Introduction to Calculus

Bhaskara Aacharya (1114 – 1185)

Legendary Indian Mathematician who gave preliminary concepts of
infinitesimal calculus and mathematical analysis , in his work , Siddhanta
Shiromani.
• Calculus is the mathematics of change.
• It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus, which are
related by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
• Differential calculus determines varying rates of change. It helps solve
problems involving acceleration of moving objects (from a flywheel to the
space shuttle), rates of growth and decay, optimal values, graphs of curves,
etc.
• Integration is the "inverse" (or opposite) of differentiation. It measures
accumulations over periods of change. Integration can find volumes and
lengths of curves, measure forces and work, etc.

• Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, finance and

engineering.
• Although for many years there was a big controversy, it is now generally
accepted that Newton and Leibniz discovered it.
 2.3 Introduction to Functions
Definition of a Relation
A relation is any set of ordered pairs.
The set of all first components of the
ordered pairs is called the domain of
the relation, and the set of all second
components is called the range of the
relation.
 Definition of a Function

A function is a correspondence between

two sets X and Y that assings to each
element x of set X exactly one element y
of Y .
 Domain and Range

For each element x in X , the

corresponding element y in Y is called
the value of the function at x. The set X
is called the domain of the function, and
the set of all function values, Y , is called
the range of the function.
 Ex 1: Determine whether each
relation is a function.
a. {(4,5), (6, 7), (8,8)}
b. {(5, 6), (4, 7), (6, 6), (6, 7)}

Solution We begin by making a figure

for each relation that shows set X , the
domain, and set Y , the range.
 Solution for part (a)
X Y The figure shows that every
4 5 element in the domain
6 7
8 8 corresponds to exactly one
Domain Range element in the range.
No two ordered pairs in the given relation have
the same first component different second
components. Thus, the relation is a function
 Solution for part (b)
X Y
4 6 The figure shows that 6
5
6 7 corresponds to both 6 and 7.
Domain Range
If any element in the domain corresponds to
more than one element in the range, the
relation is not a function, Thus, the relation
is not a function.
 Function Notation
y  f ( x)
The variable x is called the independent
variable, because it can be assigned any
of the permissible numbers from the domain.
The variable y is called the dependent
variable, because its value depends on x.
 Function Notation

The special notation f ( x), read "f of x"

or "f at x," represents the value of the
function at the number x.
The notation f ( x) does not mean
"f times x."
Ex 2: Determine whether each equation
defines y as a function of x.

1. x  y  25
2. x  y  25
2
 Solution
Solve each equation for y in terms of
x. If two or more values of y can be
obtained for a given x, the equation
is not a function.
1. x  y  25
y  25  x
 Solution continued

From this last equation we can see that

for each value of x, there is one and
only one value of y. Thus, the equation
defines y as a function of x.
 Solution of 2
x  y  25
2

y  25  x
2

y   25  x

The  in this last equation shows that

there are two values of y for x in the domain of
f i.e the interval (  , 25). For this reason
the equation does not define y as a function of x.
 Finding a Function’s Domain

If a function f does not model data or

verbal conditions, its domain is the
largest set of real numbers for which the
value of f ( x) is a real number.
 Finding a Function’s Domain

Exclude from a function's domain real

numbers that cause division by zero
and real numbers that result in an even
root of a negative number.
Ex 5: Find the domain of each
function
a. f ( x)  8 x  5 x  2
2

2
b. g ( x) 
x5
c. h( x)  x  2
 Solution part a

The function f ( x)  8 x  5 x  2 contains

2

neither division nor an even root.

The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
 Solution part b

2
The function g ( x)  contains division.
x5
Because division by zero is undefined, we
must exclude from the domain values of x
that cause x  5 to be 0. Thus x cannot equal
to  5. The domain of function g is {x | x  5}.
 Solution part c
The function h( x)  x  2 contains an even
root. Because only non-negative numbers
have real square roots, the quantity under the
radical sign, x  2 must be greater than or
equal to 0. Thus, x  2  0 or x  2
Therefore the domain of h is { x | x  2}
or the interval [ 2, ).