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Application of Conformal Mapping For Electromagnetic
Application of Conformal Mapping For Electromagnetic
Electromagnetics
Yuya Saito
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction
•Heat Transfer
Transient Heat Conduction
•Fluid Flow
Hydrodynamics and Aerodynamics
•Electromagnetics
Static field in electricity and magnetism, Transmission
line and Waveguide, and Smith Chart etc
Conformal Mappings for Electromagnetics
v2 ⇔ v2
a1b1
C r
d1
b1
a
a1
a1
d1 C r
d1
εr
Two dimensional
problem if b1=1
Electrical Flux
Coaxial Cable
Q
C
V
( 0 E ) ds v dv
s V
Gauss’s Law
a b
r
I 2 r
E field C
ln b / a
H field
Conformal Mapping for the Coaxial Cable
Z-plane 4
3 2
y 1
5
6 7 8
3 2
r ・ v W-plane
4 θ 1 x 2π
a1
a b
8 C r
5 8 7 d1
6
Mapping Function
a1 π
5 2 r
6 7 W LogZ 4 C
ln b / a
Logr i 3
2
E field = u + iv 1 u
d1
H field u Loga u Logb
ra r b
0 0
Transmission Lines for Microwave Circuits
Air Bridge
Center
conductor
Ground Plane
εr
Transistor Resistor Substrate
Center conductor
Ground
Center Conductor
Ground Plane y
air
Current
εr x
Unit length
εr
Cross section
Substrate
Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation
Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation
y Z-plane v w-plane
P4
α3 P3
α4
P5 ∞- X’1 X’2 X’3 X’4 X’5
∞+
α5 x
α2
・ ・
(P1) (P2)
・ ・ ・ u
(P3) (P4) (P5)
α1
P2
P1
dz
A( w x1' ) (1 / ) 1 ( w x2' ) ( 2 / ) 1 ( w xn' ) ( n / ) 1
dw
SC transformation for CPWs
SC transformation
y
Metal thickness is
small enough air Assumption
•Ground plane is long
-∞ +∞ enough
x
•Substrate thickness
Substrate εr is large enough
-i∞
•The thickness of the
metal is small enough
SC Transformation for CPWs
∞ ∞
Z-plane ⑥ ③
y SC transfrom
Symmetry air
⑤ ②
④ ①
Z-plane
dw A
y
air dz ( z 2 a 2 )( z 2 b 2 )
-∞ +∞
-b -a a b x
u1 a Adz
0
dw
0
( z 2 a 2 )( z 2 b 2 )
W-plane iv
u1 K (k )
where A :constant, k=a/b
u K (k )
First kind complete elliptic function
0 u1=K(k)
SC Transformation for CPWs
Z-plane
y u1 iv1 b Adz
air
u1
dw
a
( z 2 a 2 )( z 2 b 2 )
-∞ +∞ v1 K (k ' )
-b -a a b x
where A :constant, k’2=1-k2
W-plane v u1 2 K (k )
u1+iv1=K(k)+iK(k’) C r r
v1 K (k ' )
K’(k)
The substrate case is the
u same as the air region case
Consideration of the assumption
Assumption
•Ground plane is long enough
y
Metal thickness is •Substrate thickness is large
small enough air enough
•The thickness of the metal is
-∞ +∞ small enough
x
Substrate εr
-i∞ Can we still use
Conformal Mapping???
Finite length of the ground plane
i∞
Z-plane y y
air
-∞ +∞ +∞
-c -b -a a b c x a b c x
Symmetry
Substrate
-i∞ Substrate
Mapping Function
t z2 ⑥ ⑤
T-plane π/2 rad v π/2 rad
air
SC ④ ④ ③
Transformation
⑥ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑤
-∞ +∞ ⑥
0 t1 t2 t3
③
Substrate
① ② u
① ②
t1 a 2 t2 b 2 t3 c 2
π/2 rad π/2 rad
Finite thickness of the substrate
Z-plane y air
Air region is the
-∞ +∞ same as
-b -a a b x previous way
Substrate h
ih
Mapping Function
T plane t sinh
z W plane
2h v
-∞ -t2 -t1 t1 t2 +∞ SC
Transformation
a
t1 sinh
2h
b u
t 2 sinh
-i∞ 2h
Finite thickness of the metal
Z-plane y air
-∞ z8 z5 z1 z4
+∞
z7 z6 z2 z3 x
Substrate
SC
Transformation
η-plane
η6 η5 η4 η3
W-plane SC ・ ・ ・ ・
Transformation
air
-∞ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ +∞
w w w w
8 7 w w w w
6 5 1 2 3 4
・η ・η7 8
・η ・
1 η 2
Summary
W Zn
Z-plane W-
y plane v
/n
x u
0 0
Z-plane W-
y 2plane
W Z v
n=2
/2 x u
0 0
Mapping Function
Mapping Function
Z
W sinh
2h
Z-plane W-plane
y v
B C 0 D E x B C 0 D E u
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
G
・ ih
・
I H
・ ・ I
G・ ・ H
i∞
Non Uniform E field in the capacitor
a
a a1 a2 a3
Must be Uniform
d1 d1