cos x on [0, 2π ], n = 4.
Fig. 5.2.19  
2π π 3π
L( f, P4 ) = cos + cos π + cos π + cos = −π.
4 2 2
 
2π π 3π
U ( f, P4 ) = cos 0 + cos + cos + cos 2π = π.
Section 5.3 The Definite Integral 4 2 2
(page 290) y
y=cos x

1. f (x) = x on [0, 2], n = 8.

  π/2 π
1 1 3 5 3 7 3π/2 2π x
P8 = 0, , , , 1, , , , 1
4 2 4 4 2 4

2−0 1 1 3 5 3 7 7
L( f, P8 ) = 0+ + + +1+ + + =
8 4 2 4 4 2 4 4

2−0 1 1 3 5 3 7 9
U ( f, P8 ) = + + +1+ + + +2 = Fig. 5.3.6
8 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
 
7. f (x) = x on [0, 1]. Pn = 0, n1 , n2 , . . . , n−1 n
n , n . We
have
2. f (x) = x 2 on [0, 4], n = 4.
   
4−0 1 1 2 n−1
L( f, P4 ) = [0 + (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 ] = 14. L( f, Pn ) = 0 + + + ··· +
4 n n n n
 
4−0 1 (n − 1)n n−1
U ( f, P4 ) = [(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 ] = 30. = 2 · = ,
4 n 2 2n 
1 1 2 3 n
U ( f, Pn ) = + + + ··· +
n n n n n
3. f (x) = e x on [−2, 2], n = 4. 1 n(n + 1)n n+1
= 2 · = .
e4 − 1 n 2 2n
L( f, P4 ) = 1(e−2 + e−1 + e0 + e1 ) = ≈ 4.22
e2 (e − 1)
Thus limn→∞ L( f, Pn ) = limn→∞ U ( f, Pn ) = 1/2.
e4 − 1 If P is any partition of [0, 1], then
U ( f, P4 ) = 1(e−1 + e0 + e1 + e2 ) = ≈ 11.48.
e(e − 1)
n+1
L( f, P) ≤ U ( f, Pn ) =
2n
4. f (x) = ln x on [1, 2], n = 5.
  for every n, so L( f, P) ≤ limn→∞ U ( f, Pn ) = 1/2.
2−1 6 7 8 9
L( f, P5 ) = ln 1 + ln + ln + ln + ln Similarly, U ( f, P) ≥ 1/2. If there exists any number I
5 5 5 5 5
such that L( f, P) ≤ I ≤ U ( f, P) for all P, then I can-
≈ 0.3153168. not be less than 1/2 (or there would exist a Pn such that
 
2−1 6 7 8 9 L( f, Pn ) > I ), and, similarly, I cannot be greater than
U ( f, P5 ) = ln + ln + ln + ln + ln 2
5 5 5 5 5 1/2 (or there would exist a Pn such that U ( f, Pn ) < I ).
1
≈ 0.4539462. Thus I = 1/2 and 0 x d x = 1/2.

184
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.3 (PAGE 290)

 
8. f (x) = 1 − x on [0, 2]. Pn = 0, n2 , n4 , . . . , 2n−2 2n
n , n . By l’Hôpital’s Rule,
We have
e3/n − 1
      lim n(e3/n − 1) = lim
2 2 4 2n n→∞ n→∞ 1/n
L( f, Pn ) = 1− + 1− +··· + 1 −
n n n n e3/n (−3/n 2 ) 3e3/n

n = lim 2
= lim = 3.
2 4 n→∞ −1/n n→∞ 1
= n− 2 i
n n
i=1 Thus
4 n(n + 1) 2 
=2− 2 = − → 0 as n → ∞, 3
n
 2
  n    lim L( f, Pn ) = lim U ( f, Pn ) = e3 − 1 = e x d x.
2 0 2 2n − 2 n→∞ n→∞ 0
U ( f, Pn ) = 1− + 1− +··· + 1 −
n n n n
n  
n−1
1√
2 4
11. lim
1 i
= x dx
= n− 2 i n→∞ n n
n n i=1 0
i=0
4 (n − 1)n 2 n  

1 i −1 1√
=2− = → 0 as n → ∞. 12. lim = x dx
n2 2 n n→∞ n n
i=1 0
 2 n 

π πi π
Thus (1 − x) d x = 0. 13. lim sin = sin x d x
0 n→∞ n n 0
i=1
 
9. f (x) = x 3 on [0, 1]. Pn = 0, n1 , n2 , . . . , n−1 n
n , n . We n

   2
2 2i
have (using the result of Exercise 51 (or 52) of Section 14. lim ln 1 + = ln(1 + x) d x
6.1)
n→∞ n n 0
i=1

 
n    1
 3    1 −1 2i − 1
1 0 3 1 n−1 3 15. lim tan = tan−1 x d x
L( f, Pn ) = + + ··· + n→∞ n 2n 0
n n n n i=1

n−1 2i − 1 i −1 i
1
3 1 (n − 1)2 n 2 Note that is the midpoint of , .
= i = 2n n n
n4 n4 4  1
i=0
n
n
 2 n 1 1 dx
1 n−1 1 16. lim = lim =
= → as n → ∞, n→∞ n2 + i 2 n→∞ n 1 + (i /n)2 0 1 + x2
4 n 4 i=1 i=1
   3 
1 1 3
2  n 3 b−a
U ( f, Pn ) = + + ··· + 17. Let x = and xi = a + i x where 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1.
n n n n n
Since f is continuous and nondecreasing,
n
1
3 1 n 2 (n + 1)2
= i = L( f, Pn ) = f (a)x + f (x1 )x+
n4 n4 4
i=1 f (x2 )x + · · · + f (xn−1 )x
 2 
1 n+1 1 b−a
n−1


= → as n → ∞. = f (a) + f (xi ) ,
4 n 4 n
i=1
 1 U ( f, Pn ) = f (x1 )x + f (x2 )x + · · · +
1
Thus x3 dx = . f (xn−1 )x + f (b)x
0 4
n−1
  b−a

10. f (x) = e x on [0, 3]. Pn = 0, n3 , n6 , . . . , 3n−3 3n = f (xi ) + f (b) .
n , n . We n
have (using the result of Exercise 51 (or 52) of Section i=1
6.1)
Thus,
3  0/n 
U ( f, Pn ) − L( f, Pn )
L( f, Pn ) = e + e3/n + e6/n + · · · + e3(n−1)/n
n n−1 n−1
3 e3n/n − 1 3(e3 − 1) b−a


= = , = f (xi ) + f (b) − f (a) − f (xi )
3/n
n e −1 n(e3/n − 1) n
i=1 i=1
3  3/n  (b − a)( f (b) − f (a))
U ( f, Pn ) = e + e6/n + e9/n + · · · + e3n/n = e3/n L( f, Pn ). = .
n n

185
 SECTION 5.3 (PAGE 290) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

2 1
Since 3. −2 (x + 2) d x =
2
(4)(4) = 8
lim [U ( f, Pn ) − L( f, P − n)] = 0,
n→∞ y (2,4)
therefore f must be integrable on [a, b].
18. P = {x 0 < x1 < · · · < xn },
P  = {x0 < x1 < · · · < x j −1 < x  < x j < · · · < xn }. y=x+2 2
Let m i and Mi be, respectively, the minimum and max-
imum values of f (x) on the interval [xi−1 , xi ], for
1 ≤ i ≤ n. Then
−2 2 x
n


L( f, P) = m i (xi − xi−1 ), Fig. 5.4.3
i=1
n

2
U ( f, P) = Mi (xi − xi−1 ). 4. 0 (3x + 1) d x = shaded area = 12 (1 + 7)(2) = 8
i=1 y

y=3x+1
If m j and M j are the minimum and maximum values
of f (x) on [x j −1 , x  ], and if m j and M j are the corre-
sponding values for [x  , x j ], then

m j ≥ m j , m j ≥ m j , M j ≤ M j , M j ≤ M j .

Therefore we have
2 x
m j (x j − x j −1 ) ≤ m j (x  − x j −1 ) + m j (x j − x  ),
Fig. 5.4.4
M j (x j − x j −1 ) ≥ M j (x  − x j −1 ) + M j (x j − x  ).

Hence L( f, P) ≤ L( f, P  ) and U ( f, P) ≥ U ( f, P  ). b b2 a2
5. x dx = −
If P  is any refinement of P we can add the new points a 2 2
in P  to those in P one at a time, and thus obtain y

L( f, P) ≤ L( f, P  ), U ( f, P  ) ≤ U ( f, P). y=x

Section 5.4 Properties of the

Definite Integral (page 296) a b x

 b  c  a Fig. 5.4.5
1. f (x) d x + f (x) d x + f (x) d x
a
b c c c 2
= f (x) d x − f (x) d x = 0 6. −1 (1 − 2x) d x = A1 − A2 = 0
a a y
 2  3  3
2. 3 f (x) d x + 3 f (x) d x − 2 f (x) d x
0 1 0 1
 2 A1 2 2
− 3 f (x) d x −1 x
1 A2
 1  2 y = 1 − 2x
= (3 − 2) f (x) d x + (3 + 3 − 2 − 3) f (x) d x
0 1
 3
Fig. 5.4.6
+ (3 − 2) f (x) d x
2
 3
= f (x) d x  √2 √ √
7. √
− 2
2 − t 2 dt = 12 π( 2)2 = π
0

186
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.4 (PAGE 296)

√ 
y y= 2−t 2 1
15. 4 − x 2 d x = area A1 in figure below
0
1
= area of circle − area A2
√ √ t 4
− 2 2 (see #14 below)
 √ 
Fig. 5.4.7 1 2π 3
2
= (π 2 ) − −
  4 3 2
0 1 √ π √
8. √ 2 − x 2 d x = quarter disk = π( 2)2 = π 3
− 2 4 2 = +
 π
3 2
y
9. sin(x 3 ) d x = 0. (The integrand is an odd function
−π
and the interval of integration is symmetric about x = 0.)
a P √
1 2 2
10. −a (a − |s|) ds = shaded area = 2( 2 a ) = a y= 4 − x2
y
a
y=a−|s|
A1

a
A2
−a s
R Q
Fig. 5.4.10
O 1 2 x
1 5
1
11. −1 (u − 3u 3 + π ) du = π −1 du = 2π Fig. 5.4.15
y
 2
16. 4 − x 2 d x = area A2 in figure above
1
1 = area sector POQ − area triangle POR
1 1 √
= (π 22 ) − (1) 3
6 √ 2
−1 1 u 2π 3
= −
3 2
Fig. 5.4.11
 2  2
 2 33
17. 6x d x = 6 x 2 d x = 6 = 16
12. Let y = 2x − x 2 ⇒ y 2 + (x − 1)2 = 1. 0 0 3
 2
1 π   
2x − x 2 d x = shaded area = π(1)2 = . 3 3 2
0 2 2 18. (x 2 − 4) d x = x2 dx − x 2 d x − 4(3 − 2)
y √ 2 0 0
y= 2x−x 2
33 23 7
= − −4=
3 3 3
 2  2
2 x
19. (4 − t 2 ) dt = 2 (4 − t 2 ) dt
−2 0
 
23 32
Fig. 5.4.12 = 2 2(4) − =
3 3
 4  2 23 22 2
13. (e x − e−x ) d x = 0 (odd function, symmetric interval) 20. (v 2 − v) dv = − =
−4 0 3 2 3
 3   3  3   1  13 1
14. 2
(2 + t) 9 − t dt = 2 2
9 − t dt + t 9 − t 2 dt 21. (x 2 + 1 − x 2) d x = + (π 12 )
−3
−3
 −3 0 3 4
1 2 1 π
=2 π 3 + 0 = 9π = +
2 3 4

187
 SECTION 5.4 (PAGE 296) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

   y
6 6 6 √
22. x 2 (2 + sin x) d x = 2x 2 d x + x 2 sin x d x y= 4−x 2
−6 −6 −6
 6 4 3
=4 x2 dx + 0 = (6 ) = 288
0 3

 2 1
23. d x = ln 2
1 x
x
2
 4  4  2
1 1 1
24. dt = dt − dt
2 t 1 t 1 t Fig. 5.4.31
= ln 4 − ln 2 = ln(4/2) = ln 2
 2
1 1
  32. Average value = ds
1 1 1/3 1 1 2 − (1/2) 1/2 s
25. dt = − dt = − ln = ln 3  
t t 3 2 1 4
1/3 1 = ln 2 − ln = ln 2
3 2 3
 3  3  1/4 2
1 1 1 33. dx = 2 − 1 = 1
26. ds = ds − ds −1 sgn x
1/4 s 1 s 1 s y
1
= ln 3 − ln = ln 3 + ln 4 = ln 12 y=sgn x
4 1

−1
 4
1 2 x
27. Average = (x + 2) d x
4−0 0 −1

1 1 2
= (4 ) + 2(4) = 4
4 2
Fig. 5.4.33
 b
1
28. Average = (x + 2) d x 34. Let 
b−a a 1+x if x < 0
 f (x) =
1 1 2 2 if x ≥ 0.
= (b − a 2 ) + 2(b − a)
b−a 2
1 4+a+b Then
= (b + a) + 2 =
2 2  2
f (x) d x = area(1) + area(2) − area(3)
 π −3
1
29. Average = (1 + sin t) dt = (2 × 2) + 12 (1)(1) − 12 (2)(2) = 2 12 .
π − (−π ) −π
 π  π
1
= 1 dt + sin t dt y y=2
2π −π −π
1
= [2π + 0] = 1 (1)
2π −3 (2)
(3) −1 2 x
 3
1 1 33 y=x+1
30. Average = x2 dx = =3
3−0 0 3 3 (−3,−2)

 2
1 Fig. 5.4.34
31. Average value = (4 − x 2 )1/2 d x
2−0 0   
2 1 2
1
= (shaded area) 35. g(x) d x = x2 dx + x dx
2  0 0 1
1 1 π 13 22 − 12 11
= π(2)2 = = + =
2 4 2 3 2 6

188
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.4 (PAGE 296)

 3  2  3
36. |2 − x| d x = (2 − x) d x + (x − 2) d x
0 0 2

 2  2 3 4
x 2  x  (|x + 1| − |x − 1| + |x + 2|) d x
= 2x −  + − 2x  −3
2  2 
0 2 = area A1 − area A2
9 5
= 4−2−0+ −6−2+4= 1 5 5+8 1+2 1+2 1 1 41
2 2 = (5) + (3) − (1) − (1) − (1) =
2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
 2
37. I = 4 − x 2 sgn(x − 1) d x
0
= area A1 − area A2 .
√ √ 40.
Area A1 = 16 π 22 − 12 (1)( 3) = 23 π − 12 3. y
√ x2 − x
Area A2 = 14 π 22 − area A1 = 13 π + 12 3. y=
√ |x − 1|
Therefore I = (π/3) − 3.
y
√
y= 4−x 2
√
2 3 A1
A1
π/3 1 2
x A2 3 x
A2

Fig. 5.4.37
Fig. 5.4.40
 3.5
38. [x] d x = shaded area = 1 + 2 + 1.5 = 4.5.
0  3
y x2 − x
dx
0 |x − 1|
y=
x
= area A1 − area A2
1+3 1 7
= (2) − (1)(1) =
2 2 2

1 2 3.5 x

1 2
Fig. 5.4.38 41. Average = |x + 1|sgn x d x
4 −2
 2  0 
39. 1
= (x + 1) d x − |x + 1| d x
y 4 −2
 0 
1 1+3 1
= ×2−2× ×1×1
4 2 2
1 3
=1− = .
4 4
y (2,3)
A1 y=x+1
y = |x + 1| − |x − 1| + |x + 2|
y=−(x+1)
1 A1
x −2
A2
A2 −1 A3 2 x
−1
(−2,−1)
Fig. 5.4.39 Fig. 5.4.41

189
 SECTION 5.4 (PAGE 296) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 b   b  b  −π/6
−π/6 
42. f (x) − f¯ d x = f (x) d x − f¯ d x 9. cos x d x = sin x 
a a a −π/4 −π/4
 b √
= (b − a) f¯ − f¯ dx 1 1 2− 2
a
=− +√ = √
2 2 2 2
= (b − a) f¯ − (b − a) f¯ = 0 π/3
 π/3 √
 b  π
2 10. sec θ dθ = tan θ 
2
= tan = 3
43. f (x) − k dx 0 0 3
a
 b    π/3 π/3 √
2 b b  2−1
11. sin θ dθ = − cos θ  =
= f (x) d x − 2k f (x) d x + k 2 dx 2
a a a π/4 π/4
 b2 2π

= f (x) d x − 2k(b − a) f¯ + k 2 (b − a) 2π 
a 12. (1 + sin u) du = (u − cos u) = 2π
 b 2 0 0
2  π
= (b − a)(k − f¯)2 + f (x) d x − (b − a) f¯ π 
a 13. e x d x = e x  = eπ − e−π
This is minimum if k = f¯. −π −π
 2
14. (e x − e−x ) d x = 0 (odd function, symmetric interval)
Section 5.5 The Fundamental Theorem −2
of Calculus (page 301)  e
e a x  ae − 1
15. ax d x =  =
 2 0 ln a 0 ln a
2 x 4  16 − 0
1. x3 dx = = =4  1 
4 0
1
0 4 2x  2 1 3
16. 2x d x =  = − =
 4 −1 ln 2 −1 ln 2 2 ln 2 2 ln 2
4√ 2  16
2. x d x = x 3/2  =  1 
1
0 3 3 dx −1 x  π
0 17. 2
= tan  = 2
 1 −1 1 + x −1
1 1 −1   1/2 1/2
3. dx = = −1 − (−2) = 1  π
1/2 x2 x 1/2 18. √
dx
= sin−1 x  =
0 1−x 2
0 6
 −1     −1
1 1 1 1   1 1
4. − 3 dx = − + 2  dx x
−2 x2 x x 2x −2 19. √ = sin−1 
  −1 4−x 2 2 −1
1 1 1 7  
=1+ − + = −1 1 −1 1
2 2 8 8 = sin − sin −
2 2
 2 π  π  π
2  = − − =
5. (3x − 4x + 2) d x = (x − 2x + 2x) = 9
2 3 2
6 6 3
−1 −1  0 0
dx 1 x 1 π
 2 3 2 20. = tan−1  = 0 − tan−1 (−1) =
2 x 1 x 4  −2 4 + x 2 2 2 2 8
6. − d x = − − = −9/8 −2
1 x3 2 x2 8 1 1
1 x 5  1
 2  2 21. Area R = 0 x 4 d x = = sq. units.
5 0 5
7. (x 2 + 3)2 d x = 2 (x 4 + 6x 2 + 9) d x
−2 0 y
  2
x5 
=2 + 2x + 9x 
3 (1,1)
5 0
 
32 404
=2 + 16 + 18 =
5 5 y=x 4

 9  9 R
√ 2
1 √ 
8. d x = x 3/2 − 2 x 
x−√ 1 x
4 3x 4
 
2 3/2 √ 2 3/2 √ 32
= (9) − 2 9 − (4) − 2 4 =
3 3 3 Fig. 5.5.21

190
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.5 (PAGE 301)

 e2
e2 1  25. For intersection of y = x 2 − 3x + 3 and y = 1, we have
22. Area = d x = ln x 
e x e
x 2 − 3x + 3 = 1
= ln e2 − ln e = 2 − 1 = 1 sq. units.
y x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
(x − 2)(x − 1) = 0.
1
y= x Thus x = 1 or x = 2. The indicated region has area
 2
Area Area R = 1 − (x 2 − 3x + 3) d x
1
e e2 x  2
x3 3x 2 
=1− − + 3x 
3 2 1
Fig. 5.5.22   
8 1 3 1
=1− −6+6− − + 3 = sq. units.
 4
3 3 2 6
23. Area R = − (x 2 − 4x) d x
0 y
4
x3
=− − 2x 2 
3 y=x 2 −3x+3
  0
64 32
=− − 32 = sq. units. y=1
3 3 R
y

4 x 1 2 x

R
Fig. 5.5.25
√ x √ x
26. Since y = x and y = intersect where x = , that
2 2
is, at x = 0 and x = 4, thus,
y=x 2 −4x
 4√  4 x
Fig. 5.5.23 Area = x dx − dx
0 0 2
4 2 4
2 3/2  x 
24. Since y = 5 − 2x − 3x 2 = (5 + 3x)(1 − x), therefore y = 0 = x  − 
3 4 0
at x = − 35 and 1, and y > 0 if − 35 < x < 1. Thus, the 0
area is 16 16 4
= − = sq. units.
3 4 3
 1  1
(5 − 2x − 3x 2 ) d x = 2 (5 − 3x 2 ) d x y
−1 0
1
 √
= 2(5x − x 3 ) y= x (4,2)
0 y=x/2
= 2(5 − 1) = 8 sq. units. A

y x

y=5−2x−3x 2 Fig. 5.5.26

27. Area R = 2 × shaded area

Area   1 
1 2
=2 − x dx
1 2 0
−1 x
 
1 1 1
=2 − = sq. units.
Fig. 5.5.24 2 3 3

191
 SECTION 5.5 (PAGE 301) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y y

(1,1)
x=y 2
A y = e−x

R
−a x
y=x 2

x
Fig. 5.5.30

Fig. 5.5.27  2π
31. Area R = (1 − cos x) d x
0
2π
28. The two graphs intersect at (±3, 3), thus 
= (x − sin x) = 2π sq. units.
0
 3  3
y

Area = 2 (12 − x 2 ) d x − 2 x dx y=1−cos x

0 0
 3  3
1 3  1 2 
= 2 12x − x  − 2 x 
3 0 2 0
R
= 2(36 − 9) − 9 = 45 sq. units.

y 2πx
y=12−x 2

Fig. 5.5.31
Area
 27
y=|x| (3,3)
27 3 2/3 
32. Area = x −1/3 d x = x 
1 2 1
x 3 3
= (27)2/3 − = 12 sq. units.
Fig. 5.5.28 2 2
y

 1  1
29. Area R = x 1/3 d x − x 1/2 d x
0 0 y=x −1/3
1 1
3 4/3  2 3/2  3 2 1
= x  − x  = − = sq. units. Area
4 0 3 0 4 3 12
y 1 27 x

Fig. 5.5.32
(1,1)
y=x 1/3
 3π/2  π/2  3π/2
R 33. | cos x| d x = cos x d x − cos x d x
y=x 1/2 0 0 π/2
π/2 3π/2
 
= sin x  − sin x 
0 π/2
x
=1+1+1=3
Fig. 5.5.29    3
3 sgn (x − 2) dx 2 dx
34. dx = − +
1 x2 1 x 2
2 x
2
0 2 3
0  1 1 1
30. Area = −a e d x = −e  = ea − 1 sq. units.
−x −x
=  −  = −
−a x x 1 3 2

192
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.5 (PAGE 301)

 cos θ
35. Average value d 1
 44. 2
dx
1 2 dθ sin θ 1 − x
= (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) d x  cos θ  sin θ
2 0 d 1 1
= dx − dx
 2 dθ a 1 − x2 1 − x2
1 x2 x3 x 4  a
= x+ + + − sin θ cos θ
2 2 3 4 0 = −
  1 − cos2 θ 1 − sin2 θ
1 8 16 −1 1
= 2+2+ +4 = . = − = − csc θ − sec θ
2 3 3 sin θ cos θ
 2  t
1 45. F(t) = cos(x 2 ) d x
36. Average value = e3x d x
2 − (−2) −2 0
√
 2  x
√
1 1 3x  F( x) = cos(u 2 ) du
= e  0
4 3 −2
d √ 1 cos x
1 6 −6 F( x) = cos x √ = √
= (e − e ). dx 2 x 2 x
12
 x2 √
 1/ ln 2 1/ ln 2
1 2x  46. H (x) = 3x e− t dt
37. Avg. = 2x d x = (ln 2) =e−1
ln 2 0
4
1/ ln 2 0  x2 √
H  (x) = 3 e− t
dt + 3x(2xe−|x| )
38. Since  4
0, if 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,  4 √
g(t) =
1, if 1 < t ≤ 3, H  (2) = 3 e− t
dt + 3(2)(4e−2 )
4
the average value of g(t) over [0,3] is 24
= 3(0) + 24e−2 = 2
e
   3  x
1 1 3 1 
(0) dt + 1 dt = 0 + t  47. f (x) = π + π f (t) dt
3 0 1 3 1 1
1 2 f  (x) = π f (x) ⇒ f (x) = Ceπ x
= (3 − 1) = .
3 3 π = f (1) = Ceπ ⇒ C = π e−π
f (x) = π eπ(x−1) .
 x
 x
d sin t sin x
39. dt = 48. f (x) = 1 − f (t) dt
dx 2 t x 0
 3   t f  (x) = − f (x) ⇒ f (x) = Ce−x
d sin x d sin x sin t
40. dx = − dx = − 1 = f (0) = C
dt x dt x t
t 3 f (x) = e−x .
 0  x2
d sin t d sin t 49. The function 1/x 2 is not defined (and therefore not
41. dt = − dt
dx x2 t dx 0 t continuous) at x = 0, so the Fundamental Theorem of
sin x 2 sin x 2 Calculus cannot be applied to it on the interval [−1, 1].
= −2x 2 = −2 Since 1/x 2 > 0 wherever it is defined, we would ex-
x x  1
dx
 x2 pect 2
to be positive if it exists at all (which it
d 2 sin u −1 x
42. x du doesn’t).
dx 0 u  x
 x2  x2 sin t sin x
sin u d sin u 50. If F(x) = dt, then F  (x) = and
= 2x du + x 2 du 17 1 + t
2 1 + x2
0 u dx 0 u
  F(17) = 0.
x2 sin u 2x sin x 2  
= 2x du + x 2  2x−x 2 1
0 u x2 51. F(x) = 0 cos dt.
 1 + t2
x2 sin u
= 2x du + 2x sin(x 2 ) 1
0 u Note that 0 < ≤ 1 for all t, and hence
1 + t2
 t  
d cos y cos t 1
43. dy = 0 < cos(1) ≤ cos ≤ 1.
dt −π 1 + y2 1 + t2 1 + t2

193
 SECTION 5.5 (PAGE 301) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y
The integrand is continuous for all t, so F(x) is defined
and differentiable for all x. Since 1
limx→±∞ (2x − x 2 ) = −∞, therefore y=
1+x 2
limx→±∞ F(x) = −∞. Now
 
1
F  (x) = (2 − 2x) cos =0
1 + (2x − x 2 )2

only at x = 1. Therefore F must have a maximum value

at x = 1, and no minimum value. 1 2
1
x
n n

     
1 1 5 2 5 n 5 Fig. 5.5.54
52. lim 1+ + 1+ +··· + 1 +
n→∞ n n n n
= area below y = x 5 , above y = 0,
between x = 1 and x = 2
Section 5.6 The Method of Substitution
 2 2 (page 308)
1  1 21
= x 5 d x = x 6  = (26 − 1) = 
6 1 6 2
1
1. e5−2x d x Let u = 5 − 2x
 du = −2 d x
  1 1 1
π π 2π nπ =− e du = − eu + C = − e5−2x + C.
u
53. lim sin + sin + · · · + sin 2 2 2
n→∞ n n n n 
= lim sum of areas of rectangles shown in figure 2. cos(ax + b) d x Let u = ax + b
n→∞
 π π
  du = a d x
= sin x d x = − cos x  = 2 1 1
0 0 = cos u du = sin u + C
a a
y
1
y=sin x = sin(ax + b) + C.
a

√
3. 3x + 4 d x Let u = 3x + 4
......
 du = 3 d x
1 2 2
x = u du = u 3/2 + C = (3x + 4)3/2 + C.
1/2
π 2π 3π (n−1)π
π 3 9 9
n n n n 
Fig. 5.5.53 4. e2x sin(e2x ) d x Let u = e2x
 du = 2e2x d x
1 1
= sin u du = − cos u + C
  2 2
n n n n
54. lim + 2 + + ··· + 2 1 2x
n→∞ n 2 + 1 n + 4 n2 + 9 2n = − cos(e ) + C.
 2 2 2  2
1 n n n n2 
= lim + + + · · · + x dx
n→∞ n n2 + 1 n2 + 4 n2 + 9 2n 2 5. Let u = 4x 2 + 1
⎛ ⎞ (4x 2 + 1)5
 du = 8x d x
⎜ ⎟ 1 1 −1
= lim
1 ⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟ = u du = − u −4 + C =
−5
+ C.
⎜  2 +  2 + · · · +  n 2 ⎟ 8 32 32(4x 2 + 1)4
n→∞ n ⎝ 1 2 ⎠
1+ 1+ 1+  √
n n n sin x √
6. √ d x Let u = x
1 x dx
= area below y = , above y = 0, du = √
1 + x2 2 x
between x = 0 and x = 1 
 1 1 = 2 sin u du = −2 cos u + C
1 −1 
 π
= d x = tan x  = √
0 1 + x 2
0 4 = −2 cos x + C.

194
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.6 (PAGE 308)

 
2 t
7. xe x d x Let u = x 2 15. √ dt Let u = t 2
4 − t4
 du = 2x d x  du = 2t dt
1 1 1 2 1 du
= e du = eu + C = e x + C.
u
= √
2 2 2 2 4 − u2
  2
1 u 1 t
8.
3
x 2 2x +1 d x Let u = x 3 + 1 = sin−1 + C = sin−1 + C.
2 2 2 2
 du = 3x 2 d x 
1 1 2u x2
= 2u du = +C 16. d x Let u = x 3
3 3 ln 2 2 + x6
3  du = 3x 2 d x  
2x +1 1 du 1 −1 u
= + C. = = √ tan √ +C
3 ln 2 3 2 + u2 3 2 2
  3
cos x 1 x
9. d x Let u = sin x = √ tan−1 √ + C.
4 + sin2 x 3 2 2
 du = cos x d x   −x
du dx e dx
= 17. = Let u = 1 + e−x
4 + u2 ex + 1 1 + e−x
  du = −e−x d x
1 u 1 1 
= tan−1 + C = tan−1 sin x + C. du
2 2 2 2 =− = − ln |u| + C = − ln(1 + e−x ) + C.
u
  
sec2 x dx ex d x
10. √ d x Let u = tan x 18. = Let u = e x
1 − tan2 x e x + e−x e2x + 1
du = sec2 x d x  du = e x d x
du du
= √ = = tan−1 u + C
1 − u2 u2 + 1
= sin−1 u + C = tan−1 e x + C.

= sin−1 (tan x) + C.
 x 19. tan x ln cos x d x Let u = ln cos x
e +1 du = − tan x d x
11. dx 
ex − 1 1 2 1 2
 x/2 = − u du = − u + C = − ln cos x + C.
e + e−x/2 2 2
= d x Let u = e x/2 − e−x/2 
e x/2 − e x/2   x +1
du = 12 e x/2 + e−x/2 d x 20. √ dx
 2
du  1−x 
=2 = 2 ln |u| + C x dx dx
= √ + √ Let u = 1 − x 2
 u    1−x 2 1 − x2
    du = −2x d x
= 2 lne x/2 − e−x/2  + C = lne x + e−x − 2 + C.
in the first integral only
 
ln t 1 du √
12. dt Let u = ln t =− √ + sin−1 x = − u + sin−1 x + C
t dt 2 u
du = 
 t = − 1 − x 2 + sin−1 x + C.
1 2 1  
= u du = u + C = (ln t)2 + C. dx dx
2 2 21. = Let u = x + 3
 x 2 + 6x + 13 (x + 3)2 + 4
ds  du = dx
13. √ Let u = 4 − 5s du 1 −1 u
4 − 5s = = tan +C
 du = −5 ds u2 + 4 2 2
1 du 1 x +3
=− √ = tan−1 + C.
5 u 2 2
2 1/2 2√ 
=− u +C =− 4 − 5s + C. dx dx
5 5 22. √ =  Let u = 1 − x
4 + 2x − x 2 5 − (1 − x)2

x +1    du = −d x
14. √ d x Let u = x 2 + 2x + 3 du u
x 2 + 2x + 3 =− √ = − sin−1 √ +C

du = 2(x + 1) d x 5− u 2  5 
1 1 √  1−x x −1
= √ du = u + C = x 2 + 2x + 3 + C = − sin−1 √ + C = sin−1 √ + C.
2 u 5 5

195
 SECTION 5.6 (PAGE 308) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

  
23. sin3 x cos5 x d x [1 + cos(2x)]2
28. cos4 x d x = dx
  4
= sin x(cos5 x − cos7 x) d x Let u = cos x 1
= [1 + 2 cos(2x) + cos2 (2x)] d x
du = − sin x d x 4
 
x sin(2x) 1
= (u 7 − u 5 ) du = + + 1 + cos(4x) d x
4 4 8
x sin(2x) x sin(4x)
u8 u6 cos8 x cos6 x = + + + +C
= − +C = − + C. 4 4 8 32
8 6 8 6 3x sin(2x) sin(4x)
= + + + C.
8 4 32


29. sec5 x tan x d x Let u = sec x
24. sin4 t cos5 t dt
du = sec x tan x d x
  5
u sec5 x
= sin4 t (1 − sin2 t)2 cos t dtLet u = sin t = u 4 du = +C = + C.
5 5
du = cos t dt 

u5 2u 7 u9
= (u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 ) du = − + +C 30. sec6 x tan2 x d x
5 7 9 
1 2 1
= sin5 t − sin7 t + sin9 t + C. = sec2 x tan2 x(1 + tan2 x)2 d x Let u = tan x
5 7 9
 du = sec2 x d x
1 2 1
= (u 2 + 2u 4 + u 6 ) du = u 3 + u 5 + u 7 + C
3 5 7

1 3 2 5 1 7
25. sin ax cos2 ax d x Let u = cos ax = tan x + tan x + tan x + C.
3 5 7
 du = −a sin ax d x 
1 √
=− u 2 du 31. tan x sec4 x d x
a 
√
u3 1 = tan x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x d x Let u = tan x
=− + C = − cos3 ax + C.
3a 3a du = sec2 x d x
  
= u 1/2 + u 5/2 du
    2u 3/2 2u 7/2
sin 2x 2 = + +C
26. sin2 x cos2 x d x = dx 3 7
2
 2 2
1 1 − cos 4x x sin 4x = (tan x)3/2 + (tan x)7/2 + C.
= dx = − + C. 3 7
4 2 8 32 
32. sin−2/3 x cos3 x d x Let u = sin x
du = cos x d x
    
1 − cos 2x 3 1 − u2 3
27. sin6 x d x = dx = 2/3
du = 3u − u 7/3 + C
1/3

2 u 7
 1/3 3 7/3
1 = 3 sin x − sin x + C.
= (1 − 3 cos 2x + 3 cos2 2x − cos3 2x) d x 7
8  
x 3 sin 2x 3
= − + (1 + cos 4x) d x 33. cos x sin4 (sin x) d x Let u = sin x
8 16  16
du = cos x d x
1    
− cos 2x(1 − sin2 2x) d x Let u = sin 2x 1 − cos 2u 2
8 = sin4 u du = du
 du = 2 cos 2x d x 2
5x 3 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 1   
= − + − (1 − u 2 ) du 1 1 + cos 4u
16 16 64 16 = 1 − 2 cos 2u + du
4 2
5x 3 sin 2x 3 sin 4x sin 2x sin3 2x 3u sin 2u sin 4u
= − + − + +C = − + +C
16 16 64 16 48 8 4 32
5x sin 2x 3 sin 4x sin3 2x 3 1 1
= − + + + C. = sin x − sin(2 sin x) + sin(4 sin x) + C.
16 4 64 48 8 4 32

196
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.6 (PAGE 308)

 
sin3 (ln x) cos3 (ln x) 4
34. Let u = sin(ln x)
dx 39. x 3 (x 2 + 1)−1/2 d x Let u = x 2 + 1, x2 = u − 1
x cos(ln x) 0
du = dx du = 2x d x
 17
 x 1
1 1 = (u − 1)u −1/2 du
= u 3 (1 − u 2 ) du = u 4 − u 6 + C 2 1
4 6 17
1 2 3/2 
1/2 
1 4 1 6 = u − 2u
= sin (ln x) − sin (ln x) + C. 2 3 
4 6 1
√ √
17 17 − 1 √ 14 17 2
= − ( 17 − 1) = + .
3 3 3

sin2 x  √
e
35. dx sin(π ln x)
4
cos x
40. Let u = π ln x
dx
1 x π
= 2 2
Let u = tan x
tan x sec x d x du = d x
x
du = sec2 x d x  π/2 π/2
 1 1 
u3 1 = sin u du = − cos u 
= u 2 du = + C = tan3 x + C. π 0 π 0
3 3 1 1
= − (0 − 1) = .
π π

   π/2  π/2  1 − cos 2x 2

sin3 x 3 41. sin x d x = 4
36. 4
dx = tan x sec x d x 2
cos x 0
 π/2 
0

1 1 + cos 4x
= (sec2 x − 1) sec x tan x d x Let u = sec x = 1 − 2 cos 2x + dx
4 0 2
 du = sec x tan x d x π/2 π/2 π/2
3x  sin 2x  sin 4x  3π
= (u 2 − 1) du = 13 u 3 − u + C = − + = .
8 0 4 0 32 0 16
= 1
sec3 x − sec x + C.
3  π
42. sin5 x d x
π/4
  π

37. 5
csc x cot x d x 5 = (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x d x Let u = cos x
π/4
 du = − sin x d x
 1/√2
= csc x cot x csc4 x(csc2 x − 1)2 d x −1 2 3 1 5 2 4
= − √ (1 − 2u + u ) du = u − u + u 
1/ 2 3 5 −1
Let u = csc x  
du = − csc x cot x d x 1 1 1 2 1 43 8
 = √ − √ + √ − −1 + − = √ + .
2 3 2 20 2 3 5 60 2 15
=− (u 8 − 2u 6 + u 4 ) du
 e2
u9 2u 7 u5 dt
=− + − +C 43. Let u = ln t
9 7 5 e t ln t dt
1 2 1 du =
= − csc9 x + csc7 x − csc5 x + C. t
9 7 5  2 2
du 
= = ln u  = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2.
1 u 1

   √ √
cos4 x π 2 /9 2sin √ x
cos x
38. 8
dx = cot4 x csc4 x d x 44. Let u = sin x
√ dx
sin x π 2 /16 √ x
cos x
= cot4 x(1 + cot2 x) csc2 x d x Let u = cot x du = √ d x
2 x
du = − csc2 x d x  √3/2 √3/2
 2(2 ) 
u
u5 u7 = 2 √ 2u du =
=− u 4 (1 + u 2 ) du = − − +C ln 2  √
5 7 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1 2 √3/2 √
= − cot5 x − cot7 x + C. = (2 − 21/ 2 ).
5 7 ln 2

197
 SECTION 5.6 (PAGE 308) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 π/2 √  π/2

x 49. We start with the addition formulas
45. 1 + cos x d x = dx 2 cos2
0 2 0
π/2
√  π/2 x √ x cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
= 2 cos d x = 2 2 sin  = 2.
0 2 2 0 cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
 π/2
√
1 − sin x d x and take half their sum and half their difference to obtain
0
 π/2 "
 
= 1 − cos π2 − x d x Let u = π2 − x 1 
0 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)
du = −d x 2
 0 √ 1 
=− 1 − cos u du sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y) .
2
π/2
 π/2
π/2 u √  u  Similarly, taking half the sum of the formulas
= 2 sin2 du = 2 −2 cos
0 2 2 0
√ √
= −2 + 2 2 = 2( 2 − 1). sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
 2 sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y,
x
46. Area = 2 + 16
d x Let u = x 2 + 16
0 x
du = 2x d x we obtain
 20
1 20 du 1 
= = ln u  1 
2 16 u 2 16 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) .
  2
1 1 5
= (ln 20 − ln 16) = ln sq. units.
2 2 4
 2
x dx
47. Area R = 4 + 16
Let u = x 2 50. We have
0 x
du = 2x d x
 4 
1 4 du 1 
−1 u  π
= = tan = sq. units. cos ax cos bx d x
2 0 u 2 + 16 8 4 0 32 
y 1
= [cos(ax − bx) + cos(ax + bx)] d x
2 
x 1 1
y=
x 4 +16 = cos[(a − b)x] d x + cos[(a + b)x] d x
2 2
Let u = (a − b)x, du = (a − b) d x in the first integral;
R let v = (a + b)x, dv = (a + b) d x in the second integral.
 
1 1
x = cos u du + cos v dv
2(a − b) 2(a + b)

1 sin[(a − b)x] sin[(a + b)x]
= + + C.
2 (a − b) (a + b)

Fig. 5.6.47
sin ax sin bx d x
48. The area bounded by the ellipse (x 2 /a 2 ) + (y 2 /b2 ) = 1 is 
1
= [cos(ax − bx) − cos(ax + bx)] d x
 2
 
a x2 1 sin[(a − b)x] sin[(a + b)x]
4 b 1− dx Let x = au = − + C.
0 a2 2 (a − b) (a + b)
d x = adu 
 1
sin ax cos bx d x
= 4ab 1 − u 2 du.
0 
1
= [sin(ax + bx) + sin(ax − bx)] d x
The integral is the area of a quarter circle of radius 1. 2  
Hence 1
= [ sin[(a + b)x] d x + sin[(a − b)x] d x]
2
  
π(1)2 1 cos[(a + b)x] cos[(a − b)x]
Area = 4ab = π ab sq. units. =− + + C.
4 2 (a + b) (a − b)

198
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313)

51. If m and n are integers, and m
= n, then For m = 0 we have

    π  π
πcos mx cos nx
dx f (x) cos mx d x = f (x) d x
−π −π
−π sin mx sin nx 
 π  a0 π
1 = dx
= cos(m − n)x ± cos(m + n)x d x 2 −π
2 −π
 π k


1 sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x 
= ± + (an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx)) d x
2 m −n m +n 
−π n=1
= 0 ± 0 = 0. a0
 π = (2π ) + 0 + 0 = a0 π,
2
sin mx cos nx d x
−π
 so the formula for am holds for m = 0 also.
1 π 
= sin(m + n)x + sin(m − n)x d x
2 −π Section 5.7 Areas of Plane Regions
 π
1 cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x  (page 313)
=− + 
2 m +n m−n −π  1
= 0 (by periodicity). 1. Area of R = (x − x 2 ) d x
0
If m = n
= 0 then  1
x2 x 3  1 1 1
 π = −  = − = sq. units.
2 3 0 2 3 6
sin mx cos mx d x y
−π

1 π
= sin 2mx d x
2 −π (1,1)
π
1 
=− cos 2mx  = 0 (by periodicity). y=x
4m −π y=x 2
R

52. If 1 ≤ m ≤ k, we have x
 π  π
a0
f (x) cos mx d x = cos mx d x
−π 2 −π Fig. 5.7.1
k

 π  1 √
+ an cos nx cos mx d x 2. Area of R = ( x − x 2) d x
n=1 −π
0
k   1

π 2 3/2 1 3  2 1 1
+ bn sin nx cos mx d x. = x − x  = − = sq. units.
−π 3 3 0 3 3 3
n=1
y

By the previous exercise, all the integrals on the right

side are zero except the one in the first sum having
n = m. Thus the whole right side reduces to
√
 π  π y= x (1,1)
2 1 + cos(2mx)
am cos (mx) d x = am dx
−π −π 2 R
y=x 2
am
= (2π + 0) = π am .
2 x

Thus  π
1 Fig. 5.7.2
am = f (x) cos mx d x.
π −π  2
A similar argument shows that 3. Area of R = 2 (8 − 2x 2 ) d x
0
  2
1 π 4 3  64
bm = f (x) sin mx d x. = 16x − x  = sq. units.
π −π 3 0 3

199
 SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

y y
y=3−x 2
2y=4x−x 2

−2 2 6
x 1 x
R R

2y+3x=6

y=x 2 −5

Fig. 5.7.3 Fig. 5.7.5

4. For intersections: 6. For intersections:

2 2
x − 2x = 6x − x ⇒ 2x − 8x = 0 2 7 + y = 2y 2 − y + 3 ⇒ 2y 2 − 2y − 4 = 0
i.e., x = 0 or 4. 2(y − 2)(y + 1) = 0 ⇒ i.e., y = −1 or 2.
 4  2

Area of R = 6x − x 2 − (x 2 − 2x) d x Area of R = [(7 + y) − (2y 2 − y + 3)] d y
0 −1
 4  2
= (8x − 2x 2 ) d x =2 (2 + y − y 2 ) d y
0 −1
 4  2
2  64 1 1 
= 4x 2 − x 3  = sq. units. = 2 2y + y 2 − y 3  = 9 sq. units.
3 0 3 2 3 −1
y y
y=6x−x 2
(4,8)
(9,2)
x=2y 2 −y+3

R x−y=7
R
y=x 2 −2x x
(6,−1)
x

Fig. 5.7.4 Fig. 5.7.6

 1
5. For intersections: 7. Area of R = 2 (x − x 3 ) d x
0
 4x − x 2 = 6 − 3x  1
2y = 4x − x 2 x2 x 4  1
⇒ x 2 − 7x + 6 = 0 =2 − = sq. units.
2y + 3x = 6 2 4 0 2
(x − 1)(x − 6) = 0
y

Thus intersections of the curves occur at x = 1 and (1,1)

x = 6. We have y=x
R y=x 3
 6 x2 3x

Area of R = 2x − −3+ dx x
R
1 2 2
 2 6
7x x3 
= − − 3x 
4 6 1 (−1,−1)
245 1 125
= − 36 + − 15 = sq. units.
4 6 12 Fig. 5.7.7

200
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313)

 1 y
8. 4 Shaded area = (x 2 − x 3 ) d x
0
 1
1 3 1 4  1 x=2y 2 −y−2 (4,2)
= x − x  = sq. units.
3 4 0 12 A x=y 2
y x
(1,−1)

(1,1)

y=x 2
y=x 3 Fig. 5.7.10
x
1 5 − 2x
11. For intersections: =y= .
x 2
2
Thus 2x − 5x + 2 = 0, i.e., (2x − 1)(x − 2) = 0. The
Fig. 5.7.8 graphs intersect at x = 1/2 and x = 2. Thus
 2  
5 − 2x 1
Area of R = − dx
1/2 2 x
 2
5x x2 
= − − ln x 
 2 2 1/2
1 √
9. Area of R = ( x − x 3) d x 15
0
= − 2 ln 2 sq. units.
 1 8
2 3/2 x 4  5  
= x − = sq. units.
3 4 0 12 y 1
2 ,2
y

2x+2y=5
x=y 2 (1,1)  
√ R
y= x 1
2, 2
y=1/x

R y=x 3

x
x

Fig. 5.7.11
Fig. 5.7.9
 1
12. Area of shaded region = 2 [(1 − x 2 ) − (x 2 − 1)2 ] d x
0
  1
1 1 1  4
=2 (x 2 − x 4 ) d x = 2 x 3 − x 5  = sq. units.
0 3 5 0 15
y
10. For intersections: y=(x 2 −1)2

y 2 = 2y 2 − y − 2 ⇒ y 2 − y − 2 = 0 y=1−x 2

(y − 2)(y + 1) = 0 ⇒ i.e., y = −1 or 2.
 2 A A
Area of R = [y 2 − (2y 2 − y − 2)] d y
−1
  2
2 1 1 
= [2 + y − y 2 ] d y = 2y + y 2 − y 3  x
−1 2 3 −1
9
= sq. units. Fig. 5.7.12
2

201
 SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

x2 1 y 4
y=
13. The curves y = and y = intersect at x = ±1. x2
2 1 + x2
Thus
y=5−x 2

11 x2

Area of R = 2 − dx R R
0 1 + x2 2
 1
x 3  π 1
= 2 tan−1 x −  = − sq. units.
6 0 2 3
−2 −1 1 2 x

y
Fig. 5.7.15
1
y=
x 2 +1
 π
x2
y= 2 16. Area A = (sin y − (y 2 − π 2 )) d y
−π
 π
R y 3  4π 3
= − cos y + π 2 y −  = sq. units.
3 −π 3
−1 1 x y

x=sin y
Fig. 5.7.13
A
x
14. For intersections: x=y 2 −π 2
4x
= 1 ⇒ x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0
3 + x2
i.e., x = 1 or 3.
 3
4x Fig. 5.7.16
Shaded area = − 1 dx
1 3 + x2
3
  5π/4
= [2 ln(3 + x 2 ) − x] = 2 ln 3 − 2 sq. units.
1
17. Area of R = (sin x − cos x) d x
y π/4
5π/4

y=
4x
3+x 2
= −(cos x + sin x)
π/4
y=1 √ √ √
(1,1) (3,1) = 2 + 2 = 2 2 sq. units.
y

y=sin x
x
R 5π/4
π/4 x

Fig. 5.7.14 y=cos x

4 Fig. 5.7.17
15. The curves y = and y = 5 − x 2 intersect where
x2
x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0, i.e., where (x 2 − 4)(x 2 − 1) = 0. Thus  π/2
the intersections are at x = ±1 and x = ±2. We have 18. Area = (1 − sin2 x) d x
−π/2
 2   π/2
4 2 1 + cos(2x)
Area of R = 2 5 − x − 2 dx =2 dx
1 x 0 2
 2  π/2
x 3 4  4 sin(2x)  π
= 2 5x − + = sq. units. = x+  = sq. units.
3 x 1 3 2 2 0

202
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313)

y y
y=tan x

π 
4x
y= π 4 ,1
y=1

A
y=sin2 x
x
π x
2

Fig. 5.7.18 Fig. 5.7.21

 22. For intersections: x 1/3 = tan(π x/4). Thus x = ±1.

π/2
19. Area A = (sin x − sin2 x) d x  1
0 πx 
 π/2 Area A = 2 x 1/3 − tan
dx
sin x cos x − x  π 0 4
= − cos x + =1− sq. units.  1
2 
0 4 3 4/3 4  π x  
y
=2 x − ln sec  
4 π 4 0
3 8 √ 3 4
= − ln 2 = − ln 2 sq. units.
2 π 2 π
y=sin x y

y=sin2 x
A
A
y=tan(π x/4)
π x
2 1 x
Fig. 5.7.19 A
y=x 1/3
 π/4
20. Area A = 2 (cos2 x − sin2 x) d x
0 Fig. 5.7.22
 π/4
π/4 
=2 cos(2x) d x = sin(2x) = 1 sq. units. 23. For intersections: sec x = 2. Thus x = ±π/3.
0 0
y  π/3
Area A = 2 (2 − sec x) d x
0
y=cos2 x
π/3

= (4x − 2 ln | sec x + tan x|)
0
A 4π √
y=sin2 x = − 2 ln(2 + 3) sq. units.
3

π x y
4 y=2
Fig. 5.7.20
A

4x π
21. For intersections: = tan x ⇒ x = 0 or . y=sec x
π 4
 π/4  
4x
Area = − tan x d x
0 π
 π/4
π
−3
π x
 3
2 2 π 1
= x − ln | sec x|  = − ln 2 sq. units.
π 0 8 2 Fig. 5.7.23

203
 SECTION 5.7 (PAGE 313) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

√  1
24. For intersections: |x| = 2 cos(π x/4). Thus x = ±1. 27. Area of R = 4 x2 − x4 dx
 1 √ 
πx 0

Area A = 2 2 cos − x dx 1 
4 =4 x 1 − x2 dx Let u = 1 − x 2
 0√  1
 0
8 2 πx 2  du = −2x d x
= sin −x   1
π 4 0
1 4 3/2  4
=2 u 1/2 du = u  = sq. units.
8 0 3 0 3
= − 1 sq. units.
π y
y
y 2 =x 2 −x 4
√ πx
y= 2 cos 4
R R
x
A

y=|x|
1 x
Fig. 5.7.27
Fig. 5.7.24
25. For intersections: x = sin(π x/2). Thus x = ±1.
 1 
πx
Area A = 2 − x dx
sin
0 2
 1
4 πx 
= − cos − x 2  
π 2 0 √
0
28. Loop area = 2 x2 2 + x dx Let u 2 = 2 + x
4 −2
= − 1 sq. units. 2u du = d x
π  √
2  √
2
y =2 (u 2 − 2)2 u(2u) du = 4 (u 6 − 4u 4 + 4u 2 ) du
0 0
√ √
  2
1 7 4 5 4 3  256 2
=4 u − u + u  = sq. units.
7 5 3 0 105
1 x
A y
πx
y=sin 2
y=x

Fig. 5.7.25 −2 A
x
26. For intersections: e x = x + 2. There are two roots, both
of which must be found numerically. We used a TI-85
solve routine to get x1 ≈ −1.841406 and x2 ≈ 1.146193. y 2 =x 4 (2+x)
Thus  x2
  Fig. 5.7.28
Area A = x + 2 − ex d x
x1
 x2
x2 
= + 2x − e x 
2 x1
≈ 1.949091 sq. units.
y
29. The tangent line to y = e x at x = 1 is y − e = e(x − 1),
or y = ex. Thus

y=x+2
 1
A y=e x
Area of R = (e x − ex) d x
0
 1
x1 x2 x ex 2  ex
= e − = − 1 sq. units.
Fig. 5.7.26 2 0 2

204
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 5 (PAGE 314)

y
y=e x
3. x i = 1 + (2i /n), (i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n), xi = 2/n.
 3
n
(1,e) 2
f (x) d x = lim (xi2 − 2xi + 3)
1 n→∞ n
i=1
y=ex n    
R 2
4i 4i 2 4i
= lim 1+ + 2 − 2+ +3
n→∞ n n n n
x i=1
n 
2
4
= lim 2 + 2 i2
Fig. 5.7.29 n→∞ n n
 i=1 
30. The tangent line to y = x 3 at (1, 1) is y −1 = 3(x −1), or 4 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim n+ 3
y = 3x − 2. The intersections of y = x 3 and this tangent n→∞ n n 6
line occur where x 3 − 3x + 2 = 0. Of course x = 1 8 20
is a (double) root of this cubic equation, which therefore =4+ =
3 3
factors to (x − 1)2 (x + 2) = 0. The other intersection is
at x = −2. Thus n √
4. Rn = √ i=1 (1/n) 1 + (i /n) is a Riemann sum for
 1 f (x) = 1 + x on the interval [0, 1]. Thus
Area of R = (x 3 − 3x + 2) d x  1
−2 √
 4 1 lim Rn = 1 + x dx
3x 2
x  n→∞
+ 2x 
0
= − 1 √
4 2 −2 2 
3/2  4 2−2
15 3 27 = (1 + x)  = .
= − − +6+2+4= sq. units. 3 0 3
4 2 4
 π  π
y 5. (2 − sin x) d x = 2(2π ) − sin x d x = 4π − 0 = 4π
−π −π
(1,1)  √5 
x √
6. 5 − x 2 d x = 1/4 of the area of a circle of radius 5
y=x 3 R y=3x−2 0
1 √ 2 5π
= π( 5) =
4 4
3 x
7. 1 1 − d x = area A1 − area A2 = 0
2
(−2,−8) y
x
y=1− 2

Fig. 5.7.30 A1 3
1 A2 x

Review Exercises 5 (page 314)

Fig. R-5.7
1 1 j2 + 2 j + 1 − j2 2j +1 π
1. − = = 2 8. cos x d x = area A1 − area A2 = 0
j2 ( j + 1)2 j 2 ( j + 1)2 j ( j + 1)2 0
y
n


n   y=cos x
2j + 1 1 1
= − A1
j 2 ( j + 1)2 j2 ( j + 1)2 π
j =1 j =1
A2 x
1 1 n 2 + 2n
= 2
− 2
=
1 (n + 1) (n + 1)2
2. The number of balls is Fig. R-5.8
 π
1 1
40 × 30 + 39 × 29 + · · · + 12 × 2 + 11 × 1 9. f¯ = (2 − sin(x 3 )) d x = [2(2π ) − 0] = 2
2π −π 2π
30


(30)(31)(61) (30)(31) 1 3 1 5 5
= i (i + 10) = + 10 = 14,105. 10. h̄ = |x − 2| d x = = (via #9)
6 2 3 0 3 2 6
i=1

205
 REVIEW EXERCISES 5 (PAGE 314) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

 t
11. f (t) = sin(x 2 ) d x, f  (t) = sin(t 2 ) 19. x = y − y 4 and x = 0 intersect where y − y 4 = 0, that
13 is, at y = 0 and y = 1. Since y − y 4 ≥ 0 on [0, 1], the
 sin x   required area is
12. f (x) = 1 + t 2 dt, f  (x) = 1 + sin2 x(cos x)  1   1
−13 4 y2 y 5  3
(y − y − 0) d y = − = sq. units.
 1 0 2 5 0 10
13. g(s) = esin u du, g  (s) = −4esin(4s)
4s
20. y = 4x − x 2 and y = 3 meet where x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0, that
 ecos θ is, at x = 1 and x = 3. Since 4x − x 2 ≥ 3 on [1, 3], the
14. g(θ ) = ln x d x required area is
esin θ
g  (θ ) = (ln(ecos θ ))ecos θ (− sin θ ) − (ln(esin θ ))esin θ cos θ  3  3

x3 4
= − sin θ cos θ (e cos θ
+e sin θ
)
2 2
(4x − x − 3) d x = 2x − − 3x  = sq. units.
1 3 1 3
 1
15. 2 f (x) + 1 = 3 f (t) dt 21. y = sin x and y = cos(2x) intersect at x = π/6, but
x
 −3x/2 nowhere else in the interval [0, π/6]. The area between
2 f (x) = −3 f (x) ⇒ f (x) = Ce
the curves in that interval is
2 f (1) + 1 = 0
 π/6 
1 1  π/6
− = f (1) = Ce−3/2 ⇒ C = − e3/2 (cos(2x) − sin x) d x = 12 sin(2x) + cos x 
2 2 0 0
1 (3/2)(1−x) √ √ √
f (x) = − e . 3 3 3 3
2 = + −1= − 1 sq. units..
4 2 4
 π
16. I = x f (sin x) d x Let x = π − u
0 22. y = 5 − x 2 and y = 4/x 2 meet where 5 − x 2 = 4/x 2 , that
d x = −du is, where
 0
=− (π − u) f (sin(π − u)) du (but sin(π − u) = sin u) x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0
 ππ  π (x 2 − 1)(x 2 − 4) = 0.
=π f (sin u) du − u f (sin u) du There are four intersections: x = ±1 and x = ±2. By
0 π 0
symmetry (see the figure) the total area bounded by the
=π f (sin x) d x − I. curves is
0
 2   2
Now, solving for I , we get 4 x3 4  4
2 5 − x 2 − 2 d x = 2 5x − + = sq. units.
1 x 3 x 1 3
 π  π
π 4
x f (sin x) d x = I = f (sin x) d x. y y=
0 2 0 x2

17. y = 2 + x − x 2 and y = 0 intersect where 2 + x − x 2 = 0,

that is, where (2 − x)(1 + x) = 0, namely at x = −1 and y = 5 − x2
x = 2. Since 2 + x − x 2 ≥ 0 on [−1, 2], the required area
is A A
  2
2 x2 x 3  9
(2 + x − x 2 ) d x = 2x + −  = 2 sq. units..
−1 2 3 −1
1 2 x

18. The area bounded by y = (x − 1)2 , y = 0, and x = 0 is Fig. R-5.22


 1 23. x 2 cos(2x 3 + 1) d x
Let u = 2x 3 + 1
1
2 (x − 1)3  1
(x − 1) d x =  = 3 sq. units.. du = 6x 2 d x
3 
0 0 1 sin u sin(2x 3 + 1)
= cos u du = +C = +C
6 6 6

206
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 5 (PAGE 314)

 e ln x Since 1/(1 + t 2 ) > 0 for all t, F(x) will be minimum

24. Let u = ln x
dx
1 x when
du = d x/x
 1 1 x 2 − 2x = (x − 1)2 − 1
u 2  1
= u du = = is minimum, that is, when x = 1. The minimum value is
0 2 2 0
 4  −1
−1 dt 
−1 t  π
25. 9t 2 + t 4 dt F(1) = 2
= tan  =−4.
0 0 1+t 0
 4 
= Let u = 9 + t 2
t 9 + t 2 dt F has no maximum value; F(x) < π/2 for all x, but
0
du = 2t dt F(x) → π/2 if x 2 − 2x → ∞, which happens as
 25 x → ±∞.
1 25 √ 1 3/2  98
= u du = u  =
2 9 3 3 32. f (x) = 4x − x 2 ≥ 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, and f (x) < 0
9 b
 otherwise. If a < b, then a f (x) d x will be maximum if
26. sin3 (π x) d x [a, b] = [0, 4]; extending the interval to the left of 0 or to
   the right of 4 will introduce negative contributions to the
= sin(π x) 1 − cos2 (π x) d x Let u = cos(π x) integral. The maximum value is
du = −π sin(π x) d x   4
 4 x 3  32
1 2 (4x − x 2 ) d x = 2x 2 − = .
=− (1 − u ) du 3 0 3
π 0
 3 
1 u 1 1
= −u +C = cos3 (π x) − cos(π x) + C
π 3 3π π 33. The average value of v(t) = d x/dt over [t0 , t1 ] is
 ln 2
eu  t1
27. du Let v = eu 1 t1 dx 1  x(t1 ) − x(t0 )
0 4 + e2u dt = x(t) = = vav .
dv = eu du t1 − t0 dt t1 − t0 t1 − t0
 2 t0 t0
dv
= 2
1 4+v
2 34. If y(t) is the distance the object falls in t seconds from
1 v π 1 1
= tan−1  = − tan−1 its release time, then
2 2 8 2 1 2
 √
4 e y  (t) = g, y(0) = 0, and y  (0) = 0.
tan2 (π ln x)
28. d x Let u = π ln x
1 x Antidifferentiating twice and using the initial conditions
du = (π/x) d x
  leads to
1 π/4 2 1 π/4 1
= tan u du = (sec2 u − 1) du y(t) = gt 2 .
π 0 π 0 2
π/4
1  1 1 The average height during the time interval [0, T ] is
= (tan u − u) = −
π π 4 0   
 √ 1 T 1 2 g T3 gT 2 T
sin 2s + 1 √ gt dt = = =y √ .
29. √ ds Let u = 2s + 1 T 0 2 2T 3 6 3
2s + 1 √
du = ds/ 2s + 1

√
= sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos 2s + 1 + C 35. Let f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d so that
   1
t t 1 2t a b c
30. cos 2
sin2 dt = sin2 dt f (x) d x = + + + d.
5 5 4 5 0 4 3 2
  
1 4t  
= 1 − cos dt We want this integral to be f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) /2 for all
8 5
  choices of a, b, c, and d. Thus we require that
1 5 4t
= t − sin +C
8 4 5
a(x13 + x23 ) + b(x12 + x22 ) + c(x1 + x 2 ) + 2d
 x 2 −2x  1
1 a 2b
31. F(x) = dt. =2 f (x) d x = + + c + 2d.
0 1 + t2 0 2 3

207
 REVIEW EXERCISES 5 (PAGE 314) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

   
It follows that x1 and x2 must satisfy 2. a) cos ( j + 12 )t − cos ( j − 12 )t
= cos( j t) cos( 12 t) − sin( j t) sin( 12 t)
1
x13 + x23 = (1) − cos( j t) cos( 12 t) − sin( j t) sin( 12 t)
2
2 2 2 = −2 sin( j t) sin( 12 t).
x1 + x2 = (2)
3 Therefore, we obtain a telescoping sum:
x2 + x2 = 1. (3)
n


At first glance this system may seem overdetermined; sin( j t)
there are three equations in only two unknowns. How- j =1
ever, they do admit a solution as we now show. Squar- n 

   
1
ing equation (3) and subtracting equation (2) we get =− cos ( j + 12 )t − cos ( j − 12 )t
2 sin( 12 t)
2x1 x2 = 1/3. Subtracting this latter equation from j =1
2   
√ gives (x2 − x1 ) = 1/3, so that
equation (2) then
=−
1
cos (n + 12 )t − cos( 12 t)
x2 − x1 = 1/ 3 (the positive square root since we want 2 sin( 12 t)
x1 < x2 ). Adding and subtracting this equation
√ and √equa- 1   
1 1
tion (3) then√produces the
√ values x 2 = ( 3 + 1)/(2 3) = cos( 2 t) − cos (n + 2 )t .
and x1 = ( 3 − 1)/(2 3). These values also satisfy 2 sin( 12 t)
equation (1) since
  b) Let Pn = {0, 2nπ 2π 3π
, 2n , 2n , . . . nπ
2 1 1 2n } be the partition of
x13 + x23 = (x2 + x2 )(x12 − x1 x2 + x22 ) = 1× − = . [0, π/2] into n subintervals of equal length
3 6 2 x = π/2n. Using t = π/2n in the formula ob-
tained in part (a), we get

 π/2
sin x d x
Challenging Problems 5 (page 315) 0
n

 
jπ π
= lim sin
n→∞ 2n 2n
1. x i = 2i/n , 0 ≤ i ≤ n, f (x) = 1/x on [1, 2]. Since f is j =1
 
decreasing, f is largest at the left endpoint and smallest π 1 π (2n + 1)π
= lim cos − cos
at the right endpoint of any interval [2(i−1)/n , 2i/n ] of the n→∞ 2n 2 sin(π/(4n)) 4n 4n
partition. Thus  
π/(4n) π (2n + 1)π
= lim lim cos − cos
n→∞ sin(π/(4n)) n→∞ 4n 4n
n

 π
1
U ( f, Pn ) = (2i/n − 2(i−1)/n ) = 1 × cos 0 − cos = 1.
2(i−1)/n 2
i=1
n


= (21/n − 1) = n(21/n − 1)
i=1    
n

1 3. a) sin ( j + 12 )t − sin ( j − 12 )t
L( f, Pn ) = (2i/n − 2(i−1)/n )
2i/n
i=1
= sin( j t) cos( 12 t) + cos( j t) sin( 12 t)

n
U ( f, Pn ) − sin( j t) cos( 12 t) + cos( j t) sin( 12 t)
= (1 − 2−1/n ) = n(1 − 2−1/n ) = .
21/n = 2 cos( j t) sin( 12 t).
i=1
Therefore, we obtain a telescoping sum:
Now, by l’Hôpital’s rule, n


 cos( j t)
1/n 21/x − 1 0 j =1
lim n(2 − 1) = lim
n→∞ x→∞ 1/x 0 n 

   
1
1/x
2 ln 2(−1/x )2 = sin ( j + 12 )t − sin ( j − 12 )t
= lim = ln 2. 2 sin( 12 t) j =1
x→∞ −1/x 2   
1
= sin (n + 12 )t − sin( 12 t) .
Thus limn→∞ U ( f, Pn ) = limn→∞ L( f, Pn ) = ln s. 2 sin( 12 t)

208
 INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 5 (PAGE 315)

π 2π 3π
b) Let Pn = {0, 3n , 3n , 3n , . . . nπ
3n } be the partition of (obtained by the Binomial Theorem) for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
[0, π/3] into n subintervals of equal length The left side telescopes, and we get
x = π/3n. Using t = π/3n in the formula ob-
tained in part (a), we get n


(n + 1)m+2 − 1m+2 = (m + 2) j m+1
 π/2 j =1
cos x d x n n
0 (m + 2)(m + 1)
m

n

  + j +··· + 1.
jπ π 2
= lim cos j =1 j =1
n→∞ 3n 3n
j =1
 
π 1 (2n + 1)π π Expanding the binomial power on the left and using the
= lim sin − sin induction hypothesis on the other terms we get
n→∞ 3n 2 sin(π/(6n)) 6n 6n
 
π/(6n) (2n + 1)π π
= lim lim sin − sin n


n→∞ sin(π/(6n)) n→∞ 6n 6n n m+2 + (m + 2)n m+1 + · · · = (m + 2) j m+1
 π  √3
j =1
= 1 × sin − sin 0 = .
3 2 (m + 2)(m + 1) n m+1
+ + ···,
2 m+1
4. f (x) = 1/x 2 , 1 = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn = 2. If
√ where the · · · represent terms of degree m or lower in the
ci = xi−1 xi , then
variable n. Solving for the remaining sum, we get
2
xi−1 < xi=1 xi = ci2 < xi2 ,
n


so xi−1 < ci < xi . We have j m+1
j =1
 
n

n

1 1 m + 2 m+1
f (ci ) xi = (xi − xi−1 ) = n m+2 + (m + 2)n m+1 + · · · − n − ···
x x m+2 2
i=1 i=1 i−1 i
n   n m+2 n m+1

1 1 = + +···
= − (telescoping) m+2 2
xi−1 xi
i=1
1 1 1 1 so that the formula is also correct for k = m + 1. Hence
= − =1− = . it is true for all positive integers k by induction.
x0 xn 2 2
 n
b) Using the technique of Example 2 in Section 6.2 and
2 dx
1 the result above,
Thus 2
= lim f (ci ) xi = .
1 x n→∞ 2
i=1 
a
a j
a n
5. We want to prove that for each positive integer k, x k d x = lim
0 n→∞ n n
j =1
n

n k+1 nk 1
n


jk = + + Pk−1 (n), = a k+1 lim jk
k +1 2 n k+1
n→∞
j =1
j =1
 
where Pk−1 is a polynomial of degree at most k − 1. 1 1 Pk−1 (n)
= a k+1 lim + +
First check the case k = 1: n→∞ k + 1 2n n k+1
a k+1
n

n(n + 1) n 1+1 n = .
j= = + + P0 (n), k+1
2 1+1 2
j =1

where P0 (n) = 0 certainly has degree ≤ 0. Now assume

that the formula above holds for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , m. We 6. Let f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. We used Maple to
will show that it also holds for k = m + 1. To this end, calculate the following:
sum the the formula The tangent to y = f (x) at P = ( p, f ( p)) has equation
(m + 2)(m + 1) m
( j +1)m+2 − j m+2 = (m+2) j m+1 + j +· · ·+1 y = g(x) = ap3 + bp2 + cp + d + (3ap2 + 2bp + c)(x − p).
2

209
 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 5 (PAGE 315) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS

This line intersects y = f (x) at x = p (double root) and which is 16/27 of the area between the curve and its
at x = q, where tangent at P. This leaves 11/27 of that area to lie be-
2ap + b tween the curve, Q R, and the tangent, so Q R divides the
q =− .
a area between y = f (x) and its tangent at P in the ratio
Similarly, the tangent to y = f (x) at x = q has equation 16/11.
8. Let f (x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + d x + e. The tangent to
3 2 2 y = f (x) at P = ( p, f ( p)) has equation
y = h(x) = aq + bq + cq + d + (3aq + 2bq + c)(x − q),
y = g(x) = ap4 +bp3 +cp2 +d p+e+(4ap3 +3bp2 +2cp+d)(x− p),
and intersects y = f (x) at x = q (double root) and
x = r , where and intersects y = f (x) at x = p (double root) and at the
two points
2aq + b 4ap + b 
r =− = . −2ap − b ± b2 − 4ac − 4abp − 8a2 p2
a a x= .
2a
The area between y = f (x) and the tangent line at P is If these latter two points coincide, then the tangent is a
the absolute value of “double tangent.” This happens if
 q
( f (x) − g(x) d x 8a 2 p2 + 4abp + 4ac − b2 = 0,
p
  which has two solutions, which we take to be p and q:
1 81a 4 p4 + 108a3 bp3 + 54a 2 b2 p2 + 12ab3 p + b4 √
=− .
12 a3 −b + 3b2 − 8ac
p=
√4a
The area between y = f (x) and the tangent line at −b − 3b2 − 8ac b
Q = (q, f (q)) is the absolute value of q= = −p − .
4a 2a
 r (Both roots exist and are distinct provided 3b2 > 8ac.)
( f (x) − h(x) d x The point T corresponds to x = t = ( p + q)/2 = −b/4a.
q
  The tangent to y = f (x) at x = t has equation
4 81a 4 p4 + 108a3 bp3 + 54a 2 b2 p2 + 12ab3 p + b4  3  
=− , 3b4 b2 c bd b bc b
3 a3 y = h(x) = − + − +e+ − + d x +
256a3 16a 2 4a 8a 2 2a 4a
which is 16 times the area between y = f (x) and the
and it intersects y = f (x) at the points U and V with
tangent at P.
x-coordinates
7. We continue with the calculations begun in the previous √ √
−b − 2 3b2 − 8ac
problem. P and Q are as they were in that problem, but u= ,
√ √ 4a
R = (r, f (r )) is now the inflection point of y = f (x),
given by f  (r ) = 0. Maple gives −b + 2 3b2 − 8ac
v= .
4a
b
r =− .
3a

Since
V
b + 3ap 2(b + 3ap)
p−r = and r − q = S
a a
T
B
have the same sign, R must lie between Q and P on the Q
curve y = f (x). The line Q R has a rather complicated
equation y = k(x), which we won’t reproduce here, but
the area between this line and the curve y = f (x) is A
q
the absolute value of r ( f (x) − k(x)) d x, which Maple U
evaluates to be R
  P
4 81a 4 p4 + 108a3 bp3 + 54a 2 b2 p2 + 12ab3 p + b4
− ,
81 a3 Fig. C-5.8

210
INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 5 (PAGE 315)

a) The areas between the curve y = f (x) and the lines The region bounded by RS and the curve y = f (x)
P Q and U V are, respectively, the absolute values of is divided into three parts by A and B. The areas of
 q  v these three regions are the absolute values of
A1 = ( f (x)−g(x)) d x and A2 = (h(x)− f (x)) d x.
p u

Maple calculates these two√ integrals and simplifies

the ratio A1 / A2 to be 1/ 2.  α
A1 = (k(x) − f (x)) d x
b) The two inflection points A and B of f have x- r
 β
coordinates shown by Maple to be
A2 = ( f (x) − k(x)) d x

−3b − 3(3b2 − 8ac) α s
α= and A3 = (k(x) − f (x)) d x.
12a β
−3b + 3(3b2 − 8ac)
β= .
12a
It then determines the four points of intersection of
the line y = k(x) through these inflection points and
The expressions calculated by Maple for k(x) and
the curve. The other two points have x-coordinates
for these three areas are very complicated, but Maple
 simplifies the rations A3 / A1 and A2 / A1 to 1 and 2
−3b − 15(3b2 − 8ac)
r= and respectively, as was to be shown.
 12a
−3b + 15(3b2 − 8ac)
s= .
12a

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