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Semantics: Shandrabhannu A/p Uthayakumar Kirrthana A/p Karikalan Hazirah Binti Mustapa Pravina A/p Mohan
Semantics: Shandrabhannu A/p Uthayakumar Kirrthana A/p Karikalan Hazirah Binti Mustapa Pravina A/p Mohan
to glance: briefly
(connotation of celebrated: about
duration) something good
(evaluative
connotation, positive)
to adore: deep
feeling (expressive
connotation)
Denotative and connotative components
Often a word’s connotation is fully explained in
the dictionary.
Otherwise it can be realized through the context.
E.g. Los Angeles is notorious for its smog.
Denotative and connotative components make up
the semantic structure of a word.
Reading – Word Analysis
Denotation and Connotation
UNUSUAL UNUSUAL
Denotation - extraordinary Connotation - bizarre
They think about the denotation
of a word – its dictionary meaning
and the connotation – the implied
meanings and associations when
choosing words.
Denotation
is the literal meaning of a word
Connotation
is adding attitude to a
word
A word can have positive or negative
associations or connotations. Study the
following chart.
Positive Negative
Word Connotation Connotation
plain easy gawky
Connotation
one who uses people
Denotation vs. Connotation
DENOTATION CONNOTATION
• Verb-centered meaning
Noun-centred meaning
Noun Centered meaning: the semantics for adjective noun
combinations.
The Examples are;
Red balloon, large balloon
A good friend vs. a false friend
A cold-hearted murderer vs. an alleged murderer
Instrument
Experiencer
: the means
: one who
by which an
perceives
action is
Goal: the place something
performed
to which an
action is
directed
Agent active person, actor
Entity affected by deed of agent
Patient or cause
Location Location of deed/event
Entity employed by an agent in
Instrument a deed
Time Time of deed/event
Four- + + + - -
legged
LEXICAL RELATIONS
Words are not only the ‘containers’ or as fulfilling
‘roles’. They can also have ‘relationships’. We
describe the meanings of words in terms of their
relationships.
For example :if we are asked the meanings of
word ‘conceal’ we might reply it is same as ‘hide’.
The meaning of ‘shallow’ as ‘the opposite of
deep’.
The meaning of ‘daffodil’ as ‘it is a kind of flower’.
In doing so we are characterizing the meaning of
a word not in terms of component features, but in
terms of relationship to other words.
The types of lexical relations
SYNONYMY
Synonyms are two or more forms with very
closely related meanings, which are often, but not
always, intersubstitutable in sentences.