THE =~, 7 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC \ MAGAZINEJZ ~~ Vol, XI MARCH, igor No. 3 CONTENTS ABYSSINIA—THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. BY OSCAR T. Face CROSBY . 89 “ THE OLD YUMA TRAIL. BY W J} McGEE : 103 * THE SEA FOGS OF SAN FRANCISCO, ILLUSTRATED 108 « GEOGRAPHIC FACTS FROM REPORT OF THE TAFT PHILIP PINE COMMISSION ” THE PHILIPPINE EXHIBIT AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSL TION. BY D. 0. NOBLE HOFFMANN GEOGRAPHIC NOTES ILLUSTRATED GEOGRAPHIC LITERATURE 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO, 2.50 a Year NEW YORK 25 Cents a Number Kotered at the Poet-otice in Washington jens Mall MatterEOPLE like to read about the great and wonderful country of the Southwest; of its quaint and curious towns, its ancient civili- zations, its natural marvels. They: like to get accurate infor- mation about California and the Pacific Coast. 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" Map of Northeastern China (y6x25 inches), Vole Xi, Nov 9 BY MAIL FOR 25 CENTS EACH HENRY ROMEIKE'S BUREAU OF PRESS CUTTINGS 110 Fifth Avenue, New York Reads every paper of iniportance published in the United States, and through its European age in London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna every paper of importance publ ie in Europe and the British Colonies. One subscription on en subject will bring notices from the United States, and if desin a also from the European papers, WRITE FOR TERMS=SR- Southern Railway GREATEST SOUTHERN SYSTEM To all Points SOUTH, SOUTHEAST, and SOUTHWEST Through Pullman Drawing Room Sleeping Cars from New York and Washington to New Orleans, Memphis, Port Tampa, Jacksonville, Augusta, and Intermediate Points— First-Class Day Coaches—Dining Car Service. Fast Traine i Through Tou SOUTH leave Washington Dally at 118 a.m.,9.$§ p.m. and 10.48 p.m, carom the igs p.m. Traly every Monday, Wednesday, and Frivlay for Texas, Arizona, and California points, withoot change. 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Mr. Hackett’s book not only bubbles over with humor, but it has more than huimors it is pervaded with good scone aid a goad spitity ard it contains ait excellent compendium of patlianientary law.” —Jons D. Loxo, Secretary of the Navy. The Doctrines of Grace By REF. DR, JOHN WATSON, 4A warmth of feelings quickness of incellect-and common sense yhich ely to prove Timer Sututdey Reviews by tame Brg. a should make them acceptable nat only within but beyond the circle of assent _ to the doctrines involved in them."'—Tby Dia’, Chicaga, : A Captive of War L By SOLON HYDE. Cloth, t2me. $1.00, i “In all others af the stories we have read during thig season we have found hinge more vivid than this, experience of the greurest war of the —Huffiole Comrercial, The Trust Problem By PROF. J. Ws JENKS: PhD. With § charts éx celery Pearths Bidition, 1200 — $2.00 €¢t. Id be tend hy evervone interested itt the industrial: changes now immercial, New Yorks The Life of Lincoln is IDA MM. TARBELL Werk 53 falt-sage iileteariein. Ties eoleme:. Cheb, Sea. $5002 “Ae al whole, may be considered the most valuable addition to Lincoln Tixe¥atare: since the publication of the work of Nicolay aid Hay.’ —New York Timer. - GPeMcClure, Phillips & Co, New Yorke ——. | oe The rT ys ‘Vor. XH, N WASHINGTON Maren, toot ABYSSINIA-THE COUNTRY By Oscar leaving Paris in December, 1899, T Went first to Constant nople, as T wished to journey ‘gcruss the interior of Turkey down the Mesopotamian Valley; buton my arrival at Constantinople our representatives at the American legation informed me that not less than thirty days would be re- quired for obtaining: permission to go into the interior. Passports'te the great seacoast towns of Tatkey, are hind as readily a4 those for any European ci but the Ottoan Government is imuwill- ing that travelers should penetrate i the rather loosely governed portions of Asia Minor unless provided with other special letters insuring as far as possible the safety of the bearer. ‘The necessary delay being greater than T cured tomuke, Tleft Constant igyptinn for five davs across the Mediterranean without making any as troviomical ohsetvations whatever. Arrived at Cairo, a fortunate chance gave me acquaintance with Sir Renuell Rodd, Secretary of the British Agency, which means, substantially retary of the Egyptian Government in Cairo, NATIONAL GEOGRAPIEMC MAGAZINE AND PEOPLE T. Crossy This gentletimn had made the journey to Addis Abeba a few years ayo at the head of a mission whese object was to cultivate the frieudsiip of aud obtain treaty with the African tuonarch. From Rennell | obtained the first detailed inforwation as to how i might get into Abyssiuia, and through the kindness of other British officers stationed av the arsenal T was enabled to bu Files and some ammunition. of firearms generally is stri trolled few The sale ly coin Cairo, ay it is inmost oriental 100, f wasableto have packed ouden cases a stock of excellent largely sitggested to me by the provision merchants who had supplied several of the Nile expediions of troops. An ex- ample, however, of the impuriance af detailed knowledge was given ane wien, on geltinig into the interior and being required to tise the siunll Abyssinian mule for transport, | found it necessars to cut dawii these boxes, whielt in C Were supposed to he quite the rigiit size, and which had been satisfactory enough ‘on camels, and probably would havego heen satisfactory enough on a full-sized mule. Here, also, through the kindness af the Amerlean mission, 1 acquired avery doubttial asset in the persoti of a shop- worn, dld Abyssinian, who had left his native land as a boy and had been t00 fuuch eared for by a suicbession of mis. sionary friends, who had browsht hiv nin a softened old nmanhood, edge of the two principal Al tougnes, together with sutfivient glish to keep me from going mad; and a helplessness which assured his. fidelity to me whet we Were jn strange lands: With aout twenty boxes of provisions: and the ancient Michael Gabriel, [took Sisip at Port Satdon a tramp vewel bound for Aden, Until, the comparatively re- cent establishment of biti, in: Freneh Somali Laid, Aden was the only seaport near this portion of the African coast which one could reach by steam vessels plying to or through the southern end af the Red Sea. Tt would have been possible to take an Italian ship for Massawa, and to be gin there the journey toward the inte- rior, bat T was told, aid could well understand, tnt the sad disasters anf- fered by the Italians in tecent years had ‘reduced Massnwa to a point of al- most negligible importance, and, more- there T would have had more ih obtaining the necessary consent from Menelek for the interior jnuriey than dt Jibutl or Zeita, Aden is fiainous the world over as one of the hottest and. imall natural ways one of the most detestable places fre- quented by civilized man, My first day: ‘or two at this point, howsed in one of the two strange Httle inne which the traveler may find, quite bore out the poplar conception of the place ; but soon acquaintance with the: hospitable: British officers made the plate sees to mequitea pleasnre resort, I saw then, more clearly than in Cairo, which isnow a THe Narrona, Grocrarnic Macazine quite Kuropean, the splendid talent of our British cousins fur mating thes selves and their ghests wlmost confor tablé and entirely contented in all sorts ‘of conditions, ‘A score of forgotten, but at the Inst, tmotment mitch desired, atticles were aby tained, ane all the purchases were found in good coudition when | arrived in Zeila save otily that the sa hiseuit,whiich 1 had ordered to serve as bread, hid been for- gorten by the packers. ‘The result was the imyportaut discovery that ane can get along toletably well without bread. A little steanier coughs its way across oftee a Week from Aden to Berber, thence to Zeila, thence back again, Om this Michael Gabriel was sent a week ahead with instructions to delivera letter to Captain Harold, the British officer in command at Zeila, and, with his per- mission, to get together sine camels, When I reached Zila, Michael seemed! to have gotten close to only one camel. That ope liad managed, even with its soft pad, to kick Michel's shin into col- lapse and makebiny mourn thedifference, which he declared to he well marked, be- tween the Seitiali camels and his ftamped brother of Asin Minor arid Egypt. A: few Somali servants had been en- gigedin Adeu, one of whom tried to desert when the littleshipstopped at Ber- bera, but we were finally lanced safely, carried ia chulrs on the shoulders of strony, young natives through the shial- lows to the shore. Zeila is a seaport, not a harbor, Cuptain Harold pnt me vd at his fiedest Presidency, and his kindness follawed me at every mouiént in all the detailed organization of the caravan, A trade with camel men was made at so much a load for the distance from Zeila to Gildessa, Additional and trustworthy men were engayed for my personal sery— ices, and: happily two stall mules, the only two in: Zeila, were sold to me as saddle animals for myself and compan- ion.Apyssinta—Tue Counray anp Prope Ast hada very natural desire to see French Sovmali Land, | went over ina diy's sail in a native boat from Zeila to Tibuti This seaport is not more than ten years old, has about eight thotsand inhabitants, loyal natives, and ts already rather neatly built—a low-roofed, white, tropical French town with a good bar- bor, Ships of the M. M. line stop about twice a month, and, more thar, all, as to its fiiture importance, it is the Starting point of a railway which French Capital has plished to the interior, A year ago tle work was completed for a distance of forty miles, with conuider- able preparatory grading for sotue dis- tance ahead. ‘The workinen inust be guarded at all times by soldiers, who are for the most part from the west coast of Africa, “There is an oecasional outbreak; a few Italian or Arab laborers are killed by a rash at night; yet thtongh ital the patient stockholders in Paris are hackiiue up the efforts of their rep- resentatives, who are beilditig a ralway that may be sinall, indees cial value, but, on the other hand, may have a very linge political significance. At least it may besaid that this milway etiterprise toes very much to offset what would otherwise be the preponerating influence of Great Britain pon the future Abyssinian question, dire to the large British possessions which almost surrelind Menelek's damain. Lfound in Jituti that arms were sold in very large nambers, and: indeed all euravans which I saw starting for the in- tetior dnring three ot four days’ stay bore boxes marked *‘rrienctes."” Neatly all imports to Abyssinia other than arms go by way of Zeila, Having finally chiaffered tiyself into the ownership of a third mule, [started back to Zeila, across the desert, accom- panied by a follower who had walked hicross.a night or two before. ‘There was really no great danger, since the whole coast is under the power cither of the French of English, but awhiteman with- gl ont arms-is not therenghly mmderstood by the mitives, and the killing oF a muin in any mmhner reflects great credit apo the slayer, Indeed, it was feared that a weaponless white man might be considered asa derelict which could sint be pat to better use than by a kind of iundognt Sanghter, quite without per- sonal animus. Holfever that may be, L got across the deserg, a distance of forty miles, in about eight hours of very hat riding; relieved by a very splendid mi- rage effect Gn approaching Zeils, whose low dingy hotises became a glittering raw of splendid white palaces, Finally sixisen! camiels, wit proper Toads, were gathered,a well-defined har gain was made for their hire, and we drifted out upon the desert, camping only eight miles from Zeila the first evening. ‘Here the sweet siletice of the desert fell upon ns, broken only by the chatter of menared grunt of camels; thenthenight finds its true voice, the complaining erv ofthe hyena, Stibsequently it the long march ane day was very much like an: other, so far as the movement of the caravan. was concerned. Little: differ- chice was made even by changing trans- port to mules, for with either animal the averaye journey, when not carrying food, must be in the nelghhorhood of twelve lew a day. The African cattie! starts out on such a jonrney with no stored-tp fat, and he suttst hinde-a few hours a day in which to nibble at the thorn hoshes, which are found almost everywhere in this ¢ast shore desert. ‘The mule cannot subsist fon thorn biish; henoe he is not ised in this region, but in the grassy cotintry he must have a few hours for grazing, so that substantially the day's march aver- ages not more than five hours. When it comes to mountain-climbing the camel is very inelficient, and is rarely. used, The little barefooted mule, native to Abyssinia, is the only and very ex- cellent means of transportation. He ear- ries ahont 120 pounds weight, and con-92 tinnes to carry it when tis back and ride have becomtefacerated toa most sickening degtee. These mtilesiare boughtat the average price in our money of $25, and horses for about half thatsum, “They can be tore readily had for purchase when one has reached the Aby-sinlan countty than camels cawbe liad in Somali Land. At Hatar tle donkey's and cantels are dropped and the mule, whose services thereafter are nliyost nniversal through- out Abyssinia, comes into use, For the journey to Addis Abeba a tule cara- yan of twenty-five mnles can he gotten fogether in the course of a week at Harar, if oue is very industrions, but it would be impossible, apparently, to get Any Ghe iman to contract for twenty-five mule foads. There were in my small caravin of tweuty animals six independ~ ent owners. Fortunately they all have pretty nearly the same habits and this constitutes the only bond between them, Having become after the first ten day ‘march from Harar quite desperate on ac~ count of daily disputes as to where we should camp, Linsisted upon the appoint iment of one spokesman with whom I might deal every evening in determining the following day’smarch. All solemaly agreed tostaitd by such decidion as their chosen spokesman and myself might reach, and they held te the agreement for just twodays. Llearned, however, that they werent altogether a ricions Jot; they were merely stubborn children, so far as conduct wax concerned, and, moreover, in respect to the marches which the mules could stand, were mich wiser than I. My agreement was that I should be Janied in Addis Abeba in twenty-five duys from the start at Harar, and after all my vexatious they carried: ont that part of the contract, “T'wo-thirdsof the contmet price was paid at the begitnin ‘of the journey, the remainder in Addis Abeba, They all expect something in the way of fircksteerk, aud those who had. ‘Tue Nationa, Grocraruic Macazine been most troublesome were, of colirse, most importunate, In pushing beyond Addis Abeba it was intpassible to get a hired caravan, as there is no sneh regular means of con- vevance. Iwas able, however, after a twelve ditys’ stop, to purchase seventeen moles; but this was by happy chance, doe to the fact that Colonel Harrington, the British diplomatic agent, had thir- tect Of these mules already ix |, left in hiscare by some English traveler who had passed throtigh efight or ten mouths Yefore, Here also, hoping to find: the horme-a little more variable In his paces than the mule, 1 bought two, one for my assistant and one for myself It was & relief-as compared with the slow dog trot of the mule ; It in the exceedingly rough marching which, had to be aecom- lished on teaching the Blt +, the ss soon played out. One of them had to-be shot, and the other was turned ine the caravan and bore about half a Jon, The camel men from Zeila and the Somali, whom Thad engajged as personal attendants, were all Mohammedais, The mule men from, Harar to Addis Abcha were Abyssinlins, but of mixed faith, there still being a considerable Mo- thumunedan clement in sonthern Abys- sittin, due fo a great invasion which took place two or three himdred years ago undera leader who was dowhtless of Arabian family and whose first followers were the Mohammedanized Somuli, Many Galla, who constitute one of the most widely distributed people ist nerth- east Africa, were also converted and inany have been permitted by their pres eat rhlers, the Abyssinians, to retain their faith. From Addis Abeba on to the Sudat my followers were of Abyssinian Chris- tian creed, with only four or five Mo- hantnedatis, these being the Somali who accompanied me front the coast throngh- out the journey, Although they could not eat of the same fond, there was notAasyssins1a—Tue Country anp Propie # great deal of ifiction between the two tribes. On several occasions, when [ Wis licks enongh to shout a deer, a Somali and an Ab: iin Would exter a good-natured foot race, each ‘with drawn kuife, the wintier being able ta give the finishing cat-throat blow to the anitaal arid this obtain for his compan- jons fresh uieat which the others would ‘not deign to touch. The mule enravan was used to carry the through all the known ond unknown cawittry from Addis Atieba normhwest- érly to Famaka, on the Itlie Nile, where ut Inst a white fice Was seen again— that of one of those solitary young En- glish officers who iiay be found in so fhany faraway spots doing the empite’s hardest work, At Famaka the caravan ‘was dismimed,the men returned to Abys- sinia, and the rest of the journey to Khartum performed in a native boat, which was rowed and pushed down the river 450 miles in thirteen days, The country which I traversed may be divided, 26 far as physical chatucter- istics are concerned, into three parts? First, the Somali desert lands, ex- tending from the const to the neighbor= hood of Gildesss. Tn this region water is to be had only by digging holes in the sand, some-of which remain in’a tol- erably permanent condition, so that it miay not be necessary for each caravan to freshly sonop the day's supply. In other places the natives have learited from experience that in the dry river beds water can be found from oug to six feet below the sitrfate, and the position of the camp is determined accordingly ‘The men refused to nee the spade ard shovel white I had carefully provided, and soooped a hole with their hands, and in the course of five or ten minutes the bottom of the hole would fll with trickling water, quite brows with. sand but otherwise good. In this region.a hot Hight follows a hotter day; yet there is.a sort of clean~ Tiness due to the lack of toisttire, and 93 one feels less than might be suppored the absence of water for bathing pur- poses. Indeed, om several oecasions I learned by experieuce thit Mohammed was speaking merely the ordinary prac tice of his desert-dwelling people when he prescribed the use of sand asa sb- stitute for water in the execution of those ablutios hich his creed onlers asa part of religious duty The desert is not entirely of sind. Sometimes it is rather indy thaw sand, and in such cases it is generally widely covered with large and small volcanic stories, It is a land of desolation, but a land of peace, and few who have seen it bnt would gladiy jeo there again for rest, ‘he next region, thegrent Abyssitiian plateans shows rather barrenly in spots, iit for the most part isa tolerably well watered dad pleasing country, “There are wide, rolling prairies, which show brown toward the end of the dry season, but are green during the rainy season and the earlier part oF the dry. “Splen- did trees are found on some of te moun tain sides and elsewhere in isolated groups, but, generally speaking, there isa sad dearth of forest growth, After the exceedingly ardnons work of climbing up the sides of this great escarpinent, one tay Iravel for many days over easy country, It is t great plateau’ which the Abyssinian have held against all comers for so many cetituries, and) now that they have the je it will be a bloody task for men who would dislodge their power over it ‘This great region is cut deeply in two by the Blue Nile, whose waters rim it a chasm five thousand feet below the plains, where T first crosel it, and about the: same level at the two ether points where T was able to descend to it. [twas this upper Nile region and the region lying at the foot of the west- erninont escarpment aloug the Ble Nile which had not heretofore been visited by whitemen. ‘Thedescents were made chiefly on foot andl were very diffienlt,94 ‘The third region is that into which one descends in the neighborhood of Wotmbera, atid where one finds, after a very few days® march from the foot of the thotntains, the beginning. of the characteristic Nile scenery. ‘The coun- try is flat, covered for the mast part where neglected, with the mimosa, which here grows to a considerable ireigrhit, nls though itis avery near relative of the stunted thorn biel, fainiliar on the Somali phina, The palm, however, and a number of other good wide-spread ing trees of the fig family appenr to re- Ueve the ugliness of tree-life, T shall Biot be able tow to describe in any de- tail the splendid physical features which ‘iipress one on passing over the great platens and in crossing the Nile, the Tebencha, the Bolassa, and other inflow- tng stress. Te will be sufficient to sav that the western part of Abyssinia pon which am tow able te report to the civilized intelligence isa beautiful region, quite asattractive aeennl thealready known portions oF the Abyssininn plateau. Asto t Jes met with, they were the Somali, already fauuiligrta travelers; Abyssiniaits,about whom much has been said and of whom T shall give sowe of my impressions; the subservient Gulla, the Agau, the Shankali, the Sudanese, and the Shinasha, a small brt interesting: tribe, unknown, I believe, tntil this Journey was made, ‘The great part which the Sudanese have played in the drama of modern Egyptian history ts already known, The Somali isuot likely to attract the world's attention in any great degree, as he is now qitietly subject to a British protecturate ia the country back from the Berbera and Zeila coast and toa French protectorate in the small region around Jibuti. There are, perhaps, not more than Italf a-million, aud many of these are becoming more or less civilized: by ‘reason of the influence of the coast towns. ‘What struck me particularly iv British THe Nationa Grocrarnte Macazine Somali Land was the fact that three Englishmen constituted the whole white force engaged in the business of this pito- tectormte, There are some Hast Indian absintantsand.a few East Indian troops, thirty-five or forty iu all, There ure some Greek, Armenian, and East Te dian imerchunts it) Berbera and Zeila, ‘The control scenis to he largely a mutul one, so faras direct iniluence is con, cerned, based on a clever hauling of whe tribal chiefy, who are kept in the coast towis as "justices af the pence,’* but in reality ax hostages, MN LEE Of the Abyssinians, Menelck is the grentest, fot hecntse lie is the king. bit Te is the king because he is the great- est, He is emperor of the Abyssinians by vittue of having conquered a great many difficulties, most of which yieliled only tothe swordor rifle. He is not of that pure Semiticstock which some thati- sands of years.ago seems to lave come cover first atid te have liter received re~ inforeenients, from time to tite, acrocs ‘the Red Sea from Arabia, aud even from: Judea, His fatherwaxof a kingly faniily that professes to trace its anuestry vo a aniog between Solomon and the Queen. of Sheba, Gur accepted. authorities In. Tespect to Scloman do ot mention this eee ainour, but that may have beet merely overlooked by time. Menelek's mother was a wortan of Jow origin, and it tay be that this crow ancestry, while depriving him of the pure, finely chiseled facial type which many of his nobles have, and giving him the negroid face instend, may have added something of vigor,since we knew that to be too pure-blooded menns some- Himes tobe thin-blavded. One may fairly say that, while having the advantage of noble paternity, Menelek has fairly fought his way to power. He is eagerly curiotis to see all new things that Europeans have painfutlyAwyssinia—Tue Country anp Propie brought up to his court, fiye hundred miles by caravan; yet, of course, Ife can not make use understandingly of more than afew, Tremember when Grst pre- sented to him, as he sat ina doorw Of the largest room. in his residence, a ther cunfised amass of presents. ‘wases from the French Governmenit, pho» nograph boxes, sextaytsy jects were piled tp behind him, Teceived me by appointment, th Colonel Harrington, whorwith hi ant, Me. Baird, had given methe hospi- fulity of their compound ‘The black, Kindly face indicated patience as. well as strength, and iris matimer was that of quict dignity. Following the well-established cis- tom, Chad with me a few yifts to present to His Majesty, who had somtme goats, thread, and tej. Two large volttines, with iMustration# of scenes of ar own cont try, of its cities, mountains, waterfalls, et. 1 offered int the Hope of tal known the land of the free, Throngh the very excellent interpretation of a young Abyssinian attached to the British agency, T endeavored to explain the geo Rmphical relations of the United States: to the rest of the world, hut Tam quite sure that Ldid not make a brilliant sn cts, The difference in time between New Vork, which I mentioned as being our biggesteity and Addis Abebascemed to interest His Majesty very much, but not tindersta dingy. Menelek seemed to have some appre- chation of the magnitiwe of the Brookly i Bridge and of the Capitol, yet the ab- sence int his own language of any defined measure of distance left me doubtful as to whether, in spite of his unceasing efforts to understand things Enropean, ‘be is really able to mentally interpret such great dimensions. He has never seen 4 house larger than his own, tinless possibly the neglected ruins of a con- silerabile building erected by the Porm: guess, ubout 300 years age in Gondar, once Ahyssinia’s capital, 95 Asthe Abyssinian is unable to make auything save the round but, the royal residence was built by Bast Tndisn ear peniets of rails wottled together and tore or less heavily covered with mud, the reof being straw amt mud thatch. This palace or GE Ait pass for a fairly cennfortable country howseshabby forwaut of paint, Nor has Menelel ever Se#1) a iil, sate the sections of one oF poor Marchamd's litle flotilla lying cov ered up in front of the Gdbi handreds obuniles from any suvigable water, tell- sad way of Fashods, tory of bravery and Diundering, What Fmost relied mpon as clinching in the royal mind a toletably detined idea of our country were the pichites of sone of our cotton manufacturing es- tublisiments in’ New England. This 1 described as the place where wete munu- factured practically all the catten goods. which constitute the clothing of all of hit most advanced: subjects: I had noted with surprise and. plemstre in Aden, Zeila, and Harar that American cotton goods were the only cotton goods in evidence. Referring to a map, I further ex- plained that another English-speaking enuniry lies to our north, and that this country was a part of Grent Britain's: empire. So far as my object of instruc tion wus concerned, T think in this paint L overdid it. This reference to Canada, with my statement that all the people in my coumtry spoke Englih, coupled with the fact that 1 came in a certain sense under the wing of Colouel Hare, rinigton and acdompanied by bik inter~ preter, evidently eh a ‘blucred impres- sion of my relution to the American eagle. Atany rate, when finally writ- ten permission was given to me to go. into the unknown country lo the north— west, [ was described as Mr. Crisby, Hee Prog lisbmirn ‘The Emperor was clad in modesteven severe, garb, the chief vesiment being96 it Dinck-silk burnots, He wore sock ings, but no shoes. A tightly drawn {urban covered what iy stid to be a well- developed bildness. Menblek isi hard» weiking ruler. rising at tliree or four o'clock in the morning to receive reparts that have come in byt itier from tarinus sections of (his empire aud to Giciate Yes) t He is sald to be enable to write, and perhaps wonld consider it indijnifed to tise the art if le possested ft TH site o'clock inthe merning he is busy with his dispatches, and, i tity stirprise Americais to know. conducts: business with Haror, bis most important town, about 200 iniles away, by a telephone. ‘Thete is nothing more birarre than to find a fongedistarice telephone Tne it this kingdom, which is, so far as me- chanical arts are concerned, very. be- nighted; yet as one follows tlie main Highway of the keingeom by tolling over mountain trails which alinost defy even the patient nine, one seareely loses sight fora distnnce'of ‘nearly 200 ‘of the familiar telephone pole. This is the work of a few enterprising French: men, the same whoare at the head of the Jibuti Railway enterprise, aided bya Swiss, M. [hig, who has been the right Tid of Menelek for something like twonty years. How mich there isof the commercial, how much of the political element in this extraordinary work of these Frevchiten, Tdonot ventire to say. They undonbt: evily appear to. Menelok as the chief in- terpreters of all the glories of aur me- ical ration His army is supplied with their rifles and cartridges, ani may the day be Jong distant when these Frech-macte bullets shall be di- rected against European troops of what- ever tmiionality: Alter nine o'clock Menelek is roudy to receive those of his stthjects, great or small, who claitt access to him, and also the cecasipnal Enropean who travels to this strange mmd-hot capital, He hus THe Narionar Grocraraic Macazine Iearted that there are suite costames appropriate to ceretonial occasions, and ‘obt of respect to this knowledge F had beer advised by Sir Rennell Rodd to take a dress suit for presentation to the court, and this Tdomted at nine in the morning and init rode the niite anda hall or two piles separating the British: compound from the Gebi. Wher these ts have been com= pleted: Merielek gives much detailed at- tention to the buildings and the meager workshops which his East Indian em- ployés have set up for him, Hi capital city contains Its, large and small, which may: lodge a population of about ten thouuntid. A considerible part of this city is still of canvas. ‘The extremely cold nights, with 9 temperature sometimes as low ax forty degrees Falitentieil, after a day of Gne hundred degrees in the shade, have cansed the Abyssinian om this high platean to want some shelter, ‘My Somali servants, who suffered fur more than the platean people, were with: difficulty forced to-pur up tents which [ hat Peele toy she their nee it of sleeping in the open air being harth to real ‘The diffienity of obtaining firewood will probably necessitate the moving of the capital within the imext fifteen or twenty years, As there are no roads, a wheeled vehicle being unknown, tire wood ninst be brought ia by hand from Seeuateiiaatih, focesta- wail! 6 tbe nearby timber is destroyed, this diffi- culty will on become one of great moment, Several deep ravines cut the town into three or four sections, and in the rainy season these sections are permanently separated from each other, bridges not ‘Deing aitempred, In the whole kingdom I think there are three permanent bridges. One of these is over the Hawash, which must be cmssed in onder to reach Harar and. the coast. ‘This bridge wis'beilt tinderAsyssintra—T'ne Coen’ the direction of M. Ihlg. Two other bridges, of stone, one of which 1 crosseil north of the Blbe Nile, were comtructed gears ago under the directiun of some Greek priest, Whe Abyssinia seems quite unable to follow the lead of atty suck work and is capable of only the most padinentary Acceinplishmentsin mechanival arts; ke can wark a preity good saddle of wood), he fashions a fnir piece of metal into @ sort of spear, aud he cat make, as al ready deserted, a tolerably tight hut, without a chimney, and weave it loose, futher comfortublé, cotton or woolen garment. ‘The paltry orndthentswhick are found iu the nirket places are not better than many that some of the typical African tribes cau take. evertheless the pnre-blaoded Abys- sinign shows his Aral git, as, in spite of this very low development in ‘the mechanical arts, he stands bend. and shoulders aboye all ordinury African people in the development of his tan- jamge und his religiows ideas. Except wheii dealing with the black tribes whom he has subjected, Menciek carries on the business of hfs govern: ment by written orders in the Ambhuric language, the common spoken median. It is of Semitie derivation, as is also the language of their holy books, now ex- linet sive in some remote parts of the province of ‘Tigré, ‘This ancient Jan= (uuje is towel as Geex, tind in it thew ‘books of the Bible with which they are most familiar are preserved, It is to ‘ve reniembered that these people were Christians when our forefathers: were palited blve and worshipped Thor and Woden, Al shipwrecked priest from Alexandria sonteliow made an easy c ‘vert of the reigning King about the year 330A. 1. Phe conntry ix dotted with big roid. aund huts, whigh are ehurches. ‘The presty order, although vastly ignorant, not without power. They inctleate, RY AND ProrLe 97 doubtiess in gond faith, many stpersti- ons, Inet with it all are firm believers in the principal tenets of the Christina doctrine. Tfoutid by inquiring of a priest ini stall fur-away village that he was un- able ta read the sacred hooks which he sold tome. He aaud that wis the basi ness of the high pr Rudé paintings are found on the par- titians inside the churches, represent ing various stints; check by jow! with such dignitaries of the Abyssinian social order as had contributed te the making: of the church, ‘The artists are not typ- ical Abyssiniaus, Inconsiderable part, so T'was told, the work of the churches is done by the Falasha, remnants of Jewish tribe still stubbornly living apart and maintaining the Jewist ereed and considering themselves defiled by con- versition with Abyssinian. No orie can doubt that Jewish influ- ence was at one time very great in this terrilury, aud it ems to me highly prob- able that Framentins, ihe converted the Abysdinians to Christianity, may have found his task the eusier because of some perverted knowledge of the Jewisi propliets. ‘Ata later date, about the year 1000, a Jewish princess, Judith hy mame, es- tablished her family'on the throne.which helid stvay for something like 200 years, Ahogether it may be said that the origin of the Abyssinian people fully warrants the Atabie word * Habeshi,"” from which we have or word “Abys- siuia,’”” and which means mixed.. ft is possible that before the Semitic invaderssettled in this fertile land some sntatl in uence from the great Bigptian civilization around the month of the Nile had been pushed up and up along the stream, through the desert, to: where it must have been merged with the native element, presumably black, then holding the soil." T feel convineed that this in fluence must have been stall, becastse of the very great diffienity with which in-ieee 98 lereorse could have been tnaintnined between this upper region and lower Eevpt. Fora thousand years the Abys- sintans were cut off from the rest of the world, and maintained the ‘Christian doctrive as tmplinted by Framentias, ‘Then came a period of contact with the Chureh of Rone, throtigh the efforts of Portuignese missionaries and soldiers. ata time when that brave little kingdom sent its {utrepid suns to every ynarter of The globe. “This missionary effort, howe ever, added a very bloody. chupter to the history of Abéssinia, and dinally all white men were expelled, aud again the gales were closed, and a period of sume- thitys like rca velrs elapsed before any further knowledge was had of things Abyssinian, Since that time travelery have given, very complete accounts. of the country and its poople : the tonch with Euvope his beet agai made intimate and bloody through the efforts of the ftalians tolextend their power over Abyssinia, ‘This effurt closed in the terrible teag- edy.at Adowa, where the flower ofthe Thalia army was destroved by Metielek’s hosts, In spite of the errors, which it is easy now to mark, in the conduct of the Italian army, I feel very strongly that the Adowa campaign must have more nearly represeuted the probable outcome of any other European. effort against united Abyssinia than did the Magdala campaign which the British conducted in 1867, ‘Theodore. the em- or, after years of factional sirife, was. ft of nearly all his followeis when a British force, consisting of 13,000 men and 7,000 cimp-followers, toak, with- out the lossof asingle life in action, the stronghold in which hehad heen left by his own people, ‘Attached now to the British agency: asa sort Of pensioner is a certain frishi- man, wholly Abyssinianized, who. qwas one of the servants of these imprisoned officers whom the great army at Mag dala released. He was pointed out to Yue Narionat Geocrarnic Macazine me by Colonel Harrington as vepiresent~ ing something like £2,000,000 to the British Government, that being the pro ram cost of saving the lives of Theo dore's captives, He cannot bedisponed of at cost price. Dne to the trouble which the white tan Seems to have brought into, his country, Menelék lias been, for one so eager to tread the path of civilization, rather slow to give permanent hold to white interests. ‘The concession to thie railway people was a marked departure, and subsequently the concession to semtic English nunitse people for work ia west- ern Abyssinia marks another step toward progtess and national destrection, Menelek is indeed at the parting of the ways, and all the while is earnestly e betterment of Irn people us wellas hisown glory, 1 believe he is Tending them to the biritik of destritction, Stich are the ways of the Omni pote: bringing about the spread) of whut we call vivilization, 10 drink of whose ep is to the barbarian to dtink of poisa What will luppen wien Mevelek dies, obody knows. If some strong mun of the “Abyssinia-for-the-Abyssinians variety cin grasp the reins, the auton- omy of the country may wet be main tained for a long while, and together with it the iznerauce of the people. Their Christianity sits upon them lightly, a8 T found, for example, in-re- spect to the institution of polygamy, Menelek hitsseli sets an example of monogamy, having one wife, who ix a womun of considerable influence and of very good heart, But many others have hot received that part of the Christian doctrine which forbids more than one wife and live more or less happily with several Wives in the sime household, SLAVERY IN WESTERN ABYSSINIA, In respect to polygamy"s monster twin, namely, slavery, many of the Abyssiniazis are quite ready themselvesAgyssinta—Tue Country and Prorie to'capture slaves from the inferior anid nore Jowly developed tribes as well as to hold them inslavery when carghe some Gne else. Thicoretically, there is no slaye trade in Abyssinia, and. in fact itispretty well contratied. In the region which I traversed, where no whites had. preceded me, there were still one or two ‘slave markets, and | rather expected to see the trade going ow openly: tnt Menelek’s licutenants know thit he his etiguyed with Eutopea powers to put dows the slave trade. “They were there fore surprised that f had been permitted to onter that part of the kingdam where the truflic is still maintained, Whiet Pasked where f conid bity two at three hoys, one of the ebiels, who had escorted itie for seceral days, good. auturedly said, ‘* You white people have stopped that, mit," he said, “there are robbers from whom you may buy on the sly," and indeed at Wottbera a saiall boy was offered at my tent for 37 Maria ‘Theres dollars, equivalent to about half that sum in our money. There were, however, no-public offer ings, although T chanced upon the market day, but the chiefs had, 50 sy interpreter infornied me, given orders that no public trafic should take place. Indeed the presence of a white man on the market ground stampeded the whole performance, uot through fear, Dnt through curigsity, There were perhips three or four hundred people gathered together for battering, and the whole of them—the last man, woman, and ehil—arose- and followed and pressed tpon myself and assistant as we walked about, but apparently with no tl-humor, ‘The nijght before the natives tind re- fised to sell ns food, but finding no harm come of our presence they changed their tactics and TJ was able to obtain one chicken and twelve eggs for three bine ‘beads, Eggs are not eaten by the ma- tives, Careful inspection of their stores is therefore necessary, 99 The next day we meta long camvan of slaves marching up from the country sonth of the Nile, ‘The caravan seemed 10 belwg to a rather siriking-locking woman, who was the wife of a great Abyssinia personage dwelling far to the north. She and her lieutewants bad beetiiti Shaukali Landand had obtained (by purchase, let ns prestime) a goodly number of black fellows, These are offered for sale by some bold neighbor of relative. Where these slaves were nent by je in service arotind Monkorer, which, isa consderatile town, and in the smaller. villages westward, there was nothing of brutality or special hardship of any kind appavent in their surromnd~ ings, We pasted throngh a section of coun- try hot yet thoroughly subdued by the Abyschtlans and inhabited sparsely: by the very: people from whom the slaves: were drawn. How far these very low savages prefer the debasement in which quture holds them when freeto the cor ditions created for them by si jasters, Teannotstate, ‘The fact ft wide yap exists between them and Abyssinian lords, and that the physical siirtounding af the Shankalt when with the Abyssinian, crade a4 all that sur- rounding may seem to ms, is far less emule thin that which he creates for himself. "Those wlio finally accept the saver eignty of the Abyssinian are mot sub- ject to slave-raiding, but are permitted to live peaceably etiaugh in their own fashion at the expense of some small tribute to the Abyssinian ford. ‘The dominion of the Abyssinian power is now estublished ag far west as Wombera, where 1 left the mist wes- terly Abyssinian post and descetdléd to the Nile plains. below. ‘The whole region beyond has heen tefribly swept by war and slave-trading. Ibis yet withont government, although there is a merely nominal sovereignty claimed by Metclek. As mutter of ToT190 fait, doch village nnd there were two = seeined to stand entirely alone. ‘The people bid away from before my siall ciravan, and IT lmd very great diffierlsy in obtaining guides, While in Abys- sinian territory these guides had been impressed hy force ot blows whet nec: csmary and at the command of the Abys- sirian dignitiry who acectmpanied ine. When [wanted to sescend to the gorge af the Nile, the fine old gentle: iin, who was chief of the regia, or- dered some, of the local natives, Agam by mime, armed anly’ with spears, to yo dowa with me, ins own soldiers some how not -wantiig to-make the venttre, The river bottoms were said to he filled with warlike Shankali, armed with spears and. poisoned arrows, and who had beet farced to these narrow confines by lack of food, as along the river they conld get an occasional hip- piipotamis and Hivetipon that for a long time. My native eseart was absolutely cowardly and got inte a blye fink over the few footprints that appeared near the river, and I had to promise to pro- tect them with four of my own mien, ‘but insisted that they should show: 1s the way. "Phe Shankali appeared only on the far side of the river, just a few ‘pluck, nalest fellows, who made a great pow-wow, and were evidently wholly inequal to the task of attacking four or five rifles andsix oreightspears. More- over, tley were puralyzed, as in every other case in which I met such low people, by the sight of white men, ‘One village chief, after getting his people aroutid way camp in snely mem hers ax to worry my followers-somewliat, ‘but im wholly insufficient numbers to ‘have made any successfnl trouble with ty whole body, which consisted of eighteen wellcarmed men, finally came down in utmost submission and declared, as nearly as [could make out from the five interpreters arranged in tandem,, that Twas god and conld eat him up if 1 chose, Tur Natronay Guoorarnic Macazine Phi a idle terfitary’ will soon be as part to Abyssiaia aud in part W the Suilan, ‘That part assigned to the Sudatiew authority, whieh means the British, will soon have some new. Tife built ont of the remainsel a devasta- tion as complere axany thing imaginable. The Abiysstitian portion: will) hive alon; its barbaric fastion with some stall development. The status of the black and unked Shitukali Will be slightly raised, and at least tie country will be so well ordered hythe paweraf Abyssinian soldiers that further investigation by white men may in the futire be-easily cartied on there. Hut the Abyssiviat hiiiself is uot, in my jimigment, ready for civilization as We measure civilization, feengt the upper classes alteady lave melt uf the inanter of the poliebed eastern people without having themmterint richnessthat Asiatic civilizations have produced. ‘The Abyssinian is individually rather nit, etayeliving, battlelow~ ing, rawsmeateating, sensual, devil- may-eare chap; but one must guard ivinig any definition or deserip- b sdtall be taken as universal im This is rendered par ticularly. ia ippropriate when one recalls the varying type from: the well-chis- eled Arabic and Jewish dawn to the wgroil vated by all degrees of miseegenation, a ‘Their laziness, their fondness for beck sheet their jnacenracy, and thelr pride, puifest inp by the defeat of the Iialiaus; their igyirance of what we know to be our imum-itie superiority—all this fora tne irritates the traveler, bat in the end there is loft rather a pleasant impression of kindness, As ix generally the cue, the Abys- shiiaiis who have deen uiost of Eutopeans are moi hose whom Europeans would like host to See Tshotld be quite willing to trade with bars of salt, which constitute the chief currency fromm Addis Abeba westward OO ———Agyssinta—Tue Counray axp Prorue northward,and sonthward,or with beads or with empty tin cans, all of whieh pirpose in warioas places, rather than to have the convenience of tising the Marin Theresa or the Menglels dolar, which ovins are now quite readily taken along the caravan routes from Abebia tu the east, Rather this inconvenience of rude inethods, with the greater simplicity and straightforwarduess of the nntn- tored native, than the comme canning which begins to appear when the native begins to suspect aid compete with wiority of the white man and je only to one thing, namely, hacksheesh. THE FUTURE OF ABYSSINIA, ‘Today Menelek and the Sultan of ‘Morocco cotitrol the only two territories independent of actual occupation or dip- tomatic claim ow the pitrt of sotie Euro- pean power. Asbetween these powers, this division tins been made without blonished, and is a notable triumph: for diplomacy ; and T believe thit the Ente: pean domination of African territories may be counted as blessed, for certainly those territories which have passed be- youd the first paroxysins af savage re- Sisiance now show larger und mnre comfortable populations thay existed. tinder native rile aid misrale. “This is ‘not sot forth asian apology: for the grasp- ing of territories held by lower maces, since onr ethical standard is uo! well enough deterniined for application 10 these cases, and since, moreover, the gtaspinyeontinues to take place, whether We cotunt it as Fight or wrong. The wltiinate determination of the Abyssinian and Moroces territories will puta much more severe strain npon dip: Tomaey than it has yet been ealled upon to beir in regard to African affairs. "The population nowin occapaney of the territory is in both cases far above the average of African intelligence, aud in Tot one case community of religions form with Rtiropean conntries will tet to caniplicate the situation, it that the sionary cannot ay 0 opportunely: as a easur bell’, Howe overcome that: difficulty, we tiny comrince our selves that the Christianity of the Abys- sinians ix not quite the correct style, aud may thus approximate thix case to others in which the itching palin is stretched forth as Uf in ptayer. Here aguin let me say that it is not my dlesire to eriticive missiunury methods, ‘To me, believing, as Udo, that the nic verse is absolutely law-ordered, even to the lifting of a finger, the blood-thirsty missionary appears W be as solemn and as necessary a part af the scheme of the universe as anv other part, Quiteasconvenient, perapseven more 4o, thin the missionary asa casas del? ix the tailway—ahat is, the railway of elv- ilized man laid in barbarian country, Not only may it furnish the eatise of war, bnt it, of course, immensely simpli: fies the problem of carrying ont the war which It may have need, While the Fretich, together with the English, Tialians, and Rimsians—the four-nations which haye sent omissaries to Mene- lek—are doubtless of the firm convic- tion that this is not the time for war- mating, that the enlighteited peace of Menelek serves best all purposes which ean now be served, it remains that when disorders. any sort arise, if the railway may have thet been completed mp to the top of the Abyssinian plateau, the French will have obtained a very vent advan- tage for the playing of such part as they may thes choose, ‘An extension of the British-Eeyptinn Railway up the Nile, now stopping at Khartum, may be made without great difficulty along the route which I fol- lower, and which T pointed out i a paper about to appear in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of Lon- don, Such extension would practically equate advantages in respect to ranspor=102 ‘Tue Narronan Grocrarnic Macazine we consider only a contest: be- tween either Fratce of Englutid at the ‘one side and Abyssinia on the other ; but if these great Powers were thet selves at war, then-the naval supremacy of England, opernting: fro a great for- tified sib base such as Adeni, would prob. ably comtrol and paralyze the Jibuti terninal of the French railway. But taxed as is Great Britain now, it does tiot seem probable that this so0-mile extension will be undertaken at a very chrly date. So faras the peace of the civilized world and the continued inde- pendence of the Abyssinian are con- cermed, it seems probable thata coutinu- ation of the state of unpreparediess on the part both of France and England should serve best these ends of peace. ‘Tosuhsequently maintain at about equal point of advantage the facility. wich either of these grett ations might have for making war upon, with, or through the Abyasinians would prolony the 1a- tional life of this interesting people, who occupy in barbaric style one of those splendid stretches of the earth's surface which mist ever tempt the daring Euro- pean. driven forth as he ix by a blind racial instinet—drived forth to combat and te push away the specter (hat Mal- thas raised, ‘Could you have been with me in murching over the devastation marking the as yet nuconyuered Hotlasa region into the Sudan, where orlly a few:nont}s: before the blood of the dying: calipha had cemented the foundations of peace; conld you have seen there the small but happy beginnings of well-ordered vil- Jayes and the contented subinission of these black and wayward children of the desert and their obedience to the firm, wise rule of the English officer, recall: ing the unchanging story of almost t- ‘ending tribal war, sou would feel very neatly convinced that, if indeed peace and order be good for the lowly sievel- ‘oped peuple of the world, this will be earliest attained by the sacrifice to some such great policing power as Great Britain of an independence whieh ever has meant native tyranny. But we mist remember aley that clis- asters which read terror into our blood. but furnish in part the needed excite- ment te give some value to the crusta- eval lives of these rade people. Passing one day through the ruins of avillage marked by tirokett pottery ves sela und grinding-stohes, my grinning Ruide explained that here he had lived Sottle few years ago: the village had ‘beeh attacked by Mahdists oc slave- trarlers, he seemed scarcely to know oF ‘are which, and he had- lost his hut, three wives, and one or two children, hinself escaping into the close-pressing . But, said he,with thie philoso: phy which made me poor in his cumpar- ison, “1 now have anbther hat, other wives, and other children,’ and he laughed good-natoreiliy. Absolutely the only care af that time in the mind of this simple savage was a desire to get loose from the caravan in order that he might return to the hulk of a hippopotamus which I had shot two days before. Could he bat secure that black carcass: for hinisetf and bis smull village, fife would have np other cares—today, to- morrow, and even tiext week would be rovided for. Cotild niore be ‘asked of aven ?THE OLD YUMA TRAIL By W J MeGer OME three to'sever centuries be~ fore Coltnbus, the country lying south of Gila Rivet, west of the rma, Madre, and east of the (Califor nian Gulf was oocupied by an agricul tural peopile, aiid the ruins of their vil- fages, the remains of their irrigation works, and the crumbling fortifications of their places of reinge on adjucent hitisgs site witnesses of the rise and passing of a people—still survive in unibers. The Bnely swrooyht. eile ware, shupely stone implements, and ob: sidiam blades from the rnius betoken the culture commonly, kuna a5 Aztecat or Mexican, or better as Nahnatlin. ‘The location and extetit of the hevse remains, us well as the troces of yrreat acequins, betoken irrigntion. systein more extensive and successful than those of the Mexicans or Americans of today, ‘The vestiges of temples and plizas combine with the symbolic dec oration of the pattery to etoken a cot plex social orauization resting on a Teligions basis, while the corrals (each ith its water hole) in many of the vil- lages, together with some of the pieto- graphs curved on neighboring cliffs, Suggest, if they do Hot attest, that a kina-like animal, the coyote, the tur key, and perhaps other creatures, were domesticated by the villasers. The entrenched refuges (‘las trincheris of the modern Mexicans) are among. warious indications that the peucelul, pastoral folk were displaced and nearly destroyed by a predatary foe whose ruthless energies were directed against irrigation works as well as against fam- ilies, farms, and flocks, and the testi- mony of the ruins is supported by the traditions of surviving tribes, which point to the marauding Apache as the spoilsmuti—and ‘hence the Hereditary eneiy—of the plains penple. During this carly agricultural period the scant waters of the region were where they are now, and were probably little, if any, more abundant than today, though better conserved and distributed b: means of represos and low-gradient acequias, ‘The villuge sites were those selected long after for aboriginal and Mexican pueblos, with a few others never aguitt occupied, while the trails and roads, as they were by watering = and impassable siveras, must we followed lines corresponding with those of later travel. Among the mat- siral routes fixed by water and mount- tai , and stil] marked liv fntis and staller relics, was that which long after becuine the Viena trail, THE TIME OF TRADITION. ‘The ancient lore and modern customs: of the Papago Indians tell of descent from the prehistoric irrigators—tell tnt their tribal ancestors were among the few survivors of the prelistoric pastaral folk: wito, driven into the deserts too far for foes to follow, were able to adjust themselves to oie of the hardest environ- ments in America, to engage in a cease- less chase for water singularly like the chase for quarry in lower culture, and to produce a unique combination of ctop-growing industries with migratory habits. ‘One of the earliest havens af the ani- cestral exiles was.a meager onsis alread: eceupied by some of them, though di- vided from the customary Apache range hy a hundred miles of waterless desert; here a tiny rivulet, fed by the subter- raneati secpage from mgged graniteTur N 104 rages on north and south, trickles per mianently over the sands of a broad wash occasionally swept by the freshets fol- lowing storms in the same mountatn here the refugees began anew the de- velopment of tribal character; and here began thelr unwritten Haok of Leviti- cus, following their Genesis and Exo- dus in curiously Hebraic order, in their Ancient Sacred Tales. Devotees (like other lowly folk) to the dark mysteries of unstudied mature, they had brought their old faith With them, bitt enshrined it anew in their second Edon; carrying a cult of the sea- vestige of littoral life fu earlier generations—in which ihey worshipped the ocean as the infinitely potent Mother of Waters, and findi their faith sharpened fearsomely by the . incomparable preciotisness of fluid tn these outer deserts, they enjoined on i ng ten pilgrimages to the nearest point is sacramental requisites for entering into the stage and condition of full manhood; bringin seed of maize and beats fren aticestral ganlens, they not ouly planted but cherished their crops with a consuming walclifuliess growing inte actual wor- ship, and finally giving name to both locality antl tribe—for oasis anil river came ty be Known as the Place of Cont (Sounyta.ascomiiouly written), and the tribe ax Beans People ( papahoaatam The habit of eternal ‘vigilance om the part of the Papago of defense or i aecordityy to the strength of invading parties, led to the placing of outposts as fur east of Sonoyta and as near to the Apache range as might and eventially a semr-symibotie omtpost was establi-hed at the most con=pjcvois and impressive landinark of all Papa- gueria—Bahoquivari Penk. This sta- tion was stpported partly by shatnads armed with magical devives, parily by bold aiid athletic warriors who could be trhsted to traverse the hundred miles of HOF © Papaigoietin,'” Toit Narioxat. Gro- GRAPHIC MAGAdINE, vol 1x, 1898 9 MS jonal GroGrarnic Mac desert to Sonoyta betweet npoti-day suns; and there is traditional evidence that the granite walls of the peak—so lofty and precipitons that bnt one Can * has scaled them—were clinthed and its crest occupied by at least one party of tribesinen. In tite Baboqui- ‘vari becaine the Sacred Mount of all the Papago; and axthe trike mnltiplied and flowed feebly back towaril the ancestral valleys, the sacramental pilgrimage of the youtig Hien was so extetited as to ‘cover the 150 miles from Haboguivari to the sea, Sonoyia aga way station, ‘A half of the path thustrodden by the Papago pilgrims from sortie centtiries before Colnmbus ip to the beginning of thetwentleth century was that retrodden hy Caucasians for a century and a third as the Vue trail THE COMING OF THE CAUCASIAN, ‘The first foreigners: to approach the ancient trail were Alvar Nujtez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions (in all, three whites ani one black), as they pedr the end of the most remari tal jouriey inn! the of America, in the apring af 153 or foiir years later Corouitdo’s attny also approached and perhaps’ crossed within sight of Haboquivari, and it ik practically: certain tint a detachment of tuis army actually followed the footsteps aiid girid- auice of the Papago pilgrims over « part of the trail, It was in Septeiiber, 140, that Captain Melehior Diaz set ont from Coronado's headgnarters at Corazones. (at oF tiedir the site of the present Urex) with aforee of 25 Inen in the hope of intercepting Alargon’s fleet on the coast, anid sp shaped lis eotire as tostrike Rin Colorndo-a little way above its mouth, His route (us never mapped, sor even fully described (he lost bis life through: an accident in the Colorado country) ; ‘bunt to one who has traversed the region * Prof. RH Forbes, of the Tesritorial Unl- versity of ArtronaTue Ovp Yuma Tra in several directions, sifted the local love af waterpockets inthe rocks and coyote- holes in the sundwashes, and traced the Totes of both prehistoric and present travel, it seems clear that Diaz’ detach ment Worked worthwestward to the Horcacitas and on to, Rio San Ignacio, anil theres across the pliins te Sonuyta, Whote he must have watered and rested before pushing forward by way of the high wiaterpockets (Tinajas Altus) to the great" River of Good Guidance (Riode Bono Goig, an carly name of the Colorado); and it must have been by the same toute that the Teaderless party returned jit With this expedit ter in the history of the Yuma trail ends abruptly; for,through tke mast astottnid~ ing blunder of American geography, te memory of Diaz and the records of Alar- con and his predecessor, Ullua, dropped ont of mind for more than acentnry and ahali during which the Californias were mapped as a great iskind in the Pacific. THE JESUITS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: Toward the close of the Seventeetith century the era of Jesnit missionizing in Papagueria opened, and not long after Padre Kino aud his colleagues struck the trihesmen's trail from Baboquivari to So and it was ia tyon that Kino pushed westward, recessarily by way of Tinajas Altas (which he was the first to mup), and rediscovered Riv Colo- rado, thereby puncturing the bubble of fictitions geography, ‘The good padres wer wherover the Indian trails led, there they followed; and wherever an Indian settle- iment was found, there they erected crosses and sought converts, To them the Place of Corn on the sleniler rivulet was a fertile field. Some fifteen miles down the sandwash from the principal village they found a smaller settlement gathered about aspring of whitish water seeping from potush-bearing granites, ideal pioneers ; 105 for whieh they adopted the native name House-ring Spring ® ((uitobac), and they set their wooden cross midway be tween the two settlements and called the place Santo Dottitigo. As missionixing proceeded, routes af travel were opened: from tribe-rangre: to tribe-range ; and in the course of a few. deeades the hurd trail From Citiaean (or Ures, or Chiknahua, or Fronteris) to Santo Domingo, and thence to the Yuma comntty on the Colarado and on to the missions of California, became an estab~ lished route of travel and. commmnica- tiow. “The palmiest days of the Voom trail roge and set in the eentitry 1740— i8yo. Tt Was trodden by adventnrers too poor to ride, yet too plucky to sta: it was beaten by hoofs bearing chur eqnipaye aud royal comtissions and vice-regal Teportts tne precions ta be ett- triisted tothe ornite emit then plyimg the Pacific; it was furrowed hy the huge hewn-log wheels of Mexican cartscarry~ ing families a few miles aday, and later by the iron tires of prairie schooners and primitive stages; its boners were tram- pled by stock driven aut to enrich the distant province of Alta California : aud its course was marked by the pitifal ti stones of solitary graves, exch with its cruciform heap of pebbles, During this period the hand route was dnbbed ET Camino det Diablo ;°" and it formed (at- ternatively with the easier {int mnch “thie tupial Papago ins ta hiemnispher feat shape anil mate of grass thntel ateached tin feehiework.oF mmesipulta aaplirégh andl whese Tila stern; dt ts called tf or fey. The first stage in iliding fathecrection ola fastenuree of thatch in the forms of a vertical ‘ring 4 Or 45 feet in iMumeter; this may be occupied for gt or menrhe hears mr Sipe niet are Bided fo comrpicte the walls aid forme: the foots Fels oolla Bis dias th one of sige Papago cernisfor water-ar watering place, anil in applied «peelfically to springs. Whe the tininstemaries ftir a larger Papago wett atest about a derlesol mniiieral springs qu tiles south af Sanrts, alwo cutie ayia, hey applied a Spaiiat dimieutive to the frat foand allage, ancl ever singe # has heow Kawi as Quitela- quite.106 longer-tonte by way of ‘Tabac and ‘Tue: son j the main overland tributary to“ EL Camino Real '—Phe Royal Highway of California, he Jeshits were expelled in e767; but the old Yuma trail and the old Califor- nia missions renutinied a8 monuttients to their enterprise and as means of Inter progress. With the international friction presag- ing the Mexican war, the importance of the ancient trail began to. wane; with the treaty of Gttadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 our own argonants cast their eyes toward the fur-rumered overlaid route, and with the gold fever of Forty- nine the activity along the fitly iamed Camino del Diablo waxed ajain wempo- rarily, ‘The shoring of its tuiseries by: American and Mexicin adventurers be got sympathy and oiutial tnderstand- ing, and opened enduring friendships which helped to heal the internatioial breach and obliterate the scars of war- fare, Yet the transitional epoch was not without painful episodes; the Crabb. filibustering expedition struck the hiss toric trall on, their way #2 Sonoyta, to be annilyilatdd at Cuboren (where the old church still bears bullet-marks of the battle) ; tradition tells of an intmigrant colony fram Mexico to California follow. ing the ancient way to Tinajas Altas, where they were hulted by an evil con- junetion of epidemic with international complications to fill literal scores nf graves still dotting the barren footslopes of the dancing sierra; and equally stir~ ring events still tive in the memories af all older Arizouiuns and Sonoretses, Tr was during the gold-fever rena saiice that the death-roll of El Canine del Diablo became most appalling, for many-of the travelers were fresh from humid lands, knew nanyht of the decep- tive mire or the ever-huvering thirst crareof the desert, and pressed ont on ‘the sand wastes without needful prepara- ton. The roll will never be writes: in full, since mostof the unfortunates left Tue Nartonar Grocrarnte Mac ZINE fio records, scores leaving no sign save bleaching bones } bnt observers estimate that there were joo victims of thirst between Altar and Yuma within eight years, ah estimate which so conservative a trayeler ux Captain Gaillard thought fair after he had “counted sixty-five graves ina single duy's ride of a little over thirty tiiles.!" THE NOUNDARY SURVEYS. With the Gadsden purchase of 1855, ¢ boundary surveys already under way recelved fresh impettrs, while the be- Inted argonauts still trying all possible paths toward the new territary, whose Mame Was synonymanis with gold for A goneration, were once mpre tempted sauthward. So, even before the survey reports were published the fame of the route spread widely; stories of hard marches over the malpais stretching out from the volcano of Pinncate, of the smirlng of ontfits inthe bottomless sid of Tule valley in springtime, of wagons clogged in shifting sands, of desperate night marches under the sharp guads of thirst and hunger, of rescues of thirst- crazed. waifs, of buriats of the bodies and distributions of the goods oF less fortunate parties—these and other lreart. rending recitals were whispered afar, or etitied in friendly letters, to color te jure of America's inostenerpetic piotcer= ingand filter meagerly ( far too meagerly for full history) int literature, ‘The ill-repitte of the trail gradually diverted the overhind travel to more northerly rotttes, an when the Southern Pacific Railway pushed over the arid zone in the seventies the old route wits finally deserted, sive flgrims: In ile sacramental journeys still pursued, aud by raze prospectors or hutiters, Phe final chapter in the histacy of the Yuna trail touches only the retraversing of the toute (after sixteen years with- ont the passage of a vehicle) by the International Boundary Commission afTur Op Yuma Trai 18y1-1896, arid the erection of the mast serviceahle series of international |v ary monuments ot the Westerti Ii sphere—massive pillars of cast inon’ or solid pyramids of cement-lald stone— each so located that the next and the ititervening: cant direction cam be seen from its the position of each is established. respecttoneighboring natural fearnyes by published photographs, ‘The boundary purty was of men well known through. out both countries; the American com- missioners, Colonel Barlow, Captain Gaillard, and Astrouomer Mosman, like the natnralist,Dr, Mearns, were ch acount of previous uchieverer the Mexican commissioners, Sefi Planco, Gama, and Praga, were et euhinent representatives of the sister re public. A report worthy to serve asa inode! for futtire commissions, necampa- nied by an ample atlas and 4 portfolio of photo-mechanically faithful portraits of the plains and mountains intersected by the boundary, lias been published within a few months, while ove of the clearest pictures of the arid region ever drawn is Captain \Gaillard’s "* Perils and Wonders of a Tre Desert! The wheel ruts and mole tracks left by the party seven vears ago are still pluin along the trail, save where abliterater! by sandabrifts ; even the temt-pegs, asl heaps, half rusted caus,anid empty pickle bottles still attest the arduous work and “The Coninapolitan, Oktober, (S96, pp. 592-605. 107 frigal. fare of the coimmissioners and their colaborers ; for one of the eharac- teristics of the desert is. the extreme SInggishness of surince-changing: pro- cesses. a sluggistiness hard to realize by those who dwell in humid tands, et the passing of the borniary parties, the old trail remained cntrod- det frott Quitobaruito westward, except by a road supervisor erecting guide-posts inthe portion lying within inna County, and by three horsemen (an Americin, a Mexican, atid an Indian) in other por- tions, until November, rooo, when it was struck by ition of the Ht reant of Aimeris Such, in brief, is the history of one of the most striking and picturesque routes of travel on the contin: ‘Trod- den first ina prehistoric period known. only through crumbling ruins, then fol- lowed for half a millerniutm or more in votive journeys of Papago tribesmen— the Bedowii of America—it was traced by Spaniards long before the landings on James’ istand and on Plymouth Rock. Adapted by evangelists twa cemtitties ago, it soon became a line of pioncering, a highway of colonization, solartery of royal communication ; mex! it was thronged hy the indomitable army of argonauts ou their way to open a new world on the shores of the Pacilic, and later it lapsed into ntter desert, that whieh there is tione more forbidding in America To be eonatuited in the April ysmber,THE SEA FOGS OF ROM May to September little rain falls in San Francisco, but every afternoon great banks of fog match in from the Pacific and en- wrap the hottses, streets, and hills in their dense folds. Quean fogs ax a rule form when cool air flows over warm sigist surfaces ; but in the case of the San Francisco sea fogs these conditions are reversed, for the oceati surface tem- perature is 55° Fahrenheit, while the airtemperature may reach $0", Another explanation, therefore, of the cause af these fogs must be sought, A glance at the map (not reproduced ) shows how ocean, hay, mountain, and foothills are crowded together. Bast oF Sau Francisca stretches a valley 450 miles loug and so miles wile aud level asatable. In this valley the afternoon temperature in stimmet is: usnally 100? or over. ‘The valley. is connected by narrow water passare, the Golden Gate, with the Pacifie Ocean, the mean teit- perature of whose waters is in thisitocal~ ity abomt 55°, Thus within a distance of so miles it a horizontal direction there is frequently a difference of 50 degrees in temperature. At the same Hime ina vertical direction there isoften, adifferenice of 36 degrees in an elev tion of half a inile. Well-tarked air currents; drafts, and coumter-drafts. are therefore prevalent ‘The prevailing surface air currents at this season of the year are strong westerly currents, but Ligh bluffs, ridges, and headlatids intercept these winds ut sch an angle that they are diverted. to and pour through the Golden Gate with greally increased velocity. ‘The result isthat both alrand water vapor are piled ‘upat this point. Mr. McAdie therefore Au abstract of a paper eantritnted to the Afontity Heaths Review tor Xovettibor, 1930. by Alexaniter G, McAdie, the U.S Weather Bureau at SAN FRANGISGO* concludes that the summer aftertioon fogs of the San Francisco Ray region are probably due to mixture, rather than to raiiation or expansion. They. are the result of sharp temperature contrastsat the boundaries of air currents having different temperatures, humidities, and velocities, In originating and ditecting these uir curients the peculiar contours of the land also play an important part. The fog outside the Heads may extend over an area ro miles sytsre aud teaches toa height of about half a mile, If it were solidly packed its tints would thns be 50 cubic miles. As acttbie foot the fog at its average dew-point ten perature, 51° F., weighs 4.222 grains, a fair estimate of its total weight, allow: ing for wide swaths or channels, fog free, is 1,000,000 tons, This immense volume is carried throngh the Golden: Gate by westerly winds blowing 22 miles an hour, from 1 to § p. th. om stinimer afternoons, ‘The United Stutes Weather Bureau tains a station on Mt. Tastalpais, which is about half a mile above sea- level and thus above the fog, another iu the city of San Francisco, where the fog converges, anda third station at Point Reyes, the center of origin of the fog. Mt. Tamalpais is abowt 25 miles from Point Reyes «itd io tiles from San Francisco. ‘The differences in the temperature andl himtidity of these three stations is inost marked. ‘The highest tempera ture recorded on the mountain during the year 1899 was uo", on July 18; the maximum temperature on the same at San Francisco wis 66°, and at Point Reves 52°. That is, je mouritain 30 degrees utter than in the nd 44 degrees hotter than at Point yes, ‘The mean annual temperature of the three stations is, however, about the sume for All, 53°, which is also theFigure 1.—Morning: Fo; from I’. & Weatlier Nurean ObFigure 2.—Lifted Fog nt above ground about 5E ‘¢ 3— Simmer Sea Fi Sausalito Hills and through Golden Gate4-—Fog Waves.Figure 5:—THe Vig Hiean aiinual tempetatitte of the oceait in the vicinity of the city. “During the suntiner thonths, owing tothe fog, there is ustully a couling of ut Jeast 11 de- grees itt the lower stations: but in winter nitirally these conditions are reversed, the temperature near the sea Yematuing higher than on the mountain, ‘The mean telative bumidity at the station on Mt. Tamalpais was 59 per cent, while that at Sin Francisco was a5 high ay 83 per cent. The average hotirly wind velocity for the Higher station is also nmch greater than that of the lower station, the maximum velocities recorded beige respectively 1 amd 47, und about this proportion is main. tained throughont the year. The Weather Hureatr officials in the city receive frequent reports from Paint Reyes and Mt. Tamalpais, and thas are able to issue a daily chart showing the extent and cliarabter of the sea fog over Drakes Bay, the roadstetd, and the Golden Gi From Mt, Tamalpais Mr, MeAdie has tale a special study of fog eouditions. ‘His method of obtaining a cross-section of the fog is very ingenious. A descent from the station to sea-level can be made by the train ja about fifty minutes, a dis. tance of eight miles. A kite mieteoro- GEOGRAPHT avionat Grograpwic MaAgazinit graph ix attached near the top of an ‘open-canopitd car, insuring good cir- culation, and carried throngh the fog in this way a number of times. From the data thns obtained, a rough cross. section is made. A typical pressure distribution accompanying sea fogs has heen recognized. Ii general, a move- ment sonthward along the coast of an area of high presstire in stumer necans fresh north atures inthe interior of the State; wi brisk westerly winds laden with fog on the const. ‘The illustrations that accompany this: paper depict very graphically the splen- dor of fox effects: Figure 1 shows the morning fog covering the valleys—the ities common of fox. Figure 2 shows a) tnass of lifted sen fox in a state of comparative rest. Figure 3 shows the stnmer sea fog pouring ind mighty torrent through the Golden Gate and subtuerging the neighboring hi = ures 4 and § show the great billows of the wind-driven sea of fog, To Prof. Cleveland Abbe, editur oF the Monthly Weather Review, and to Mr, Alexinder G. MeAdie, of San Francisco, the Natrona GinaRArHic Macaztxn is indebted for the photo- graphs, FACTS FROM REPORT OF THE TAFT PHILIPPINE COMMISSION HE total amount-of land in the | Philippine Islands is approxi mately 73,348,415 scores. Of this amount it is eatteed thas about 4:940,000 acres are owned by individ- tals, leaving in public lands 68,405,415 oores.* ‘The land hinsnot been surveved, and these are merely estimates, Of the * Phe seligioins milers awe aban! yoo,cem acres public lands, there is about twice or three times as much forest land as there iswaste land. ‘The land is most fertile and for the greater part naturally irri. gated. ‘There wus avers: great demane for this land, but owing to the irregi- larities, frauds, and delays in the Spins ish system, the natives generally abu doned efforts:to secure a good tithe, atid. contented themselves with remminingRerorr oF on the land as simple squatters, subject to eviction by the State. In 1894 the Minister for the Colonies reported to the Queen of Spain that there were about 200,000 squatters on the public Jands, but iris thought by extployees in the forestry bureau, whe have been in a position to know, that there are fully double that mnmber, In the various islands of the archipelago the - tion of private Taud to public land ix about as stated above, except in Min danao, Mindoro, and Palawan, where the proportion of public land is far greater, ‘The insificient character of the pub- tie-land system under the Spanish Goi ernment in these islands makes it tn necessary to reter da detail to what that ystem was. As there were no snr- veys of any importance whatever, the first thing to be done in establishing n public-land system is to have the public fends accurately surveyed. “This is a work of years, but itis thought that a -stem of the Laws of public tands cay: ‘be inaugurated without waiting until the riscompleted. Large amonnts.of American capital are only awaiting the opportunity to invest in the rich agri cultural field which nay here be devel- oped. In view of the decision that the military goverment Ins 0 powet to part with the public land belonging to the tnited States, and that that power ‘rests aloe in Congress, it becomes very essential, to assist the development of these islands and their prosperity, that ‘Congressional authority be vested in the government of the islands to sulopt a proper publictand svstem, aril to sell the land upon proper terms. MINERAL WEALTH an! INDUSTRY. TH MANIN Tt is diffienit at the present time to: nuke auy accurate general statement as regards the mineral resourees of the Philippine Islands. There has never Parr Puitirpine Cosmission 40g been any mining, properly so called, in this archipelago up to the present time. ‘The mining fields have never been thor- oughly prospected,and even where very valuable deposits were known to exist they were worked, if at all, ina bap- hazard and intermittent fashion. Present indications are that the near firtnre will bring a great change in the mining industry. According to the chief of the mining bureau there are ow some twelve hundred prospectors and practi, cal miners seattered through the differ- ent islands of the archipelago. Of these probably go per cent are Americans, They are for the most part men of good character. “They ate pushing their way inte the more inaccessible regions, fir- hishing their own protection, and doing prospecting of a sort and to an extent hever before paralleled in the history of the Philippine Islands, ‘The result is that our knowledge of the mineral re- sonrees of the group is rapidly incress- ing. When all due allowance is made for prospectors’ exaggerations, it is not too much to say that the work this far done has demonstrated the existence af miny valuable mineral fields. ‘The pray- inees of Benguet, Lepanto, and Hontoe in particniar forma district of very great viehness, In the province af Tepatbto, at Man- cayan and Suyoc, there are immense de~ posits of gray capper au copper sul- phide, and rittning throvigh this ore are veins of gold-bearing quartz, which is, more or less disintegrated and in places is extromely rich. “This capper ore las been assayed, and the claim is made that itrunson the avernge 5 per cent copper, while.gold is often present in comsider- able quantities. "This depositsare so-ex- tensive us to seem almost inexhaustible, ‘The Commission has been uuable to verify the statements as to the extent and richness of these copper deposits through its own agents, but the an- thority for them is such thar they are believed to be substantially correct.116 As early as 1856-"57 two concessions were. e Cantabro Philippine Mining C and an attempt was miade to exploit them and market their product. Rude methods of mining, ruder methods of extracting the metal, aud still more rude atid primitive meth: ods of transportation, combined with jack of suificient capital and suitable Inbor, led to the abandonment of this attempt, and for more than twenty years the property, which in itself is a small claim upon the immense ledge above re- ferred to, haw been aceupied only to the limited extent required by the Spanish mining laws to prevent the cancellation of the anicession. ‘The atficerat present in charge of the iting bureau charac- tetizes this deposit as an '* undoubted bonanza, ' ‘The main thing necessary for its exploitation is the apening up of a short line of communication with the coast, Lignites.are known toexist itt Luzon, Bataan (the island, not the provitce), Mindoro, Masbate, Negros, Cebt, Min- danao; aud other islands, Some of the depasits are very extensive. Asyet they have been worked only at or nedr the surface, ‘Testimony is nattimous to the fact that the Philippine coals du not clinker, nor do they soil the boiler thes to any such extent as do Japauese wud Austea- lian coals, ‘The extensive fields near Bnlacacao, in southern Mindoro, are within four to six miles of a hartor which gives safe ncliorage throughout the year and which has'water deep enough for the largest ocean-guing: vessels, Some of the Cebil deposits are also cottveniently situated with reference to harbor facil- ities, It is to be confidently expected, that the coal will play a very important part in the future development of the archipelago. The outlook as to gold mines grows. more fuyorable as the operations of pros~ pectors are extended. Molern gold- True Navionan Grocrarnic Macazine itig machitiery has never been nsed inthe Phikppines, Igorrote miners the Benguet-Lepanto- Bontoc district discard all rock in which there is not visible a considerable quantity of free gald. Prospectors in this region claim to have located very exteusive deposits of low-grade, free-milling ore which will yield Inrge aiid certaiti retirris as soar as concessions can he séeured and ma- chinery: put in place, ‘Unless the state- iments of those who haye been working in this tegion are utterly false. it is. true that very yalnuble deposits haye beet located, and that extensive operations will be undertaken ax soon as claims can be granted and machinery placed. Atal events, it is certain that the men who have located these deposits have stifficient faith in then to camp on them and wait month after month for the time to come when they carr estab- lish their claims, Extensive depositsof high-grade iron Gre are known to exist, hut it would seem that their development must be pre- ceded by the development of tle coal fields. But before any of the mineral re sources of the islands ca be developed mining laws must he enacted and exist- ing claims settled. HARNORS AND HIGHWAYS. As may have been expected, centers of population and comparative wealth are to be found: at the seaports ard ter- titories contigs thereto, which are more ot less accessible to tarkets by means of water communication ; bnt these favored localities are limited in aren and their facilities for doing busi- ness are, with few exceptions, inade- quate and unsatisfactory. Although there are tumerous herbors dotting the coast line, there are lut few thar vessels of heavy draft. As a rule, they are not Inndlocked, and re titore OF less exposed to the pre-Rerorr or Tarr Pxitipring Countssion vailing typhoons, so that there are fre- quently days, and even weeks during which ships can neither load nor un- toad. Large vessels entering: the harbur of Manila, having a draft of more than 16 feet, ure uow compelled to lie two miles or more offshore. Those of tess draft than this find entrance into the Pasig River, The bay is su large that it feels the full effects of the winds. The only methud by which large vessels anchor- ing therein can take on or discharge cargo is by lightering. At best, and when the bay is calm, this is a tedious and very expensive process, and dur ing rough weather becomes impossible. Moreover, during the prevalence of ty- phoons, which are. not infrequent, the safety of vessels thus situated is much endangerd, ‘The cost of doitg business in this port is very great and constitites a very heavy burden mpon commerce, Freight rates from Manila to Hong- kong, a distance of abut zoo: miles only, areas much sind sometines more than from San Francisca to Hongkong, a distance of about 8,000 iniles. ‘The Spanish Government, more than twenty veans ago, formulated an elab- orate scheme for the constriction of a thoronghly protected harbor, with suf ficient depth of water to accommodate the lnigest ships, anil levied a. special tax Gn imports and exports for the pur- pose of raising the necessiry funds to carry it into effect. Operations were begun pursuant thereto ae onty there- after and continued ina slow and in- termittent way np to the time of the native outbreak of 15: the result that about 30 per cent of the work con- templated was completed. Work tipon there plans, with slight modifications, has been resumed the Commission, which has appropriated $1,000,000 for the pirrpose. ‘There are no vaviguble rivers, roads, or even permanent trails in the islands. 117 ‘There ate nitmetous Water-courses in the great islands of Luzon and Mindanao which have their sources in the niam- taius of the interior and flow to the sea inripid and brokeneurrents. Asa eral rule, they are incousiderable i volume and are either not navigable at all or, if navigable, ouly fora few miles from their months, so that they may be elitninated in considering the question of transportation, ‘The so-called highways are generally merely rude trails, which in the rainy season, lasting half the year, are siniply impassable, and during the dry season tire rough and only available for travel toa very limited extent. Asa result, there are few natives of the interior who hhnve ever heen beyond the boundaries of towns in which they tive, ‘The Com- inission has appropriated $1,000,900 to be expended at once in road-bnildini. ‘The Manila and Dagupan Railroad is this time the only Tine in the entire island. It was constructed by English capitalists and has been in operation sie 1892. Tt hasa gauge of 3 fect and 6 inches and traverses a rather low. lying, fertile region, densely populated. Te was perhaps ittiproperly located in “the beginning, and crossing, as it does, quite a number of streams near their months, whieh necessitated much trestle and bridge work, was expensive to con struct. ‘This expense, it seems, was ite creased by unnecessary requirements of the Spanish Government, Asa result, it appears te have cost the company about $60,000in gold per mile, fh expensive line to maintain by reason of the fict that several of the streatns, in seasons of flood, overflow their hanks aud infiet winch damage upon the road- bed, But, whilst it has not earned a fair Interest on the extravagant sum, which it cust, it has been wonderfully beneficial in increasing the population and wealth of the provinces through which it rims andafforisa striking illo tation of the enormous benefits which,Evelyn B. Baldwin,Tue Pararrine Bexar Would acerne Were railtoads built in other sections of these islands. gectod from M ti twarl, riamdig along the shores of lagna de Bay deross the island to a port on Lamon This is said to be the best the islands, landlocked, alfonting THE PHILIPPINE 11g shelter im_any weather, amd with a depth sufficient to enable vessels: of heavy draft to approach close to shore. With this line built, the distance from Manila to the United States would be shortened by: about 7oo miles, ‘The Tite would pass through a numberof large towns andl a rich and fertile country. EXHIBIT AT THE PAN- AMERICAN EXPOSITION Ry D. O: Noste Horr ayy HEN the Pan-American Com- mission first considered the idea of a Philippin at the Ruffalo Exposition, they were igits to have om the-grounds a typical ino village intabited by genuine nutives—men, women, and. children, After mnch conference uieut at Washington, it was shown that the cost of such an enterprise would be between $150,000 .aml $175,000, 4 Sum, greatly fir excess of what would have heen necessiry in more peaceful tines, Accordingly, the plin was declared sot feasible wever, the Coritnission was ausions to have an exhibit of some kind, and declared the sentiment Farther of the people idenmuited: it efforts resulted in the sam of being appropriated for the purpas wasdecided that such a stim contd ott]; procure purely ethnological speciniens, hicessitating the Tairridy out of uarural history and other subjects, ‘The ex- Hibit Vins was made to inclide whut the people of the Philippine Isla make with their own hands or obtain ‘by pturchase or exchange. ‘The management of the money ap- propriated was placed in the hands of the Siithsonian Institution, wliicl dis- patched the late Col. F. FL Hilder’ to the Philippines to collect the exbibit, His long residence in the Philippine Islands, together with lis acquainta’ with many of te tribes aiid their dia- lects, and his knowledge of the cutdi- tions existing in the islands, coupled with his scientific triting, served to fit hit in a superior degree for this work. Colonel Hiller certainly did remark ably well under the eircuinstances, and gathered an amount of valuable material Of great interest and importance to the people of the United States. He col: lected upward of one thensand pieces, illustrating evety phase of native fife. ety coniition aud station, every age and sex, every aceupation, pastime, aud tieays of warlare, has a place in the collection Apparently hats, swords, and canes ar¢ the objects upon which the Filipinas hestow the inust pride, for there are cnougt pieces of Itead-qear of varions tikes to fll a batter's shop ; enough awords, plain or fancifully carved, to arin a regnlation-siced company, and chongh canes to stack the stands of a country-fair mountebarts.120 ‘The swords are of different shapes, ‘They are all sharpened to the nicety of ‘a razor, The bolo is the prevailing weapon, It is very short, for accord- ing to ay old edict of the Spanish regime the blade could only extend from the wrist to the etbow in length Tt ix enough to give one an inspiration of fear. It is used also in cutting angar- cane, tc. ‘The case is of wood and very often merely bound with twine, so that the wielder can strike through if he lias not the time to tinsheath the sword. ‘The common bolo has a blade of steel, a wooden hanelle and an iron ferrule, though some have handles: of silver and are fur richer in appearance and design. One'very formidable and bemutifn weapon is the Kriss sword, ‘This has a wavy-shaped bade af Steel, the handle being of wood wound with native twine. Passing to articles of iiote practical use, one of the first fo attract attentiot isthe “Iuson,’" a mortar used by the "Tagalsas a receptacle in which to loosett the husk from rice grain by pounding witha wooden pestle. Lt was tite tn versal use of this article that cansed the Spaniards to give the island of Luzon its name. ‘Then there are looms and other native contrivances. showing the manner of making their different cloths—ius pina, Gramuy, etc. ‘These cloths are found in. many heantiful colors—pink, violet, orange, yellow, blue, and black— anid some are richly embroidered. Every article of domestic use is to be seen— laundry tubs aud boards, scrubbing brushes made of half of a cocoanut in the htisk, and broumsninde of rice straw, and that necessary hionseliald atticle, the hack-seratcher, formed of a small piece of cocoanut shell with serrated edge, laced with cotton thread to a long: bam- boo handle. Very suggestive of the popwlar song of the day are some sam files of gong soap hark. This bark is especially adapted for washing the hair, Tue Naviona Grocrapuic Macazine leaving it soft and glossy, and produces thick suds the same as scap, Extreme cate must be takett Hot to let it get into the eves, ‘The native hearth is merely a rectan+ gular frame of wood mised on fotr np- Fights of syuared bamboo ; Ue bottom is formed by a mat of woven splints of bamboo, the whole forming a box-like construction in whieh has been laid a quantity of hardened earth composition, an which thefireis built, Piecesof this substance in the shape of smail elon- gaied cones serve for supparting pots. At the back of the hearth aud fastened to the 1wo rear uprights is n piece of bnuboo with two Tong sluts and two holes cht entirely through; in whieh spoors and other pensils are placed when not in use, ‘The three cooking ith this exlihit aye of red earthen unique indesign. ‘The spoons are each made of eveumnut shell laced toa handle by strips. of rattun, Making the fire on cold mornings is the unpleasant lot of imany Ameri- 8. However, they ought not te grumble after they have set the set of fire-making instruments used by the Filipinos amd have had explained t thei the Inborions tusk of merely smal- jug alight, A piece of haniboo with a slit through the middle is plied on any convenient spot, with sone bamboo shnvitigs beneath, Another piece of tambo is then rubbed through the slit at right angles itil the shavings amoke, when the shavings are fanned into a flame. A model of a niative cocoamut-oil face tory forms one of the qrost interesting exlibits of the industrial section. ‘he ‘operator sits on a cross-beam anid with his feet revolves. by means of two ped- als, a fittle etal shredder, which cats tp the cocoanut. ‘The meat of the cocoanut then moves toa second worker, who crushes it by means of a roller which he rolls tack and forth with one hand. ‘The meat thus crushed etiters aTue Paiapeis which not only presses out the ‘milk and oil, but wlso keeps back the fiber of the shell. Wheu the boat-like feceplacle undemeath the press is filled with the of], milk, and water, it is dtawn to.afire, where the contents are heated in cauldrons until the oi! rises to the strfiice und is stooped off. ‘The farmers of the Philippines have their peacefil oectipations well repre sented. One will find at the fair all their agricultural implements and their clumsy, heavy plowsatid wagons. ‘Their Plowsare for tle most part made entirely ‘Gf wood, with the exception of the share, which isof iron, ‘The harrow is formed of wammber of picces of barnboo held together by three transverse rods pass- ing through the pieces of bamboo. ‘The teeth are formed of stubs of brauches, with cords and yoke attached for one cstribon, The caribou is ised inal their farm work and must be quite a tractable nni- mil. The prudent prospective imuiigrant to the Philippines may gain asnggestion from a caribou sled which is tised in muddy weather along the slimy roads hd iti the tice swamps, This is very waique and attract much attention aud create comment on the weather conditions prevailing in the Toland of Luzon The Pilipino tice reaper is made with a handle of wood in the shape of 2 hook and a blade of steel fastened on the tinder side of the grip. In using this implement it is held in the right hand aed the hook gathers im the rice while the kitife cuits it in one operation, Farmers will surile when they sve a farm costume such as is worn by. the agricultural class among the Tugals of Luzon. Tt consists of u shirt of dust cloth, 9 pair of trousers, and a piece of cloth msed for carrying articles over the shoulder or on. the tuck. ‘That nature still supplies the wants of the Filipinos to a great extent is shown by a supply of fishing tackle, & Exaiprr a2t nets, stincs, shrimp and crab traps, ‘Their fishing boats are called bans, One of the most interesting things in the Gshing line isa seashell from Tondo, « fishing point in thy suburbs of Manila, The apex of this shell ix Sawn off to forma mouth-piece, and is tied by the fishermen to call’ assist- ance when large schools pf fish are found. : In the collection there is 4 milk: ven- det’s outfit, such as is used in the cities of the Philippines. The outfit consists of a black earthenware jar hong in a network of rattan partly covered with Jenther, a wooden shoulder yoke for carrying the jar, a pitcher formed from ‘one section af & bamboo, with a wooden handle attached by wire, aud a meastire also formed from a sectiut of bamboo, branded with the inspection and lidense nimber of the vender, ‘Other trades are represented by ap- propriate exhibits, as the soldering pam aul irons and tools of native tinsiniths. The pans are made of lienvy earthen ware. “There is a set of nutive car- penter's tools; also a ndtive harness maker's outfit, with snmples of tanned leather, a set of blacksmnith's tools, and a set of mason's tools, ‘The amusements and forms of recre= ation af the Filipinos also have a place in the collection. They are evidently a musically inclined people, judging from the gay costuttes of a native band of ninsicians with their instruments— mandolin, fate, guitar, violin, and ‘cello, Th the musical collection area heautifial harp made af two kinds of narhas wood andl ebony, and an instrument supposed to bea born, made from fowr sections of bamboo, each open at one end and closeit at the other. ‘The sections are inserted into one another at right angtes: and the joints made air-tight with a native gum, the last section being fast- ened to the main tube by rattan. The horn is held! horizontally and played in the same manner as a cornet.122 The Filipinos have many forms of amusenients, bit the greatest of them afl iscock-fighting. ‘There isin the Hilder collection a cock-fighiter’s box, contaln- ing four steel gafis to fasten on the fighting eock’s spars and four teshes tesirict them when not actively en- ged. Fimpa caheca, a puzzle game, isshown. Nutivesin nearly every part of Luzon play this wate, which is at- tended with much betting, Rowlette wheels and other gaties of chance are much in vogue throughout the islands, as the collection shows. Foot ball must be a popular game in the islands, judging by a ball which the Filipino tosses aud kicks abaul. Tlis somewlnt different from our reyulation foot ball, being made of a number of He Nationat Grocrarnic Strips or splints Of rattan tied in the form of a ‘Turk’s head"' knot. Forcible illustrations of Filipino war- fare are fifteen cylindrical canisters of native Filipino manufacture, formed of sheets of tin nailed around two, cir cular pieces of wood ; they are filled with scraps of from and fired by insur- gents frdth siiooti-bore guns at very Short tange: and a tumbdo cannon hound with wire, captured by United Stites troops, at Balange Ratan, ou January 5, 1g00. The exhibit comprises much more than can be covered inn brief article. It will prove profitable in giving informa. tion: aS to commercial interests, besides. giviiig new ideas and opinions concern- ing the Philippines and their peaple.GHOGRAPHIC NOTES TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF ‘THE UNITED STATES. EARLY goo,ooo square miles, oF aboul 30 percent, af the area of the United Stites have beer mapped by the experts of the U, S$. Geological Sur- vey during the past twenty years. New England, the middle Atlantic States, and-small sections af Wisconsin, lowa, Lonisiana, and California have been mapped on the scale of one mile to one inch and their elevations and surface relief expressed by contour lines located at intervals of § to 20 feet vertically. ‘Maps of large sections of Kansas, Mis- souri, Texas, and Virginia have been muade on the scale of two miles to an inch and with contoar lines indicating vertical intervals of 20 to 100 feet. Mr. H. M. Wilson, of the Geological Survey, contributes to a recent number of Tie Engineering News an interesting statement of this branch of work of the survey and explains its great practical value. Asan exatiple he mentions the case of the city of Waterbury, Com | alter spending $10,000 in fui lessly searching for sources of water supply, learned on consulting the Gov- erninent tepogtaphic maps of a source of-good water previously unsuspected. ‘The survey expends nearly $330,000 aunnally in making these maps. Many States also, ne ol the large sums to assist the work ol particular are Fania, Maine, a antually appropriate $75,000 to hurry the completion of the mapping of their territory. ‘The expense of mapping naturally depends upon the character of the country, ‘The cost of mapping an, Opert country is front five to ten dollars @ square mile; thal of niountainous or forest areas about double or triple that amare, ‘The results of these siteveys are pub= lished on sheets approximately 16% by 20 inches and represent quadrilnterals of 1g ot 30° of lntitiide and longitude, according asthe seale is one or two miles to the inch, ‘The atlas sheets can be procured at purely nominal prices on application to the Director of the Geological Survey. THE GERMAN CENSUS. ‘HE figures of the last census of Germany reveal some very sig nificant facts relative to the great indus- trial and agrici:ltural contest that is now beingwagedinthe Empire. Thecensus was taken on December 1, rgoo, ‘Phe growth of the cities, the Industrial cen ters, during the preceding five years has heen unprecedented in the history of the Empire. Of the thirty-thrve cities with a population of aver too,c09, every one but Crefeld shows a great increase. Crefeld has decreased by 5 probably to the high tariff States om aille goods, which has cansed Americans to import only foreign of the highest grade. Asa result, many hinudreds of persons in Crefeld who were formerly employed in the silk fnc- tories wete thrown aut of work. Cre- feld mannfactiirers have now begim to tum ticir attention to the making of cotton and woolen goods, and it is hoped that the Hext ceusts will show an in crease, not a decretse, in the population, which show the largest which has-added over percent, to the ‘num- , thaking her pres- ent population 1, cluding the suburban cities. Inchading her subs uurbs, Rerlin numbers 2,500,000. ‘The city that has increased most rmp- idly is Nuremberg, which in five years124 fax added 98,557, or 60 per cent, in a total population of 260,744. ‘This isduc largely te the situation of Nuremberg at the point of janetion of many highways and of seven railroads, The sity of Posen has increased hy 42,912 since 1895, largely by the influx. of farmers and agrichtinml people from the coun try, more especially fram l'rnssia, Stett'n now mmmbers 269.488 soils, au ineréase in’ population of 69,264, owing to it position as the seaport of Berlin, Hamburg has added 7o,117; makings population of 704,069; Munich, 87,502, taking a total af 498,503. Leipsic has gained 55,126 in a present population of 455,120, Dresden $8,909 in 305,344), and ‘Frankfort has iricreased 58,534, making her population 287,5r3, ‘Phese figures show clearly that the Germans are becoming more atid more a suanufacturingpeople, Theland-owners Res taslre alcuecane arecien die: chssing the advisability of importing Chinese to work op their farms, The poptlation of the empire ix 56,345,084, an frictease of about four inillion, or of 7.78 per cent within five years It isinteresting to uote that there are nearly a million more females than males, whereas in the United States this proportion is reversed. EFFECT OF SNOWFALL ON WATER SUPPLY. OME very interesting conclusions have been published by the experts of the U.S, Weather Bureatt, who have for several years been studying the effect of winter stiowfall on the water stpply ‘of the succeeding stmmer, ‘The obser vations have been confined to the arid fegions of the west, more particularly Colorado and Tdtho, where the rivers and streams derive their principal water supply from the melting of the snow on Mic mountains, ‘Tut Nationa Geocearnic Macazt £ ‘The generally prevalent belief that a winter af heavy snowfall is. succeeded by swollen streams in spring and sium mer is not necessarily correct, It is not the quantity. af snow that falls during the winter so much as the condition of the soil when winter sets in, the quality of the snow, and the time when it falls, that deterstine whether streams shall cuttinue fall late in the season and fir= hish ubutidance of water for irrigati canals: An unusnally heavy: snowfall itt March will certainly be followed by drought iu Inte Speinj and duimmer, un- Jess this snow was prevesied by a snow- fallin the carly winter. [tis the snow that falls in Novertiber and December, and thus becomes packed hard during the winter and melts slowly in the spring aad summer, that Keeps water in the streams till summer is nearly over. The'snow that falls in Murch and Feb- ruary has no time ta become packed and hardened. “The first warm breath of spiting melts it with a rash, the streams averfiow their bauks, freshets flood the country for afew days; then gradually the streams subside and a’ drought ensties, ‘The issuiny of special snow liilleting has been continued this winter by the section directors.of the [, S. Weather Burean in Colorado, Montana, Tae, Utnh, New Mexico. and) Wyoming. These bulletins give the average amonnt ‘of snow on the ground, the amount in the timber line, and the depth of the stow at or tear the iotntain summits, From their knowledge of the depth, character, and distribution of the snow, the Weather Bureatt experts are able to give a reliable general forecast of the water supply for the ensing season for the different streams of the arid section, ‘The farmer thus learns iionths in ad~ vance the quantity of water his irrigat~ ing ditches ure likelw to receive. ‘The sheep-herder also stndies the snow fulletin with profit, In early. spring bands of sheep begin to tain the praj-Geocrarnic Nores ties, keeping, of course, close to water. Often the sheep may travel 400 to 600 miles, and by knowing the character and ainount of the snow in the monn tains, the herder can: follow a route Where water will be plentiful, GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. HE following: decidons were made ‘by the United States Hoard on Geographic Names, February 6, rg0r Atmbfosé ; the chntinel across Siiudy Hook Bar, New, York Harbor, for- nierly knowl as Bast Hurlor,wasre- named Anibrose Channel by an act of Congress approved June 6, 1900, In that act itis *Prerided, That the so-called East Channel across Sandy Hook Bar, New York Harbor, for the jiuprovement of which provision was made by the river and harbor act, approved March third, elhtee hundred and ninety-nine,shall here after be known as Ambrose Chan~ jel * (Statutes at Large, sith Con- gress, 1st-session, pp. 588 anid 627). The name Ambrose is here included wef as adecision of the Beard, but aya decision by Congress. Conaskonk ; paint, Monmouth County, New Jersey (not Conaskonek). township, Crawford County, sas (not Core). Garrett ; hill in Middletown, Monmouth County, New Jersey (not Garret tor Garrett's). Guttenberg ; -office and railroad station, Clayton County, towa (aot Guttenburg) tag Kekurnoi ; citpe near Cold Bay, Sheli- ‘kot Strait, Alaska (not Kahurnoi, Nelupaki, nor Nukalzalkale). Kessler; mountain and triangulation station near Fayetteville, Washing- ton County, Arkansas (riot Kestler), Klahini; river tributary to Burroughs Bay, Beher Canal, southeastern Alnska(not Clahona nor Klaheevn), Leechville ; post-office, Beaufort County, North Carolina (not Leachville). Steele: poitit, the easternmost point of Hinchinbrook Island, Prince Wil- liam Sound, Alaska (not Bentinck nor Steel). Tuttle ; lake, Polk County, Wisconsin (not Swahn). West Point ; United States Military ny, New York (not West- CHARTING THE HARBORS OF THE PHILIPPINES. Preliininary steps have been taken by: the US, Coast anil Geodetic Survey for charting the harbors and coast of the Philippine Islands, A sub-office of the Survey has been established at Manila, in charge of G. R. Putnat, who: bas a force of men collecting material to assint in the work, In the early spring active work will be commenced and pushed, so that itis hoped that sufficient acctrate data will have been obtained by the fall to enable the prblisation | of charts of the larger harbors among the islands, ‘There ate no charts of the mishy minor ports in the islands that serve as points of distribution for the inter-island trade, and these also ttast be chatted,GEOGRAPHIC The Atlas of the World. Pre- under the superintencence of Benjamin F, Smith. New York : ‘The Century Ca,, 1899. $7.50. ‘The Century Atlas, which was first published in 1867, and followed by a secotid edition in 1899, has’ doubtless been consulted at varions times by every render of this Mugazine. A review or notice of the Atlas would now be strper- finons, ‘The publishers, however, have made such a generotts proposition to the embers of the National Geographic Society, and to the members of one or trio other scientific bodies in the United States, that the great value-of the work should again be emphasized. ‘The Atlas was originally published as a separate volume to enable subscribers to the Century Dictionary to complete their sets, Of the edition a few hm dred copies remain, ‘These the pub- lishers have offered to members of the National-G hie Society at one-half the original price ($7. soinstead of $15), The Atlas will not be sold separutely as soon as these copies are dispased of, and can then be obtitined only by purchasing the etitire det of to volumes that con: prise “The Century Dictionary and (Cyelopedia,"* ‘The Atlas contains 117 double-page maps, 13% inset maps. and 43 histor- iealand astronomical maps. ‘There are nearly 200,000 references to places in the indexes, ‘To each of the principal ‘States (wo or three maps are allotted, showing all the rivers, lakes, and hills ingreat detail. Maps of the large cities with their envirans are presetited, and the harhors of great seaports are also clearly charted. Th its foreign miaps the Century Atlas excels, the maps of China and the Far Kast being especially valnable. LITERATURE ‘Moore's Meteorological Almanac and Weather Guide. “Ry Prof. Willis 1,, Moote, LI. D,, Chiefof United States: Weather Bureau. With illustrations. and 32 charts, pp. 128. Chicagoand New York: Rand, McNally & Co., 190l. $2.25. Unlike the traditional almanac thai is crimmed with queer statements and queer dates, this little book is a reser- voir of reliable information for “the farmer, the horticulturist, the shipper, the mariner, the merchnut, the tottrist, the health-seeker, and for those who wish to learn the art of weather fore- casting." Perhaps the tnost interesting and valu able chapter is that on ‘the construc- tion and the use of the weather map,” which explains how an amateur, by consulting the goverment daily weather chart,can follow the track of storms, and with considerable atcyrey forecast the weather. The difference belween the eyclone ad the tornado, terms usually used as synonymous, is emphasized in another chapter, “The cyclone is izmitally revolving disk of air cover- Ing ai area 1,000 to'2,o00 milex iu diam eter, while the tornado revolving inass of ait of only 100. 1,000 feet in diameter, and is simply an incident of theeyelone,”’ Prof. Moore states,under the subject of "' Protection agninst Frost," thatin his opinion, with! ap. proved apphances, the fru Ficts of California and the orauge groves of Florida could secure inaterial protection against frost. Other instructive chap- are; Long-range Forecists,'” “The Galveston Hurricane of tapo,"* “Los of Life and Property: by Light: ing,'! “* Weather Bureau Kites," and ie etapemitures Tnjunious ta Ford Pre: duets,"PROGEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCI Popular Meetings. Fébriury F, fon7,—President Grakam Bell in the chair, Sefior Dr, Don Juan N. Navarro, Mexiein Consul Genieral in New York city, delivered an illustrated address, ‘' Mexico of Today."’ February 13, 290t—Vive-Presiiient W J MoGeein the chair. | Mr, Oscar T. Crosby delivered an lMistrated address, * Explorations in Abyssinia in 1900.’ ‘Technical Meetings, January 25, 1907, —Presitent Grahan Bellin the chair. Prof. Alfred J, Henry, of the Unite States Weather Burean, read a paper on the anommlous distribu. tion of rainfall in the Gulf and South Atlantic States duting the eleven years 1889-1899, Ordinarily, Professor Henry: said, years of fat and Jean rainfall follow each other in avery irregular om. A single dry year may be'followed by a second and even a third, but farely by a fourth. Wet years likewise may occur in grotps, but the nuiiber of years ina group seldom exceed three. Tn the ease to which attention was particularly called eleven cotisecutive diry years were experienced, "The an- niial deficiency at the several stations vuried largely. In some years lt was hot more than to per ceut of the mean anqual fall; im others it was as much us 50 percent. Happily the mean annual fall in the 1 referred to is that an anti jeficit of 50 per cent does ‘not create serious alarm. br. H. C. Frankenfield inquired Whether the deficiency in lirge cities was die to general causes or to steadily growing artificial conditions, such as the increased tse of electrical upptiances * Professor Henry replied that the defi- hy cleney was commion 16 both cities and stl! towns and even to exposed points ee the sea coust. Tt was probably due in part to a shifting in falitude of the paths of storms and toa diminution in the number of tropical disturbances aris- ing in the Gulf of Mexico or advancing toward the southern const of the Uuited States from the Caribbean, Prof. Willis 1,. Moore called attention to the very great paucity of metcarolog- ical records and the exceedingly short time that stich records had heen con- med. We should have; he said, at least a hinydited years’ observations he: fore we conld hope to kecbuitt for such marked variations as had been described. Mr. N.H. arto read a paper enti- Hed Powder River Range in Enst- etn Wyoming.” The title of Mr. A, C. Spencer's paper was “A High Platenis in the Copper River Region of Alaska," an iiteresting description of certnin physiographic features of that section of Alaska. In’ ‘The Distribution of Trees and Shrubs in Alaska," by F.¥, Covi the traced the zones of in ka and gave several possible ex- Planstions af the strange absence of the Aleutian Islands. 1901 Bellin the chait. Prof. = low tead a paper entitled "The Plates Rarametry of the United States,’" the first poblic annouticement of an important work that the Weather Burean has been prosecuting during the last tivo years, ‘The reduction af barometric tend- ings of pressure, taken at the stations on the Rocky Mountdia Plates to the sea-level, has been a probleni of special iinportance t7 the Weather Hitreau, om account of their employment in form- itig daily weatherchitts. Ttis also one128 of much scientific diffichity, because of some uncertainty in the elevation of the statins, and the proper temperature argument to be used in making the tee essary reductions. With the lapse of time the necessary observations have accumulated to sich an extent that it has become desirable to reduce the entire series taken during the past 30 years to: a homogeneous system, with the epoch January 1, tg0o. Professer Bigelow has been conducting this research for the past two years, and the work is:now approachitig completi ‘Phe prosent investigation has included a-complete remodeling of the station elevation data; the reduction of all the pressures fo a normal station pressure, which hus never been dane before, by the application of sn of corrections for elevation, gravity, instrumentalerzor, and diurnal variation; the carefal de- terinination of the temperateite gradiertis in latitude, longitude, and altitude ; the reduction to sea-level by new tables ; the determination of residtials die to jocal almormalities, to iniccurate cleva- tows, and to iusamplete series of obser- Vations, as for thase of only afew years’ duration, and the further correction of the station presstrres (o a homogeneors normal system, : ‘This work will also contin normal hups of presstire, temperature,and vapor tension on the three following planes: sealeyel, 3,500 feet, and 10,000 feet, From these duta it will be practicable, connection with the gradients obtained from the International Cloud Obserya- tories, to make good daily weather maps on the three planes above mentioned, and this to ‘provide further means of studying the behavior of storms and the atmospheric cireulution generally, at other levels than that of the sea, to which the forecaster is at present con+ fined for his predictions. Tur Nationa Grocrarmic Macazine Mr, E. @: Barnard presented a plan of work in exploratory surveys. Announcement of Meetings. March j,—" The Recent Farnine in India,’ hy Gilson Willetts. March 25.—" The Two Enis of the Rarth: Peary and the North Pole, and the Cruise of the Ae/giar in the Ant- areties,"" by HL. Bridgmen and Fred erick A, Cook. March 29.—'' Railways and Water- waysof the Russian Empire,’’ by Afex- ander Hume Ford. ‘These meetings will be held in) the Congregational church, Tenth and G streets northwest, at 8p, tt. Technical meetings for the reading. of papers and for discussion will he held an the hall of the Cosmos Club Friday eventigx, March 8 and 23,at 8p, m, As previously annoiniced, the subject of the afternoon series of lectures for this year is ‘The Countries of Asia.” "Phe dates and lectirers are as follosry: Marck 5.—" Western Asin,’” by ‘Tal- cot Williams, LL. B., of the Philadel. phia Press, March c2.—'* Eastern Asin (China }.!* ‘Name of lecturer to be aumouneed later. March 20.—* Southern Asia ( Tndia )."* ‘Name of lecturer to be announced later. Marck 26.—" Northern Asia (Sibe- ria),!" by Edwin A. Grosvenor, Profes: sorof Modern Governments in Ausherst College. April 2.—“* Asin —The Cradle of Hus by W J MeGee, -Presi- National Geographic Society, These lectures will be given im the Columbia ‘Theatre, Twelfth and F streets northwest, al 4.20 p,m dent of thyNew Books on American Politics, ete. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE By WEAN C. WORCESTER, F cheaper elit the wellknove volume ‘otcestar’s porwunal obeutwations i the Lslajide jet frrior to. th $2.50 theo boolean presen tr, A new and bodying Prat, THE AMERICAN NEGRO WHAT HE WAS,—WHAT HE IS,—AND WHAT HE MAY BECOME Fiat Reculy. By WILLIAM HANNIBAL THOMAS Cloth, S¥o, $2.00. NO one intersted ity lint M. Bruuotidn buss lately vlechirdd £4 be thie eragicek porghl before tle Hepaiblic cam afford 10 neglect this book." 2eming fam, Sew York THE PEACE CONFERENCE THE HISTORY OF COLONIZATION AT THE HAGUE vie oe Eaanion Time ro rig mc sete y Beanrsan cx Tenens, Lair axn Reso, By FREDERICK WW. HOLES, D.C te 10 Tw Volumes Clits, 88%, S400 i inetolior fron the U.S.A. Cloth.” $300) Sex Hiiy lelire the! reading public tollay any in tohil th, mnnst funlijox verestingr amd — eantaina tiple of thw informatio anil the book khwald tie wi tse decal, Chih to Up Loa There compacted and armed.” The Charge Teiliane THE CITIZEN'S LIBRARY OF ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND SOCIOLOGY ICHARD 1, ¥ Profiinen oder the Genieral Ki of Beorratrics ain ‘Wistonsin, torship of Polliieal 3c tar af the Schon! at tho Pinversity of THE LATEST (SSUES. Half Morocco, $1.25 rat, ead. VINCENT. Government in Switzertand, MACY. Political Parties in the United Arovieetl and etlarsed dition. By J States. 1846-8861, By Jie Macr, LL.D. Maitity ‘Wincewr, Johns Mepiine t nithior dé Phe verwit: English Constitution, Essays in the Monetary History of the United States ofl, Be, Willlnate Collen, auttear of * The Fiswnces of the Uh Crraniten 3 Suites from) REINSCH. World Politics |yy ui teenth Contn Situation. By Paves, Rerxscn ‘af Wisconsin. Write Sine JONE: "af By conte of the past twenty THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York.National Geographic Society OFFICES . . . . Rooms 107, 108 Corcoran Building Fiticenth and F Streets N. W., Washington, D. C. Ollice Howes 6.20 AJM. to 5 P.M. ‘Telephone No. 471 - ALEXANDER GRAHAM, BELL President Ww} Moe 2 View: Present MERRY OANNETT Tmracutee AC HENEY Reconling Seeretary WILLIS L. MooRE Gorrespanding Gercary ELIZA KUMAMAH SCLDMOKE Foneigee Beeret ” BOARD OF MANAGERS, ing age orion Danek A. Guastase Tet MFAMcus Base Huvm Heney F. Thovxr A. W. Gum ¥, Cowens Jon Hy 5. HL KAvpraiast W J nica Witiss I. Moons PHN WR Pow ‘The National Ueligeapiic Mapicrine is seit free Of charge to ali members ‘a the Natlanal Gevigraplle Society Recommendation for Membership in the National Geographic Society iamtion of persaus far membership. ‘The following fori: i enclosed for use im the m Please detach and fill in blanks and send to the Secretary mbership. S351 check Tie vraimah atm ati Sarma To the Secretary, National Geographic Socicty, Washington, D. C.s Please propoce adairess for menebershify tie the SocietyASHED IN 1 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 3 DOLLARS A YEAR 25 CENTS A NUMBER Epirep sy Proressox J. McKeex Carrent American McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO. T4i-155 EAST 25TH STREET, NEW YORK CITYSG PLL CLL DG EODG EOD. Five Important Polwmes Recently Published Abraham Lincoln: His Book A facsimile toms, $1.00 7 “1 do not perceive,” wrote Liscoln in 1858, 8 how I can express myself more plainly than | have in the foregning. [have expressly disclaimed all ir 1 to bring about social and political equality between the white and faces. T hawe made it equally plain that [ chink the negro is included in the word ‘men’ used in the Declaration of Independence:"* redaction. Leathe The Philippines: tue war AND THE PEOPLE ‘Betty ia Resord of Prreendl Obereriion und Experiences by ALBERT G. ROBINSON. Chth, targr came, 42:00: This book constitutes one of the most jmporant contributions to first- hand sources of information catcerning the Philippines. Te i= a cleary connected and complete statement of what the author saw in the Philippines and what he thinks about whut he saw there. The Awakening of the East diy PIERRE LEROT-REAUCLIEU, With ax Introduction by Herr Nova. Under the divisions Siberia, China aid Japan, the author has tmeed the development of Asia from their golden age of » dows tw the modern present. He treats cotiprehensiv A of Japan, the astonish— ing: development of Russia in Siberia, and the changes in Chitia, Itogether,’* says the Naren, ** this is avery timely and very-able book by an author Who gathers without prejudice bis facts at first hand,"” Ao American Engineer in China By WILLIAM BARCLAY PARSONS. $1.50. any writes. with, great cleamess, siiplichy and. good sense, pirit of reasonableness that will commend his book to all serious readers. fr is full of first-hand ened and brightened by touches readable throughout.!'"— New 2% ly the evoluti mation of 2 valuable character, humor and by anecdotes that make Chrunierciat Advertiser, The Great Boer War By d. CONAN DOYLES Chih rae. $1250. SA good view of the vear's warfare, with vivid and not highly colored and with a discussion of the causes and probable outcome! af the which is moderate and) generous in temper, judicial in praise and and witht a trace of rancor or mcre partisanship," —The Natio McClure, Phillips & Co, New Yorklew Books Published i in February Love A Collection of Short Stories selected from McCrume’s Magauine. i cate 50.0 Love in a Fog. ESTER CALDWELL O4KLEY, The Captain of the Aphrodite. FL WORF ELLIOTT PEAKE. The State Against Ellsworth. wriet¢M & LIGHTON. ‘Ottenhausen's Coup. YON WALKER HARRINGTON. Accordin’ to Solomon, AVR) ML MEARS, te Nete Light on Ancient Story What We Know About Genesis By DR. ELIFOOD WORE. Rieter af 8 t. Stephen's Church, Phe Recent discoveries in Babylonia have increased our knowledge of a period which ix oF great historical interest, and Dr. Worcester has given thorough and, reverent treatment to this and other developments of modern times The work i ilhistited from photographs which throw more light aon the subject, $ Encyclopedia of Etiquette What To Do—What To Say What To Weite—What To Wear Comptied ty EMILY HOLT’ A Book of Manners forerery dav use, Not only ix evety petplexing paint of etiquette br departments hitherto i Sibesteated. Chet but a dozen or more valuable he up and answere ced and developed, The Life of Napoleon WITH & SKETCH OF JOSEPHINE To her * Short Lite of Napoleon, Miss Tarbell now joins a sketch of Josephine. The elaborate illustrations which distinguished the former publi« cation of the Life of Napoleon will he preserved in the present revised edition. re to congreubite writer Joly Os) Ropers 24 ropa picires i moi tn ch of the general reader, Richly tartrate, 20McClure, Phillips & Co, New York on havhog been rut withia re not in wich. w fine setting. fio; GEA QUAINT CONCEIT. “ C)NCE upon a time, 1, Chuang Tt, dreamt I was a battery fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and purpose: a butterfly. [was conscious only-of following my fancies as a butterfly, and was unconscious of my individuality as a man. Suddenly 1 awaked, and there I lay, myself aga’ Now T do not know whether I was then a man dreaming T was a butt or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming J am a man.” ‘Thin f= only one of the multitude of captivating gems translated for the firat time into. any Innguage, and cited in | The History of Chinese Literature By Hueneer A, Goons, M. AL, Lin D, (Aberd,), Professor of ‘Chinese in the University of Cambridge. One-vol., rmo, $57 MP.» Indes, cloth, $1.50. THIRD EDITION, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. ed by his son, LeoxaRp Hv; Tn two volumes, Cloth, Avo, illustrated. $49, 547 Pp. index; $5.00 sich. 2 secon best book of the year 1901 ntuy just clojed wis the chomge in the attitude lutiod, When Durwial's “ Origilt of Species ‘Thomas Henry Husk Sacto ot hittself for the defesise of Dar witismn Darwin's Bulldog.” He ealled himself * Darwin's Str olution ie almiont as frialy eatabliahel in the scien- (ay the mcbitiar Hypothesis, and the universal press has yas one of the mont important ax it none of Ue most scent Century Ue Ue idee Moe, calle tk Haile oPtBe woot Biatruckive aid ebay OF Ford Heruit it e-"tne mae important addition made to biographies! titeratare ri in rick im pernomil. Herary. sorta’, aril scientific Sntererta. while wn a Jdography it te ‘aud alwalie "anys the New Pink D, APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Ave., New York.a PERSONALLY CONDUCTED Burlington — eA erES To mcm) «©=California Leave BOSTON every Tueeday revcurcaco rey weanmey QOMmfortable and Inexpensive Leave ST. LOUIS every Wednesdy SEL PARTIES leave Boston every Tuesday via N and Chieago, joining at Denver a similar party, which Louis every Wednesday. From Denver the route is over the Scenic Denver and Rio Grande Railway, and through Salt Lake City. ping Cars of'a new pattern They are thoroughly cor EJ. 8worps, STO Broadway. i 32 Che NEW VoRE CITY Bi MASE. Bi BELL . D, HACER! 1G, DELAPLATHE ‘U1 Clare Stra i ‘roadway 2nd 01 AGO, Pirrs! Tb FB.California Of course you expect to go there this Spring. Let me whisper something in your ear. Be sure thar the return portion of your ticket reads yia the Northern Pacific-Shasta Route Then you will see the grandest. mountain scenery in the United States, includitig Mt. Hood and Mt. Rainier, cach more than 14,000 feet high, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Adams, and others, You will also be privileged to make side trips into the Kootenai Country, where such wonderful new gold discoveries have been made, and to Yellowstone Park, the wonderland not only of the United States, but of the World, Close railroad connections made in Union Station, Portland, for Puget Sound cities and the east, via Northern Pacific. CHAS. S. FEE General Passenger Agent, St. Pauly Minie; THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE AND ST. PAUL RAILWAY &ons Electric Lighted and Steam Heated Vestibiled Trains beiwe+n Chicago, Milwaukee, St Paul and Minneapolis sails. ‘Through Parlor Cars on diy (rains between Chicage, St, Paul and Minneapolis, Electric Lighted and Steam Heated Vestibuled Trains buiwceu Chicago and Qala and jioux City daily Throngh Steeping Cary, Free Reclining Chair Cars and Couches bewween Chirago and Kansas ity, Mo. Only two hours trom Chicago 1 Milwaukee. Suven fast trains each wap, daily, cae Service. Solid Trains between Chicago and principal paluts Ia Northern Wisconsin wud the Penidsula ‘of Michigan. Throagh Trains with Palace Steep ‘Chicage aud paints in Lowa, The finest Dining Cars in the World, The best Sleeping Cars. 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Fihmianet i Charge, @iraae of Amerionn Etheoiogy HENRY GANNDTT, Chive Geographer. U.S, Geological Sureey C. HART MBRRIAM, Chit the Bien! Shep. 8. Gesartmeart af Agrieuttere DAVID 3 HIDt, Asarntait Sectelary of State ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE, Mutiee of “Jara. the Garden of the Baad,” ote, MARCUS BAKER U, 5. Geulogivel Surrey WILLIS L. MOORE. : GAN of the Meathee Burecy. W. $, Gopactawat of Agriculture O28. TITTMANN. Siecle Bice Oo. PF. AUSTIN, Chiat of tive pad ‘of Stitiatles, GS Treusury Gepartment IDA M, TARBELL, Authinr of Lite efron ite of Lincetn,” ate. CARL LOUISE GARRISON, Prato Hele ten Mere McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., NEW YORKSHORTEST LINE St. Paul and Minneapolis AND THE NORTHWEST CHICAGO ‘2 GREAT WES TERN 3 th theens, eaten of ny decciled inforiintion ajply to air honie agent or: write bo FH. 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